Latin · Unit 33

Lēctiōnēs 1–7

Secundus Annus I

Rōmulus et Remus; Urbs condita. (ANNŌ URBIS CONDITAE I.); Urbs nova. (A. U. C. V.); Sabīnae raptae. (A. U. C. XII.); Tarpēia. (A. U. C. XIII.); Mātrōnae pācem compōnunt. (A. U. C. XIII.); Rēgēs Rōmānī

173 lines

Rōmulus et Remus: past participles, and the time clause

The shepherd enters the wood

Cum forte in silvam iniisset, eōs invēnit means "when he happened to go into the wood, he found them."

The entrance into the wood supplies the circumstances surrounding invēnit. The clause does not merely fix when he found them.

The verb iniisset is subjunctive.

Circumstances take the subjunctive

Cum tamen pāstor rem tōtam aperuisset, avus nepōtem āgnōvit means "But when the shepherd had disclosed the whole matter, the grandfather recognised his grandson."

The disclosure supplies the circumstances surrounding āgnōvit, so aperuisset is subjunctive.

Cum takes the subjunctive when its clause supplies circumstances rather than merely fixing the time of the main action.

1
The story of Romulus and Remus as babies has already been told.
Dēde: down from; concerning
RōmulōRomulus: of/pertaining to Romulus (legendary founder of Rome)
RemōqueRemus: oar
īnfantibusinfans: speechless, inarticulate
fābulafabula: story, tale, fable
iamjam: already, now
nārrātanarro: tell, relate
est.sum: be; exist
2
For Amulius drove Numitor, his elder brother, from the throne, killed his son, and himself seized the kingdom.
3
But to Rhea Silvia, Numitor's daughter, twins were born: these Amulius ordered to be exposed near the river Tiber in the flooded fields.
4
Yet a she-wolf, which had come down to drink water, found them exposed, saved them, suckled them.
5
Then a shepherd of the royal flock, when he happened to go into the wood, found them: having found them he gave them to his wife to bring up.
6
So preserved, they looked after cattle in the stalls and pastured them in the fields: through the woods too they hunted boars and stags, but in hunting they spared wolves, because a she-wolf had suckled them like a mother.
7
Nor did they hunt wild beasts only, but they also made attacks on robbers laden with booty and seized the booty from them: the booty seized they shared out among the shepherds.
8
So brought up, they become famous for beauty of body and courage of mind.
9
Once, however, some robbers captured Remus: captured, they took him to Numitor: taken there, he was condemned to death.
10
But when the shepherd had disclosed the whole matter, the grandfather recognised his grandson.

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LXX, §§395-399

§395. The conjunction cum has the following meanings and constructions:

cum TEMPORAL = when, followed by the indicative or the subjunctive cum CAUSAL = since, followed by the subjunctive cum CONCESSIVE = although, followed by the subjunctive

As you observe, the mood after cum is sometimes indicative and sometimes subjunctive. The reason for this will be made clear by a study of the following sentences:

1. Caesarem vīdī tum cum in Galliā eram,
I saw Cæsar at the time when I was in Gaul.

2. Caesar in eōs impetum fēcit cum pācem peterent, Cæsar made an attack upon them when they were seeking peace.

3. Hoc erat difficile cum paucī sine vulneribus essent, this was difficult, since only a few were without wounds.

4. Cum prīmī ōrdinēs fūgissent, tamen reliquī fortiter cōnsistēbant, though the front ranks had fled, yet the rest bravely stood their ground.

a. The underlying principle is one already familiar to you (cf. §389.a). When the cum clause states a fact and simply fixes the time at which the main action took place, the indicative mood is used. So, in the first example, cum in Galliā eram fixes the time when I saw Cæsar.

b. On the other hand, when the cum clause describes the circumstances under which the main act took place, the subjunctive mood is used. So, in the second example, the principal clause states that Cæsar made an attack, and the cum clause describes the circumstances under which this act occurred. The idea of time is also present, but it is subordinate to the idea of description. Sometimes the descriptive clause is one of cause and we translate cum by since; sometimes it denotes concession and cum is translated although.

§396. RULE. Constructions with Cum. The conjunction cum means when, since, or although. It is followed by the subjunctive unless it means when and its clause fixes the time at which the main action took place.

NOTE. Cum in clauses of description with the subjunctive is much more common than its use with the indicative.

§397. Note the following sentences:

1. Oppidum erat parvum magnitūdine sed magnum multitūdine hominum, the town was small in size but great in population.

2. Homō erat corpore īnfīrmus sed validus animō, the man was weak in body but strong in courage.

a. Observe that magnitūdine, multitūdine, corpore, and animō tell in what respect something is true. The relation is one covered by the ablative case, and the construction is called the ablative of specification.

§398. RULE. Ablative of Specification. The ablative is used to denote in what respect something is true.

§399. IDIOMS

aliquem certiōrem facere, to inform some one (lit. to make some one more certain) certior fierī, to be informed (lit. to be made more certain) iter dare, to give a right of way, allow to pass obsidēs inter sē dare, to give hostages to each other

stabulīs: stall, from stabulum
latrōnēs: robber, brigand, from latro
pulchritūdine: beauty, excellence, from pulchritudo
celebrēs: famous, celebrated, from celeber
ductus: conducting
nepōtem: grandson, from nepos

11
Soon Numitor and the twins form a plan of attacking Amulius: attacked, they killed him.
12
And so Numitor reigned again at Alba Longa.
13
How did Amulius seize the kingdom?
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How did he decide to kill the twins?
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For what reason did they not perish?
16
With what purpose did the shepherd give them to his wife?
17
What did they do?
18
What animals did they hunt? Which did they spare?
19
What happened to Remus?
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Why was he not killed?
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What did the twins do at last? [the shepherd?]
22
What does grēx mean? cervus? latrō? fortitūdō?

Urbs condita: present and future participles

Actions at the same time

In monte Palātīnō Rōmulus, Remus in Aventīnō stetērunt caelum spectantēs et vulturēs ēnumerantēs.

Stetērunt gives the main action: Romulus and Remus stood. The present participles spectantēs and ēnumerantēs place watching and counting at that same time.

Actions that follow

Rōmulus igitur urbem conditūrus est nōmenque suum urbī datūrus.

The future participles conditūrus and datūrus place founding and giving after the main verb est: Romulus is to do both.

23
So Romulus and Remus, now grown young men, killed Amulius; afterwards Numitor reigned again at Alba Longa.
24
But the twin shepherds (for they too wanted to reign) decided to found a city in the places where they had been exposed and brought up.
25
To which of the two, though, was it right to lay the walls?
26
For of the twins which was the elder, which the younger?
27
Because this was uncertain they decided to trust the birds.
28
Romulus stood on the Palatine hill, Remus on the Aventine, watching the sky and counting vultures.
29
The one catches sight of six vultures flying in the sky, the other of twelve.
30
So Romulus is to found the city and give his name to the city.
31
But while he marks out the walls, 'If anyone,' he says, 'leaps over my walls, I shall kill him.'
32
Remus, however, when he had caught sight of Romulus marking out the walls with a plough, said, 'Will the people be safe with these walls?'

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LXVI, §§374-377

§374. The Latin verb has the following Participles:[1]
[1] Review §203.

CONJ. I CONJ. II CONJ. III CONJ. IV
ACTIVE
PRESENT amāns monēns regēns capiēns audiēns
FUTURE amātūrus monitūrus rēctūrus captūrus audītūrus

PASSIVE
PERFECT amātus monitus rēctus captus audītus
FUTURE[2] amandus monendus regendus capiendus audiendus

CONJ. I CONJ. II
ACTIVE
PRESENT amāns monēns
loving advising
FUTURE amātūrus monitūrus
about to love about to advise

PASSIVE
PERFECT amātus monitus
loved, having advised, having been advised
been loved
FUTURE[2] amandus monendus
to be loved to be advised

CONJ. III CONJ. IV
ACTIVE
PRESENT regēns capiēns audiēns
ruling taking hearing
FUTURE rēctūrus captūrus audītūrus
about to rule about to take about to hear

PASSIVE
PERFECT rēctus captus audītus
ruled, having taken, having heard, havinh
been ruled been taken been heard
FUTURE[2] regendus capiendus audiendus
to be ruled to be taken to be heard
[2] The future passive participle is often called the gerundive.

a. The present active and future passive participles are formed from the present stem, and the future active and perfect passive participles are formed from the participial stem.

b. The present active participle is formed by adding -ns to the present stem. In -iō verbs of the third conjugation, and in the fourth conjugation, the stem is modified by the addition of -ē-, as capi-ē-ns, audi-ē-ns. It is declined like an adjective of one ending of the third declension. (Cf. §256.)

amāns, loving
BASE amant- STEM amanti-
SINGULAR PLURAL
MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT.
Nom. amāns amāns amantēs amantia
Gen. amantis amantis amantium amantium
Dat. amantī amantī amantibus amantibus
Acc. amantem amāns amantīs amantia
or -ēs
Abl. amantī amantī amantibus amantibus
or -e or -e

(1) When used as an adjective the ablative singular ends in -ī; when used as a participle or as a substantive, in -e.

(2) In a similar way decline monēns, regēns, capiēns, audiēns.

c. The future active participle is formed by adding -ūrus to the base of the participial stem. We have already met this form combined with esse to produce the future active infinitive. (Cf. §206.)

d. For the perfect passive participle see §201. The future passive participle or gerundive is formed by adding -ndus to the present stem.

e. All participles in -us are declined like bonus.

f. Participles agree with nouns or pronouns like adjectives.

g. Give all the participles of the following verbs: cūrō, iubeō, sūmō, iaciō, mūniō.

