Japanese · Lesson 33
Lesson 33
Sounds, kana, and the first conversations
An auto repairman's workweek · Dialogue 1 of 3
A repairman's week
Mr. Yamada works six days each week at an auto repair shop in town.
*山田さんは 毎日 町の ある 自動車 しゅうりこで 働いています* means "Mr. Yamada works at a certain auto repair shop in town every day."
Work that ends late
*時々 夜おそくまで 働いて、 ずい分 つかれて 家へ かえることが あるそうです* says he sometimes works late and returns home very tired.
*ことが ある* marks his late return as something that happens at times.
Kanji: 田, 動, 車, 働
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 1
やまださんは、どんなしごとをしているのですか。
What sort of work is Mr. Yamada doing?
山田YamadaさんMr.は、topicどんなwhat sort ofしごとworkをobjectしdoingてdoingいるdoingのthatですisか。question - 2
やまださんはまいにちまちのあるじどうしゃしゅうりこではたらいています。
Mr. Yamada works at a certain auto repair shop in town everyday.
山田YamadaさんMr.はtopic毎日every day町townのinあるa certain自動car車carしゅrepair shopうりrepair shopこrepair shopでat働いworksてworksいworksます。works - 3
いちしゅうかんになんにちはたらくのですか。
How many days a week does he work?
一one week週間one weekにper何how many days日how many days働くworkのthatですisか。question - 4
むいかはたらきます。
He works six days.
六six days日six days働きworksます。works - 5
このごろはにほんでもじどうしゃがふえましたから、しゅうりのいるじどうしゃがおおいでしょうね。
Automobiles have increased in number in Japan, too, these days, so there must be many cars that need repairs, don't you think?
この頃these daysはtopic日本Japanでinもtoo自動car車carがsubjectふえincreasedましpoliteたpastから、becauseしゅrepairsうりrepairsのthatいるneed自動car車carがsubject多いmanyでしょうprobablyね。right? - 6
ええ、そうです。ときどきよるおそくまではたらいて、ずいぶんつかれていえへかえることがあるそうです。
Yes, that's right. There are times when he works till late at night and returns home very tired, I understand.
ええ、yesそうsoです。is時々sometimes夜nightおそくlateまでuntil働いworksて、andずい分veryつかtiredれtiredてand家homeへtowardかえるreturnsことtimesがsubjectあるthere areそうI hearです。is
KONO HEYA WA GOMI DARAKE DESU.
DARAKE is a suffix added on to a noun, and it means 'full of' or 'covered with something unpleasant or filthy' and it is not used with a word of pleasant meaning. For example, in English you may say, "He is filthy with money"; we cannot translate it in Japanese saying ANO KATA WA O-KANE DARAKE DESU. Since money is something we are pleased to have, DARAKE is not used that way. However, an expression, "He is full of debt," is ANO KATA WA SHAKKIN DARAKE DESU. (SHAKKIN means debt.)WATAKUSHI WA HANAMI NI IKU KOTO GA ARIMASU.
KOTO GA ARIMASU is used after the dictionary form of verbs, I-adjectives, and NA-adjectives to mean 'there are times,' 'at times,' 'occasionally,' etc. Thus, the above title sentence can be translated, "There are times when I go flower viewing."
Examples:
YORU DEMO HATARAKU KOTO GA ARIMASU. "There are times when I work even at night."
NATSU NIMO SAMUI KOTO GA ARIMASU. "There are times when it is cold even in summer."
KODOMOTACHI GA ITEMO SHIZUKA NA KOTO GA ARIMASU. "Even though there are children, there are times when it is quiet."
SHIZUKA NA means quiet.YOGORETA FUKU
Some verbs in the abrupt past tense modify a noun to describe the presently existing condition.
Examples:
FUTOTTA HITO GA KOSHIKAKETE IMASU. "A fat man is sitting."
YASETA HITO GA TATTE IMASU. "A skinny person is standing."
KI DE KOSHIRAETA TSUKUE WA TAKAI DESU. "A desk made of wood is expensive."
In the above uses, the past tense of verbs may be replaced with TE-form plus ARU or IRU to convey the same idea of persistent state of being. Whether TE-IMASU is used or the TE-ARIMASU is used depends on the nature of the verbs. (Refer to Lesson 32, pattern 2.) Above examples may
be expressed as follows:
FUTOTTE IRU HITO GA KOSHIKAKETE IMASU.
YASETE IRU HITO GA TATTE IMASU.
KI DE KOSHIRAETE ARU TSUKUE WA TAKAI DESU.KIMONO O KIKAEMASU.
To the conjunctive base of verbs, other verbs are attached to form compound verbs. Such verbs as HAJIMERU, 'to begin'; OWARU, 'to end'; KAERU, 'to change' are often added to form compound verbs meaning 'to begin to ---,' 'to finish ---,' 'to change ---,' etc.
TABEHAJIMERU to begin to eat
TABEOWARU to finish eating
KIKAERU to change clothes
KAKINAOSU to rewriteGOGATSU GORO KARA ISOGASHIKU NATTE KIMASU. (IKIMASU) "From about May it will become busy."
OYA WA INAKUTEMO, KODOMO WA SODATTE IKIMASU. "Even though the parents are not around, the children will grow up."
When NATTE KIMASU or NATTE IKIMASU is added to the conjunctive base of I-adjectives, it shows a gradual change. NATTE IKIMASU is used sometimes to denote the expected change in the future. NATTE KIMASU or NATTE
IKIMASU may be added to the NI-base of a NA-adjective.
Example:
JOOZU NI NATTE KIMASHITA. "He has become good."- は、
- leaves
- どんな
- what kind of; what sort of
- しごと
- work, job
- を
- particle denoting direct object (See Pattern Drill)
- し
- city
- いる
- to need (See Gram. Notes)
- の
- See Grammar Notes
- です
- to be (See Gram. Notes)
- か。
- either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)
- 町
- town
- ある
- certain, some
- で
- --is and -- (See Grammar Notes)
- ます。
- trout
- 一
- one
- に
- on (See Gram. Notes)
- 六
- six
- この頃
- these days, nowadays
- が
- but (See Gram. Notes)
- から、
- from (See Gram. Notes)
- でしょう
- probably (See Gram. Notes)
- ね。
- isn't it (See Grammar Notes)
- ええ、
- Yes
- 時々
- sometimes, occasionally
- 夜
- night, evening
- おそく
- late (adverbial form of OSOI, be late, be slow)
- まで
- as far as, to (See Gram. Notes)
- ずい分
- very much
- 家
- house, home
- へ
- to (See Gram. Notes)
Greasy work and health · Dialogue 2 of 3
Dirty work clothes
Repairmen become covered with grease and dirt, then change their soiled clothes before going home.
*あぶらだらけになったり、 ごみだらけになったり します* describes becoming covered with grease and dirt.
Winter work becomes busier
*冬になると、 いそがしくなって 来るそうです* says that the work becomes busy in winter.
*いそがしくなって 来る* presents the work as becoming busier.
Kanji: 体, 給, 元, 上
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 7
じどうしゃのしゅうりこうはあぶらでよごれるでしょうね。
The auto repairmen get dirty from grease, don't they?
自動car車carのofしゅうrepairmanりこうrepairmanはtopicあぶらgreaseでfromよごれるget dirtyでしょうprobablyね。right? - 8
ええ、あぶらだらけになったり、ごみだらけになったりしますから、いえへかえるまえによごれたふくをきかえなければなりません。
They become covered with grease and dirt, so before they go home, they must change soiled clothes.
