Dutch Conversation-Grammar 1732 Studios

Dutch · Unit 7

Lessons 26 to 29

Use of the Parts of Speech, and Word-Formation

De veroveraar en de zeerover; Goede raad van Esopus; Koelbloedigheid; Peter de Grote op de werf van de Oost-Indische Compagnie

595 lines

Lesson 26: A. The Definite Article: used in Dutch, left out in English

De or het before a whole class

English drops the before a noun that means a whole class. Dutch keeps de or het. De mens is sterfelijk means man is mortal.

De stemmen van de dieren zijn zeer verschillend means the voices of animals are very different.

An abstract noun or a material in a general sense also takes the article. Het leven is kort. Het ijzer is een nuttig metaal.

Other nouns with the article

Some things are unique, and their nouns are used almost as names. Dutch gives them the article: de hemel, de hel, het parlement.

Seasons, streets and mountains take it too. So do buildings and places named after a person or a place.

A name of a person, place or country takes it when an adjective comes before it. So do most fixed verbal and adverbial phrases.

The list gives each noun with its article and its English: de dood, death. Het ontbijt, breakfast.

A few from the list

  1. 1

    man is the protector of woman.

    Dethe
    manman; husband
    isto be (irregular)
    dethe
    beschermerprotector
    vanof, from
    dethe
    vrouw.a woman, a lady
  2. 2

    nobility

  3. 3

    Christendom

Use of the Article

The Article is often used in Dutch where it is omitted in English, before common nouns as well as before proper names. As a rule, the Article is but very seldom omitted in Dutch where it is used in English.
A. The Definite Article: used in Dutch, left out in English

The Definite Article is used in Dutch, but left out in English: before concrete ideas which represent a whole class, genus or species; before abstract names and names of materials, taken in a general sense; before certain nouns denoting things unique in their kind which have more or less assumed the character of proper names; before the names of seasons; before names of streets and mountains and before the words meer and berg followed by a proper name; before the names of buildings and places, named after persons or places; before names of persons, places or countries when an adjective precedes; and in most verbal and adverbial expressions.

A few from the list
De man is de beschermer van de vrouw.             man is the protector of woman.
De mens is sterfelijk.                            man is mortal.
De stemmen van de dieren zijn zeer verschillend.  the voices of animals are very different.
Het leven is kort.                                life is short.
De tijd gaat snel voorbij.                        time quickly passes away.
Het ijzer is een nuttig metaal.                   iron is a useful metal.
de adel                                           nobility
het jodendom                                      Judaism
het Congres                                       Congress
het paradijs                                      Paradise
The Definite Article omitted in Dutch, but used in English

The Definite Article is omitted in Dutch, but used in English: after the words alle and beide; before certain geographical names; in some phrases. Note also: Den Bosch or 's-Hertogenbosch, Bois-le-duc.

A few from the list
Alle knapen.         all the boys.
Beide broeders.      both the brothers.
Beide boeken.        both the books.
De beide broeders.   both the brothers (article kept when beide follows).
De beide boeken.     both the books (article kept when beide follows).
de Dekan             the Deccan
de Duins             the Downs
Grauwbunderland      the Grisons
de Morea             the Morea
Nederland            the Netherlands
The Definite Article sometimes used in Dutch where the Indefinite Article is used in English

The Definite Article is sometimes used in Dutch where the Indefinite Article is used in English; and where a Possessive Pronoun is used in English.

A few from the list
Met het doel.                with an intention.
Iemand voor de gek houden.   to make a fool of one.
In de gelegenheid zijn.      to have occasion to.
De koorts hebben.            to have a fever.
Tot de laatste man omkomen.  to be killed to a man.
Met het oog op.              with a view to.
Met iets de proef nemen.     to give a thing a trial.
In de regel.                 as a rule.
Onder het voorwendsel van.   under a pretence of.
De wens uiten.               to express a wish.
B. The Indefinite Article used in Dutch and omitted in English

The Indefinite Article is used in Dutch and omitted in English: if ooit, nooit are followed by the subject of the sentence; before the word gedeelte in the phrase een gedeelte van; if wat in an exclamation is followed by a singular.
The Indefinite Article omitted in Dutch

The Indefinite Article is omitted in Dutch: when a noun forming part of a predicate denotes a title, dignity, profession, calling or sect; before titles of books; after menig followed by a singular noun. Note 1. No less a man is niemand minder dan. Note 2. In such questions as: is the book a good one?, the indef. article a and one are both omitted. Note 3. A or an before nouns denoting time, number, weight or measure is rendered in Dutch by per or by the Definite Article; also before weinige, honderden, duizenden, miljoenen; and in many verbal and adverbial phrases.

A few from the list
Hij werd bevorderd tot kapitein.                  he was made a captain.
Mijn broer is boekhandelaar.                      my brother is a bookseller.
Hij werd soldaat.                                 he became a soldier.
Shakespeare werd als dichter geboren.             Sh. was born a poet.
Zijn neef is protestant.                          his cousin is a Protestant.
Ik kom tot u niet als vijand maar als vriend.     I come to you not as an enemy but as a friend.
Inleiding tot de studie van de Nederlandse taal.  an introduction to the Study of the Dutch Language.
Maria Stuart, Treurspel in vijf bedrijven.        Mary Stuart, a Tragedy in five Acts.
Vietor, Handleiding der Phonetiek.                Vietor, a Handbook of Phonetics.
Menig koning.                                     many a king.
II. Repetition and Place of the Article

In general the Article is repeated in Dutch where it is done in English. If, however, the Article has a special form for each gender it must be repeated. Note. Wij schreven aan de secretaris en de penningmeester and wij schreven aan de secretaris en penningmeester denote the same distinction as the English phrases: We wrote to the secretary and the treasurer (two different persons); we wrote to the secretary and treasurer (one person holding both offices).
The Article stands before the adjective, even where English places it between the adjective and the noun

In Dutch the Article is put before the adjective, also in such cases where it is placed in English between the adjective and the noun.
Al precedes the Article

As in English al precedes the Article. But: half the money = het halve geld; double the sum = de dubbele som. Note. Een halve gulden (fles) denotes as well half a guilder (bottle) as a half guilder (half-bottle).
  1. 4

    Heaven

  2. 5

    fate

  3. 6

    tea

  1. 7

    custom

  2. 8

    Vesuvius

  3. 9

    Hyde Park

  1. 10

    Old England

  2. 11

    to take a thing to heart.

  3. 12

    to study medicine.

  1. 13

    to live in town.

  2. 14

    to be at work.

Lesson 26: The Definite Article omitted in Dutch, but used in English

No article after alle and beide

After alle and beide, Dutch has no article. Alle knapen is all the boys. Beide boeken is both the books.

When beide comes after the article, the article stays. De beide boeken also means both the books.

Some geographical names have no article in Dutch. Nederland is the Netherlands. Geheel Europa is the whole of Europe.

Phrases without an article

Some fixed phrases have no article in Dutch where English has the.

Kans hebben is to stand the chance. Piano spelen is to play the piano. Op gevaar van is at the risk of.

The Definite Article omitted in Dutch, but used in English

The Definite Article is omitted in Dutch, but used in English: after the words alle and beide; before certain geographical names; in some phrases. Note also: Den Bosch or 's-Hertogenbosch, Bois-le-duc.

  1. 15

    all the boys.

  2. 16

    both the brothers.

  3. 17

    both the books.

  4. 18

    both the brothers (article kept when beide follows).

  1. 19

    both the books (article kept when beide follows).

  2. 20

    the Deccan

  3. 21

    the Downs

  4. 22

    the Grisons

  1. 23

    the Morea

  2. 24

    the Netherlands

  3. 25

    the kingdom of the Netherlands

  4. 26

    the East and West Indies

  1. 27

    the Texel

  2. 28

    the whole of Europe

Lesson 26: The Definite Article sometimes used in Dutch where the Indefinite Article is used in English

De or het where English has a or my

In some phrases Dutch uses de or het where English uses a. De koorts hebben is to have a fever.

Dutch also uses de or het where English uses my, his or her. Ik bezeerde mij aan de arm means I hurt my arm.

The owner is shown by mij or zich. Hij sneed zich in de vinger means he cut his finger.

Set phrases with the article

Many fixed phrases follow the first pattern. In de regel means as a rule. Met het doel means with an intention.

Met het oog op means with a view to.

The Definite Article sometimes used in Dutch where the Indefinite Article is used in English

The Definite Article is sometimes used in Dutch where the Indefinite Article is used in English; and where a Possessive Pronoun is used in English.

  1. 29

    with an intention.

  2. 30

    to make a fool of one.

  3. 31

    to have occasion to.

  4. 32

    to have a fever.

  1. 33

    to be killed to a man.

  2. 34

    with a view to.

  3. 35

    to give a thing a trial.

  4. 36

    as a rule.

  1. 37

    under a pretence of.

  2. 38

    to express a wish.

  3. 39

    of a size.

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    of an age.

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    at a time.

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    he had a habit of staring at me.