§375. Participles of Deponent Verbs. Deponent verbs have the participles of the active voice as well as of the passive; consequently every deponent verb has four participles, as,

              Pres. Act. hortāns, urging
               Fut. Act. hortātūrus, about to urge
   Perf. Pass. (in form) hortātus, having urged
Fut. Pass. (Gerundive) hortandus, to be urged

a. Observe that the perfect participle of deponent verbs is passive in form but active in meaning. No other verbs have a perfect active participle. On the other hand, the future passive participle of deponent verbs is passive in meaning as in other verbs.

b. Give the participles of cōnor, vereor, sequor, patior, partior.

§376. Tenses of the Participle. The tenses express time as follows:

1. The present active participle corresponds to the English present active participle in -ing, but can be used only of an action occurring at the same time as the action of the main verb; as, mīlitēs īnsequentēs cēpērunt multōs, the soldiers, while pursuing, captured many. Here the pursuing and the capturing are going on together.

2. The perfect participle (excepting of deponents) is regularly passive and corresponds to the English past participle with or without the auxiliary having been; as, audītus, heard or having been heard.

3. The future active participle, translated about to, etc., denotes time after the action of the main verb.

§377. Review §§203, 204, and, note the following model sentences:

1. Mīlitēs currentēs erant dēfessī, the soldiers who were running (lit. running) were weary.

2. Caesar profectūrus Rōmam nōn exspectāvit, Cæsar, when about to set out (lit. about to set out) for Rome, did not wait.

3. Oppidum captum vīdimus, we saw the town which had been captured (lit. captured town).

4. Imperātor trīduum morātus profectus est, the general, since (when, or after) he had delayed (lit. the general, having delayed) three days, set out.

5. Mīlitēs vīctī terga nōn vertērunt, the soldiers, though they were conquered (lit. the soldiers conquered), did not retreat.

In each of these sentences the literal translation of the participle is given in parentheses. We note, however, that its proper translation usually requires a clause beginning with some conjunction (when, since, after, though, etc.), or a relative clause. Consider, in each case, what translation will best bring out the thought, and do not, as a rule, translate the participle literally.

incertum: uncertain, from incertus
vulturēs: vulture, from vultur
trānsiliet: jump across, leap over, from transilio

33
Indeed he mocked the rising walls and, mocking, leaped over them: as he leaped, Romulus in anger killed him.
34
And so alone he seized the kingdom and gave his name to the city.
35
In this way Romulus founded Rome, which would keep his name and rule over all nations.
36
What did Numitor do when he had killed Amulius?
37
Where did the twins want to found a city?
38
Doing what did the twins stand on the hills?
39
Why did Romulus (and not Remus) found the city?
40
How did Romulus mark out the walls?
41
What did Romulus say about the walls?
42
What did Remus say?

dērīsit: mock, from derideo
trānsiluit: swim across, from transsileo

43
What did Remus do?
44
What did Romulus do?
45
What sort of city did he found?

Urbs nova: the ablative absolute

Two participles share one noun

Remō damnātō et mortem exspectante, pāstor rem aperuit.

It means "Remus being condemned and awaiting death, the shepherd disclosed the matter."

Remō agrees with both damnātō and exspectante in the ablative. This ablative absolute expresses two circumstances attending pāstor rem aperuit.

Latin needs no clause for while

Numitōre Albae Longae rēgnante, Amūlius rēgnō potīrī cōnstituit.

It means "While Numitor was reigning at Alba Longa, Amulius decided to get possession of the kingdom."

Numitōre rēgnante has no conjunction or finite verb. Its ablative noun and agreeing participle express the circumstance attending the main clause.

46
Much has already been told you about Romulus and Remus: now hear the same things explained differently!
47
While Numitor was reigning at Alba Longa, Amulius decided to get possession of the kingdom: so he drove Numitor from the throne, and, he being driven out, himself seized the kingdom and ordered his twin grandsons to be exposed near the Tiber: the twins being exposed, a thirsty she-wolf came down to drink water: while the wolf was drinking, the babies cried out.
48
She, the cries being heard, returned to the woods with the babies.
49
At last a shepherd found them and gave them to his wife to bring up.
50
Often, while the twins were living with the shepherd, robbers were seizing booty through the woods: once, however, they captured Remus and accused him before Numitor.
51
Remus being condemned and awaiting death, the shepherd disclosed the matter: the grandfather recognised his grandson.
52
Then Numitor formed with the twins a plan of killing Amulius.
53
He being killed, Numitor reigned again at Alba Longa, but the twins decided to found a new city: the sky being watched and the birds counted by each, Romulus (for he had seen more birds) was marking out the walls: while he marks out the walls, Remus came, mocked, leaped over the walls: so Romulus in anger killed his brother as he mocked the walls, and alone seized the kingdom.
54
The walls now finished, Romulus established temples and other buildings.
55
When this had been done, the city grew daily under King Romulus: but he, with many people both free and slave fleeing there every day, alone could scarcely govern so many and so varied citizens.

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LXVII, §§379-381

§379. Learn the principal parts and conjugation of volō, wish; nōlō (ne + volō), be unwilling; mālō (magis + volō), be more willing, prefer (§497). Note the irregularities in the present indicative, subjunctive, and infinitive, and in the imperfect subjunctive. (Cf. §354.)

a. These verbs are usually followed by the infinitive with or without a subject accusative; as, volunt venīre, they wish to come; volunt amīcōs venīre, they wish their friends to come. The English usage is the same.[1]
[1] Sometimes the subjunctive of purpose is used after these verbs. (See §366.)

[ Conjugations given in §497:

PRINCIPAL PARTS: volō, velle, voluī, ----, be willing, will, wish nōlō, nōlle, nōluī, ----, be unwilling, will not mālō, mālle, māluī, ----, be more willing, prefer

INDICATIVE
SINGULAR
Pres. volō nōlō mālō
vīs nōn vis māvīs
vult nōn vult māvult

PLURAL
volumus nōlumus mālumus
vultis nōn vultis māvul´tis
volunt nōlunt mālunt

Impf. volēbam nōlēbam mālēbam
Fut. volam, volēs, etc. nōlam, nōlēs, etc. mālam, mālēs, etc.
Perf. voluī nōluī māluī
Plup. volueram nōlueram mālueram
F.P. voluerō nōluerō māluerō

SUBJUNCTIVE
SINGULAR
Pres. velim nōlim mālim
velīs nōlīs mālīs
velit nōlit mālit

PLURAL
velī´mus nōlī´mus mālī´mus
velī´tis nōlī´tis mālī´tis
velint nōlint mālint

Impf. vellem nōllem māllem
Perf. voluerim nōluerim māluerim
Plup. voluissem nōluissem māluissem

IMPERATIVE
Pres. nōlī
nōlīte
Fut. nōlītō, etc.

INFINITIVE
Pres. velle nōlle mālle
Perf. voluisse nōluisse māluisse

PARTICIPLE
Pres. volēns, -entis nōlēns, -entis ----]

§380. Observe the following sentences:

1. Magistrō laudante omnēs puerī dīligenter labōrant, with the teacher praising, or since the teacher praises, or the teacher praising, all the boys labor diligently.

2. Caesare dūcente nēmō prōgredī timet, with Cæsar leading, or when Cæsar leads, or if Cæsar leads, or Cæsar leading, no one fears to advance.

3. Hīs rēbus cognitīs mīlitēs fūgērunt, when this was known, or since this was known, or these things having been learned, the soldiers fled.

4. Proeliō commissō multī vulnerātī sunt, after the battle had begun, or when the battle had begun, or the battle having been joined, many were wounded.

a. One of the fundamental ablative relations is expressed in English by the preposition with (cf. §50). In each of the sentences above we have a noun and a participle in agreement in the ablative, and the translation shows that in each instance the ablative expresses attendant circumstance. For example, in the first sentence the circumstance attending or accompanying the diligent labor of the boys is the praise of the teacher. This is clearly a with relation, and the ablative is the case to use.

b. We observe, further, that the ablative and its participle are absolutely independent grammatically of the rest of the sentence. If we were to express the thought in English in a similar way, we should use the nominative independent or absolute. In Latin the construction is called the Ablative Absolute, or the Ablative with a Participle. This form of expression is exceedingly common in Latin, but rather rare in English, so we must not, as a rule, employ the English absolute construction to translate the ablative abolute. The attendant circumstance may be one of time (when or after), or one of cause (since), or one of concession (though), or one of condition (if). In each case try to discover the precise relation, and translate the ablative and its participle by a clause which will best express the thought.

§381. RULE. Ablative Absolute. The ablative of a noun or pronoun with a present or perfect participle in agreement is used to express attendant circumstance.

NOTE 1. The verb sum has no present participle. In consequence we often find two nouns or a noun and an adjective in the ablative absolute with no participle expressed; as, tē duce, you (being) leader, with you as leader; patre īnfirmō, my father (being) weak.

NOTE 2. Be very careful not to put in the ablative absolute a noun and participle that form the subject or object of a sentence. Compare

a. The Gauls, having been conquered by Cæsar, returned home

b. The Gauls having been conquered by Cæsar, the army returned home

In a the subject is The Gauls having been conquered by Cæsar, and we translate,

Gallī ā Caesare victi domum revertērunt

In b the subject is the army. The Gauls having been conquered by Cæsar is nominative absolute in English, which requires the ablative absolute in Latin, and we translate,

Gallīs ā Caesare victīs exercitus domum revertit

NOTE 3. The fact that only deponent verbs have a perfect active participle (cf. §375.a) often compels a change of voice when translating from one language to the other. For example, we can translate Cæsar having encouraged the legions just as it stands, because hortor is a deponent verb. But if we wish to say Cæsar having conquered the Gauls, we have to change the voice of the participle to the passive because vincō is not deponent, and say, the Gauls having been conquered by Cæsar (see translation above).

potīrī: obtain, acquire, from potio
accūsāvērunt: accuse, blame, from accuso

56
So he called together a senate, which consisted of a hundred senators; these were called fathers, and their sons patricians: all except these were the plebs or plebeians.
57
The king used to consult the senate about the more difficult matters, about proposing laws, about making treaties with the neighbouring peoples.
58
About the babies exposed and found.
59
About the babies living with the shepherd.
60
About Remus captured, accused, saved.
61
About the twins watching the sky.
62
About Remus killed.
63
For what reason did the city grow daily?
64
Why did Romulus create a senate?
65
Into what parts were the Romans divided?
66
About what matters did the king consult the senate?

patriciī: patrician, noble, from patricius
inventīs: invention, discovery, from inventum

Sabīnae raptae: participles of deponent verbs

Passive form, performed action

Rōmulus igitur hanc contumēliam passus callidum iniit cōnsilium ulcīscendī.

"So Romulus, having suffered this insult, formed a cunning plan of revenge."

Passus is the perfect participle of a deponent verb. It has passive form, but Rōmulus performed the action.

The same form describes the Romans

Rōmānī fugientēs eās persecūtī tandem rapiunt et amplexī domum auferunt.

"The Romans pursue them as they flee and at last seize them and, embracing them, carry them off home."

Persecūtī and amplexī have passive form. The Rōmānī perform both actions.

A perfect participle of a deponent verb has passive form, but its noun performs the action.

67
In the new city the number of men was large enough, but women were lacking: for the Romans had no right of intermarriage with the neighbouring peoples.
68
In this crisis Romulus consulted the senate and on the fathers' advice sent envoys round the neighbouring peoples to ask for alliance and intermarriage: 'Make a treaty with us,' they say, 'and give us your daughters in marriage.'
69
They, however, refused.
70
So Romulus, having suffered this insult, formed a cunning plan of revenge.
71
For he prepared games, to which he invited the neighbouring peoples.
72
On the appointed day the Sabines, among other peoples, set out for Rome, their children and wives accompanying them.
73
When they had reached Rome, everyone now watching the games, in the midst of the applause the young men, the signal being given by Romulus,
74
The Sabine women flee.
75
The Romans pursue them as they flee and at last seize them and, embracing them, carry them off home.
76
Seeing this, the unarmed parents flee from Rome with many cries: when they had returned home they decide to make war on the Romans.

cōnūbiō: marriage, from conubium
discrīmine: crisis, separating line, from discrimen
vīcīnās: neighbor, from vicina
plausū: clapping, from plausus
inermēs: unarmed, without weapons, from inermis

77
The seized maidens too at first are indignant, but Romulus consoles them with friendly words: 'Do not be indignant, Sabine women: the blame lies in your fathers' insult.
78
Forget your fathers, and having forgotten rejoice!
79
For you will be the wives of Roman citizens.' Moved by these words they gladly marry the Romans, and become Roman matrons.
80
They look back, and each marks out with his eyes a girl for himself,
81
and lay eager hands on the maidens.
82
As doves, most timid flock, flee eagles,
83
and as a new-born lamb flees the wolves it has seen,
84
so they feared the men rushing on without restraint:
85
in none did the colour stay that was there before.
86
Why were women lacking at Rome?

indīgnantur: deem unworthy, scorn, from indignor
cōnsōlātur:—‘Nōlīte: console, cheer, from consolo
permōtae: stir up, from permoveo
notant: observe, from noto
āgna: ear of grain
novella: news
lupōs: she-wolf, from lupus
ruentēs: destroy, ruin, from ruo

87
With what purpose did Romulus send envoys round the peoples?
88
What did the neighbours answer?
89
What plan did Romulus form?
90
Why did the Sabines leave their arms at home?
91
With whom did they go to the games?
92
When was the signal given by Romulus?
93
To what things does the poet compare the terrified maidens?
94
How did Romulus console the Sabine women?
95
What did the Sabine women do in the end?

Tarpēia: indirect statement

The reported subject is accusative

Rōmānōs īnfīdōs esse hospitēs dīxērunt means "they said the Romans were faithless hosts."

After dīxērunt, the indirect statement takes Rōmānōs as its accusative subject and esse as its infinitive.

Verbs of saying and understanding introduce an indirect statement with an accusative subject and infinitive.

The infinitive gives relative time

illa clipeōs sibi, nōn armillās, prōmissa esse iam intellegit means "she now understands that shields, not bracelets, were promised her."

The perfect infinitive prōmissa esse places the promise before intellegit.

In the first line, the present infinitive esse places the description at the same time as dīxērunt.

96
Romulus, however, as has already been told, ordered the Sabine women to be content with their lot; and they at last answered that they gladly married the Romans.
97
But the Sabines, when they had returned home, said the Romans were faithless hosts; and so they prepared to make war on them.
98
Soon, war being brought, they attacked Rome and were besieging the Capitol, the citadel of the city.
99
As it happened Spurius Tarpeius was keeper of the citadel.
100
His daughter, Tarpeia by name, while the Sabines went round the walls every day, admired and coveted the golden bracelets which they wore on the left arm: so she formed a plan of getting them.
101
At night, having slipped out secretly to the Sabines' camp, she told the enemy that she coveted their bracelets.
102
At first the Sabines refused to give them: then she said, 'If you will give me what you wear on your left arm, I will do whatever you command.' To her the leader of the Sabines, a very cunning man, answered thus: 'If next night you open the gate of the Capitol to us, we will give you what we wear on our left arm.'
103
Then Tarpeia said she was willing to open the gate: the promise given, she withdrew into the citadel.
104
The next night, the Romans sleeping, the gate opened by Tarpeia, the Sabines burst into the Capitol.
105
They give what they had promised, for they throw their shields on Tarpeia; she now understands that shields, not bracelets, were promised her, and falls dead.

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LXXII, §§412-421

§412. Learn the principal parts and the conjugation of eō, go (§499).

a. Notice that ī-, the root of eō, is changed to e- before a vowel, excepting in iēns, the nominative of the present participle. In the perfect system -v- is regularly dropped.

[ Conjugation given in §499:

PRINCIPAL PARTS eō, īre, iī (īvī), ĭtum (n. perf. part.)
PRES. STEM ī-
PERF. STEM ī- or īv-
PART. STEM it-

        INDICATIVE       SUBJUNCTIVE                IMPERATIVE
        SING.  PLUR.
Pres. eō   īmus        eam             2d Pers. ī     īte
        īs   ītis
        it   eunt
Impf. ībam             īrem
Fut.    ībō              ----            2d Pers. ītō   ītōte
                                         3d Pers. ītō   euntō
Perf. iī (īvī)        ierim (īverim)
Plup. ieram (īveram)  īssem (īvissem)
F. P. ierō (īverō)

INFINITIVE
Pres. īre
Perf. īsse (īvisse)
Fut.    itūrus, -a, -um   esse

PARTICIPLES
Pres. iēns, gen. euntis (§472)
Fut.    itūrus, -a, -um
Ger.    eundum

GERUND
Gen.    eundī
Dat.    eundō
Acc.    eundum
Abl.    eundō

SUPINE
Acc.    [[itum]]
Abl.    [[itū]] ]

§413. Learn the meaning and principal parts of the following compounds of eō with prepositions:

ad´eō, adī´re, ad´iī, ad´itus, go to, visit, with the accusative ex´eō, exī´re, ex´iī, ex´itus, go forth, with ex or dē and the ablative of the place from which in´eō, inī´re, in´iī, in´itus, begin, enter upon, with the accusative red´eō, redī´re, red´iī, red´itus, return, with ad or in and the accusative of the place to which trāns´eō, trānsī´re, trāns´iī, trāns´itus, cross, with the accusative

§414. Indirect Statements in English. Direct statements are those which the speaker or writer makes himself or which are quoted in his exact language. Indirect statements are those reported in a different form of words from that used by the speaker or writer. Compare the following direct and indirect statements:

                    { 1. The Gauls are brave
Direct statements   { 2. The Gauls were brave
                    { 3. The Gauls will be brave

Indirect statements { 1. He says that the Gauls are brave
  after a verb in   { 2. He says that the Gauls were brave
  the present tense { 3. He says that the Gauls will be brave

Indirect statements { 1. He said that the Gauls were brave
  after a verb in   { 2. He said that the Gauls had been brave
  a past tense      { 3. He said that the Gauls would be brave

We see that in English

a. The indirect statement forms a clause introduced by the conjunction that.

b. The verb is finite (cf. §173) and its subject is in the nominative.

c. The tenses of the verbs originally used are changed after the past tense, He said.

§415. Indirect Statements in Latin. In Latin the direct and indirect statements above would be as follows:

  DIRECT   { 1. Gallī sunt fortēs
STATEMENTS { 2. Gallī erant fortēs
           { 3. Gallī erunt fortēs

           { 1. Dīcit or Dīxit Gallōs esse fortīs
           {    (He says or He said
           {     the Gauls to be brave)[1]
 INDIRECT  { 2. Dīcit or Dīxit Gallōs fuisse fortīs
STATEMENTS {    (He says or He said
           {     the Gauls to have been brave)[1]
           { 3. Dīcit or Dīxit Gallōs futūrōs esse fortīs
           {    (He says or He said
           {     the Gauls to be about to be brave)[1]
[1] These parenthetical renderings are not inserted as translations, but merely to show the literal meaning of the Latin.

Comparing these Latin indirect statements with the English in the preceding section, we observe three marked differences:

a. There is no conjunction corresponding to that.

b. The verb is in the infinitive and its subject is in the accusative.

c. The tenses of the infinitive are not changed after a past tense of the principal verb.

§416. RULE. Indirect Statements. When a direct statement becomes indirect, the principal verb is changed to the infinitive and its subject nominative becomes subject accusative of the infinitive.

§417. Tenses of the Infinitive. When the sentences in §415 were changed from the direct to the indirect form of statement, sunt became esse, erant became fuisse, and erunt became futūrōs esse.

§418. RULE. Infinitive Tenses in Indirect Statements. A present indicative of a direct statement becomes present infinitive of the indirect, a past indicative becomes perfect infinitive, and a future indicative becomes future infinitive.

NOTE. When translating into Latin an English indirect statement, first decide what tense of the indicative would have been used in the direct form. That will show you what tense of the infinitive to use in the indirect.

§419. RULE. Verbs followed by Indirect Statements. The accusative-with-infinitive construction in indirect statements is found after verbs of saying, telling, knowing, thinking, and perceiving.

§420. Verbs regularly followed by indirect statements are:

a. Verbs of saying and telling:
  dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictus, say
  negō, negāre, negāvī, negātus, deny, say not
  nūntiō, nūntiāre, nūntiāvī, nūntiātus, announce
  respondeō, respondēre, respondī, respōnsus, reply

b. Verbs of knowing:
  cognōscō, cognōscere, cognōvī, cognitus, learn,
    (in the perf.) know
  sciō, scīre, scīvī, scītus, know

c. Verbs of thinking: arbitror, arbitrārī, arbitrātus sum, think, consider exīstimō, exīstimāre, exīstimāvī, exīstimātus, think, believe iūdicō, iūdicāre, iūdicāvi, iūdicātus, judge, decide putō, putāre, putāvī, putātus, reckon, think spērō, spērāre, spērāvi, spērātus, hope

d. Verbs of perceiving:
  audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītus, hear
  sentiō, sentīre, sēnsī, sēnsus, feel, perceive
  videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsus, see
  intellegō, intellegere, intellēxī, intellēctus, understand,
    perceive

Learn such of these verbs as are new to you.

§421. IDIOMS
  postrīdiē eius diēī, on the next day
    (lit. on the next day of that day)
  initā aestāte, at the beginning of summer
  memoriā tenēre, to remember (lit. to hold by memory)
  per explōrātōrēs cognōscere, to learn through scouts

sorte: lot, fate, from sors
īnfīdōs: writing without faith, from infidus
cūstōs: guard
armillās: bracelet, armlet, from armilla
fūrtim: stealthily, secretly
quodcumque: who, from quicumque
reclūsā: open, from recludo

106
What did Romulus say to console the Sabine women?
107
What did the Sabine women answer?
108
What did the Sabines say about the Romans?
109
What did they prepare to do?
110
What did Tarpeia covet?
111
What did she say to the enemy?
112
What did the leader of the Sabines answer?
113
How did the Sabines burst into the Capitol?
114
How did they keep their promise?
115
What is an armilla? a clipeus?

Mātrōnae pācem compōnunt: indirect statement

One infinitive depends on another

Sabīnī dīxērunt proelium sē cum Rōmānīs committere velle means the Sabines said they wished to join battle with the Romans.

Sē is the accusative subject of velle, the infinitive verb of the indirect statement. Committere depends on velle.

The same structure appears in neque hōs neque illōs velle sē occīdī. Sē is again the accusative subject of velle. Occīdī depends on velle.

An indirect statement keeps its subject accusative and its verb infinitive when another infinitive depends on that verb.

116
The Capitol thus taken by fraud, the Sabines said they wished to join battle with the Romans.
117
So the next day they came down into the plain to join battle: but the line being drawn up, the Sabine women, who were now Roman matrons, wished to make peace between the enemies: for since they loved both their husbands and their fathers dearly, they wanted to become neither widows nor orphans.
118
So, called together by Hersilia, they said among themselves that the Sabines were their fathers, the Romans their husbands: that they themselves were the wives of these, the daughters of those: on this side their husbands held arms, on that their fathers: but since they loved both, they wanted neither these nor those to be killed.
119
For Hersilia said, 'If our fathers are killed, we shall be orphans: if our husbands, widows.
120
Do you wish to help your fathers-in-law or your sons-in-law?
121
I will give you a plan for making peace.'
122
She had given her counsel: they obey, and loosen their hair,
123
and in mourning cover their bodies with funeral dress.
124
Already the lines had stood ready for steel and death,
125
already the trumpet was about to give the signal for battle,

viduae: widowed, deprived of, from viduus
orbae: circle, from orba
Hersiliā: mistress
Sabīnōs: Sabines, people living NE of, from Sabini
socerōs: father in law, from socer
generōs: son-in-law, from gener
resolvunt: loosen, release, from resolvo
fūnereā: funereal, from funereus
lituus: curved staff carried by augurs

126
when the stolen women come between fathers and husbands,
127
and hold in their bosoms their children, dear pledges.
128
When with torn hair they reached the middle of the field,
129
they sank to the ground on bended knee.
130
And as if they understood, the grandchildren with winning cries
131
stretched their little arms to their grandfathers.
132
He who could, called out to a grandfather then seen at last,
133
and he who scarcely could was made to be able.
134
Weapons and tempers fall from the men, and swords put away
135
fathers-in-law give and take hands with sons-in-law:

sinū: bowl for serving wine, etc, from sinus
pīgnora: pledge, hostage, from pignus
scissīs: cognizant, possessing knowledge, from scissus
gladiīsque: swordfish, from gladium

136
and they hold their daughters with praise, and on his shield a grandchild
137
the grandfather carries. This was a sweeter use for the shield.
138
What part of Rome did the Sabines take? How?
139
With what purpose did the Sabines come down into the plain?
140
Who was Hersilia?
141
With what purpose did Hersilia call the matrons together?
142
What did they say among themselves?
143
What did Hersilia say?
144
Describe the matrons coming between the drawn-up lines.
145
What gives the signal for battle?
146
What did the babies do?
147
What did the grandfathers do?

nātās: daughter, from nata

Rēgēs Rōmānī: indirect statement

Earlier than the reporting verb

Apud Titum Līvium, rērum Rōmānārum scrīptōrem, invenīmus septem omnīnō Rōmae fuisse rēgēs.

Titus Livius records that there were seven kings of Rome in all.

The perfect infinitive fuisse presents their existence as earlier than invenīmus, the reporting verb.

Pūgnāvisse dīcuntur, "are said to have fought," uses the same rule. The fighting is earlier than the report.

148
In Titus Livius, the writer of Roman history, we find that there were seven kings of Rome in all.
149
Romulus was succeeded by Numa Pompilius, a man who loved peace, devout, wise.
150
The story goes that he used to consult a certain nymph, Egeria by name, in a sacred grove, and learned the sacred rites from her.
151
It is agreed at least that he taught the Romans religious matters; they say he established priests, the Vestal virgins, the temple of Janus.
152
The Vestals kept the fire lit on the altar of Vesta day and night.
153
The temple of Janus had two doors, which stood open in war, shut in peace; while Numa was king they always stayed shut.
154
Tullus Hostilius, the third king, was devoted to war.
155
War once being brought on Alba Longa, the Horatii, three Roman brothers, are said to have fought against three Alban brothers, the Curiatii by name.
156
The affair turned out in a strange way.
157
Of the Romans two were killed, all the Albans were wounded.

sapiēns: wise man, sage
lūcō: Luke, from lucus
nympham: nymph, from nympha
Vestālēs: Vestal, Vestal virgin, from Vestalis
Iānī: door, entrance, from Janus
accēnsam: kindle, set on fire, from accendo
Hostīlius: hostile, enemy
Curiātiōs: senate, from Curiatii

158
Then the third Roman, fleeing across the field, lures the Albans to pursue, and while they follow at long intervals from one another he cuts them down one by one.
159
In Livy we also find that Ancus Marcius, the fourth king, stormed many towns of the Latins, transferred the inhabitants to Rome and gave them homes on the Aventine; that Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, the fifth king, was devoted to the arts of both peace and war: above all that he adorned the forum with many fine buildings, and began to surround the city with a wall.
160
Tarquinius being killed, Servius Tullius, the son of a slave-woman, was accepted as king by the common people.
161
He finished the walls begun by Tarquinius: he entered into alliance with the Latin peoples.
162
But Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, envious of Tullius's dignity, killed him and himself seized the kingdom.
163
About him, the last of the Roman kings, several stories are to be told you.
164
Romulus: in the first year of the founding of the city.
165
Numa Pompilius: A.U.C. 37.
166
Tullus Hostilius: A.U.C. 81.
167
Ancus Marcius: A.U.C. 112.

allicit: draw gently to, entice, from allicio
obtruncat: kill, from obtrunco
Ancum: goose, from Ancus
Mārcium: male, from Marcius
imprīmīs: in the first place, first
incepta: beginning, undertaking, from inceptum
conditae: preserved, kept in store, from conditus

168
Lucius Tarquinius Priscus: A.U.C. 138.
169
Servius Tullius: A.U.C. 176.
170
Tarquinius Superbus: A.U.C. 219.
171
The kings expelled: A.U.C. 244.
172
In what year did each king begin to reign, and how long did he reign? e.g. Romulus, having begun to reign in the first year of the founding of the city, reigned thirty-seven years.
173
Write several things that each king did.

The particulars

The course: Paine and Mainwaring, Prīmus Annus (Oxford, 1912) and Secundus Annus (1917); Appleton and Jones, Puer Rōmānus (1913); D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (Boston, 1911); Ritchie, Fabulae Faciles (1903). Public domain. The teaching pages, the glosses and the narration are ours.
Reading aloud: Digital narration, directed by 1732 Studios.
The app: The course on your phone, with the drills, your place kept and the audio offline.
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The book: The Aeneid, the work this course leads to, free to read here.
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