ええ、yesあぶらgreaseだらけcovered withにintoなっbecomeたり、and things likeごみdirtだらけcovered withにintoなっbecomeたりand things likeしdoますpoliteから、because家homeへtowardかえるreturn前beforeにatよごれsoiledたpast服clothesをobject着かえchangeなけれnotばifなりbecomeませnot, politeん。not, polite - 9
そうでしょうね。あぶらだらけのふくをきて、いえへかえるとかぜをひくでしょう。
I suppose so. One will probably catch cold if he goes home with his grease-covered clothes on, don't you think?
そうsoでしょうprobablyね。right?あぶらgreaseだらけcovered withのof服clothesをobject着wearて、and家homeへtowardかえるreturnとifかぜcoldをobjectひくcatchでしょう。probably - 10
ええ、そのうえ、ふゆになると、いそがしくなってくるそうですから、いつもげんきで、ふとっているやまださんもふゆにはやせるそうです。
Yes, on top of that, in winter the work becomes busy as I understand it, so even Mr. Yamada, who is stout but always full of vigor, loses weight in winter, I hear.
ええ、yesそのon top of that上、on top of that冬winterにinなるbecomesと、whenいそがしくbusyなっbecomeてand来るcome toそうI hearですisから、becauseいつalwaysもalways元気healthyで、andふとっstoutてstoutいるstout山田YamadaさんMr.もeven冬winterにinはtopicやせるloses weightそうI hearです。is - 11
しごとがおおくてよるもはたらくと、きゅうりょうをおおくもらうから、よいでしょうが、そのかわりからだにはわるいでしょうね。
If there is lots of work and if one works at night, too, he'll receive a big wage, so it's nice; but on the other hand, it will be bad for his health, don't you think?
しごとworkがsubject多くmuchてand夜nightもtoo働くworksと、if給料wagesをobject多くmuchもらうreceivesから、becauseよいgoodでしょうprobablyが、butそのon other handかわりon other hand体healthにforはtopicわるいbadでしょうprobablyね。right? - 12
ええ、でもやまださんはからだがじょうぶですから、びょうきになってもじきになおります。
Yes, but since Mr. Yamada is healthy, he gets well quickly even if he gets sick.
ええ、yesでbutもbut山田YamadaさんMr.はtopic体bodyがsubjectじょうぶhealthyですisから、becauseびょう気sickにintoなっbecomeてeven ifもeven ifじきsoonにsoonなおりrecoversます。recovers
- しゅう
- state
- は
- leaves
- あぶら
- grease, oil
- よごれる
- to become soiled (v.i.)
- だらけ
- full of, covered with (See Grammar Notes)
- ごみ
- trash, dirt
- ます
- trout
- 前
- before, front
- 服
- clothes, suits, uniform
- と
- and (See Gram. Notes)
- かぜ
- wind
- ひく
- to subtract (v.t.)
- 冬
- winter
- いつ
- when?
- やせる
- to lose weight (v.i.)
- 給料
- wage, salary
- もらう
- to receive (tangible things)
- よい
- good (See Gram. Notes)
- 体
- body, health
- わるい
- bad
- びょう気
- sickness, illness
Paydays and coming home · Dialogue 3 of 3
Paydays and coming home
One speaker asks how often Mr. Yamada receives his wages and when he comes home.
*一か月に 二度 もらうのです* means "He gets his wages twice a month."
A little before six
*大抵 六時 少し 前に かえります* means "He usually gets home a little before six o'clock."
- 13
やまださんはいちかげつになんどきゅうりょうをもらいますか。
How many times a month does Mr. Yamada get paid?
山田YamadaさんMr.はtopic一one monthか月one monthにper何how many times度how many times給料wagesをobjectもらいreceivesますpoliteか。question - 14
いちかげつににどもらうのです。
He gets his wages twice a month.
一one monthか月one monthにper二twice度twiceもらうreceivesのthatです。is - 15
わたくしはこれをやまださんにあげたいのですが、いつごろいえへかえるでしょうか。
I want to give this to Mr. Yamada, but I wonder about what time will he come home?
私Iはtopicこれthisをobject山田YamadaさんMr.にto上げgiveたいwant toのthatですisが、but何時頃about what time家homeへtowardかえるreturnでしょうprobablyか。question - 16
たいていろくじすこしまえにかえります。
He usually gets home a little before six o'clock.
大抵usually六six o'clock時six o'clock少しa little前beforeにatかえりreturnsます。returns
- 二
- two
- です。
- to be (See Gram. Notes)
- が、
- but (See Gram. Notes)
- 時
- time
- 少し
- little (quantity)
Covered with dirt and grease · Perception drill, Block 1
Covered with grease
*この くつは あぶらだらけです* means "These shoes are covered with grease."
The suffix *だらけ* follows a noun and means "full of" or "covered with something unpleasant or filthy."
The noun names the problem
*この本は 間ちがいだらけです* means "This book is full of mistakes."
The noun before *だらけ* names what unpleasant thing fills or covers the subject.
- 17
あぶらだらけになります。
One will become covered with grease.
あぶらgreaseだらけcovered withにintoなりbecomesます。becomes - 18
ごみだらけ
covered with dirt
ごみdirtだらけcovered with - 19
くさだらけ
covered with weeds, full of weeds
草weedsだらけcovered with - 20
まちがいだらけ
full of errors
間ちがいerrorsだらけfull of - 21
このくつはあぶらだらけです。
These shoes are covered with grease.
このtheseくつshoesはtopicあぶらgreaseだらけcovered withです。are - 22
このほんはまちがいだらけです。
This book is full of mistakes.
このthis本bookはtopic間ちがいmistakesだらけfull ofです。is - 23
このみちはひとがあまりあるかないから、くさだらけです。
This road is covered with grass because not many people walk on it.
このthis道roadはtopic人peopleがsubjectあまりmany歩かwalkないnotから、because草grassだらけcovered withです。is - 24
かぜがふくと、きょうしつがごみだらけになります。
When the wind blows, the classroom becomes full of dust.
かぜwindがsubjectふくblowsと、whenきょうしつclassroomがsubjectごみdustだらけfull ofにintoなりbecomesます。becomes
- 間ちがい
- mistake, error
- くつ
- shoes
- 本
- numerical counter for counting long slender objects (See Notes)
- 道
- road, street
- 人
- people
- ふく
- to blow (v.i.)
- と、
- and (See Gram. Notes)
Talking about occasional events · Perception drill, Block 2
There are times
*私は 夜 おそく 家へ かえることがあります* means "There are times when I come home late at night."
*ことが あります* follows the dictionary form of a verb, an I-adjective, or a NA-adjective and means "there are times."
At times, but usually
*さむいことも ありますが、 大抵 あったかいです* means "Sometimes it is cold, but it is usually warm."
Here, *ことも あります* contrasts occasional cold with the usual warmth.
Kanji: 休
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 25
わたくしはよるおそくいえへかえることがあります。
There are times when I come home late at night.
私Iはtopic夜nightおそくlate家homeへtowardかえるreturnことtimesがsubjectありthere areます。there are - 26
おそくたべることがあります。
There are times when I eat late.
おそくlateたべるeatことtimesがsubjectありthere areます。there are - 27
はやくおきることがあります。
There are times when I get up early.
早くearlyおきるget upことtimesがsubjectありthere areます。there are - 28
たべないことがあります。
There are times when I do not eat.
たべeatないnotことtimesがsubjectありthere areます。there are - 29
さむいことがあります。
There are times when it is cold.
さむいcoldことtimesがsubjectありexistます。polite - 30
およぎたいことがあります。
There are times when I want to swim.
およぎswimたいwant toことtimesがsubjectありexistます。polite - 31
あなたはまいばんおそくやすみますか。
Do you go to bed late every night?
あなたyouはtopic毎every nightばんevery nightおそくlate休みgo to bedますpoliteか。question - 32
いいえ、はやくやすむこともあります。
No, there are also times when I go to bed early.
いいえ、no早くearly休むgo to bedことtimesもalsoありexistます。polite - 33
さくらのはなはさんがつにさきますか。
Do the cherry blossoms bloom in March?
さくらcherryのof花blossomsはtopic三March月Marchにinさきbloomますpoliteか。question - 34
さんがつにさくこともありますが、たいていはしがつにさきます。
Sometimes they bloom in March, but they usually bloom in April.
三March月Marchにinさくbloomことtimesもalsoありexistますpoliteが、but大抵usuallyはtopic四April月Aprilにinさきbloomます。polite - 35
モンテレーはさむいですか。
Is Monterey cold?
モンテレーMontereyはtopicさむいcoldですisか。question - 36
さむいこともありますが、たいていあったかいです。
Sometimes it is cold, but it is usually warm.
さむいcoldことtimesもalsoありexistますpoliteが、but大抵usuallyあったかいwarmです。is
- おきる
- to rise, get up (v.i.)
- さむい
- cold
- ばん
- evening, night
- さくら
- cherry (flower)
- 三
- three
- 月
- moon, month (See Grammar Notes)
- さく
- to bloom (v.i.)
- 四
- four
- モンテレー
- Monterey
- あったかい
- warm
Past descriptions before nouns · Perception drill, Block 3
A past form before a noun
*よごれた 服* means "soiled clothes" or "clothes which are soiled."
The plain past form of some verbs stands before a noun and describes a condition that exists now.
The action identifies the noun
*げたは 木で こしらえた 物です* means "Geta are things made of wood."
Here, *こしらえた* stands before *物* and identifies the things by how they were made.
- 37
よごれたふく
'soiled clothes,' 'clothes which are soiled'
よごれsoilたpast服clothes - 38
きでこしらえたもの
Something made of wood.
木woodでwithこしらえmakeたpast物thing - 39
てつでできたはし
A bridge made of iron.
鉄ironでwith出来makeたpastはしbridge - 40
にほんからきたせんせい
A teacher who came from Japan.
日本Japanからfrom来comeたpast先生teacher - 41
のこったおかね
The money that remained.
のこっremainたpastおmoney金money - 42
わたくしがかいたほん
A book that I wrote.
私Iがsubject書いwriteたpast本book - 43
あのせんせいはにほんからきたひとですか。
Is that teacher a person who came from Japan?
あのthat先生teacherはtopic日本Japanからfrom来comeたpast人personですisか。question - 44
はい、そうです。
Yes, that is right.
はい、yesそうthat is rightです。is - 45
このよごれたくつしたはどうしましょうか。
What shall we do with these dirty socks?
このtheseよごれsoilたpastくつ下socksはtopicどうwhatしdoましょうshall weか。question - 46
このはこのなかにいれてください。
Please put them in this box.
このthisはboxこのbox中insideにin入れplease putてplease putください。please put - 47
げたはなんでこしらえたものですか。
What are geta made of?
げたwooden clogsはtopic何whatでwithこしらえmakeたpast物thingsですareか。question - 48
げたはきでこしらえたものです。
Geta are things made of wood.
げたwooden clogsはtopic木woodでwithこしらえmakeたpast物thingsです。are - 49
あなたはならったかんじをみんなおぼえていますか。
Do you remember all the kanji you learned?
あなたyouはtopic習っlearnたpastかん字kanjiをobjectみんなallおぼえrememberてrememberいrememberますrememberか。question - 50
はい、みんなおぼえています。
Yes, I remember them all.
はい、yesみんなallおぼえrememberてrememberいrememberます。remember
- 木
- tree, wood
- 鉄
- steel, iron
- から
- from (See Gram. Notes)
- くつ下
- socks, stocking
- ましょう
- let's (See Gram. Notes)
- ください。
- please give me (See Gram. Notes)
- げた
- wooden clogs
- みんな
- all
Redoing and replacing things · Perception drill, Block 4
Two verbs form one action
*書きかえる* means "to rewrite."
A second verb attaches to a verb stem to form one compound verb.
Change or do again
*その 言葉は あまり むずかしいから、 やさしい 言葉に 言いかえて ください* asks for a difficult word to be replaced with an easy one.
In *言いかえる*, *かえる* adds change. In *やりかえる*, it expresses doing the action again.
- 51
ようふくにきかえる。
To change into a suit.
ようsuit服suitにinto着かえる。change into - 52
(に)はきかえる
to change into
(に)intoはchange intoきかえるchange into - 53
かきかえる
to rewrite
書きかえるrewrite - 54
いいかえる
to rephrase
言いかえるrephrase - 55
やりかえる
to redo
やりかえるredo - 56
つつみかえる
to rewrap
包みかえるrewrap - 57
そのてがみはかきかえるほうがいいですよ。
You had better rewrite that letter.
そのthat手紙letterはtopic書きかえるrewrite方wayがsubjectいいbetterですisよ。I tell you - 58
そうですか。では、そうしましょう。
Is that so? Then I will do that.
そうthat wayですisか。questionでthenは、thenそうthat wayしdoましょう。will do - 59
そのことばはあまりむずかしいから、やさしいことばにいいかえてください。
That word is too difficult, so please replace it with an easy word.
そのthat言葉wordはtopicあまりtooむずかしいdifficultから、becauseやさしいeasy言葉wordにwith言いかえplease replaceてplease replaceください。please replace - 60
はい、かしこまりました。
Yes, certainly.
はい、yesかしこまりcertainlyましpoliteた。past - 61
それはあまりじょうずにできていませんね。やりかえなさい。
That is not done very well, is it? Do it over.
それthatはtopicあまりvery上手wellにin出来is not doneてis not doneいis not doneませis not doneんis not doneね。right?やりかえdo it overなさい。do it over - 62
はい、やりかえます。
Yes, I will do it over.
はい、yesやりかえdo overます。polite
- 着かえる。
- to change clothes (See Grammar Notes)
- 手紙
- letter (correspondence)
- いい
- good (See Gram. Notes)
- ましょう。
- let's (See Gram. Notes)
- むずかしい
- difficult
- やさしい
- easy
- 上手
- skillful, fluent (See Grammar Notes)
Describing gradual changes · Perception drill, Block 5
A change toward now
*この頃は さむくなって 来ましたね* means "It has been getting colder lately, hasn't it?"
*なって 来ます* after the changed ending of an I-adjective presents a gradual change developing toward now.
A change from now on
*大きくなって 行きます* means "It will keep getting bigger."
*なって 行きます* presents an expected change continuing into the future.
- 63
いそがしくなってきます。
It gets busy.
いそがしくbusyなっis gettingてis getting来is gettingます。is getting - 64
さむくなってきます。
It is getting colder.
さむくcolderなっis gettingてis getting来is gettingます。is getting - 65
あつくなってきます。
It is getting hotter.
あつくhotterなっis gettingてis getting来is gettingます。is getting - 66
むずかしくなってきます。
It is getting more difficult.
むずかしくmore difficultなっis gettingてis getting来is gettingます。is getting - 67
おおきくなっていきます。
It will keep getting bigger.
大きくbiggerなっkeep gettingてkeep getting行きkeep gettingます。keep getting - 68
このごろはさむくなってきましたね。
It has been getting colder lately, hasn’t it?
この頃latelyはtopicさむくcolderなっbeen gettingてbeen getting来been gettingましpoliteたpastね。right? - 69
ええ、もうじゅうがつですからね。
Yes, it is already October, after all.
ええ、yesもうalready十October月Octoberですisからbecauseね。after all - 70
にほんごはやさしくなってきましたか。
Has Japanese been getting easier?
日本Japanese語Japaneseはtopicやさしくeasierなっbeen gettingてbeen getting来been gettingましpoliteたpastか。question - 71
いいえ、ずいぶんむずかしくなってきました。
No, it has been getting much more difficult.
いいえ、noずい分muchむずかしくmore difficultなっbeen gettingてbeen getting来been gettingましpoliteた。past - 72
あなたはにほんへいってからも、にほんごのべんきょうをつづけますか。
Will you continue studying Japanese after you go to Japan?
あなたyouはtopic日本Japanへtoward行っgoてgoからafterも、also日本Japanese語Japaneseのofべんきょうstudyをobjectつづけcontinueますpoliteか。question - 73
はい、にほんごのべんきょうをつづけていきます。
Yes, I will continue studying Japanese.
はい、yes日本Japanese語Japaneseのofべんきょうstudyをobjectつづけwill continueてwill continue行きwill continueます。will continue
- もう
- already (See Gram. Notes)
- 十
- ten
Things covered in grime · Pattern 1 1 of 2
What covers the subject
*あなたの 日本語は 間ちがいだらけです* means "Your Japanese is full of mistakes."
The suffix *だらけ* follows *間ちがい*, the unwanted thing.
A resulting condition
*しごと服が あぶらだらけに なりました* means "My work clothes became covered with grease."
Before *なりました*, *だらけ* takes *に* and describes the resulting condition.
- 74
てがあぶらだらけになります。
The hand will become covered with grease.
手handがsubjectあぶらgreaseだらけcovered withにintoなりbecomeます。polite - 75
このきょうしつはごみだらけです。
This classroom is full of dust.
このthisきょうしつclassroomはtopicごみdustだらけfull ofです。is - 76
あなたのにほんごはまちがいだらけです。
Your Japanese is full of mistakes.
あなたyourの's日本Japanese語Japaneseはtopic間ちがいmistakesだらけfull ofです。is - 77
しごとふくがあぶらだらけになりました。
My work clothes became covered with grease.
しごとwork clothes服work clothesがsubjectあぶらgreaseだらけcovered withにintoなりbecomeましpoliteた。past - 78
このみちはくさだらけです。
This road is covered with grass.
このthis道roadはtopic草grassだらけcovered withです。is - 79
じどうしゃしゅうりこではたらくひとは、てがあぶらだらけになりますね。
People who work at auto repair shops get their hands covered with grease, don’t they?
自動car車carしゅrepairうりrepairこshopでat働くwork人peopleは、topic手handsがsubjectあぶらgreaseだらけcovered withにintoなりbecomeますpoliteね。right?
Trash and mistakes everywhere · Pattern 1 2 of 2
Trash in the trains
*日本の き車の 中は ごみだらけですね* says that trains in Japan are full of trash.
Here, *ごみ* names the unwanted thing filling the trains.
Mistakes in writing
*あの 生徒の かん字は 間ちがいだらけです* means "That student's kanji are full of mistakes."
Here, *間ちがい* names what fills the student's writing.
- 80
ええ、そうです。
Yes, that is right.
ええ、yesそうthat is rightです。is - 81
にほんのきしゃのなかはごみだらけですね。
The trains in Japan are full of trash, aren’t they?
日本Japanの'sきtrain車trainの's中insideはtopicごみtrashだらけfull ofですisね。right? - 82
ええ、きしゃのなかでいろいろのものをたべるからです。
Yes, that is because people eat all sorts of things on the trains.
ええ、yesきtrain車trainの's中insideでonいろいろvariousのof物thingsをobjectたべるeatからbecauseです。is - 83
あのせいとはかんじがまずいですね。
That student is not very good at writing kanji, is he?
あのthat生徒studentはtopicかん字kanjiがsubjectまずいnot very goodですisね。right? - 84
ええ、あのせいとのかんじはまちがいだらけです。
No, that student’s kanji are full of mistakes.
ええ、yesあのthat生徒studentの'sかん字kanjiはtopic間ちがいmistakesだらけfull ofです。is
- き
- counter for airplanes (See Gram. Notes)
- まずい
- poor, tasteless
Sometimes doing everyday things · Pattern 2 1 of 3
Sometimes the event happens
*夜も 働くことが あります* means "There are times when I work at night, too."
The ending presents the work as occasional.
Negative and desired events
*いいえ、 たべないことも あります* means "No, sometimes I don't eat it."
A plain negative or desire form can stand before *ことが あります*, as can an I-adjective.
- 85
よるもはたらくことがあります。
There are times when I work at night, too.
夜nightもalso働くworkことtimesがsubjectありthere areます。polite - 86
あさはやくさんぽすることがあります。
There are times when I take a walk early in the morning.
朝morning早くearlyさんぽwalkするdoことtimesがsubjectありthere areます。polite - 87
モンテレーでもゆきがふることがあります。
Sometimes it snows even in Monterey.
モンテレーMontereyでinもeven雪snowがsubject降るfallsことtimesがsubjectありthere areます。polite - 88
あるせいとはべんきょうしないことがあります。
There are times when a certain student does not study.
あるa certain生徒studentはtopicべんきょうstudyしdoないnotことtimesがsubjectありthere areます。polite - 89
ときどきさかなをたべたいことがあります。
Sometimes I want to eat fish.
時々sometimesさかなfishをobjectたべeatたいwant toことtimesがsubjectありthere areます。polite - 90
なつでもさむいことがあります。
Sometimes it is cold even in summer.
夏summerでinもevenさむいcoldことtimesがsubjectありthere areます。polite - 91
あなたはいつもあさめしをたべますか。
Do you always eat breakfast?
あなたyouはtopicいつalwaysもalways朝めしbreakfastをobjectたべeatますpoliteか。question - 92
いいえ、たべないこともあります。
No, sometimes I don't eat it.
いいえ、noたべeatないnotことtimesもalsoありthere areます。polite
- 朝
- morning
- さんぽ
- strolling
- 雪
- snow
- 降る
- to fall (rain) (v.i.)
- さかな
- fish
- 夏
- summer
- 朝めし
- breakfast
Occasional weather and routines · Pattern 2 2 of 3
Occasional routines
*あなたは 学校へ 子供を つれて 行くことが ありますか* asks whether someone ever takes children to school.
An answer repeats the event with *ことが あります* to say that it sometimes happens.
Occasional health and weather
*時々 かぜを ひくことが あります* means "Sometimes I catch a cold."
*時々 ずい分 あついことが あります* says that it sometimes gets very hot.
- 93
あなたはいつもげんきですか。
Are you always well?
あなたyouはtopicいつalwaysもalways元気wellですisか。question - 94
いいえ、ときどきかぜをひくことがあります。
No, sometimes I catch a cold.
いいえ、no時々sometimesかぜa coldをobjectひくcatchことtimesがsubjectありthere areます。polite - 95
モンテレーはすずしいところですね。
Monterey is a cool place, isn't it?
モンテレーMontereyはtopicすずしいcool所placeですisね。right? - 96
ええ。でも、ときどきずいぶんあついことがあります。
Yes, but sometimes it gets very hot.
ええ。yesでbutも、but時々sometimesずい分veryあついhotことtimesがsubjectありthere areます。polite - 97
あなたはがっこうへこどもをつれていくことがありますか。
Do you ever take your children to school?
あなたyouはtopic学校schoolへtoward子供childrenをobjectつれtake alongてtake along行くtake alongことtimesがsubjectありthere areますpoliteか。question - 98
がっこうへこどもをつれていくことがあります。
Sometimes I take my children to school.
学校schoolへtoward子供childrenをobjectつれtake alongてtake along行くtake alongことtimesがsubjectありthere areます。polite - 99
やすみます。
I rest.
休みrestます。polite - 100
かぶります。
I put it on.
かぶりput onます。polite
- すずしい
- cool
- 所
- address, place
- ええ。
- Yes
- あつい
- hot
Verb forms for occasional events · Pattern 2 3 of 3
Conditions and desires
*あつい* means "It is hot." *行きたい* means "I want to go."
Before *ことが あります*, these plain forms present an occasional condition or desire.
Affirmative and negative actions
*べんきょうします* means "I study." *働きません* means "I don't work."
An occasional action takes the dictionary form or plain negative before *ことが あります*.
- 101
おきません。
I don't get up.
おきget upませnot, politeん。not, polite - 102
たべません。
I don't eat.
たべeatませnot, politeん。not, polite - 103
あつい。
It is hot.
あつい。hot - 104
だします。
I take it out.
出しtake outます。polite - 105
べんきょうします。
I study.
べんきょうstudyしdoます。polite - 106
あったかい。
It is warm.
あったかい。warm - 107
はたらきません。
I don't work.
働きworkませnot, politeん。not, polite - 108
いきたい。
I want to go.
行きgoたい。want to
- あつい。
- hot
- あったかい。
- warm
Describing people and things · Pattern 3 1 of 2
A condition before a noun
*あの人は よごれた くつを はいています* means "He is wearing dirty shoes."
The plain past *よごれた* before *くつ* describes their present condition.
A completed action before a noun
*昨日 読んだ 本は とても よかった* means "The book I read yesterday was very good."
The plain past *読んだ* identifies *本* through the completed action.
- 109
あのひとはよごれたくつをはいています。
He is wearing dirty shoes.
あのthat人personはtopicよごれdirtyたpastくつshoesをobjectはいis wearingてis wearingいis wearingます。is wearing - 110
つかれたひとはやすんでいます。
The tired person is resting.
つかget tiredれget tiredたpast人personはtopic休んis restingでis restingいis restingます。is resting - 111
きものをきたおんなのひとはきれいです。
The woman wearing a kimono is pretty.
着物kimonoをobject着wearたpast女femaleのof人personはtopicきれいprettyです。is - 112
あのせいとはならったかんじをみんなおぼえています。
That student remembers all the kanji he learned.
あのthat生徒studentはtopic習っlearnたpastかん字kanjiをobjectみんなallおぼえremembersてremembersいremembersます。remembers - 113
ようふくをかって、のこったおかねでくつをかいました。
I bought some clothes, and with the money left over I bought some shoes.
ようclothes服clothesをobject買っbuyて、andのこっremainたpastおmoney金moneyでwithくつshoesをobject買いbuyましdid, politeた。did, polite - 114
きのうよんだほんはとてもよかった。
The book I read yesterday was very good.
昨日yesterday読んreadだpast本bookはtopicとてもveryよかっgoodた。past - 115
あなたはあのよごれたぼうしをかぶったひとをしっていますか。
Do you know that person wearing the dirty hat?
あなたyouはtopicあのthatよごれget dirtyたpastぼうしhatをobjectかぶっput onたpast人personをobject知っknowてknowいknowますknowか。question - 116
はい、しっています。あのひとはじどうしゃのしゅうりこうです。
Yes, I know him; he is an auto repairman.
はい、yes知っknowてknowいknowます。knowあのthat人personはtopic自動car車carの'sしゅうrepairmanりこうrepairmanです。is - 117
べんきょうでつかれたときにはどうしますか。
What do you do when you are tired from studying?
べんきょうstudyingでfromつかget tiredれget tiredたpast時timeにatはtopicどうwhatしdoますpoliteか。question
- 女
- female
- 昨日
- yesterday
- だ
- to be (informal equivalent of DESU. See Grammar Notes)
- とても
- very, indeed
Past forms before nouns · Pattern 3 2 of 2
Made of wood
*この頃 木で こしらえた はしが ありますか* asks whether any bridges are made of wood these days.
In *木で こしらえた はし*, the plain past *こしらえた* stands before the noun it describes.
Conditions and completed actions
*書いた*, *つかれた*, *よごれた*, and *読んだ* can stand before nouns to identify them.
*--だらけになった* adds the completed change "became covered with --."
- 118
テレビをみたり、さんぽにでかけたりします。
I watch television or go out for a walk.
テレビtelevisionをobject見watchたり、orさんぽwalkにfor出かけgo outたりorしdoます。polite - 119
このごろきでこしらえたはしがありますか。
Are there any bridges made of wood these days?
このthese days頃these days木woodでofこしらえmakeたpastはしbridgesがsubjectありthere areますpoliteか。question - 120
ときどきありますが、たいていてつでこしらえます。
There are sometimes, but they are usually made of iron.
時々sometimesありthere areますpoliteが、but大抵usually鉄ironでofこしらえmakeます。polite - 121
かいた
Wrote.
書いwriteたpast - 122
つかれた
Got tired.
つかget tiredれget tiredたpast - 123
よごれた
Got dirty.
よごれget dirtyたpast - 124
よんだ
Read.
読んreadだpast - 125
--だらけになった
Became covered with --.
--somethingだらけcovered withにintoなっbecomeたpast
- テレビ
- television
- 頃
- approximate point of time (See Gram. Notes)
Beginning, finishing and changing · Pattern 4 1 of 3
Beginning an action
*雨が 降り はじめました* means "It began to rain."
The compound *降り はじめました* joins a verb stem to a second verb. Here, *はじめました* adds beginning.
Finishing and changing
*もう その本を 読み おわりましたか* asks whether someone has finished reading it.
*おわる* adds finishing, while *かえる* adds changing, as in *着 かえる*.
- 126
きかえる
to change clothes
着change clothesかえるchange clothes - 127
よみはじめる
to begin to read
読みreadはじめるbegin - 128
たべおわる
to finish eating
たべeatおわるfinish - 129
いえへかえると、くつをはきかえます。
When I get home, I change my shoes.
家homeへtowardかえるreturn homeと、whenくつshoesをobjectはきかえchangeます。polite - 130
あめがふりはじめました。
It began to rain.
雨rainがsubject降りfallはじめbeginましpoliteた。past - 131
さくらのはながさきはじめました。
The cherry blossoms have begun to bloom.
さくらcherry blossomsの's花flowersがsubjectさきbloomはじめbeginましpoliteた。past - 132
もうそのほんをよみおわりましたか。
Have you finished reading that book yet?
もうyetそのthat本bookをobject読みreadおわりfinishましpoliteたpastか。question
- はじめる
- to begin, to start (v.t)
- おわる
- ends (v.i.)
- 雨
- rain
- はじめ
- beginning
- おわり
- end
Changing clothes and starting young · Pattern 4 2 of 3
Finishing and doing again
*ひるめしを たべおわった 人* means people who have finished eating lunch.
*この小包を もっと じょうぶな 紙で 包みなおして ください* asks for the package to be rewrapped in stronger paper.
The second verb adds finishing in *たべおわった* and doing again in *包みなおして*.
Changing and beginning
*服を 着かえて、 くつを はきかえます* describes changing clothes and shoes.
*三つの 時から 使いはじめました* means "I began using them when I was three."
The second verb adds changing in *着かえて* and beginning in *使いはじめました*.
- 133
ひるめしをたべおわったひとは、そとにでてもいいです。
Those who have finished eating lunch may go outside.
ひるめしlunchをobjectたべeatおわっfinishたpast人peopleは、topicそとoutsideにto出go outてandもevenいいokayです。is - 134
このこづつみをもっとじょうぶなかみでつつみなおしてください。
Please rewrap this package in stronger paper.
このthis小包packageをobjectもっとmoreじょうぶstrongerなstronger紙paperでwith包みwrapなおしagainてandください。please - 135
はい、かしこまりました。
Yes, certainly.
はい、yesかしこまりcertainlyましpoliteた。past - 136
あなたはいえへかえってから、ふくをきかえますか。
Do you change your clothes after you get home?
あなたyouはtopic家homeへtowardかえっreturn homeてandから、after服clothesをobject着かえchangeますpoliteか。question - 137
はい、ふくをきかえて、くつをはきかえます。
Yes, I change my clothes and change my shoes.
はい、yes服clothesをobject着かえchangeて、andくつshoesをobjectはきかえchangeます。polite - 138
あなたはいつごろからはしをつかいはじめましたか。
About how old were you when you began using chopsticks?
あなたyouはtopicいつ頃about what ageからfromはしchopsticksをobject使いuseはじめbeginましpoliteたpastか。question - 139
みっつのときからつかいはじめました。
I began using them when I was three.
三threeつthreeの's時ageからfrom使いuseはじめbeginましpoliteた。past
- ひるめし
- lunch, noon meal
- そと
- outside
- 小包
- parcel, small package
- もっと
- more (See Gram. Notes)
Verbs joined to other verbs · Pattern 4 3 of 3
Verbs that can form compounds
*読む* means "Read." *書く* means "Write."
Each verb can supply the first part of a compound action.
Actions for the first part
*歩く*, *おしえる*, and *話す* mean "Walk," "Teach," and "Speak."
The first verb names the main action. The second verb adds beginning, finishing, changing, or repetition.
Changes already underway · Pattern 5 1 of 2
Changes underway
*いそがしくなって 来ました* means "It has become busy."
The ending *なって 来ました* presents a change that has developed toward now.
Different changing qualities
*子供たちは 大きく なって 来ました* says the children have been getting bigger.
*あの人の かおが あかく なって 来ました* says that person's face has been turning red.
- 147
いそがしくなってきました。
It has become busy.
いそがしくbusyなっbecomeてand来comeましpoliteた。past - 148
このごろはあったかくなってきました。
It has been getting warmer lately.
この頃latelyはtopicあったかくwarmerなっbecomeてand来comeましpoliteた。past - 149
にほんごがやさしくなってきました。
Japanese has been getting easier.
日本Japanese語Japaneseがsubjectやさしくeasierなっbecomeてand来comeましpoliteた。past - 150
こどもたちはおおきくなってきました。
The children have been getting bigger.
子供childrenたちchildrenはtopic大きくbiggerなっbecomeてand来comeましpoliteた。past - 151
あのひとのかおがあかくなってきました。
That person's face has been turning red.
あのthat人personの'sかおfaceがsubjectあかくredなっbecomeてand来comeましpoliteた。past - 152
あのひとはこのごろすこしわかくなってきましたね。
That person has been looking a little younger lately, hasn't he?
あのthat人personはtopicこの頃lately少しa littleわかくyoungerなっbecomeてand来comeましpoliteたpastね。right?
- かお
- face
Weather, studies and longer days · Pattern 5 2 of 2
A change toward now
*この頃 日が 長く なって 来ましたね* means "The days have been getting longer lately, haven't they?"
*なって 来ました* presents the increase in daylight as a change developing up to now.
A change from now on
*今から だんだん 日が 長く なって 行きます* means "the days will gradually get longer from now on."
*なって 行きます* presents the change as continuing into the future.
- 153
さむくなってきましたから、おおくのひとがかぜをひくでしょうね。
Since it has been getting colder, many people will probably catch colds, won't they?
さむくcolderなっbecomeてand来comeましpoliteたpastから、because多くmanyのof人peopleがsubjectかぜcoldをobjectひくcatchでしょうprobablyね。right? - 154
ええ、ことしはとくべつさむいですからね。
Yes, because it is especially cold this year.
ええ、yes今年this yearはtopicとくべつespeciallyさむいcoldですisからbecauseね。right? - 155
このごろべんきょうがいそがしくなってきたでしょう。
Your studies have been getting busier lately, haven't they?
この頃latelyべんきょうstudiesがsubjectいそがしくbusierなっbecomeてand来comeたpastでしょう。probably - 156
ええ、とても。
Yes, very much so.
ええ、yesとても。very much - 157
このごろひがながくなってきましたね。
The days have been getting longer lately, haven’t they?
このlately頃lately日daysがsubject長くlongerなっbecomeてand来comeましpoliteたpastね。right? - 158
ええ、いまからだんだんひがながくなっていきます。
Yes, the days will gradually get longer from now on.
ええ、yes今nowからfromだんだんgradually日daysがsubject長くlongerなっbecomeてand行きgoます。polite
- 今年
- this year
- とても。
- very, indeed
- だんだん
- gradually, step by step
Growing auto repair work · Reading Selection 1 of 3
More cars and more work
Mr. Yamada works eight hours each day and works more when business is busy.
*自動車が 大へん ふえて 来ましたから、 自動車を しゅうりする しごとも ふえ* links more automobiles with more repair work.
The form *ふえて 来ました* presents a change developing toward now.
- 159
やまださんはじどうしゃのしゅうりこうです。
Mr. Yamada is an auto repairman.
山田YamadaさんMr.はtopic自動car車carの'sしゅうrepairmanりこうrepairmanです。is - 160
あさはやく
Early in the morning,
朝morning早くearly - 161
いえをでて、まちのおおきなじどうしゃしゅうりこへしごとにいき
he leaves home and goes to work at a large auto repair shop in town.
家homeをobject出leaveて、and町townの's大きなlarge自動car車carしゅrepair shopうりrepair shopこrepair shopへtowardしごとworkにto行きgo - 162
ます。
He does.
ます。polite - 163
まいにちはちじかんずつはたらきますが、いそがしいときには
He works eight hours every day, but when it is busy,
毎日every day八eight時間hoursずつeach働きworkますpoliteが、butいそがしいbusy時whenにatはtopic - 164
もっとはたらきます。
he works more.
もっとmore働きworkます。polite - 165
にほんでは、このごろじどうしゃがたいへん
In Japan, the number of automobiles has greatly
日本Japanでinは、topicこの頃lately自動car車carがsubject大へんgreatly - 166
ふえてきましたから、じどうしゃをしゅうりするしごともふえ
increased lately, so the amount of work repairing automobiles has also increased.
ふえincreaseてand来comeましpoliteたpastから、because自動car車carをobjectしゅrepairうりrepairするdoしごとworkもalsoふえincrease
- 八
- eight
- 時間
- hour, time
- ずつ
- each (See Gram. Notes)
- いそがしい
- busy
- 大へん
- very
Repair work, grime and colds · Reading Selection 2 of 3
Grease and dirty clothes
Repairmen work on a cold floor, so grease and dirt cover their clothes and hands.
In *服や 手が あぶらや ごみだらけに なります*, *だらけ* follows the unwanted substances.
Cold weather and health
They change soiled clothes and clean their hands and bodies before going home.
*さむく なって 来ると、 かぜを ひく 人が 多く なります* links colder weather with more people catching colds.
- 167
じどうしゃしゅうりこうはじどうしゃをつめたいゆかのうえで
Auto repairmen work on automobiles on a cold floor,
自動car車carしゅrepairmanうrepairmanりこうrepairmanはtopic自動car車carをobjectつめcoldたいcoldゆかfloorのof上topでon - 168
なおすのですから、ふくやてがあぶらやごみだらけに
so their clothes and hands become covered with grease and dirt.
なおすrepairのact ofですisから、because服clothesやand手handsがsubjectあぶらgreaseやandごみdirtだらけcovered withにinto - 169
なります。
They do.
なりbecomeます。polite - 170
それですから、しごとをおわっていえへかえる
Therefore, after finishing work and before going home,
それthatですisから、becauseしごとworkをobjectおわっfinishてand家homeへtowardかえるgo home - 171
まえによごれたふくをきかえたり、てやからだをきれいにしなければ
they must change their dirty clothes and clean their hands and bodies.
前beforeにatよごれdirtyたpast服clothesをobject着かえchangeたり、among other things手handsやand体bodiesをobjectきれいcleanにintoしdoなけれif notばif - 172
なりません。
They must.
なりmustませmustん。must - 173
つめたいゆかのうえではたらくのはからだにわるいです。
Working on a cold floor is bad for the health.
つめたいcoldゆかfloorのof上topでon働くworkのact ofはtopic体healthにforわるいbadです。is - 174
ですから、さむくなってくると、かぜをひくひとがおおくなります。
Therefore, when it starts getting cold, more people catch colds.
ですisから、becauseさむくcoldなっbecomeてand来るcomeと、whenかぜcoldをobjectひくcatch人peopleがsubject多くmanyなりbecomeます。polite
- なおす
- to correct, mend, repair (v.t.)
- や
- and---among others (See Gram. Notes)
- つめたい
- cold (not weather)
Health, skill and wages · Reading Selection 3 of 3
Health, skill, and wages
Mr. Yamada sometimes catches a cold, but he usually recovers quickly because he is healthy.
In *山田さんも たまに かぜを ひくことが ありますが、 ふつう 元気です*, *ことが あります* presents an occasional event.
He teaches other repairmen and receives a better salary, about two thousand yen each day.
- 175
やまださんもたまにかぜをひくことがありますが、ふつうげんきです
Mr. Yamada also catches a cold occasionally, but he is usually healthy,
山田YamadaさんMr.もalsoたまにoccasionallyかぜcoldをobjectひくcatchことoccasionがsubjectありhappenますpoliteが、butふつうusually元気healthyですis - 176
から、かぜをひいてもすぐなおります。
so even when he catches a cold, he gets well right away.
から、becauseかぜcoldをobjectひいcatchてandもevenすぐright awayなおりrecoverます。polite - 177
やまださんはたいへんよいしゅうりこうです。
Mr. Yamada is a very good repairman.
山田YamadaさんMr.はtopic大へんveryよいgoodしゅうrepairmanりこうrepairmanです。is - 178
たびたびほかの
He often has to teach the other
たびたびoften外otherの's - 179
しゅうりこうにいろいろのことをおしえなければなりません。
repairmen various things.
しゅrepairmanうrepairmanりこうrepairmanにtoいろいろvariousのofことthingsをobjectおしえmust teachなけれmust teachばmust teachなりmust teachませmust teachん。must teach - 180
それですから、ほかのしゅうりこうよりもっとよいきゅうりょうをもらいます。
Therefore, he receives a better salary than the other repairmen.
それthatですisから、therefore外otherのofしゅうrepairmanりこうrepairmanよりthanもっとmoreよいgood給料salaryをobjectもらいreceiveます。polite - 181
にっきゅうにせんえんぐらいです。
His daily wage is about two thousand yen.
日給daily wage二千two thousand円yenぐらいaboutです。is
- たまに
- rarely, once in a while
- すぐ
- right away, immediately
- たびたび
- often, frequently
- より
- than (See Gram. Notes)
- 日給
- daily wage
- 二千
- 2,000
- 円
- yen (unit of money)
- ぐらい
- about
Questions about repair work · Questions 1 of 3
Job, workplace, and hours
The questions ask for Mr. Yamada's job, workplace, morning schedule, and daily working hours.
*山田さんの しごとは 何ですか* means "What is Mr. Yamada's job?"
An answer gives the requested fact from the reading, such as his job as an auto repairman.
- 182
ました。
He did.
ましdidた。did - 183
やまださんのしごとはなんですか。
What is Mr. Yamada’s job?
山田YamadaさんMr.の'sしごとjobはtopic何whatですisか。question - 184
やまださんはあさおそくおきますか。
Does Mr. Yamada get up late in the morning?
山田YamadaさんMr.はtopic朝morningおそくlateおきget upますpoliteか。question - 185
やまださんはなぜあさはやくおきますか。
Why does Mr. Yamada get up early in the morning?
山田YamadaさんMr.はtopicなぜwhy朝morning早くearlyおきget upますpoliteか。question - 186
やまださんはどこではたらいていますか。
Where does Mr. Yamada work?
山田YamadaさんMr.はtopicどこwhereでat働いworksてworksいworksますworksか。question - 187
やまださんはまいにちなんじかんはたらきますか。
How many hours does Mr. Yamada work every day?
山田YamadaさんMr.はtopic毎日every day何how many時間hours働きworkますpoliteか。question - 188
やまださんははちじかんしかはたらきませんか。
Does Mr. Yamada work only eight hours?
山田YamadaさんMr.はtopic八eight時間hoursしかonly働きworkませnot, politeんnot, politeか。question - 189
にほんにはじどうしゃがすくないですか。
Are there few automobiles in Japan?
日本Japanにinはtopic自動car車carがsubjectすくないfewですareか。question
- なぜ
- why?
Questions about grime and health · Questions 2 of 3
Causes and conditions
The questions ask why repairmen get dirty and whether cold floors harm their health.
*自動車しゅうりこうは 手が あぶらだらけに なりますか* asks whether repairmen's hands become covered with grease.
An answer states yes or no and gives the relevant fact about their work or health.
- 190
じどうしゃをなおすひとをなんといいますか。
What do you call a person who repairs automobiles?
自動car車carをobjectなおすrepairs人personをobject何whatとquote言いcallますpoliteか。question - 191
ものをなおすのはしゅうりですか。
Is fixing things called repair?
物thingsをobjectなおすfixのact ofはtopicしゅrepairうりrepairですisか。question - 192
じどうしゃのしゅうりこうはよごれますか。
Do auto repairmen get dirty?
自動car車carのofしゅうrepairmanりこうrepairmanはtopicよごれget dirtyますpoliteか。question - 193
じどうしゃしゅうりこうはなぜよごれますか。
Why do auto repairmen get dirty?
自動auto repairman車auto repairmanしゅauto repairmanうauto repairmanりこうauto repairmanはtopicなぜwhyよごれget dirtyますpoliteか。question - 194
じどうしゃしゅうりこうはてがあぶらだらけになりますか。
Do auto repairmen’s hands become covered with grease?
自動auto repairman車auto repairmanしゅauto repairmanうauto repairmanりこうauto repairmanはtopic手handsがsubjectあぶらgreaseだらけcovered withにintoなりbecomeますpoliteか。question - 195
つめたいゆかのうえではたらくのはからだにわるいですか。
Is working on a cold floor bad for the health?
つめたいcoldゆかfloorのof上topでon働くworkのact ofはtopic体healthにforわるいbadですisか。question - 196
じどうしゃのしゅうりこうはふゆにはかぜをひくことがありますか。
Do auto repairmen sometimes catch colds in winter?
自動car車carのofしゅうrepairmanりこうrepairmanはtopic冬winterにinはtopicかぜcoldをobjectひくcatchことtimesがsubjectありoccurますpoliteか。question - 197
やまださんはたびたびかぜをひきますか。
Does Mr. Yamada often catch colds?
山田YamadaさんMr.はtopicたびたびoftenかぜcoldをobjectひきcatchますpoliteか。question
Questions about pay and skill · Questions 3 of 3
Work clothes and wages
The questions cover grease-covered clothing, colder months, Mr. Yamada's skill, and his pay.
*一日の 給料を 何と 言いますか* means "What do you call one day's pay?"
An answer names the requested fact, such as the term for a daily wage.
- 198
しゅうりこうたちはあぶらだらけになったふくをきていえへかえりますか。
Do the repairmen go home wearing clothes covered with grease?
しゅrepairmanうrepairmanりこうrepairmanたちand othersはtopicあぶらgreaseだらけcovered withにintoなっbecameたpast服clothesをobject着wearingてwearing家homeへtowardかえりreturnますpoliteか。question - 199
さむくなるのはなんがつごろですか。
About what month does it get cold?
さむくget coldなるget coldのact ofはtopic何what月month頃aboutですisか。question - 200
やまださんはどんなしゅうりこうですか。
What kind of repairman is Mr. Yamada?
山田YamadaさんMr.はtopicどんなwhat kind ofしゅrepairmanうrepairmanりこうrepairmanですisか。question - 201
やまださんはなぜほかのしゅうりこうよりたかいきゅうりょうをもらいますか。
Why does Mr. Yamada receive a higher salary than the other repairmen?
山田YamadaさんMr.はtopicなぜwhy外otherのofしゅうrepairmanりこうrepairmanよりthanたかいhigher給料salaryをobjectもらいreceiveますpoliteか。question - 202
やまださんはげっきゅうをもらいますか。
Does Mr. Yamada receive a monthly salary?
山田YamadaさんMr.はtopic月給monthly salaryをobjectもらいreceiveますpoliteか。question - 203
いちにちのきゅうりょうをなんといいますか。
What do you call one day’s pay?
一one day日one dayの's給料payをobject何whatとquote言いcallますpoliteか。question
- たかい
- expensive
- 月給
- monthly wage
Repair, illness and wages · Word list 1 of 4
Repair work and pay
These words cover repair work, grime, illness, and several wage periods.
*自動車しゅうりこ* means "auto repair shop," while *しゅうりこう* means "repairman."
*時給*, *日給*, and *週給* mean "hourly wage," "daily wage," and "weekly wage."
- 204
じどうしゃしゅうりこ
auto repair shop
自動車しゅうりこauto repair shop - 205
しゅうりこう
repairman
しゅうりこうrepairman - 206
しゅうり
repair
しゅうりrepair - 207
しごと
work, job
しごとwork, job - 208
あぶら
grease, oil
あぶらgrease, oil - 209
ごみ
trash, dirt
ごみtrash, dirt - 210
びょうき
sickness, illness
びょう気sickness, illness - 211
きゅうりょう
wage, salary
給料wage, salary - 212
じきゅう
hourly wage
時給hourly wage - 213
にっきゅう
daily wage
日給daily wage - 214
しゅうきゅう
weekly wage
週給weekly wage
- 自動車しゅうりこ
- auto repair shop
- しゅうりこう
- repairman
- しゅうり
- repair
- 時給
- hourly wage
- 週給
- weekly wage
Pay, health and physical changes · Word list 2 of 4
Pay, health, and change
These words cover longer pay periods, health, changes in the body, and clothing.
*月給* means "monthly wage," and *年ぽう* means "yearly salary."
*よごれた服* means "soiled suit," while *着かえる* means "to change clothes."
- 215
げっきゅう
monthly wage
月給monthly wage - 216
ねんぽう
yearly salary
年ぽうyearly salary - 217
からだ
body, health
体body, health - 218
よごれたふく
soiled suit (See Grammar Notes)
よごれた服soiled suit - 219
ふえる
to increase (v.i.)
ふえるincrease - 220
つかれる
to get tired (v.i.)
つかれるget tired - 221
よごれる
to become soiled (v.i.)
よごれるbecome soiled - 222
ふとる
to become stout (v.i.)
ふとるbecome stout - 223
やせる
to lose weight (v.i.)
やせるlose weight - 224
あげる
to give (to a superior) (v.t.)
上げるgive to superior - 225
きかえる
to change clothes (See Grammar Notes)
着かえるchange clothes
- 年ぽう
- yearly salary
- よごれた服
- soiled suit (See Grammar Notes)
- ふえる
- to increase (v.i.)
- つかれる
- to get tired (v.i.)
- ふとる
- to become stout (v.i.)
- 上げる
- to give (to a superior) (v.t.)
- 着かえる
- to change clothes (See Grammar Notes)
Illness, repeated actions and change · Word list 3 of 4
Illness, actions, and change
These entries cover health, compound actions, occasional events, and gradual change.
*読みはじめる* means "to begin to read," and *たべおわる* means "to finish eating."
*だらけ* means "full of" or "covered with," while *--ことがある* means "there are times."
- 226
かぜをひく
to catch cold
かぜをひくcatch cold - 227
よみはじめる
to begin to read
読みはじめるbegin to read - 228
たべおわる
to finish eating
たべおわるfinish eating - 229
つつみなおす
to re-wrap
包みなおすre-wrap - 230
いそがしい
busy
いそがしいbusy - 231
げんきな
healthy, energetic
元気なhealthy and energetic - 232
そのかわり
instead, in its place, on the other hand
そのかわりinstead - 233
だらけ
full of, covered with (See Grammar Notes)
だらけcovered with - 234
--ことがある
there are times, occasionally (See Grammar Notes)
--ことがあるsometimes - 235
いそがしくなってくる
to get busy, to become busy (See Grammar Notes)
いそがしくなって来るbecome busy - 236
からだにわるい
bad for the health
体にわるいbad for health
- かぜをひく
- to catch cold
- 読みはじめる
- to begin to read
- たべおわる
- to finish eating
- 包みなおす
- to re-wrap
- 元気な
- healthy, energetic
- そのかわり
- instead, in its place, on the other hand
- --ことがある
- there are times, occasionally (See Grammar Notes)
- いそがしくなって来る
- to get busy, to become busy (See Grammar Notes)
- 体にわるい
- bad for the health
Time, reasons and wages · Word list 4 of 4
Time, reasons, and wages
These entries cover timing, reasons, wage periods, and taking time off work.
*じきに* means "soon," and *ですから* means "therefore."
*山本さんは 火曜日に しごとを 休みます* gives the expression "to rest from work."
- 237
じきに
soon
じきにsoon - 238
ですから
therefore
ですからtherefore - 239
じきゅう
hourly wage
時給hourly wage - 240
にっきゅう
daily wage
日給daily wage - 241
しゅうきゅう
weekly wage
週給weekly wage - 242
げっきゅう
monthly wage
月給monthly wage - 243
ねんぽう
yearly salary
年ぽうyearly salary - 244
やまもとさんはかようびにしごとをやすみます。
'to rest from work'
山本さんは火曜日にしごとを休みます。takes off work
- じきに
- soon
- ですから
- therefore
- 山本さんは火曜日にしごとを休みます。
- 'to rest from work'
The particulars
- The course
- Defense Language Institute, Japanese Basic Course, 1967 to 1971. Public domain. The teaching pages and the narration are ours.
- Reading aloud
- Digital narration, directed by 1732 Studios.
- The book
- Botchan, the work this course leads to, free to read here.
- Data
- JSON · Markdown · A guide for agents