Lesson 26: B. The Indefinite Article used in Dutch and omitted in English

Een where English has no article

Dutch uses een in three places where English uses no article.

The first is after ooit or nooit when the subject follows. Nooit had een meester een getrouwer bediende means never master had a more faithful servant.

The second is een gedeelte van, which means part of.

The third is wat in an exclamation, followed by a singular noun. Wat een schoonheid in deze trekken! means what beauty in these features!

  1. 43

    Was ever poet so trusted before?

  2. 44

    never master had a more faithful servant.

  3. 45

    he spent part of his life in Pennsylvania.

  4. 46

    What beauty in these features!

  5. 47

    What perseverance under the greatest difficulties!

Lesson 26: The Indefinite Article omitted in Dutch

No een before a title or a job

Dutch leaves out een when a noun after the verb names a title, a job, a calling or a sect. English says a.

Mijn broer is boekhandelaar. Hij werd soldaat. Zijn neef is protestant.

The title of a book has no een either. Nor does a singular noun after menig. Menig koning means many a king.

Per, and set phrases

English says a day or a piece. Dutch uses per, or de or het. Vijf mijlen per dag. Eens per maand.

Een is also left out before weinige, honderden, duizenden and miljoenen. Slechts weinige soldaten ontkwamen zonder letsel.

Many fixed phrases have no article. Haast hebben is to be in a hurry. Het is jammer is it is a pity.

Niemand minder dan means no less a man than.

  1. 48

    he was made a captain.

  2. 49

    his cousin is a Protestant.

  3. 50

    Vietor, a Handbook of Phonetics.

  4. 51

    Is the book a good one?

  1. 52

    six shillings an ounce.

  2. 53

    to have a turn for.

  3. 54

    to be in a passion (rage).

  4. 55

    to be in a hurry.

  1. 56

    to feel a regard for.

  2. 57

    to take a drive.

  3. 58

    to get oneself into a scrape.

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    to take a last farewell of one.

  1. 60

    on a large scale.

  2. 61

    at a discount.

Lesson 26: II. Repetition and Place of the Article (and 1 more)

When the article is repeated

Dutch repeats the article where English does. A list can also share one article: een lepel, vork en mes.

De and het are different forms, so each noun keeps its own. Het huis en de tuin means the house and garden.

Repeating the article can change the meaning. Aan de secretaris en de penningmeester means two persons. Aan de secretaris en penningmeester means one person with both offices.

The article before the adjective

English can put a between the adjective and the noun: as great a general. Dutch always puts the article before the adjective.

Een generaal zo groot als Napoleon means as great a general as Napoleon.

Een te grote verantwoordelijkheid means too great a responsibility.

  1. 62

    a spoon, fork and knife.

  2. 63

    he has sold the house and garden.

  3. 64

    we wrote to the secretary and the treasurer (two different persons).

  4. 65

    we wrote to the secretary and treasurer (one person holding both offices).

  1. 66

    as great a general as Napoleon.

  2. 67

    too great a responsibility.

  3. 68

    how clever a man he may be.

Lesson 26: Al precedes the Article

Al, half and double

Al comes before the article, as English all does. Al de soldaten waren in de stad.

Half and double are different. Dutch puts the article before them. Het halve geld means half the money. De dubbele som means double the sum.

Een halve gulden has two meanings: half a guilder, or a half guilder.

  1. 69

    all the soldiers were in the city.

  2. 70

    half the money.

  3. 71

    double the sum.

  4. 72

    half a guilder (or: a half-guilder coin).

De veroveraar en de zeerover

  1. 73

    The conqueror and the pirate

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    The notorious pirate Diomedes made himself feared far and wide in the time of Alexander the Great through his acts of piracy.

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    At last he was taken prisoner and brought before the Macedonian king.

  1. 76

    “Insolent one,” Alexander says to his face, “how dare you risk making the whole sea and the coasts of the Mediterranean unsafe and robbing everything that comes your way?”

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    Without being in the least embarrassed, the pirate says: “Well, mighty king, I do it only for my own profit.

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    But since I have only one ship and so can only take small things, I am called a pirate and am despised and hunted down.

  1. 79

    You, however, who have a whole fleet at your disposal and conquer whole kingdoms, they call you a conqueror and praise and glorify you.

  2. 80

    In essence, however, our two trades differ in nothing.”

  3. 81

    This bold answer pleased the king so much that he took Diomedes into his service.

Lesson 26: conversation

  1. 82

    Will you come for a walk?

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    Which way shall we go?

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    I'll come along, if it's not too far.

  4. 85

    Gladly, but I will tell mama first.

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    Let's go to N.; I would like to visit Louise, I haven't seen her in a long time.

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    It will hardly be a three-quarters-of-an-hour walk.

  1. 88

    It's delightfully beautiful weather; we couldn't have wished for better.

  2. 89

    Are you afraid of lightning?

  3. 90

    Yes, but the sky is clouding over; let's hope we don't get a storm.

  4. 91

    Since lightning struck our neighbor's house, I've been afraid of storms.

  1. 92

    The sky will probably clear up again; if need be we'll take a carriage.

  2. 93

    You seem to be a good walker.

  3. 94

    Am I sometimes walking too slowly for you?

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    No, I'd rather walk: I don't like riding.

  5. 96

    Yes, I'm a good walker.

  6. 97

    Not at all, I gladly go along with you and we have plenty of time.

Lesson 26: exercise 56

  1. 98

    Poverty is the reward of idleness.

  2. 99

    The Earl of Leicester was one of the favourites of Queen Elizabeth.

  3. 100

    Mary Antoinette, the Archduchess of Austria, was daughter to the Emperor Francis I.

  1. 101

    Life is a dream.

  2. 102

    The Duke of Wellington is often called the hero of a hundred battles.

  3. 103

    The winter of this year has been very severe.

  1. 104

    The old Britons worshipped the sun and the moon.

  2. 105

    Sleep is a gift of nature.

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    The mill of Potsdam, said King Frederic William IV., belongs to Prussian history.

  1. 107

    Lake Erie is more than three hundred feet higher than lake Ontario.

  2. 108

    I have no opportunity of sending you the novels we have spoken of.

  3. 109

    It is a pity that you have not brought your brother with you.

  4. 110

    I am at a loss now, for we do not know the way as well as he does.

  1. 111

    De Foe, the [well] known author of Robinson Crusoe, served his country for some years as a common soldier.

  2. 112

    After supper I'll come to fetch you and if you like we shall take a walk.

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    It is a shame, that so many centuries had to pass before slavery was abolished, and the abominable trade in men came to an end.

  1. 114

    Never prince was in such a desperate state as William the Silent, as his first plans of himself and his brothers had miscarried.

  2. 115

    My uncle spent part of his life in the Dutch Colonies.

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    Formerly his brother was a butcher, but now he is a merchant.

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    After having resisted courageously, they were killed to a man.

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    This young man went to America at a venture, he came back a wiser and a happier man.

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    “Was ever poet so trusted before?” Johnson exclaimed, when at Goldsmith's death it was found that his debts amounted to hundreds of pounds.

Lesson 26: exercise 57

  1. 120

    Music is called the language of nature.

  2. 121

    He gladly promised to interest himself to procure his friend a good situation as a teacher.

  3. 122

    Many a poet has sung the praise of spring.

  1. 123

    Both the king and the minister visited the capital of Belgium.

  2. 124

    How clever a man he may be he was at a loss when he was bidden to translate this letter.

  3. 125

    A horrible railway-accident took place near Paris, only a few passengers escaped without injury.

  1. 126

    What a price you ask me for such a trifling thing, it is not worth half a guilder.

  2. 127

    We had a thousand things to do before we could leave town.

  3. 128

    It has often been said that the whole world is a theatre.

  1. 129

    Nearly all the houses of that town were burnt down, the large buildings as the church, the town-hall and the museum were saved however.

  2. 130

    Both the prisoners were sent to Siberia, they took a last farewell of their parents as they feared never to see them back.

  3. 131

    Once a year I go into a hilly country, the ascent of hills is fatiguing but gives an appetite.

  1. 132

    Do not make a fool of him, he knows more about that affair than you.

  2. 133

    He walked all over the country from north to south, but never more than six miles a day.

  3. 134

    I shall pay you double the sum if you go at once.

  4. 135

    There are few great personages in history, who have been more exposed to the calumny of enemies and the flattery of friends than Queen Elizabeth.

Lesson 26: exercise 58

  1. 136

    X., January 10th 1912.

  2. 137

    Dear Friend,

  3. 138

    I am very glad that you intend at last to visit us, please come as soon as possible.

  1. 139

    This week a great feast will be given in honour of Admiral R., who has come back from Atjeh.

  2. 140

    If you come early enough you may have dinner with us and after tea we shall have plenty of time to visit the decorated streets and buildings.

  3. 141

    I hope Wednesday will suit you in any case, on this day a nice concert will be given in the great hall in the neighbourhood of Emma Park.

  1. 142

    I am in a position to get nice places for all the festivities which will be given.

  2. 143

    Owing to the health of my wife who still has a fever I can invite you only; next time, I hope to be able to invite you with your friends at the same time.

  3. 144

    If you come do not forget to bring me the books you spoke of in your last letter, especially the novels of van Lennep.

  4. 145

    I have a fancy for these works and should like to read them again.

  5. 146

    It is a pity that such good books are not more read, every one should know them.

  6. 147

    Have you also some modern novels for me?

  7. 148

    Hoping to see you very soon and with many compliments to you and your friends,

  1. 149

    truly yours

  2. 150

    N. N.

Lesson 27: The Genitive denotes origin or possession

Van shows who owns or where from

Dutch shows possession and origin with van, the way English uses of. De kinderen van mijn tante means the children of my aunt.

Van also marks a part of a whole. Twee van mijn boeken means two of my books. Het grootste deel van het leger means the greater part of the army.

The same pattern works with pronouns. Velen van ons means many of us. Velen van hen means many of them.

A name, or a title with no article, can take 's instead of van.

  1. 151

    the children of my aunt.

  2. 152

    the books of the pupils.

  3. 153

    two of my books.

  4. 154

    the greater part of the army.

The Genitive denotes origin or possession

Possession or origin is shown with van, or with 's directly before a name or title with no article. De kinderen van mijn tante the children of my aunt. De boeken van de leerlingen the books of the pupils. A part of a whole is shown the same way. Twee van mijn boeken two of my books. Het grootste deel van het leger the greater part of the army. Velen van ons, van hen many of us, of them.
The Genitive -s of the neuter adjective after alles, iets, niets, veel, weinig, wat

After alles, allerlei, iets, niets, veel, weinig, wat and wat voor, the neuter adjective takes an -s and stands after the pronoun. Alles goeds everything good. Allerlei lekkers all sorts of nice things. Iets moois, niets moois something, nothing nice. Veel moois, weinig moois many, not many beautiful things. Wat aangenaams something agreeable. Wat voor nieuws hebt u vernomen what news have you heard?
Place of the adjectival Genitive

A possessive with 's stands before the noun (vaders huis); a possessive with van stands after it (het huis van mijn vader). Het huis van mijn vader wordt verkocht the house of my father is sold. Vaders huis wordt verkocht my father's house is sold.
The 's-Genitive of names and family relations

A name, or a noun for a family relation, takes 's and stands before the noun it belongs to, whatever its gender. Maria's kamer Maria's room. Moeders lieveling mother's darling.
The Genitive of a proper noun always precedes

The genitive of a proper noun always precedes, and is formed with 's, or with an apostrophe alone after a name ending in a sibilant. Frankrijks rijkdommen the riches of France. Jezus' leven the life of Jesus, not het leven van Jezus. Note. God and a few Bible names keep the old ending. Het rijk Gods op aarde the kingdom of God on earth. De Spreuken van Salomo the proverbs of Solomon. De Psalmen van David the psalms of David.
Indefinite pronouns and numerals with -s always precede

An indefinite pronoun or a numeral with an -s always precedes the noun it belongs to. Niemands vriend nobody's friend. Beider ouders the parents of both.
The old partitive Genitive after weight, number or measure

After a word denoting a weight, a number or a measure, the Genitive was formerly used and may still be found in elevated style. Een bete broods a bit of bread. Een teug waters a draught of water. Such old genitives are out of use now; the noun instead stands in apposition, in its plain form. Een glas rode wijn verfrist a glass of claret refreshes. Drink een glas rode wijn have a glass of claret.
A Genitive followed by an apposition is rendered with van

The Genitive of a noun followed by an apposition is always rendered by means of van. De roem van de keizer, de grootste veldheer van zijn eeuw the fame of the Emperor, the greatest general of his century.
A Genitive without an article is rendered with van

The Genitive of a collective noun depending on a pronoun or an indefinite numeral, and a Genitive without an article depending on a noun, must always be rendered by means of van. Niemand, velen, enigen, wie van het leger nobody, many, some, who of the army, not des legers.
The Norman Genitive translated literally, and its exceptions

The Norman Genitive may generally be translated literally into Dutch. Een voorbeeld van geduld an example of patience. Een staaltje van onbeschaamdheid a proof of impudence. Een soort van linnen a sort of linen. Exceptions: after words denoting measure, weight, number, quantity, s. Een glas wijn a glass of wine. Een kilo boter a kilo of butter. Tien kilo vlees ten kilos of meat. Tien meter laken ten meters of cloth. Een regiment soldaten a regiment of soldiers. Een kudde schapen a flock of sheep. Note. When such nouns are qualified and defined by a pronoun, of must be translated. Een stuk brood; een stuk van dit brood. Een kilo van zulk vlees. Een glas van deze wijn. When the names of countries, towns, villages and months are connected with common nouns. De stad Londen, Amsterdam the city of London, Amsterdam. Het koninkrijk Nederland; but het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden the kingdom of the Netherlands. De maand december the month of December. Op de eerste mei on the first of May.

A few from the list
Een voorbeeld van geduld.          an example of patience.
Een staaltje van onbeschaamdheid.  a proof of impudence.
Een soort van linnen.              a sort of linen.
Een glas wijn.                     a glass of wine.
Een kilo boter.                    a kilo of butter.
Tien kilo vlees.                   ten kilos of meat.
Tien meter laken.                  ten meters of cloth.
Een regiment soldaten.             a regiment of soldiers.
Een kudde schapen.                 a flock of sheep.
Een stuk van dit brood.            a piece of this bread.
Of rendered by a Dutch compound noun

Many nouns connected with another noun by means of of are rendered in Dutch by a compound noun. Aardvrucht fruit of the soil, Bazuingeschal sound of trumpets, Bergrug ridge of a mountain, Bloembed bed of flowers, Boomstam trunk of a tree, Dagorder order of the day, Drukpersvrijheid liberty of the press, Engelengeduld patience of an angel, Familiewapen coat of arms of a family, Gerechtszaal court of justice, Haarvlecht plait of hair, Kindergek lover of children, Mensenkennis knowledge of man, Molenrad wheel of a mill, Spijkerkop head of a nail, Waarheidsliefde love of truth.

A few from the list
Aardvrucht.          fruit of the soil.
Bazuingeschal.       sound of trumpets.
Bergrug.             ridge of a mountain.
Bloembed.            bed of flowers.
Boomstam.            trunk of a tree.
Dagorder.            order of the day.
Drukpersvrijheid.    liberty of the press.
Engelengeduld.       patience of an angel.
Familiewapen.        coat of arms of a family.
Gerechtszaal.        court of justice.
Of after a noun formed from a verb with its own preposition

Of after a noun formed from a verb that requires its own preposition is translated with that preposition. De gedachte aan God the thought of God. De vrees voor de dood the fear of death. Uit gebrek aan geld from want of money.
Van or an adjective for the Saxon Genitive of time or distance

Van or an adjective must be used when in English the Saxon Genitive is used to denote time or distance. Een afstand van twee mijlen a two miles' distance. De tachtigjarige oorlog the Eighty-Years' war.
No Genitive when house, shop, church, hotel is omitted after the possessive

No Genitive is used in Dutch, when in English the words house, shop, church, hotel, office are omitted after the possessive Genitive. Ik zag hem bij mijn oom I saw him at my uncle's. Wij gaan naar St. Paul we are going to St. Paul's. Zij waren bij Krasnapolsky they were at Krasnapolsky's (hotel).
Friendship, subordination and participation take the Genitive or van

After predicative nouns expressing relations of friendship, subordination, participation and the like, the preposition to is used in English, whilst in Dutch van is used. Hij was een vriend van de armen he was a friend to the poor. Deze man is een slaaf van zijn driften this man is a slave to his passions. Hij werd een slachtoffer van ongelukkige omstandigheden he became a victim to unhappy circumstances.
II. The Dative before the Accusative, or with aan/voor

As a rule the Dative is put after the verb and before the Accusative; but if the D. is expressed by aan or voor, the Accusative may follow or precede the D.; the latter is more usual however. Ik geef mijn broer dit boek I give my brother this book. Ik geef aan mijn broer dit boek or ik geef dit boek aan mijn broer.
The Dative of a person may be expressed by aan, except a reflexive

When the indirect object is a person the Dative may be expressed by aan, except if the D. is a reflexive pronoun. Hij geeft zich de moeite naar alles te kijken he gives himself the trouble of looking at all.
The Dative of benefit may be expressed by voor

If the Dative is a person in whose behalf something is done, it may be expressed by voor. Ik haal hem de krant or ik haal de krant voor hem I go to fetch him the newspaper.
Place and stress of the Dutch Dative

In English the Dative is put last when emphasis is intended, or when a qualifying word is added to the D. In Dutch the D. stands before the A. and if necessary emphasis is expressed by the stress of the voice. Hij gaf de arme blinde bedelaar een stuiver he gave a penny to the poor blind beggar. Cf.: zend haar dit boek send this book to her, and zend haar dit boek send her this book.
The Dutch Dative sometimes rendered by the Genitive or a preposition in English

The Dutch Dative must sometimes be expressed by the Gen. or by prepositions in English: by the possessive case (Saxon Genitive): Hij redde een soldaat het leven he saved a soldier's life. Alles viel de overwinnaar in handen all fell into the hands of the victor. By various prepositions: Hij verklaarde Frankrijk de oorlog he declared war against France. De gezant viel de koning te voet the ambassador fell on his knees before the king. Bismarck werd de titel van prins verleend B. had the title of Prince conferred on him. Hij boezemde ons nieuwe moed in he inspired us with fresh courage. By of or from with another construction: De dief ontstal mij een grote som the thief robbed me of a large sum. Hij ontvluchtte mij he fled from me. Hij ontnam het hem he took it from him. Zij verheelde mij de zaak niet she did not conceal the matter from me.
  1. 155

    many of us.

  2. 156

    many of them.

Lesson 27: The Genitive -s of the neuter adjective after alles, iets, niets, veel, weinig, wat

An adjective with s after iets and niets

After certain words of amount, an adjective takes an s and stands after the word. Iets moois means something nice. Alles goeds means everything good.

The words are alles, allerlei, iets, niets, veel, weinig, wat and wat voor. Only a neuter adjective does this.

Allerlei lekkers means all sorts of nice things. Wat voor nieuws hebt u vernomen? means what news have you heard?

  1. 157

    everything good.

  2. 158

    all sorts of nice things.

  3. 159

    something, nothing nice.

  4. 160

    many beautiful things.

  1. 161

    not many beautiful things.

  2. 162

    something agreeable.

  3. 163

    what news have you heard?

Lesson 27: Place of the adjectival Genitive (and 1 more)

Two places for the owner

A possessive with 's stands before the noun. Vaders huis wordt verkocht means my father's house is sold.

A possessive with van stands after the noun. Het huis van mijn vader wordt verkocht means the house of my father is sold.

Both sentences say the same thing. Only the place of the owner changes.

Names and family words take 's

A name takes 's and stands before the noun it owns. Maria's kamer means Maria's room.

A word for a family member does the same. Moeders lieveling means mother's darling.

Gender makes no difference. The form with 's always goes first.

  1. 164

    the house of my father is sold.

  2. 165

    my father's house is sold.

  3. 166

    Maria's room.

  4. 167

    mother's darling.

Lesson 27: The Genitive of a proper noun always precedes

A proper name goes first

A proper noun with 's always comes before the noun it owns. Frankrijks rijkdommen means the riches of France.

A name that ends in an s sound takes only an apostrophe. Jezus' leven means the life of Jesus. Het leven van Jezus is not used.

God and a few Bible names keep an older ending. Het rijk Gods op aarde means the kingdom of God on earth.

Some Bible titles use van instead. De Spreuken van Salomo means the proverbs of Solomon. De Psalmen van David means the psalms of David.

  1. 168

    the riches of France.

  2. 169

    the life of Jesus.

  3. 170

    the kingdom of God on earth.

  4. 171

    the proverbs of Solomon.

  5. 172

    the psalms of David.

Lesson 27: Indefinite pronouns and numerals with -s always precede (and 1 more)

Pronouns and number words with s go first

An indefinite pronoun or a number word can take an s to show possession. It then always stands before its noun.

Niemands vriend means nobody's friend. Beider ouders means the parents of both.

With jullie, Dutch uses van. Het huis van jullie means your house, said to several people.

Old forms and the plain form

After a word for weight, number or measure, Dutch once used the genitive. Een bete broods means a bit of bread. Een teug waters means a draught of water.

These forms may still be found in elevated style, but they are out of use now.

Today the noun stands in apposition. Apposition means that the second noun follows the first and keeps its plain form.

Een glas rode wijn verfrist means a glass of claret refreshes. Drink een glas rode wijn means have a glass of claret.

  1. 173

    nobody's friend.

  2. 174

    the parents of both.

  3. 175

    your house (plural).

  4. 176

    a bit of bread.

  1. 177

    a draught of water.

  2. 178

    a glass of claret refreshes.

  3. 179

    have a glass of claret.

Lesson 27: A Genitive followed by an apposition is rendered with van (and 1 more)

Apposition after the owner needs van

When the owner is followed by a noun in apposition, the owner is always shown with van, never with an old ending.

De roem van de keizer, de grootste veldheer van zijn eeuw means the fame of the Emperor, the greatest general of his century.

Van after pronouns and words of amount

A word for a group, after a pronoun or a word of amount such as velen, is always shown with van.

Niemand van het leger means nobody of the army. Velen van het leger means many of the army. Wie van het leger means who of the army.

The old form des legers is not used. A genitive with no article after a noun also takes van.

  1. 180

    the fame of the Emperor, the greatest general of his century.

  2. 181

    nobody of the army.

  3. 182

    many of the army.

  4. 183

    who of the army.

Lesson 27: The Norman Genitive translated literally, and its exceptions

Of in English, van or nothing in Dutch

English often joins two nouns with of. Dutch usually translates it with van. Een voorbeeld van geduld means an example of patience. Een soort van linnen means a sort of linen.

After a word for measure, weight, number or quantity, Dutch leaves of out. Een glas wijn means a glass of wine. Een kilo boter means a kilo of butter.

Tien kilo vlees means ten kilos of meat. Een kudde schapen means a flock of sheep.

When van comes back, and place names

When dit, deze or zulk stands before the second noun, van returns. Een stuk van dit brood means a piece of this bread. Een glas van deze wijn means a glass of this wine.

A country, town or month is joined to a common noun with no van. De stad Londen means the city of London. De maand december means the month of December.

Het koninkrijk Nederland follows this pattern. Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden keeps der. Both mean the kingdom of the Netherlands.

The Norman Genitive translated literally, and its exceptions

When the names of countries, towns, villages and months are connected with common nouns. De stad Londen, Amsterdam the city of London, Amsterdam. Het koninkrijk Nederland; but het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden the kingdom of the Netherlands. De maand december the month of December. Op de eerste mei on the first of May.

  1. 184

    an example of patience.

  2. 185

    a proof of impudence.

  3. 186

    a sort of linen.

  4. 187

    a glass of wine.

  1. 188

    a kilo of butter.

  2. 189

    ten kilos of meat.

  3. 190

    ten meters of cloth.

  4. 191

    a regiment of soldiers.

  1. 192

    a flock of sheep.

  2. 193

    a piece of this bread.

  3. 194

    a kilo of such meat.

  4. 195

    a glass of this wine.

  1. 196

    the city of London.

  2. 197

    the kingdom of the Netherlands.

Lesson 27: Of rendered by a Dutch compound noun

One word instead of two

Many English phrases with of are one compound noun in Dutch. This list gives such words.

Each entry gives the Dutch compound noun, then the English phrase with of.

Aardvrucht means fruit of the soil. Boomstam means trunk of a tree. Waarheidsliefde means love of truth.

  1. 198

    fruit of the soil.

  2. 199

    sound of trumpets.

  3. 200

    ridge of a mountain.

  4. 201

    bed of flowers.

  1. 202

    trunk of a tree.

  2. 203

    order of the day.

  3. 204

    liberty of the press.

  4. 205

    patience of an angel.

  1. 206

    coat of arms of a family.

  2. 207

    court of justice.

  3. 208

    plait of hair.

  4. 209

    lover of children.

  1. 210

    knowledge of man.

  2. 211

    wheel of a mill.

Lesson 27: Of after a noun formed from a verb with its own preposition (and 1 more)

A noun that keeps its verb's preposition

Some nouns come from verbs that need their own preposition. The noun keeps that preposition where English uses of.

De gedachte aan God means the thought of God. De vrees voor de dood means the fear of death. Uit gebrek aan geld means from want of money.

Time and distance

English can show time or distance with 's, as in a two miles' distance. Dutch does not.

Dutch uses van, or an adjective. Een afstand van twee mijlen means a two miles' distance. De tachtigjarige oorlog means the Eighty-Years' war.

  1. 212

    the thought of God.

  2. 213

    the fear of death.

  3. 214

    from want of money.

  4. 215

    a two miles' distance.

  5. 216

    the Eighty-Years' war.

Lesson 27: No Genitive when house, shop, church, hotel is omitted after the possessive (and 1 more)

Whose house is understood

English can leave out a word such as house, shop, church, hotel or office after a possessive. I saw him at my uncle's.

Dutch gives no ending to the owner here. Ik zag hem bij mijn oom means I saw him at my uncle's.

Wij gaan naar St. Paul means we are going to St. Paul's. Zij waren bij Krasnapolsky means they were at Krasnapolsky's.

Van after a friend, a slave or a victim

After a noun for friendship, service or a share in something, English uses to. Dutch uses van.

Hij was een vriend van de armen means he was a friend to the poor. Deze man is een slaaf van zijn driften means this man is a slave to his passions.

Hij werd een slachtoffer van ongelukkige omstandigheden means he became a victim to unhappy circumstances.

  1. 217

    I saw him at my uncle's.

  2. 218

    we are going to St. Paul's.

  3. 219

    they were at Krasnapolsky's (hotel).

  4. 220

    he was a friend to the poor.

  1. 221

    this man is a slave to his passions.

  2. 222

    he became a victim to unhappy circumstances.

Lesson 27: II. The Dative before the Accusative, or with aan/voor (and 2 more)

Who receives comes first

Dutch puts the dative after the verb and before the accusative. In Ik geef mijn broer dit boek, mijn broer is the dative. It means I give my brother this book.

With aan or voor, the dative can move. Ik geef aan mijn broer dit boek and ik geef dit boek aan mijn broer both mean I give this book to my brother.

The second order is the more usual one.

Aan for a person, but not with zich

When the indirect object is a person, it can be shown with aan.

A reflexive pronoun cannot take aan. Hij geeft zich de moeite naar alles te kijken means he gives himself the trouble of looking at all.

Voor for benefit

When something is done for a person, Dutch can use voor.

Ik haal hem de krant means I go to fetch him the newspaper. Ik haal de krant voor hem means the same thing.

The first sentence has no preposition. The second puts the person last, after voor.

  1. 223

    I give my brother this book.

  2. 224

    I give this book to my brother.

  3. 225

    I give this book to my brother.

  4. 226

    he gives himself the trouble of looking at all.

  1. 227

    I go to fetch him the newspaper.

  2. 228

    I go to fetch him the newspaper.

Lesson 27: Place and stress of the Dutch Dative

Stress carries the emphasis

English moves the receiver to the end to give it emphasis. Dutch does not move it.

The dative stays before the accusative. If emphasis is needed, the voice stresses the word. Hij gaf de arme blinde bedelaar een stuiver means he gave a penny to the poor blind beggar.

Zend haar dit boek can mean send this book to her, or send her this book. Stress shows the difference.

  1. 229

    he gave a penny to the poor blind beggar.

  2. 230

    send this book to her.

  3. 231

    send her this book.

Lesson 27: The Dutch Dative sometimes rendered by the Genitive or a preposition in English

English words that differ

Sometimes English translates a Dutch dative with a possessive or a preposition.

Hij redde een soldaat het leven means he saved a soldier's life. Alles viel de overwinnaar in handen means all fell into the hands of the victor.

Hij verklaarde Frankrijk de oorlog means he declared war against France. Hij boezemde ons nieuwe moed in means he inspired us with fresh courage.

Of and from

Some Dutch verbs take a dative where English uses of or from.

De dief ontstal mij een grote som means the thief robbed me of a large sum. Hij ontvluchtte mij means he fled from me. Hij ontnam het hem means he took it from him.

Zij verheelde mij de zaak niet means she did not conceal the matter from me. In each sentence, mij or hem is the dative.

  1. 232

    he saved a soldier's life.

  2. 233

    all fell into the hands of the victor.

  3. 234

    he declared war against France.

  4. 235

    the ambassador fell on his knees before the king.

  1. 236

    B. had the title of Prince conferred on him.

  2. 237

    he inspired us with fresh courage.

  3. 238

    the thief robbed me of a large sum.

  4. 239

    he fled from me.

  1. 240

    he took it from him.

  2. 241

    she did not conceal the matter from me.

Goede raad van Esopus

  1. 242

    Good advice from Aesop

  2. 243

    Aesop, the famous Greek writer of fables, once went on foot to a small town.

  3. 244

    A traveler comes toward him, greets him, and asks: “Friend, how much longer must I walk before I have reached the little town lying over there?”

  4. 245

    “Walk,” says Aesop.

  1. 246

    “Yes, I well know,” the other answered, “that I must walk if I want to get further, but I wish to know from you how long I must walk.”

  2. 247

    “Walk,” is again Aesop's answer.

  3. 248

    “That fellow is surely mad,” says the other and walks off grumbling.

  1. 249

    Hardly has he gone a few paces when Aesop calls after him: “Hey friend, a word; in two hours you can be in the town.”

  2. 250

    Surprised, the traveler stops in his tracks.

  3. 251

    “Oh,” cries this one, “why do you tell me that now and not just now, when I asked you?”

  4. 252

    “Well, man,” answered Aesop, “how could I say that, since I had not yet seen your pace and so could not know whether your pace was fast or slow.”

Lesson 27: conversation

  1. 253

    Are you still going on a trip this summer?

  2. 254

    I'm staying home this year; where are you thinking of going?

  3. 255

    Do you know the language of the country? Have you learned Italian?

  4. 256

    I don't know yet, probably. And you?

  5. 257

    If I go on a trip, I'll visit Italy this time.

  6. 258

    I don't know a single word of Italian; but I hope to get by with German and French.

  1. 259

    In the hotels that will surely be possible. How long are you thinking of staying away?

  2. 260

    Will you also visit some cities in Switzerland, then?

  3. 261

    If my business allows it, I'll stay away four weeks.

  4. 262

    No, I'm going straight through to Italy.

  1. 263

    If you should want a guidebook sometime, I'll lend you mine.

  2. 264

    I'll send it to you right away.

  3. 265

    Very gladly. Will you send it to me or shall I have it picked up?

  4. 266

    Thank you, you are as always very kind.

Lesson 27: exercise 59

  1. 267

    I shall send you the best Dutch novels I possess, some of these works are translated into English.

  2. 268

    The children of my friend came back from the country with all sorts of nice things.

  3. 269

    I have read with much pleasure the essays of Bacon the philosopher.

  1. 270

    The best portrait of Rembrandt is that painted by the artist himself.

  2. 271

    We left all to the care of the waiter.

  3. 272

    Although he travelled all over Europe he did not know a word of French or German.

  1. 273

    When we were in the city of Amsterdam we daily met [with] the parents of both our friends.

  2. 274

    Though they knew that we had watched their proceedings, they tried to conceal the matter from us.

  3. 275

    This nice book was given to me as a keepsake.

  1. 276

    The measures of the Dutch troops to hinder the enemy from crossing the river failed entirely.

  2. 277

    It appears to me that the advice which the minister gave to the king was not the right one.

  3. 278

    He knew very well that smoking is forbidden in such places.

  1. 279

    It was owing to the fog that all steamers were late.

  2. 280

    This is a very difficult question, if you had asked me, I could not have given you an answer either.

  3. 281

    Charles, the son of Charles the First, fled for his life and with the utmost trouble escaped the sad fate of his father.

  4. 282

    King Richard the Second rode boldly to meet the rebels.

Lesson 27: exercise 60

  1. 283

    We will drink tea out of doors this evening.

  2. 284

    Come, look sharp, fetch your hat and put your things together.

  3. 285

    It is very pleasant.

  4. 286

    But here is no table.

  5. 287

    What must we do?

  6. 288

    O, here is a large round stump of a tree, it will do very well for a table.

  7. 289

    But there are no chairs either?

  1. 290

    Here is a seat of turf, and a bank almost covered with violets; we shall sit here and you and William may lie on the carpet.

  2. 291

    I see no carpet here.

  3. 292

    Well I never! Don't you know that in our pleasure-garden the grass is our carpet?

  1. 293

    Pretty green soft carpet! and it is very large, for it spreads very far, over all the fields as far as my eye can reach.

  2. 294

    It is getting late now, the air is rather chilly, so we had better go home now.

  3. 295

    You are right, the sun is already very low in the sky, it is near sunset.

Lesson 27: exercise 61

  1. 296

    A large dog was at sea in a ship: a storm came on and though the ship was not far from land, the sea was so rough and the waves so high that no boat could get safe to shore, or be sent from the shore to the ship; it was thought, if they could but get a rope from the ship to the shore they could then guide a boat, by the help of this rope, safe through the great waves to the land.

  2. 297

    They gave a rope to the dog, who took it in his mouth, swam from the ship through the rough waves to the beach, gave the rope to some men who were on shore, to lend what aid they could to the crew of the ship; and thus the boat was drawn safe to the land with the crew in it, whose lives would have been lost but for this brave dog.

Lesson 28: I. Use of the Adjective: attributive and predicative

Two places for an adjective

An adjective can stand in two places. An attributive adjective stands before a noun: het goede boek. A predicative adjective stands after a verb such as is: het boek is goed.

Most adjectives can do both jobs. Some can only stand before a noun.

Adjectives that name a material are of this kind, such as een houten hut and een lakense jas. So are adjectives formed from adverbs ending in -lings, -lijks or -waarts, such as jaarlijks and voorwaarts.

A few others stand only before a noun: linker, rechter, naburig, verleden and voormalig.

Adjectives made from a noun

Some adjectives mean of the noun they come from. De vaderlandse geschiedenis means de geschiedenis van het vaderland.

These adjectives also stand only before the noun. They do not stand after is.

  1. 298

    the good book.

  2. 299

    the book is good.

  3. 300

    the national history.

  4. 301

    a wooden hut.

I. Use of the Adjective: attributive and predicative

Most adjectives may be used attributively and predicatively. Het goede (slechte) boek; het boek is goed (slecht). Some adjectives, however, are used attributively only: those that could be described by a genitive of the noun they are derived from: de vaderlandse geschiedenis = de geschiedenis van het vaderland. Those formed with en or s to denote a material: een houten hut (or een hut van hout), een lakense jas a cloth coat. Those formed from adverbs ending in -lings, -lijks, -waarts: ruggelings backward, jaarlijks yearly, voorwaarts forward. A few other adjectives, such as: linker (to the) left, rechter (to the) right, naburig neighbouring, verleden past, voormalig former, etc.
Adverbs sometimes used as adjectives

Sometimes adverbs are used as adjectives. Zij is goedsmoeds = welgemoed she is in good spirits. De deur is toe = gesloten the door is closed.
Adjectives used as nouns may denote an individual

Dutch adjectives used as nouns do not denote a whole class of persons only, but also individuals or a number of persons. De armen, de rijken, de blinden the poor, the rich, the blind. Een arme, rijke, blinde a poor, rich, blind man or woman. Deze armen, rijken, blinden hebben veel geleden these poor, rich, blind people have suffered.
English adds a noun where a Dutch adjective stands alone

Whereas in Dutch adjectives may be used as nouns, a substantive must be added in English. Al het oude everything old. Het eerste wat ik zag the first thing I saw. Het gekste van de zaak is, dat wij niet weten hoe te beginnen the most curious thing about the matter is, that we do not know how to begin. Het gebeurde heeft volstrekt geen indruk gemaakt the incident has produced no impression at all.
Such nominalised adjectives may take a further pronoun or adjective
Adjectives of language generally take the article

Adjectives denoting languages generally take the article. Hij spreekt Duits en Frans he speaks German and French. In het Duits, Frans in German, French. Het Duits is moeilijker dan het Nederlands German is more difficult than Dutch.
An English noun used as an adjective is rendered by a Dutch adjective

In English nouns are often used as adjectives; in Dutch they must be rendered by the corresponding adjective, except geographical names in er, which remain unchanged. Een zijden kleed a silk dress. Een ijzeren ring an iron ring. Delfts aardewerk Delft pottery. Sheffieldse messen Sheffield knives. De Utrechtse hogeschool the Utrecht University. De Deventer stoomboot the Deventer steamer.
English one, ones is omitted in Dutch

The word one (ones), which is often used in English to avoid repeating a noun, must be omitted in Dutch. Een groot huis en een klein a large house and a small one. Grote huizen en kleine large houses and small ones. De groten van deze aarde the great ones of the earth. De leeuwerik en haar jongen the lark and her young ones. De Heilige The Holy one. De Boze The Evil one. Note also: Ons contract was oud our contract was an old one; mijn verhaal is zeer kort my story is a very short one.
II. Place of the Adjective: before the noun, with a few fixed exceptions

Attributive adjectives as a rule stand before the noun. In a few fixed expressions they stand behind it: vaderlief dear father, moederlief dear mother, jongenlief dear boy, God almachtig God Almighty, de gouverneur-generaal the governor-general.
An adjective with an adjunct never follows the noun

The adjective must not be placed after the noun: when it is accompanied by an adjunct. Een drie voet dikke muur a wall three feet thick. Een in het oog lopende onverschilligheid an indifference sure to raise comment. Een naar verandering hakend volk a nation eager for change. Note the following translations: Alle mogelijke middelen all means possible. De aanwezige personen the persons present. In lang vervlogen tijden in times long past. Alle denkbare samenvoegingen all the combinations imaginable. De drie volgende dagen the three days following. De volgende zondag Sunday next. Sinds onheugelijke tijden from time immemorial. De koninklijke prins the prince royal. Het koninklijke bloed the blood royal. De regerende koningin the queen regnant. De vermoedelijke troonopvolger the heir apparent or presumptive. De gekroonde dichter the Poet Laureate.

A few from the list
Een drie voet dikke muur.                  a wall three feet thick.
Een in het oog lopende onverschilligheid.  an indifference sure to raise comment.
Een naar verandering hakend volk.          a nation eager for change.
Alle mogelijke middelen.                   all means possible.
De aanwezige personen.                     the persons present.
In lang vervlogen tijden.                  in times long past.
Alle denkbare samenvoegingen.              all the combinations imaginable.
De drie volgende dagen.                    the three days following.
De volgende zondag.                        Sunday next.
Sinds onheugelijke tijden.                 from time immemorial.
Attributive participles precede the noun in Dutch

Attributive participles are often placed after the noun in English, where they precede it in Dutch. Een lijst van gedrukte boeken a list of books printed. Het getal van de geschreven brieven the number of letters written. De afzonderlijk vermelde voorwerpen the objects specified. De genoemde personen the persons named. Nog levende personen persons still living. De aan hem toevertrouwde post the post entrusted to him. De door ons besproken zaak the affair discussed by us.
An adjective or adverb connected with a verb precedes it

When an adjective (or an adverb) is connected with a verb it precedes it. Oud worden to grow old. Boos worden to get angry. Ziek worden to become (get, fall) ill. Er aardig uitzien to look pretty. Boos kijken to look angry. Geduldig voortgaan (met iets) to continue patiently. Gelukkig leven to live happy. Goed blijven to keep good.
III. A. Adjectives governing the Genitive

Formerly many Dutch adjectives governed the Genitive; the Genitive now occurs in poetry and elevated style only. Verkwik u aan zijn zangen, vol gloeds (Potgieter) refresh yourself with his songs full of fervour (glow). Zijn nieuwe jachtgezellen waren van de streek onkundig (Van Lennep) his new hunting-companions were unacquainted with the country. Was hij nog niet overtuigd, of deze zijner wel indachtig zoude zijn? (Van Lennep) was he not yet convinced that the latter would remember him? Hij alleen is u waard, u bent hem waard he alone is worthy of you, you are worthy of him. Note also: desbevoegd entitled thereto, desbewust having knowledge thereof, deskundig, een deskundige an expert.
Moe and schuldig with the Genitive in a special sense

Moe and schuldig take a plain object like other adjectives. Moe van het wandelen tired with walking. Een aanzienlijke som schuldig zijn to owe a large sum. Aan een misdaad schuldig zijn to be guilty of a crime.
B. Adjectives governing the Dative

The adjectives that govern the Dative are almost the same as the German adjectives that still govern the Genitive (see: Otto, German Conversation-Grammar, 29th ed., p.308,4). Aangenaam agreeable, onaangenaam disagreeable, dienstig serviceable, eigen peculiar, eigenaardig peculiar, strange, gelijk like, equal, ongelijk unequal, genegen inclined, hatelijk malicious, lief dear, nadelig prejudicial, hurtful, nuttig useful, trouw (getrouw) faithful, vijandig hostile, voordelig advantageous, vreemd strange, welgevallig pleasing, welkom welcome.

A few from the list
Aangenaam.           agreeable.
Onaangenaam.         disagreeable.
Dienstig.            serviceable.
Eigen.               peculiar.
Eigenaardig.         peculiar, strange.
Gelijk.              like, equal.
Ongelijk.            unequal.
Genegen.             inclined.
Hatelijk.            malicious.
Lief.                dear.
The Dative of these Adjectives may be expressed by a preposition

The Dative of some of these adjectives may be expressed by a preposition: eigen, (on)gelijk, welgevallig take aan; dienstig, nadelig, nuttig, voordelig take voor.
  1. 302

    a cloth coat.

  2. 303

    backward.

  3. 304

    yearly.

  4. 305

    forward.

  1. 306

    the left hand.

  2. 307

    the right hand.

  3. 308

    the neighbouring village.

  4. 309

    last year.

  5. 310

    the former king.

Lesson 28: Adverbs sometimes used as adjectives (and 1 more)

Adverbs that act as adjectives

An adverb can sometimes do the work of an adjective after is.

Zij is goedsmoeds means she is in good spirits. De deur is toe means the door is closed.

An adjective can name a person

An adjective can work as a noun. De armen means the poor, and de rijken means the rich.

English uses the poor only for a whole group. Dutch also uses the form for one person. Een arme is one poor man or woman.

The plural can name a number of people. Deze armen, rijken, blinden hebben veel geleden.

  1. 311

    she is in good spirits.

  2. 312

    the door is closed.

  3. 313

    the poor, the rich, the blind.

  4. 314

    a poor man or woman.

  5. 315

    these poor, rich, blind people have suffered.

Lesson 28: English adds a noun where a Dutch adjective stands alone (and 2 more)

English needs a noun here

A Dutch adjective can stand alone where English must add a noun. Al het oude means everything old.

Het eerste wat ik zag means the first thing I saw. Het gekste van de zaak means the most curious thing about the matter.

The English words thing and everything fill the place the noun would take. Dutch leaves that place empty.

More words before the adjective

An adjective used as a noun can name a quality in general.

It can then follow a demonstrative, indefinite or possessive pronoun, or another adjective. English does the same.

Languages take het

The name of a language is an adjective used as a noun. Dutch usually puts het before it.

Het Duits is moeilijker dan het Nederlands means German is more difficult than Dutch. In het Duits, Frans means in German, French.

The article can also be missing: hij spreekt Duits en Frans.

  1. 316

    everything old.

  2. 317

    the first thing I saw.

  3. 318

    the most curious thing about the matter is that we do not know how to begin.

  4. 319

    the incident has produced no impression at all.

  1. 320

    he speaks German and French.

  2. 321

    in German, French.

  3. 322

    German is more difficult than Dutch.

Lesson 28: An English noun used as an adjective is rendered by a Dutch adjective

English noun, Dutch adjective

English often puts a noun before a noun, as in silk dress. Dutch uses an adjective made from the first word: een zijden kleed, een ijzeren ring.

A place name works the same way. Delfts aardewerk is Delft pottery. De Utrechtse hogeschool is the Utrecht University.

One kind of place name stays as it is. A name ending in er does not change: de Deventer stoomboot.

  1. 323

    a silk dress.

  2. 324

    an iron ring.

  3. 325

    Delft pottery.

  1. 326

    Sheffield knives.

  2. 327

    the Utrecht University.

  3. 328

    the Deventer steamer.

Lesson 28: English one, ones is omitted in Dutch

The word one is left out

English uses one or ones so that a noun need not be said twice. Dutch leaves the word out.

Een groot huis en een klein means a large house and a small one. Grote huizen en kleine means large houses and small ones.

De Heilige is the Holy one, and De Boze is the Evil one. Ons contract was oud means our contract was an old one.

  1. 329

    a large house and a small one.

  2. 330

    large houses and small ones.

  3. 331

    the great ones of the earth.

  4. 332

    the lark and her young ones.

  1. 333

    the Holy one.

  2. 334

    the Evil one.

  3. 335

    our contract was an old one.

  4. 336

    my story is a very short one.

Lesson 28: II. Place of the Adjective: before the noun, with a few fixed exceptions

The adjective comes first

An attributive adjective stands before its noun, as in het goede boek.

A few fixed expressions put it after the noun: vaderlief, moederlief, jongenlief, God almachtig and de gouverneur-generaal.

These are fixed expressions. Learn each one as a whole.

  1. 337

    dear father.

  2. 338

    dear mother.

  3. 339

    dear boy.

  4. 340

    God Almighty.

  5. 341

    the governor-general.

Lesson 28: An adjective with an adjunct never follows the noun

An adjective with extra words

An adjunct is a word or group of words that adds to an adjective. In een drie voet dikke muur, drie voet adds to dikke.

An adjective with an adjunct never stands after the noun. It stands before the noun, with the adjunct in front of it.

English often puts these after the noun, as in a wall three feet thick. Dutch puts them before: een naar verandering hakend volk.

Many other English phrases put the adjective after the noun where Dutch puts it before. De aanwezige personen means the persons present.

An adjective with an adjunct never follows the noun

De regerende koningin the queen regnant. De vermoedelijke troonopvolger the heir apparent or presumptive. De gekroonde dichter the Poet Laureate.

  1. 342

    a wall three feet thick.

  2. 343

    an indifference sure to raise comment.

  3. 344

    a nation eager for change.

  1. 345

    all means possible.

  2. 346

    the persons present.

  3. 347

    in times long past.

  1. 348

    all the combinations imaginable.

  2. 349

    the three days following.

  3. 350

    Sunday next.

  4. 351

    from time immemorial.

  1. 352

    the prince royal.

  2. 353

    the blood royal.

  3. 354

    the queen regnant.

  4. 355

    the heir apparent or presumptive.

Lesson 28: Attributive participles precede the noun in Dutch

Participles stand before the noun

English often puts a participle after its noun: the letters written. Dutch puts it before the noun.

Het getal van de geschreven brieven means the number of letters written. De genoemde personen means the persons named.

The participle can bring its own words with it. De aan hem toevertrouwde post means the post entrusted to him.

  1. 356

    a list of books printed.

  2. 357

    the number of letters written.

  3. 358

    the objects specified.

  1. 359

    the persons named.

  2. 360

    persons still living.

  3. 361

    the post entrusted to him.

  4. 362

    the affair discussed by us.

Lesson 28: An adjective or adverb connected with a verb precedes it

Adjective before verb

When an adjective belongs closely to a verb, it stands before the verb. Oud worden is to grow old. Boos worden is to get angry.

The same order holds for an adverb: geduldig voortgaan is to continue patiently.

English puts the word after the verb in these cases, as in look angry. Dutch says boos kijken.

  1. 363

    to grow old.

  2. 364

    to get angry.

  3. 365

    to become ill.

  4. 366

    to look pretty.

  1. 367

    to look angry.

  2. 368

    to continue patiently.

  3. 369

    to live happy.

  4. 370

    to keep good.

Lesson 28: III. A. Adjectives governing the Genitive

The genitive after an adjective

Many Dutch adjectives once took the genitive. Today it appears only in poetry and elevated style.

Hij alleen is u waard means he alone is worthy of you. U bent hem waard means you are worthy of him.

Desbevoegd means entitled thereto, and desbewust means having knowledge thereof. Een deskundige is an expert.

  1. 371

    refresh yourself with his songs full of fervour.

  2. 372

    his new hunting-companions were unacquainted with the country.

  3. 373

    he alone is worthy of you.

  4. 374

    you are worthy of him.

  1. 375

    entitled thereto.

  2. 376

    having knowledge thereof.

  3. 377

    expert (adj.).

  4. 378

    an expert.

Lesson 28: Moe and schuldig with the Genitive in a special sense

Moe and schuldig

Moe and schuldig take an ordinary object, as other adjectives do.

Moe van het wandelen means tired with walking. Een aanzienlijke som schuldig zijn means to owe a large sum.

Aan een misdaad schuldig zijn means to be guilty of a crime. Here the preposition aan comes before the object.

  1. 379

    tired with walking.

  2. 380

    to owe a large sum.

  3. 381

    to be guilty of a crime.

Lesson 28: B. Adjectives governing the Dative

Adjectives with a dative

These adjectives take the dative.

This is a reference list. Each line gives one Dutch adjective and its English meaning. Aangenaam means agreeable, and nuttig means useful.

Some lines give two meanings, such as eigenaardig, peculiar or strange.

  1. 382

    agreeable.

  2. 383

    disagreeable.

  3. 384

    serviceable.

  4. 385

    peculiar.

  1. 386

    peculiar, strange.

  2. 387

    like, equal.

  3. 388

    unequal.

  4. 389

    inclined.

  1. 390

    malicious.

  2. 391

    dear.

  3. 392

    prejudicial, hurtful.

  4. 393

    useful.

  1. 394

    faithful.

  2. 395

    hostile.

Lesson 28: The Dative of these Adjectives may be expressed by a preposition

A preposition in place of the dative

Some of these adjectives can use a preposition in place of the dative. Eigen, gelijk, ongelijk and welgevallig take aan. Dienstig, nadelig, nuttig and voordelig take voor.

Eigen aan means peculiar to. Nuttig voor means useful to.

Learn each adjective with its preposition.

  1. 396

    peculiar to.

  2. 397

    like, equal to.

  3. 398

    unequal to.

  4. 399

    pleasing to.

  1. 400

    serviceable to.

  2. 401

    prejudicial to.

  3. 402

    useful to.

  4. 403

    advantageous to.

Koelbloedigheid

  1. 404

    Cool-headedness

  2. 405

    When Charles XII, king of Sweden, was once besieging a town, he had his private secretary write a letter one day.

  3. 406

    The secretary sat at a writing desk, and the king walked back and forth with his hands behind his back, while he dictated the letter to the official.

  1. 407

    Suddenly a bomb fell through the roof and landed in the room next to the chamber in which the king was working.

  2. 408

    The door of that room stood open.

  3. 409

    With a violent bang the bomb burst apart.

  1. 410

    The effect was terrible: the windowpanes were shattered and all the furniture lay in splinters.

  2. 411

    Fortunately for the king, his chamber was provided with sturdy walls and was part of a tower.

  3. 412

    The private secretary began to tremble in all his limbs; his face turned deathly pale, and the pen fell from his hands.

  1. 413

    “What is it?” asked the king, who had not paused his pacing for a moment, “why don't you go on writing?”

  2. 414

    “Oh, Sire!” was the answer, “that bomb!” ...

  3. 415

    and the poor man could not utter another word.

  4. 416

    “Well now!” resumed the king, “what does the bomb have to do with the letter I was dictating to you?”

  5. 417

    Just keep writing calmly, and don't let such a trifle frighten you.

Lesson 28: conversation

  1. 418

    Why weren't you at the concert yesterday?

  2. 419

    Did you have to stay home because of that?

  3. 420

    Had they been to the Netherlands before?

  4. 421

    Two old acquaintances of my father came to visit us.

  5. 422

    Yes, my father's old friends are also my friends.

  6. 423

    No, they only knew the eastern part of our country.

  1. 424

    Then they surely had a lot to see and look at!

  2. 425

    Didn't you take them to the IJ to enjoy the fine view?

  3. 426

    You can well imagine, our great waterworks always arouse the admiration of foreigners.

  4. 427

    Yes, we even went by small boat as far as IJmuiden, to also view Amsterdam from the waterside on the way back.

  1. 428

    Are they staying here much longer?

  2. 429

    If you should happen to have no time tomorrow, I'll gladly go to the Rijksmuseum with them.

  3. 430

    I believe until the end of this week.

  4. 431

    Very kind! I'll gladly make use of your offer, for I have no time in the morning.

Lesson 28: exercise 62

  1. 432

    Burke has written an essay about the sublime and the beautiful.

  2. 433

    The Swiss are as a rule tall, well formed, strong and industrious.

  3. 434

    The blind say that black feels rough and white smooth.

  1. 435

    There are some men who seem to believe that they are not bad, as there are others who are worse than they.

  2. 436

    The earliest literature in some of the original languages of the British Islands, of which some remains are still extant, seems to be the Irish.

  3. 437

    If we may believe popular tradition and the oldest chronicles extant, the Irish possessed an uninterrupted succession of Bards since their first settlement in the country; and the names of some among them, who are said to have flourished already as soon as the first century of our era, are still remembered.

  1. 438

    But the oldest bardic compositions that have been preserved are of the fifth century.

  2. 439

    Do liquids when heated become lighter or heavier?

  3. 440

    They become when heated specifically lighter because liquids expand themselves and take up more room, though they do not weigh any more.

  4. 441

    St. Domingo formerly consisted of two colonies, a French one which occupied the western part of the isle, and a Spanish one which was situated in the eastern part of it.

  5. 442

    The climate of the isle is not a healthy one; many Frenchmen, Englishmen and Dutchmen have perished in it.

Lesson 28: exercise 63

  1. 443

    Have you ever read Wagenaar's History of our country?

  2. 444

    No, Sir, I have read a smaller book.

  3. 445

    At the fair I have bought some Sheffield knives and some Delft pottery.

  1. 446

    The first colony established by the whites in that part of North-America which is called at present the United States, was Virginia 1607; the next in New-York by the Dutch 1613; the next by the Puritans at Plymouth in Massachusetts 1620.

  2. 447

    In other parts of the country colonies were established shortly afterwards, especially by the emigrants from England; whilst colonies were established also by Swedes, Germans and Frenchmen.

  3. 448

    The whole country all along the Atlantic coast was peopled in this way.

  1. 449

    By degrees the colonists advanced more and more into the wilderness, till small and large towns rose up throughout the interior of the country.

  2. 450

    Good morning, Mr. B.

  3. 451

    Has your friend not yet come back from New-York?

  1. 452

    No, Sir, several weeks ago he wrote to me that he intented to visit some beautiful countries of the United States before leaving America.

  2. 453

    When he wrote last he was at Washington, from there he will go to Carlisle, a beautiful little town with nice scenery somewhat like that of Heidelberg, the well known old town on the river Neckar.

  3. 454

    Of the old ruin only a wall three feet thick remained.

  1. 455

    In times long past rich and wealthy men lived on the same spot where these stones are to be seen.

  2. 456

    It was not only disagreeable but also very hurtful to them that their brother in Italy became a bankrupt.

  3. 457

    Why do you not visit your friends in A. there?

  4. 458

    You know that you are always welcome to them.

Lesson 28: exercise 64

  1. 459

    The most severe cold we have is mild compared with that which the inhabitants of the Russian capital have to bear every winter.

  2. 460

    The cold season lasts more than seven months; during most of that time all is covered with ice and snow.

  3. 461

    The broad, clear river Neva so beautiful in summer, covered with the shipping of all nations, and dotted with gay pleasure-boats, is then a sheet of ice and becomes the fashionable drive, the most crowded part of the whole city.

  1. 462

    For the greater part the days are cloudless during the severe season.

  2. 463

    The sun, in midwinter, shines for only a short time on the golden domes of the churches, and gilds the upper stories of the houses.

  3. 464

    Every horse is grey; for one does not see their real colour for the thick coating of hoar-frost which covers them.

  4. 465

    and every cabman looks like a venerable old man, with his frost-covered beard, from which icicles frequently hang.

Lesson 29: I. Het answers to English it (and 1 more)

Het for it

English says it when nothing in particular does the action: it rains, it snows. Dutch does the same with het.

Het regent. Het sneeuwt.

Het also stands for a thing that was already named. Waar is uw potlood? Hier is het.

Het for he, she or they

Het can point to a person or a thing. English then says he, she or they.

Kent u die man? Het is een van onze eerste kunstenaars. English says he is one of our first artists.

Het is een jong meisje tussen de vijftien en achttien jaar. English says she.

For more than one, the verb is plural. Kent u die mensen? Het zijn toneelspelers. English says they.

  1. 466

    it is raining.

  2. 467

    it is snowing.

  3. 468

    Where is your lead-pencil? Here it is.

  4. 469

    Do you know that man? He is one of our first artists.

I. Het answers to English it

Het answers to the English it. Het regent, sneeuwt it is raining, snowing. Waar is uw potlood? Hier is het. Where is your lead-pencil? Here it is.
Het used instead of he, she, they

If het is used in reference to a person or a thing, it may stand for he, she or they. Kent u die man? Het is een van onze eerste kunstenaars. Do you know that man? He is one of our first artists. Het is een jong meisje tussen de vijftien en achttien jaar. She is a young lady between fifteen and eighteen years. Kent u die mensen (boeken)? Het zijn toneelspelers (romans). Do you know those men (books)? They are actors (novels).
Het (dat) after to be, to do, to think, to tell, to say, to suppose, to believe, to hope

Het (dat) is often used where English so stands after the verbs to be, to do, to think, to tell, to say, to suppose, to believe, to hope. Mijn broer is gelukkig en verdient het (dat) te zijn. My brother is happy, and deserves to be so. Hij beloofde ons te bezoeken en ik hoop dat hij het (dat) zal doen. He promised to visit us, and I hope he will do so.
English it for a thing agrees in gender with the Dutch noun

It used in reference to a thing, is translated by a pronoun agreeing in gender with the noun to which it refers. Waar is uw lepel? Hij is gevallen. Where is your spoon? It has fallen. Ik kan met deze pen niet schrijven, hij is slecht. I cannot write with this pen, it is a bad one.
Het as grammatical subject takes a plural verb for a plural real subject

Het, as the grammatical subject of a sentence, takes a plural verb if the real subject is plural. Het waren sommige rumoerige jongens op straat. It was some noisy boys in the street. Het zijn de veelvuldige regens die alles bederven. It is the frequent rains that spoil everything. Observe the order in: Ik ben het it is I, hij is het it is he, zij is het it is she, wij zijn het it is we, jullie zijn het (or u bent het) it is you, zij zijn het it is they.
Het replaces a verb after kunnen, mogen, moeten etc

Het is used in Dutch instead of a verb after the auxiliaries kunnen, mogen, moeten etc. Ik kan niet schrijven met deze pen, probeer eens of u het kunt. I cannot write with this pen, just try if you can. Mag ik dit lezen? Ja, u mag het. Do you allow me to read this? Yes, you may.
Het used with certain verbs without referring to anything in particular

Het is often used in Dutch with certain verbs, without reference to anything in particular. Zij schaterden het uit van het lachen they roared with laughter. Ik ben het eens met u I agree with you. Hij heeft het druk he is very busy. Hij won het van mij he beat me. Hij zal het wel lappen leave him alone to do it. Hij heeft het lang uitgehouden he has held out long.
Er, the weakened form of daar, answers to there before zijn

Er, the weakened form of the adverb daar, answers to the English there when it is followed by zijn or an equivalent verb. If er is followed by another verb, it is mostly omitted in English. Er waren dieven in de tuin there were thieves in the garden. Er leefde eens een koning once upon a time there lived a king. Er schijnt geen reden voor te zijn there seems to be no reason for it. Er gebeurde een ongeluk an accident happened. Er brak een brand uit a fire broke out.
Er = daarvan (French en), not used in English

Er = daarvan (French en), referring to a preceding noun, is not used in English. Hoeveel woordenboeken hebt u? Ik heb er maar drie. How many dictionaries have you? I have only three. Er zijn er velen die dat niet weten. There are many who do not know that (cf. the French: il y en a beaucoup etc.). Deze kersen zien er goed uit, geef mij er enige. These cherries look nice, give me some.
Er for the grammatical subject of a passive verb answers to English it

If er stands for the grammatical subject of a passive verb, the logical subject being a following infinitive or dependent clause, this er answers to the English it. Er werd besloten de zaak uit te stellen it was resolved to postpone the matter. Er werd voorgesteld hem ook uit te nodigen it was proposed to invite him too. Er werd opgemerkt dat sommige boeken ontbraken it was observed that some books were missing. Er werd gepraat somebody was talking.
Personal pronouns often omitted after mee

Personal pronouns are often omitted after mee, where English requires one. Ga je mee? Will you come with us? Wij gaan naar C., ga je mee? We are going to C.; will you make one? