Japanese · Lesson 34
Lesson 34
Sounds, kana, and the first conversations
Serious illness and hospitalization · Dialogue 1 of 3
An energetic man becomes ill
*ええ、 いつも 元気な 上田さんでも 病気を するのですね* means "Yes, even Mr. Uyeda, who is always energetic, does get sick."
The speakers discuss how serious his illness is and why he entered a hospital.
What illness prevents
*歩けない人や 動けない人* means "people who cannot walk or move." These forms state what seriously ill people cannot do.
In *上田さんでも*, *でも* includes Mr. Uyeda despite his usual good health.
Kanji: 病, 院, 当(當), 重
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
Kanji: 動, 入
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 1
うえださんはびょうきだそうですね。
I hear Mr. Uyeda is ill, isn't that right?
上田UedaさんMr.はtopic病気illnessだisそうI hearですisね。right? - 2
ええ、いつもげんきなうえださんでもびょうきをするのですね。
Yes, even Mr. Uyeda, who is always energetic, does get sick.
ええ、yesいつalwaysもalways元気energeticなenergetic上田UedaさんMr.でevenもeven病気sickをobjectするget sickのexplanationですisね。right? - 3
うえださんのびょうきはおもいのですか。
Is Mr. Uyeda's illness serious?
上田UedaさんMr.の's病気illnessはtopic重いseriousのexplanationですisか。question - 4
そうでしょう。いえではてあてができないから、にゅういんしているそうです。
I suppose so. I hear he is hospitalized because he could not be cared for at home.
そうsoでしょう。probably家homeでatはtopic手当medical careがsubject出来can provideないcannotから、because入院hospitalizationしdoてandいるisそうI hearです。is - 5
そうですか。にゅういんするひとのなかには、あるけないひとやうごけないひとなど、おもいびょうきのひとがおおいですね。
I see. Among those who enter a hospital, there are many seriously ill persons like those that cannot work or move, aren't there?
そうsoですisか。question入院hospitalizationするenter人peopleのof中amongにinは、topic歩けcan walkないcannot人peopleやand動けcan moveないcannot人peopleなど、and so on重いserious病気illnessのof人peopleがsubject多いmanyですisね。right? - 6
ええ、でもちょっとかぜをひいて、ねつがあったり、あたまやのどがいたかったり、せきがでたりするひとは、ふつうにゅういんしません。
Yes, but those who have caught a little cold and have a fever or have a headache and sore throat or have a cough don't enter a hospital ordinarily.
ええ、yesでbutもbutちょっとa littleかぜcoldをobjectひいcatchて、catchねつfeverがsubjectあっhaveたり、orあたまheadやandのどthroatがsubjectいたかっsoreたり、orせきcoughがsubject出haveたりorするdo人peopleは、topicふつうusually入院hospitalizationしdoませnotん。not
DEWA and DEMO
DEWA used after a substantive means 'if' and 'if it is' or 'judging from'.
Examples:
BYOOKI DEWA IKU KOTO GA DEKIMASEN. "If he is sick, he cannot go."
KONO TENKI DEWA KONBAN WA AME GA FURU DESHOO. "Judging from this weather, it probably will rain."
DEWA used as a conjunction means 'and,' 'well then,' or 'if that is the case.'
Examples:
DEWA MATA ASHITA KIMASU. "Well then, I'll come again tomorrow."
DEWA WATAKUSHI WA IKIMASEN. "If that's the case, I don't go."
When DEWA follows place nouns like NIPPON, AMERIKA, GAKKOO, etc., in most cases DEWA expresses a place of action and is translated as 'in.'
GAKKOO DEWA NIPPONGO O HANASHIMASU. "I speak Japanese in school."
DEMO is a concessive and usually translated 'even if it is.' The relationship between DEWA and DEMO in question and answer is exactly the same as conditional--REBA and concessive TEMO.
Examples:
TANAKA SAN DEMO II DESU KA. "Will it be all right, even if it is Mr. Tanaka?"
KONO KANJI WA SENSEI DEMO YOMEMASEN. "Even a teacher cannot read this KANJI."
The words DARE DEMO and NAN DEMO, etc., should be treated in their idiomatic meaning. (See Lesson 30)
WATAKUSHI WA KONO HON O YOMU KOTO WA DEKIMASEN.TE form of verbs plus WA
TE form of I-adjectives plus WA
When a particle WA is added to the TE form of verbs and I-adjectives, it gives a conditional meaning.
Examples:
YORU YASUMU MAE NI TAKUSAN TABETE WA KARADA NI WARUI DESU. "If you eat a lot before you go to bed at night, it is bad for your health."
SONNA NI TAKAKUTE WA DARE MO KAIMASEN. "If it is that expensive, no one will buy it."
When a conditional sentence is formed this way, the idea expressed is usually of negative nature. In another word, the verb or the adjective in the independent clause is negative or in a word of adverse meaning such as WARUI.
WATAKUSHI WA KONO HON GA (WA) YOMEMASEN.Potential verbs
All regular verbs can be changed into potential semi-regular verbs. The simplest way of conversion is to replace the BA in the conditional form of regular verbs with RU.
Dictionary Form | Conditional Form | Potential Form
NARAU learn | NARAEBA if I learn | NARAERU can learn
Technically, any regular verb may be so converted. However, there are some exceptions:
Verbs that indicate an action over which man has no control have no potential form in Japanese. For example, the verb FURU, 'to rain' or 'snow'; NAORU, 'to get well'; UTSURU, 'to spread'; etc., belong in this category.
Again, if the subject of the verb has no ability to perform an action, or the verb itself is not an action verb, e.g., KOMARU, the potential form is impossible, though there are a few exceptions, such as OOKIKU NARERU.
WAKARU, 'to understand,' is a potential verb and doesn't have a potential form.
Potential verbs constructed in the manner prescribed above are all intransitive. Therefore, the usual object of a verb becomes the subject and takes the particle
GA or WA instead of O. A normal subject of a verb may take WA and become a notional subject or may take NI or NIWA and becomes an agent for performing the action. Compare the following sentences:WATAKUSHI NIWA KONO HON WA YOMEMASEN.
The literal translation for Example 2 above may be "As for me, this book is not readable," and for 3 "To me this book is not readable." However, both these expressions as well as 1 are usually translated "I cannot read this book."
Some sentences may be translated in the passive voice.
MAINICHI KANJI WA TOO GURAI NARAEMASU. "About ten kanji can be learned every day."
or "I can learn about ten kanji every day."
The following verbs do not belong to this category or potential verbs, but they merit attention.
DEKIRU can be done
MIERU to be visible, can see
KIKOERU to be audible, can hearThe conditional TARA (DARA)
The conditional is formed by adding RA to the non-polite past tense form verbs and I-adjectives. There are two common usages of this conditional form.
In one usage the expression is of pure supposition and establishes a condition precedent. This condition may be contrary to fact.
Examples:
AME GA FUTTARA IKIMASEN. "If it should rain, I won't go."
KYOOTO E ITTARA, TANAKA-SAN NI AIMASU. "If I go to Kyoto, I'll see Mr. Tanaka."
KYOOTO E ITTARA, TANAKA-SAN NI ATTA N DESU GA. "If I had gone to Kyoto, I would have seen Mr. Tanaka."
YASUKATTARA KAIMASU. "If it is cheap, I'll buy it."
In the above cases, the conditional or subjunctive mood is expressed and the translation is rendered using 'if.'
This TARA (DARA) form may be used for statements of actual occurrence. In this case the translation is usually 'when.'
ANO HITO NO UCHI E ITTARA DARE MO IMASEN DESHITA. "When I went to his home, no one was there."
KYOOTO E ITTARA, TANAKA-SAN NI AIMASHITA. "When I went to Kyoto, I saw Mr. Tanaka."- は
- leaves
- だ
- to be (informal equivalent of DESU. See Grammar Notes)
- です
- to be (See Gram. Notes)
- ね。
- isn't it (See Grammar Notes)
- ええ、
- Yes
- いつ
- when?
- で
- --is and -- (See Grammar Notes)
- を
- particle denoting direct object (See Pattern Drill)
- の
- See Grammar Notes
- か。
- either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)
- でしょう。
- probably (See Gram. Notes)
- 家
- house, home
- 手当
- medical treatment
- が
- but (See Gram. Notes)
- から、
- from (See Gram. Notes)
- し
- city
- いる
- to need (See Gram. Notes)
- 人
- people
- に
- on (See Gram. Notes)
- や
- and---among others (See Gram. Notes)
- など、
- and so forth, etc.
- ちょっと
- a little
- かぜ
- wind
- ねつ
- fever
- あたま
- head
- のど
- throat
- せき
- seat
Contagion, sanitation and treatment · Dialogue 2 of 3
Why patients enter a hospital
*病人が 家に 居ては、 家ぞくの 者に うつりますから* means "because if the patient stays at home, the family members will be infected."
The speakers connect hospital care with preventing infection.
If illness begins
*もし 病気に なったら、 早く 医者に かかるか、 又は くすりを 買って のむか しなければなりません* gives two responses to illness.
The condition *病気に なったら* means "if you should get sick."
Kanji: 事
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
Kanji: 者, 医(醫), 切
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 7
でんせんびょうにかかったときには、どうしますか。
What do people do if they contract a contagious disease?
でcontagious diseaseんcontagious diseaseせんcontagious disease病contagious diseaseにwithかかっcontractたpast時whenにatは、topicどうwhatしdoますpoliteか。question - 8
びょうにんはたいていにゅういんします。びょうにんがいえにいては、かぞくのものにうつりますから。
The patient usually enters a hospital, because if the patient stays at home, the family members will be infected.
病人patientはtopic大抵usually入院hospitalizationしdoます。polite病人patientがsubject家homeにat居stayてstayは、if家ぞくfamilyのof者membersにtoうつりinfectますpoliteから。because - 9
このごろでは、でんせんびょうにかかるひとはすくないでしょう。
The people who contract contagious diseases are few these days, isn't that right?
このthese頃daysでinは、topicでcontagious diseaseんcontagious diseaseせんcontagious disease病contagious diseaseにwithかかるcontract人peopleはtopicすくないfewでしょう。probably - 10
ええ、えいせいがよくなってきましたから。
Yes, because sanitation has improved.
ええ、yesえいせいsanitationがsubjectよくbetterなっbecameてand来comeましpoliteたpastから。because - 11
てきとうに、うんどうすることはけんこうにはたいせつでしょう。
Isn't it important for the health to do exercises properly?
てきとうproperに、properlyうんexercise動exerciseするexercise事actはtopicけんこうhealthにforはtopic大切importantでしょう。probably - 12
ええ、たいせつです。そして、もしびょうきになったら、はやくいしゃにかかるか、またはくすりをかってのむかしなければなりません。そうすれば、はやくなおります。
That's right. And if you should get sick, you must either consult a doctor quickly or buy medicines and take them. If you do that, you get well fast.
ええ、yes大切importantです。isそして、andもしif病気sickにintoなっbecomeたら、if早くquickly医者doctorにtoかかるconsultか、or又orはorくすりmedicineをobject買っbuyてandのむtakeかorしdoなけれnotばifなりbecomeませnotん。notそうsoすれdoば、if早くquicklyなおりrecoverます。polite
- 時
- time
- は、
- leaves
- ます
- trout
- 病人
- sick person, patient
- 家ぞく
- family
- 者
- person
- から。
- from (See Gram. Notes)
- 頃
- approximate point of time (See Gram. Notes)
- かかる
- to consult, to contract, to be attacked by
- えいせい
- sanitation, health
- よく
- well, skillfully
- けんこう
- health
- です。
- to be (See Gram. Notes)
- もし
- if
- 医者
- medical doctor
- くすり
- medicine
- のむ
- to drink, to take
Comparing healthcare costs · Dialogue 3 of 3
Costs in two countries
*米国では、 医者や 病院の ひようが 高いですが、 日本では どうですか* asks how medical expenses in Japan compare with those in America.
*病気では 何も 出来ません* means "If you are sick, you can't do anything."
Kanji: 高
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 13
べいこくでは、いしゃやびょういんのひようがたかいですが、にほんではどうですか。
In America, doctor and hospital expenses are high, but how are they in Japan?
米国Americaでinは、topic医者doctorやand病院hospitalのofひexpensesようexpensesがsubject高いhighですisが、but日本Japanでinはtopicどうhowですisか。question - 14
にほんではそんなひようはべいこくほどたかくはありません。
In Japan, such expenses are not so high as in America.
日本Japanでinはtopicそんなsuchひexpensesようexpensesはtopic米国Americaほどas much as高くhighはtopicありareませnotん。not - 15
びょうきにはなりたくないですね。
We surely don't want to get sick, do we?
病気sickにintoはtopicなりbecomeたくwant toないnotですisね。right? - 16
そうですよ。びょうきではなにもできませんから、かぞくのものもこまりますよ。
That's right. If you are sick, you can't do anything, so the family members will be troubled, too.
そうsoですisよ。I tell you病気sickでifはtopic何anythingもnot even出来can doませnotんnotから、because家ぞくfamilyのof者membersもalsoこまりbe troubledますpoliteよ。I tell you
- 病院
- hospital
- ほど
- to the extent (See Grammar Notes)
Even people and circumstances · Perception drill, Block 1
Even an unexpected person
*上田さんでも 病気を します* means "Even Mr. Ueda gets sick." After a noun, *でも* includes a surprising person or circumstance.
*ある 生徒は 病気でも 学校に 来ます* means "Some students come to school even when they are sick."
Even when ability is limited
*ある かん字は 先生でも 読む 事が 出来ません* means "There are some kanji that even teachers cannot read."
The expected ability of a teacher makes *先生でも* contrast with the negative result.
- 17
うえださんでもびょうきをします。
Even Mr. Ueda gets sick.
上田UedaさんMr.でevenもeven病気sickをobjectしget sickます。polite - 18
あるひとはあめでもゴルフをやります。
Some people play golf even when it rains.
あるsome人peopleはtopic雨rainでevenもevenゴルフgolfをobjectやりplayます。polite - 19
スミスぐんそうでもにほんごができます。
Even Sergeant Smith can speak Japanese.
スミスSmithぐsergeantんsergeantそうsergeantでevenもeven日本Japanese語Japaneseがsubject出来can speakます。polite - 20
こどもでもひらがなをならうことができます。
Even children can learn hiragana.
子供childrenでevenもevenひらがなhiraganaをobject習うlearn事actがsubject出来canます。polite - 21
べいこくではおかねがないひとでもじどうしゃをもっています。
In the United States, even people without money own cars.
米国Americaでinはtopicおmoney金moneyがsubjectないwithout人peopleでevenもeven自動car車carをobjectもっownてownいownます。own - 22
あるかんじはせんせいでもよむことができません。
There are some kanji that even teachers cannot read.
あるsomeかん字kanjiはtopic先生teachersでevenもeven読むread事actがsubject出来canませnotん。not - 23
あるせいとはびょうきでもがっこうにきます。
Some students come to school even when they are sick.
あるsome生徒studentsはtopic病気sickでevenもeven学校schoolにto来comeます。polite
- ます。
- trout
- ある
- certain, some
- 雨
- rain
- ゴルフ
- golf
- ひらがな
- HIRAGANA syllabary
Grammar Perception Drill, Block 2
A condition that sets a limit
*病気では 何も 出来ません* means "If one is sick, he can't do anything." The *では* after *病気* sets the condition.
*これは 重いから、 小包ゆうびんでは 送る 事は 出来ません* applies the same limit to parcel post.
- 24
びょうきではなにもできません。
If one is sick, he can't do anything.
病気sickでifはtopic何anythingもnot even出来can doませnotん。not - 25
あるしごとはこどもではできません。
Some jobs cannot be done by children.
あるsomeしごとjobsはtopic子供childrenでbyはtopic出来can doませnotん。not - 26
あめではおよぐことができません。
You cannot swim when it is raining.
雨rainでduringはtopicおよぐswim事actがsubject出来canませnotん。not - 27
わたくしではこのかんじをよむことはできません。
I cannot read this kanji.
私Iでforはtopicこのthisかん字kanjiをobject読むread事actはtopic出来canませnotん。not - 28
ニューヨークへいくのに、きしゃではじかんがかかります。
It takes a long time to go to New York by train.
ニューヨークNew Yorkへtoward行くgoのactに、forきtrain車trainでbyはtopic時間timeがsubjectかかりtakeます。polite - 29
これはおもいから、こづつみゆうびんではおくることはできません。
This is heavy, so it cannot be sent by parcel post.
これthisはtopic重いheavyから、because小包parcelゆうびんpostでbyはtopic送るsend事actはtopic出来canませnotん。not
- しごと
- work, job
- およぐ
- to swim
- ニューヨーク
- New York
- へ
- to (See Gram. Notes)
- に、
- on (See Gram. Notes)
- き
- counter for airplanes (See Gram. Notes)
- 時間
- hour, time
- 小包
- parcel, small package
- ゆうびん
- postal service
- 送る
- to send (v.t.)
Conditions with bad results · Perception drill, Block 3
A condition with a bad result
*雨が 降っては、 そとで あそぶ 事は 出来ません* means "If it rains, you can't play outside."
Add *は* to the TE-form of a verb or I-adjective to give it a conditional meaning.
The result is usually negative or adverse.
The same form after an adjective
In *そんなに 高くては、 買う 事は 出来ません*, *高くては* means "if it's so expensive."
*こんなに さむくては、 花は さきません* ends with another negative result.
- 30
あめがふっては、そとであそぶことはできません。
If it rains, you can't play outside.
雨rainがsubject降っfallてfallは、ifそとoutsideでatあそぶplay事actはtopic出来canませnotん。not - 31
そんなにたかくては、かうことはできません。
If it's so expensive, I can't buy it.
そんなthatにso高くexpensiveてandは、if買うbuy事actはtopic出来canませnotん。not - 32
あんまりはたらいては、からだにわるいです。
Working too much is bad for your health.
あんまりtoo much働いworkてworkは、if体bodyにforわるいbadです。is - 33
あんまりたくさんたべては、からだにわるいです。
Eating too much is bad for your health.
あんまりtoo much沢山a lotたべeatてeatは、if体bodyにforわるいbadです。is - 34
えいごではなしては、あのひとにはわかりません。
If you speak in English, that person will not understand.
えい語Englishでin話しspeakてspeakは、ifあのthat人personにtoはtopicわかりunderstandませnotん。not - 35
あんまりとおくては、あるいていくことはできません。
If it is too far, you cannot walk there.
あんまりtoo遠くfarてifは、if歩いwalkてwalk行くgo事the actはtopic出来canませnot, politeん。not, polite - 36
こんなにさむくては、はなはさきません。
When it is this cold, the flowers will not bloom.
こんなthisにthisさむくcoldてifは、if花flowersはtopicさきbloomませnot, politeん。not, polite - 37
あかりがなくては、みえません。
Without a light, you cannot see.
あかりlightがsubjectなくwithoutてwithoutは、without見えseeませnot, politeん。not, polite - 38
そんなにあそびたくては、べんきょうできません。
If you want to play that much, you cannot study.
そんなthat muchにthat muchあそびplayたくwant toてifは、ifべんきょうstudy出来canませnot, politeん。not, polite
- そと
- outside
- あそぶ
- to play (v.i.)
- 買う
- to buy
- 体
- body, health
- わるい
- bad
- 遠く
- distant (place)
Expressing abilities and limits · Perception drill, Block 4
Making a verb mean can
*私は 少し およげます* means "I can swim a little." A potential verb states ability or possibility.
For a regular verb, replace *BA* in its conditional form with *RU*. *NARAEBA* becomes *NARAERU*, "can learn."
With a potential verb, the thing possible usually takes *が* or *は* instead of *を*.
The person and the possible thing
*私は かん字が 読めません* means "I can't read KANJI." The person takes *は*, and the thing that cannot be read takes *が*.
The same sentence can describe the kanji as not readable by that person.
- 39
わたくしはかんじがよめません。
I can't read KANJI.
私Iはtopicかん字kanjiがsubject読めreadませnot, politeん。not, polite - 40
わたくしはまいにちじゅうじかんはたらけません。
I cannot work ten hours every day.
私Iはtopic毎日every day十ten時間hours働けworkませnot, politeん。not, polite - 41
このはこはこづつみゆうびんではおくれません。
This box cannot be sent by parcel post.
このthisはこboxはtopic小包parcel postゆうびんparcel postでbyはtopic送れsendませnot, politeん。not, polite - 42
わたくしはせんせいほどはやくにほんごがはなせません。
I cannot speak Japanese as fast as the teacher.
私Iはtopic先生teacherほどas much as早くfast日本Japanese語Japaneseがsubject話せspeakませnot, politeん。not, polite - 43
だれでもたくさんたべればふとれます。
Anyone can gain weight if they eat a lot.
だれanyoneでanyoneもanyone沢山a lotたべれcan eatばifふとれcan gain weightます。polite - 44
わたくしはすこしおよげます。
I can swim a little.
私Iはtopic少しa littleおよげcan swimます。polite
- 十
- ten
- だれ
- who?
- 少し
- little (quantity)
Conditions and consequences · Perception drill, Block 5
A supposed condition
*私は 雨が 降ったら、 行きません* means "If it should rain, I wouldn't go."
Add *ら* to the plain past form of a verb or I-adjective. Here *降った* becomes *降ったら*.
A result that occurred
*花見に 行ったら、 人が 沢山 居ました* describes an actual occurrence.
Here *行ったら* means "when I went," and the second clause reports what was there.
- 45
わたくしはあめがふったら、いきません。
If it should rain, I wouldn't go.
私Iはtopic雨rainがsubject降っrainたら、if行きgoませnot, politeん。not, polite - 46
はなみにいったら、ひとがたくさんいました。
When I went to flower viewing, many people were there.
花見flower viewingにto行っgoたら、when人peopleがsubject沢山many居be thereましdid, politeた。did, polite - 47
あんまりたくさんたべたら、びょうきになりますよ。
If you eat too much, you will get sick.
あんまりtoo沢山muchたべeatたら、if病気sickにintoなりbecomeますpoliteよ。I tell you - 48
かぜがふいたら、いきません。
If the wind blows, I will not go.
かぜwindがsubjectふいblowたら、if行きgoませnot, politeん。not, polite - 49
もっとべんきょうしたら、じょうずになりますよ。
If you study more, you will get better at it.
もっとmoreべんきょうstudyしdoたら、if上手betterにintoなりbecomeますpoliteよ。I tell you - 50
こうくうゆうびんでおくったら、たかいですよ。
If you send it by airmail, it will be expensive.
こうくうairmailゆうびんairmailでby送っsendたら、if高いexpensiveですisよ。I tell you - 51
あのかたににほんごではなしたら、ちっともわかりませんでした。
When I spoke to that person in Japanese, they did not understand at all.
あのthat方personにto日本Japanese語Japaneseでin話しspeakたら、whenちっともat allわかりunderstandませnot, politeんnot, politeでしpast, politeた。past, polite - 52
まどをあけたら、すずしくなりました。
When I opened the window, it became cooler.
まどwindowをobjectあけopenたら、whenすずしくcoolerなりbecomeましdid, politeた。did, polite - 53
もうすこしやすかったら、かいます。
If it were a little cheaper, I would buy it.
もうmore少しa little安かっcheapたら、if買いbuyます。polite - 54
にほんごがもうすこしやさしかったら、もっとならえます。
If Japanese were a little easier, I could learn more.
日本Japanese語Japaneseがsubjectもうmore少しa littleやさしかっeasyたら、ifもっとmore習えcan learnます。polite - 55
さむかったら、このオーバーをきなさい。
If you are cold, put on this overcoat.
さむかっcoldたら、ifこのthisオーバーovercoatをobject着put onなさい。command
- 花見
- flower viewing, cherry-blossom viewing
- もっと
- more (See Gram. Notes)
- 上手
- skillful, fluent (See Grammar Notes)
- ちっとも
- not even a little (See Gram. Notes)
- もう
- already (See Gram. Notes)
- オーバー
- overcoat
Even unexpected people · Pattern 1 1 of 2
Even in an unexpected case
*元気な人でも、 時々 病気に なります* means "Even a healthy person becomes sick sometimes." The *でも* includes an unexpected case.
In *あの生徒は 病気でも 学校へ 来ます*, *でも* marks illness as the unexpected condition.
- 56
げんきなひとでも、ときどきびょうきになります。
Even a healthy person becomes sick sometimes.
元気healthyなhealthy人personでevenも、even時々sometimes病気sickにintoなりbecomeます。polite - 57
こどもでもそんなことをしっています。
Even children know that.
子供childrenでevenもevenそんなthat事thingをobject知っknowてknowいknowます。know - 58
あのせいとはしゅうまつでもべんきょうします。
That student studies even on weekends.
あのthat生徒studentはtopic週weekendまつweekendでevenもevenべんきょうstudyしdoます。polite - 59
いしゃでもびょうきになります。
Even doctors get sick.
医者doctorsでevenもeven病気sickにintoなりbecomeます。polite - 60
せんせいでもこのかんじがよめません。
Even teachers cannot read this kanji.
先生teachersでevenもevenこのthisかん字kanjiがsubject読めreadませnot, politeん。not, polite - 61
あのせいとはびょうきでもがっこうへきます。
That student comes to school even when he is sick.
あのthat生徒studentはtopic病気sickでevenもeven学校schoolへtoward来comeます。polite
- 時々
- sometimes, occasionally
Even times and seasons · Pattern 1 2 of 2
Even in a question and answer
*外国語は 子供でも 習えますか* asks "Can even children learn foreign languages?"
*ええ、 子供でも 習えます* keeps *でも* in the affirmative answer.
*モンテレーは 夏でも すずしいです* extends the same pattern to a season.
- 62
がいこくごはこどもでもならえますか。
Can even children learn foreign languages?
外国foreign languages語foreign languagesはtopic子供childrenでevenもeven習えcan learnますpoliteか。question - 63
ええ、こどもでもならえます。
Yes, even children can learn them.
ええ、yes子供childrenでevenもeven習えcan learnます。polite - 64
あなたがたはどようびでもがっこうへいきますか。
Do you go to school even on Saturdays?
あなたyou方youはtopic土曜Saturday日Saturdayでevenもeven学校schoolへtoward行きgoますpoliteか。question - 65
いいえ、どにちようびにはがくへいきません。
No, we do not go to school on Saturdays or Sundays.
いいえ、no土日曜Saturdays or Sundays日Saturdays or Sundaysにonはtopic学schoolへtoward行きgoませnot, politeん。not, polite - 66
モンテレーはすずしいところですね。
Monterey is a cool place, isn’t it?
モンテレーMontereyはtopicすずしいcool所placeですisね。right? - 67
ええ、モンテレーはなつでもすずしいです。
Yes, Monterey is cool even in summer.
ええ、yesモンテレーMontereyはtopic夏summerでevenもevenすずしいcoolです。is
- モンテレー
- Monterey
- すずしい
- cool
- 所
- address, place
- 夏
- summer
Pattern 2
What the condition permits
*病気では 学校へ 行く 事は 出来ません* means "If you are sick, you cannot go to school."
*米国から 日本へ 自動車では 行けません* applies *では* to an inadequate means.
*それが 一万円では あまり 高いです* judges a proposed amount.
- 68
びょうきではしごとはできません。
If one is sick, he cannot work.
病気sickでbeingはifしworkごとworkはtopic出来canませnot, politeん。not, polite - 69
びょうきではがっこうへいくことはできません。
If you are sick, you cannot go to school.
病気sickでbeingはif学校schoolへtoward行くgo事the actはtopic出来canませnot, politeん。not, polite - 70
こどもではこのしごとはできません。
This job cannot be done by a child.
子供childでbyはtopicこのthisしごとjobはtopic出来canませnot, politeん。not, polite - 71
べいこくからにほんへじどうしゃではいけません。
You cannot go from the United States to Japan by car.
米国United Statesからfrom日本Japanへtoward自動car車carでbyはtopic行けgoませnot, politeん。not, polite - 72
それがいちまんえんではあまりたかいです。
Ten thousand yen is too expensive for that.
それthatがsubject一ten thousand万ten thousand円yenでatはtopicあまりtoo高いexpensiveです。is - 73
このほんはせいとではよめません。
A student cannot read this book.
このthis本bookはtopic生徒studentでbyはtopic読めreadませnot, politeん。not, polite
- から
- from (See Gram. Notes)
- 一
- one
- 円
- yen (unit of money)
- 本
- numerical counter for counting long slender objects (See Notes)
Asking about practical ability · Pattern 2 2 of 2
Even versus inadequate
*子供でも これが 出来るでしょうか* asks whether even a child can do it.
The answer *いいえ、 子供では 出来ませんね* changes to *では* and says a child cannot do it.
*左の手では 書く 事は 出来ません* applies the same limit to a means.
- 74
あなたはあしたあめでもゴルフをやりますか。
Will you play golf tomorrow even if it rains?
あなたyouはtopic明日tomorrow雨rainでeven ifもeven ifゴルフgolfをobjectやりplayますpoliteか。question - 75
いいえ、あめではやれませんね。
No, I cannot play in the rain.
いいえ、no雨rainでinはtopicやれplayませnot, politeんnot, politeね。right? - 76
こどもでもこれができるでしょうか。
Do you think even a child can do this?
子供childでevenもevenこれthisがsubject出来るcan doでしょうprobablyか。question - 77
いいえ、こどもではできませんね。
No, a child cannot do it.
いいえ、no子供childでbyはtopic出来can doませnot, politeんnot, politeね。right? - 78
あなたはひだりのてでかくことができますか。
Can you write with your left hand?
あなたyouはtopic左leftのof手handでwith書くwrite事the actがsubject出来canますpoliteか。question - 79
いいえ、ひだりのてではかくことはできません。
No, I cannot write with my left hand.
いいえ、no左leftのof手handでwithはtopic書くwrite事the actはtopic出来canませnot, politeん。not, polite
- 明日
- tomorrow
- 出来る
- to be manufactured; to be produced (v.i.)
- でしょう
- probably (See Gram. Notes)
Conditions preventing action · Pattern 3 1 of 3
A condition that prevents action
*雨が 沢山 降っては、 だれも 行きません* means "If it rains a lot, no one will go."
The *ては* condition leads to a negative result.
*そんなに 沢山 くすりを のんでは、 体に わるいですよ* gives a harmful result instead.
- 80
あめがたくさんふっては、だれもいきません。
If it rains a lot, no one will go.
雨rainがsubject沢山a lot降っrainてifは、ifだれno oneもno one行きgoませnot, politeん。not, polite - 81
たかくては、だれもかいません。
If it is expensive, no one will buy it.
高くexpensiveてifは、ifだれno oneもno one買いbuyませnot, politeん。not, polite - 82
おんなのひとがいては、はなすことはできません。
If there are women present, we cannot talk.
女womanのof人personがsubject居be presentてbe presentは、if話すtalk事the actはtopic出来canませnot, politeん。not, polite - 83
こどもをつれていっては、しごとはできません。
If you take the children along, you cannot work.
子供childrenをobjectつれtake alongてtake along行っgoてgoは、ifしごとworkはtopic出来canませnot, politeん。not, polite - 84
そんなにたくさんくすりをのんでは、からだにわるいですよ。
Taking that much medicine is bad for your health.
そんなthat muchにthat much沢山muchくすりmedicineをobjectのんtakeでtakingは、topic体healthにforわるいbadですisよ。I tell you - 85
こんなにあつくては、なにもできません。
When it is this hot, I cannot do anything.
こんなthisにmuchあつくhotてifは、topic何anythingもanything出来can doませnot, politeん。not, polite - 86
あまりとおくては、いくことはできません。
If it is too far, I cannot go.
あまりtoo遠くfarてifは、topic行くgo事actはtopic出来canませnot, politeん。not, polite - 87
じどうしゃがなくては、いけません。
Without a car, I cannot go.
自動car車carがsubjectなくnot existてifは、topic行けcan goませnot, politeん。not, polite
- 女
- female
Health despite adverse conditions · Pattern 3 2 of 3
A health condition and its result
*そんなに やせては、 体に わるいでしょう* presents thinness as a condition with a harmful result.
*のどが いたくては、 話す 事は 出来ませんね* means "If your throat hurts, you cannot talk, can you?"
- 88
そんなにあるいては、つかれませんか。
Won't you get tired if you walk that much?
そんなthatにmuch歩いwalkてifは、topicつかれget tiredませnot, politeんnot, politeか。question - 89
いいえ、わたくしはいちにちあるいてもつかれません。
No, I don't get tired even if I walk all day.
いいえ、no私Iはtopic一日all day歩いwalkてifもevenつかれget tiredませnot, politeん。not, polite - 90
そんなにやせては、からだにわるいでしょう。
If you are that thin, it is probably bad for your health.
そんなthatにmuchやせbe thinてifは、topic体healthにforわるいbadでしょう。probably - 91
いいえ、やせていてもたいへんげんきですよ。
No, even though I am thin, I am very healthy.
いいえ、noやせam thinてam thinいam thinてam thinもeven though大へんvery元気healthyですisよ。I tell you - 92
きょうはとてものどがいたいのです。
My throat hurts very much today.
今日todayはtopicとてもvery muchのどthroatがsubjectいたいhurtsのthe factです。is - 93
そうですか。のどがいたくては、はなすことはできませんね。
I see. If your throat hurts, you cannot talk, can you?
そうsoですisか。questionのどthroatがsubjectいたくhurtsてifは、topic話すtalk事actはtopic出来canませnot, politeんnot, politeね。right? - 94
はたらく
To work.
働くwork - 95
かぜがふく
The wind blows.
かぜwindがsubjectふくblows
- 一日
- first day of the month (See Grammar Notes)
- 大へん
- very
- 今日
- today
- とても
- very, indeed
- いたい
- painful
- ふく
- to blow (v.i.)
States causing difficulties · Pattern 3 3 of 3
States for adverse conditions
*ねつが ある* means "To have a fever." It provides a state for an adverse condition.
*いそがしい* means "To be busy," and *くらい* means "To be dark." Both are I-adjectives.
- 96
ねつがある
To have a fever.
ねつfeverがsubjectあるhave - 97
あめがふる
It rains.
雨rainがsubject降るfalls - 98
いそがしい
To be busy.
いそがしいbusy - 99
くらい
To be dark.
くらいdark - 100
むずかしい
To be difficult.
むずかしいdifficult - 101
ふるい
To be old.
古いold
- 降る
- to fall (rain) (v.i.)
- いそがしい
- busy
- くらい
- dark
- むずかしい
- difficult
- 古い
- old, antique
Saying what people can do · Pattern 4 1 of 2
What someone can manage
*まだ ひらがなが よく 読めません* means "I cannot read HIRAGANA well yet." The potential form states a limit.
*スミスさんは 日本語が 上手に 話せます* states an ability.
*七時頃には かえれるでしょう* adds a probable ability to return.
- 102
まだひらがながよくよめません。
I cannot read HIRAGANA well yet.
まだyetひらがなhiraganaがsubjectよくwell読めcan readませnot, politeん。not, polite - 103
こんばんはじゅうじまでいっしょにあそべます。
I can spend time with you until ten o'clock tonight.
今tonightばんtonightはtopic十ten o’clock時ten o’clockまでuntil一しょtogetherにwithあそべcan spend timeます。polite - 104
いちにちにじゅうごじかんははたらけません。
I cannot work fifteen hours a day.
一a day日a dayにper十fifteen五fifteen時間hoursはtopic働けcan workませnot, politeん。not, polite - 105
あのせいとはかんじがよくかけません。
That student cannot write kanji very well.
あのthat生徒studentはtopicかん字kanjiがsubjectよくwell書けcan writeませnot, politeん。not, polite - 106
スミスさんはにほんごがじょうずにはなせます。
Mr. Smith can speak Japanese well.
スミスSmithさんMr.はtopic日本Japanese語Japaneseがsubject上手skillfullyにin話せcan speakます。polite - 107
わたくしはよくおよげます。
I can swim well.
私Iはtopicよくwellおよげcan swimます。polite - 108
あなたはなんじごろサンフランシスコからかえりますか。
About what time will you return from San Francisco?
あなたyouはtopic何時頃about what timeサンフランシスコSan Franciscoからfromかえりreturnますpoliteか。question - 109
さあ、しちじごろにはかえれるでしょう。
Well, I will probably be able to return around seven o'clock.
さあ、well七seven o’clock時seven o’clock頃aroundにatはtopicかえれるcan returnでしょう。probably - 110
そのくすりはわたくしでもかえますか。
Can even I buy that medicine?
そのthatくすりmedicineはtopic私Iでevenもeven買えcan buyますpoliteか。question - 111
ええ、だれでもかえます。
Yes, anyone can buy it.
ええ、yesだれanyoneでanyoneもanyone買えcan buyます。polite
- まだ
- yet, still
- ばん
- evening, night
- まで
- as far as, to (See Gram. Notes)
- 五
- five
- サンフランシスコ
- San Francisco
- 七
- seven
Asking what people can do · Pattern 4 2 of 2
Potential forms in questions and answers
*あなたは 自動車が なおせますか* asks "Can you repair automobiles?" The answer uses *なおせません*.
*私は 歩く 事が 出来ます* states ability with a verb followed by *事が 出来ます*.
*日本語から えい語に やくす 事が 出来ます* uses the same expression for translation.
- 112
あなたはじどうしゃがなおせますか。
Can you repair automobiles?
あなたyouはtopic自動car車carがsubjectなおせcan repairますpoliteか。question - 113
いいえ、なおせません。
No, I cannot repair them.
いいえ、noなおせcan repairませnot, politeん。not, polite - 114
あなたはにほんのしんぶんがよめますか。
Can you read Japanese newspapers?
あなたyouはtopic日本Japanのofしんぶんnewspapersがsubject読めcan readますpoliteか。question - 115
いいえ、しらないかんじがおおいから、よめません。
No, I cannot read them because there are many kanji I do not know.
いいえ、no知らdo not knowないdo not knowかkanjiんkanji字kanjiがsubject多いmanyから、because読めcan readませnot, politeん。not, polite - 116
わたくしはあるくことができます。
I can walk.
私Iはtopic歩くwalk事actがsubject出来canます。polite - 117
わたくしはドイツごをはなします。
I speak German.
私IはtopicドイツGerman語Germanをobject話しspeakます。polite - 118
おもいびょうきのひとはうごくことができません。
Seriously ill people cannot move.
重いserious病気illnessのwith人peopleはtopic動くmove事actがsubject出来canませnot, politeん。not, polite - 119
あのひとはものをいうことができません。
That person cannot speak.
あのthat人personはtopicものwordsをobject言うsay事actがsubject出来canませnot, politeん。not, polite - 120
にほんごからえいごにやくすことができます。
I can translate from Japanese into English.
日本Japanese語Japaneseからfromえい語Englishにintoやくすtranslate事actがsubject出来canます。polite
- もの
- things (tangible)
- 言う
- to say
- やくす
- to translate (v.t.)
If and when outcomes · Pattern 5 1 of 4
A supposed result
*雨が 降ったら、 私は 行きません* means "If it should rain, I wouldn't go." The *たら* clause states a supposed condition.
*この くすりを のんだら、 病気は なおります* links taking medicine with expected recovery.
What happened afterward
*夕はんを たべたら、 もう 八時でした* reports that it was eight o'clock after supper.
Here the *たら* clause names an actual occurrence before the result.
- 121
あめがふったら、わたくしはいきません。
If it should rain, I wouldn't go.
雨rainがsubject降っrainたら、if私Iはtopic行きgoませnot, politeん。not, polite - 122
ゆうはんをたべたら、もうはちじでした。
When I ate supper, it was already 8 o'clock.
夕はんsupperをobjectたべeatたら、whenもうalready八eight o’clock時eight o’clockでしis, politeた。past - 123
このくすりをのんだら、びょうきはなおります。
If you take this medicine, you will get well.
このthisくすりmedicineをobjectのんtakeだら、if病気illnessはtopicなおりget wellます。polite - 124
あんまりうごいたら、からだにわるいですよ。
If you move around too much, it is bad for your health.
あんまりtoo much動いmove aroundたら、if体healthにforわるいbadですisよ。I tell you - 125
それをなおしたら、またつかえますよ。
If you repair it, you can use it again.
それitをobjectなおしrepairたら、if又again使えcan useますpoliteよ。I tell you - 126
さんじゅっぷんまったら、あのひとはきました。
After I waited thirty minutes, that person came.
三十thirty minutes分thirty minutesまっwaitたら、afterあのthat人personはtopic来comeましdid, politeた。past - 127
もっとあたらしかったら、かいます。
If it were newer, I would buy it.
もっとmore新しかっnewerたら、if買いbuyます。polite - 128
このくつをかいましょうか。
Shall I buy these shoes?
このtheseくつshoesをobject買いbuyましょうshallか。question - 129
ええ、かいたかったら、かいなさいよ。
Yes, if you want to buy them, go ahead and buy them.
ええ、yes買いwant to buyたかっwant to buyたら、if買いbuyなさいplease doよ。I tell you
- 八
- eight
- 三十
- 30
- 分
- minute
- くつ
- shoes
- ましょう
- let's (See Gram. Notes)
Medical conditions and advice · Pattern 5 2 of 4
Recovery and advice
*病人は くすりを のんだら、 すぐ なおりますか* asks whether medicine leads to immediate recovery.
*時々 くすりを のんでも なおりません* denies that expected result even when medicine is taken.
*重かったら、 入院する 方が いいですね* gives advice under a serious condition.
- 130
びょうにんはくすりをのんだら、すぐなおりますか。
Will a patient get well right away if he takes medicine?
病人patientはtopicくすりmedicineをobjectのんtakeだら、ifすぐright awayなおりget wellますpoliteか。question - 131
いいえ、ときどきくすりをのんでもなおりません。
No, sometimes a patient does not get well even if he takes medicine.
いいえ、no時々sometimesくすりmedicineをobjectのんtakeでifもevenなおりget wellませnot, politeん。not, polite - 132
びょうきがおもかったら、にゅういんしなければなりませんか。
If the illness is serious, must the patient enter a hospital?
病気illnessがsubject重かっseriousたら、if入院hospital admissionしdoなけれnotばifなりmustませnot, politeんnot, politeか。question - 133
はい、おもかったら、にゅういんするほうがいいですね。
Yes, if it is serious, it is better to enter a hospital.
はい、yes重かっseriousたら、if入院hospital admissionするdo方wayがsubjectいいbetterですisね。right? - 134
あめがふる。
It rains.
雨rainがsubject降る。falls - 135
わたくしはさんぽにでかけます。
I go out for a walk.
私Iはtopicさんぽwalkにfor出かけgo outます。polite - 136
そのざっしをよみます。
I read that magazine.
そのthatざっしmagazineをobject読みreadます。polite - 137
わたくしにください。
Please give it to me.
私meにtoください。please give - 138
たなかさんをみました。
I saw Mr. Tanaka.
田中TanakaさんMr.をobject見seeましdid, politeた。did, polite
- すぐ
- right away, immediately
- いい
- good (See Gram. Notes)
- 降る。
- to fall (rain) (v.i.)
- さんぽ
- strolling
- ください。
- please give me (See Gram. Notes)
Forming conditions from statements · Pattern 5 3 of 4
Events, states, and results
*町を 歩いて いました* means "I was walking through town." It provides an event for a *たら* condition.
*お金が ありませんでした* provides a past state. *こまります* provides the result "I will be in trouble."
- 139
まちをあるいていました。
I was walking through town.
町townをthrough歩いwas walkingてwas walkingいwas walkingましwas walkingた。was walking - 140
わからないことばがたくさんありました。
There were many words I did not understand.
わからunderstandないnot言葉wordsがsubject沢山manyありexistましdid, politeた。did, polite - 141
にほんざっしをよんでいました。
I was reading a Japanese magazine.
日本Japaneseざっしmagazineをobject読んwas readingでwas readingいwas readingましwas readingた。was reading - 142
おかねがありませんでした。
I had no money.
おmoney金moneyがsubjectありhaveませnot, politeんnot, politeでしwas, politeた。was, polite - 143
こまります。
I will be in trouble.
こまりbe in troubleます。polite - 144
きねんきってがでます。
A commemorative stamp will be issued.
きねcommemorative stampんcommemorative stamp切手commemorative stampがsubject出be issuedます。polite - 145
そのきってをかいたいのです。
I want to buy that stamp.
そのthat切手stampをobject買いbuyたいwant toのexplanationです。is - 146
あなたはいそがしいですか。
Are you busy?
あなたyouはtopicいそがしいbusyですisか。question - 147
こなくてもいいです。
You do not have to come.
来comeなくnotてeven ifもalsoいいall rightです。is
- 町
- town
- 切手
- postage stamp
Causes and likely results · Pattern 5 4 of 4
Results after a condition
*医者に かかります* means "I will see a doctor." It can follow a *たら* condition as its result.
*重い 病気に なります* gives a harmful result. *上手に なります* gives improvement as a result.
- 148
いしゃにかかります。
I will see a doctor.
医者doctorにtoかかりseeます。polite - 149
おもいびょうきになります。
I will become seriously ill.
重いserious病気illnessにintoなりbecomeます。polite - 150
もってあるくのにべんりです。
It is convenient to carry around.
もっcarryてand歩くaroundのforにto便利convenientです。is - 151
かるいです。
It is mild.
かるいmildです。is - 152
じょうずになります。
You will become good at it.
上手skilledにintoなりbecomeます。polite - 153
けいこします。
I practice.
けいこpracticeしdoます。polite
- かるい
- light
- けいこ
- practice
Illness and hospital care · Questions 1 of 4
Who becomes ill and what follows
*どんなに けんこうな 人でも 病気に なる 事が あります* means "even the healthiest person may get sick."
A response names the illness, its treatment, or the reason for hospital care.
*病気に なったら すぐ 医者に かかる 方が いいです* gives the response to becoming ill.
- 154
すきでびょうきになるひとはひとりもいません。しかし、
There is no one who gets sick because they want to. However,
好きby choiceでby choice病気illnessにintoなるget人peopleはtopic一人one personもeven居existませnot, politeん。not, politeしかし、however - 155
どんなにけんこうなひとでもびょうきになることがあります。かぜを
even the healthiest person may get sick. You may catch a cold
どんなno matter howにno matter howけんこうhealthyなhealthy人personでevenもeven病気illnessにintoなるget事timesがsubjectありoccurます。politeかぜcoldをobject - 156
ひいてのどやあたまがいたいことがあるでしょう。またわるい
and have a sore throat or a headache. You may also contract a serious
ひいcatchてandのどthroatやorあたまheadがsubjectいたいhurt事timesがsubjectあるoccurでしょう。probably又alsoわるいserious - 157
でんせんびょうにかかることもあるでしょう。わかいげんきなひとでも
contagious disease. Even young, healthy people
でcontagious diseaseんcontagious diseaseせんcontagious disease病contagious diseaseにtoかかるcontract事timesもalsoあるoccurでしょう。probablyわかいyoung元気healthyなhealthy人peopleでevenもeven - 158
びょうきになったらすぐいしゃにかかるほうがいいです。いしゃは
should see a doctor immediately if they get sick. The doctor
病気illnessにintoなっbecomeたらifすぐimmediately医者doctorにtoかかるsee方wayがsubjectいいgoodです。is医者doctorはtopic - 159
びょうにんにてきとうなくすりをやって、びょうきをなおします。
gives the patient suitable medicine and cures the illness.
病人patientにtoてきとうsuitableなsuitableくすりmedicineをobjectやっgiveて、and病気illnessをobjectなおしcureます。polite - 160
おもいびょうきのひとやでんせんびょうにかかったひとはにゅういんするほうが
People who are seriously ill or have contracted a contagious disease should
重いserious病気illnessのof人peopleやorでcontagious diseaseんcontagious diseaseせんcontagious disease病contagious diseaseにtoかかっcontractたpast人peopleはtopic入院hospitalizationするdo方wayがsubject - 161
いいです。いえにいると、てあてをするかぞくのひとやともだちに
enter a hospital. If they stay at home, they will infect the family members and friends
いいgoodです。is家homeにat居るstayと、if手当careをobjectするdo家ぞくfamilyのof人membersやand友だちfriendsにto - 162
うつりますから。
who care for them.
うつりinfectますpoliteから。because
- 好き
- to like, be fond of (See Grammar Notes)
- 一人
- one person
- しかし、
- however, but
- どんな
- what kind of; what sort of
- わかい
- young
- と、
- and (See Gram. Notes)
A patient's recovery · Questions 2 of 4
How the patient recovered
Mr. Uyeda could not speak well or walk because of his sore throat and fever.
*その くすりを もらって のんだら、 じきに よく なって 来たそうです* says he began improving after taking the medicine.
A response gives a cause, a limitation, or the result of treatment.
- 163
うえださんはいまびょうきでにゅういんしています。のどがいたくて
Mr. Uyeda is now ill and in the hospital. His throat hurt,
上田UyedaさんMr.はtopic今now病気illでwith入院is hospitalizedしis hospitalizedてis hospitalizedいis hospitalizedます。is hospitalizedのどthroatがsubjectいたくhurtてand - 164
よくはなせなかったり、ねつがずいぶんたかくてあるけなかったりした
so he could not speak well, and his fever was so high that he could not walk,
よくwell話せcan speakなかっnotたり、and suchねつfeverがsubjectずい分very高くhighてand歩けcan walkなかっnotたりand suchしdoたpast - 165
そうです。しかし、このごろはいいくすりがありますから、
I hear. However, there is good medicine these days, so
そうI hearです。isしかし、howeverこの頃these daysはtopicいいgoodくすりmedicineがsubjectありexistますpoliteから、because - 166
おいしゃさんにそのくすりをもらってのんだら、じきによく
when he got that medicine from the doctor and took it, he soon began
おdoctor医者doctorさんdoctorにfromそのthatくすりmedicineをobjectもらっreceiveてandのんdrinkだら、whenじきsoonにsoonよくbetter - 167
なってきたそうです。びょういんにながくいては、ひようがたかく
to get better, I hear. Staying in the hospital a long time would cost a lot,
なっbecomeてand来comeたpastそうI hearです。is病院hospitalにin長くlong居stayてandは、topicひexpenseようexpenseがsubject高くhigh - 168
なるから、しゅうまつにはいえにかえるそうです。
so I hear he will return home on the weekend.
なるbecomeから、because週weekendまつweekendにonはtopic家homeにtoかえるreturnそうI hearです。is - 169
すきでびょうきになるひとがいますか。
Is there anyone who gets sick because they want to?
好きby choiceでby choice病気illnessにintoなるget人anyoneがsubject居existますpoliteか。question - 170
ひとはけっしてびょうきになりませんか。
Do people never get sick?
人peopleはtopicけっしてnever病気illnessにintoなりbecomeませnot, politeんnot, politeか。question - 171
かぜをひくと、のどやあたまがいたいことがありますか。
When you catch a cold, do you sometimes have a sore throat or a headache?
かぜcoldをobjectひくcatchと、whenのどthroatやorあたまheadがsubjectいたいhurt事timesがsubjectありoccurますpoliteか。question
- ずい分
- very much
- この頃
- these days, nowadays
- ひく
- to subtract (v.t.)
Contagious disease questions · Questions 3 of 4
Patients, hospitals, and treatment
*どんな 病人が 入院しますか* asks "What kind of patients enter a hospital?"
An answer identifies seriously ill or contagious patients.
Other answers explain why they enter a hospital and what a doctor does.
- 172
わるいでんせんびょうにかかるひとがおおいですか。
Are there many people who contract serious contagious diseases?
わるいseriousでんcontagious diseaseせんcontagious disease病contagious diseaseにtoかかるcontract人peopleがsubject多いmanyですisか。question - 173
わかいげんきなひとはびょうきになりませんか。
Do young, healthy people never get sick?
わかいyoung元気healthyなhealthy人peopleはtopic病気illnessにintoなりbecomeませnot, politeんnot, politeか。question - 174
だれがいしゃにかかりますか。
Who sees a doctor?
だれwhoがsubject医者doctorにtoかかりseeますpoliteか。question - 175
どんなびょうにんがにゅういんしますか。
What kind of patients enter a hospital?
どんなwhat kind of病人patientsがsubject入院hospitalizationしdoますpoliteか。question - 176
ほかのひとにうつる、たいへんわるいびょうきはなんといいますか。
What do you call a very serious illness that spreads to other people?
外otherのof人peopleにtoうつる、spread大へんveryわるいserious病気illnessはtopic何whatとquote言いcallますpoliteか。question - 177
でんせんびょうにかかったひとはなぜにゅういんするほうがいいですか。
Why should people who have contracted a contagious disease enter a hospital?
でcontagious diseaseんcontagious diseaseせんcontagious disease病contagious diseaseにtoかかっcontractたpast人peopleはtopicなぜwhy入院hospitalizationするdo方wayがsubjectいいgoodですisか。question - 178
いしゃはどうしますか。
What does a doctor do?
医者doctorはtopicどうwhatしdoますpoliteか。question - 179
うえださんはいまどこにいますか。
Where is Mr. Uyeda now?
上田UyedaさんMr.はtopic今nowどこwhereにin居beますpoliteか。question - 180
うえださんはねつがありましたか。
Did Mr. Uyeda have a fever?
上田UyedaさんMr.はtopicねつfeverがsubjectありhaveましdid, politeたdid, politeか。question
- うつる、
- to infect, contract, catch
- と
- and (See Gram. Notes)
- なぜ
- why?
Hospital recovery questions · Questions 4 of 4
The cause and the result
*上田さんは、 なぜ 歩けませんでしたか* asks for the cause of Mr. Uyeda's inability to walk.
*上田さんは くすりを のんだら、 じきに よく なりましたか* asks whether recovery followed taking medicine.
An answer states the cause, result, time, or cost named in the passage.
- 181
うえださんは、なぜあるけませんでしたか。
Why couldn't Mr. Uyeda walk?
上田UyedaさんMr.は、topicなぜwhy歩けcan walkませnot, politeんnot, politeでしwas, politeたwas, politeか。question - 182
おもいびょうきのひとははたらけませんか。
Are seriously ill people unable to work?
重いserious病気illnessのof人peopleはtopic働けcan workませnot, politeんnot, politeか。question - 183
うえださんはくすりをのんだら、じきによくなりましたか。
Did Mr. Uyeda get better soon after taking the medicine?
上田UyedaさんMr.はtopicくすりmedicineをobjectのんdrinkだら、afterじきsoonにsoonよくbetterなりbecomeましdid, politeたdid, politeか。question - 184
びょういんにながくいると、ひようがたかいですか。
Does it cost a lot to stay in the hospital for a long time?
病院hospitalにin長くlongいるstayと、ifひexpenseようexpenseがsubject高いhighですisか。question - 185
うえださんはいついえへかえりますか。
When will Mr. Uyeda return home?
上田UyedaさんMr.はtopicいつwhen家homeへtowardかえりreturnますpoliteか。question - 186
このごろはいいくすりがたくさんありますか。
Are there many good medicines these days?
この頃these daysはtopicいいgoodくすりmedicinesがsubject沢山manyありexistますpoliteか。question
Hospital and illness words · Word list 1 of 4
Illness and hospital care
These words cover patients, symptoms, and medical care.
*病院* means "hospital," and *病人* means "sick person, patient."
*ねつ* means "fever."
- 187
びょういん
hospital
病院hospital - 188
びょうにん
sick person, patient
病人sick person - 189
でんせんびょう
contagious disease
でんせん病contagious disease - 190
いしゃ
medical doctor
医者medical doctor - 191
くすり
medicine
くすりmedicine - 192
せき
cough
せきcough - 193
ねつ
fever
ねつfever - 194
のど
throat
のどthroat - 195
あたま
head
あたまhead - 196
てあて
medical treatment
手当medical treatment
- でんせん病
- contagious disease
Health and activity words · Word list 2 of 4
Health and activity
These words cover health, hospitalization, infection, exercise, and ability.
*けんこう* means "health." *歩ける* and *動ける* mean "to be able to walk" and "to be able to move."
The last two entries are potential forms.
- 197
もの
person
者person - 198
えいせい
sanitation, health
えいせいsanitation or health - 199
ひよう
expense
ひようexpense - 200
けんこう
health
けんこうhealth - 201
にゅういんする
to be hospitalized
入院するbe hospitalized - 202
あるける
to be able to walk (See Grammar Notes)
歩けるbe able to walk - 203
うごける
to be able to move
動けるbe able to move - 204
うつる
to infect, contract, catch
うつるcatch an infection - 205
かかる
to consult, to contract, to be attacked by
かかるcontract or consult - 206
うんどうする
to exercise
うん動するexercise
- ひよう
- expense
- 入院する
- to be hospitalized
- 歩ける
- to be able to walk (See Grammar Notes)
- 動ける
- to be able to move
- うつる
- to infect, contract, catch
- うん動する
- to exercise
Symptoms and recovery words · Word list 3 of 4
Symptoms and recovery
These words cover medicine, pain, symptoms, and recovery.
*のむ* means "to drink, to take," including taking medicine. *なおる* means "to get well, to be repaired."
*せきが出る* means "to cough."
- 207
のむ
to drink, to take
のむdrink or take - 208
なおる
to get well, to be repaired
なおるrecover or be repaired - 209
こまる
to be troubled
こまるbe troubled - 210
いたい
painful
いたいpainful - 211
てきとうな
appropriate, proper
てきとうなappropriate - 212
たいせつな
important
大切なimportant - 213
びょうきをする
to get sick
病気をするget sick - 214
びょうきがおもい
illness is serious
病気が重いillness is serious - 215
ねつがある
to have fever
ねつがあるhave a fever - 216
せきがでる
to cough
せきが出るcough
- なおる
- to get well, to be repaired
- こまる
- to be troubled
- てきとうな
- appropriate, proper
- 大切な
- important
- 病気をする
- to get sick
- 病気が重い
- illness is serious
- ねつがある
- to have fever
- せきが出る
- to cough
Medical conditions and connectors · Word list 4 of 4
Care and conditions
These entries cover medical care and the forms used for conditions and contrasts.
*医者にかかる* means "to go under doctor's care, to consult a doctor."
*--でも* means "even, even if it is --." *--ては* means "if."
- 217
いしゃにかかる
to go under doctor's care, to consult a doctor
医者にかかるconsult a doctor - 218
すきで
for the fun of it, by choice
好きでby choice - 219
--でも
even, even if it is --
--でもeven if - 220
では
if that's the case
ではif so - 221
--では
if, if it is, judging from (See Grammar Notes)
--ではif it is - 222
--たら
if, when (See Grammar Notes)
--たらif or when - 223
--ては
if (See Grammar Notes)
--てはif - 224
ちょっと
a little
ちょっとa little
- 医者にかかる
- to go under doctor's care, to consult a doctor
- 好きで
- for the fun of it, by choice
- --でも
- even, even if it is --
- では
- if that's the case
- --たら
- if, when (See Grammar Notes)
- --ては
- if (See Grammar Notes)
The particulars
- The course
- Defense Language Institute, Japanese Basic Course, 1967 to 1971. Public domain. The teaching pages and the narration are ours.
- Reading aloud
- Digital narration, directed by 1732 Studios.
- The book
- Botchan, the work this course leads to, free to read here.
- Data
- JSON · Markdown · A guide for agents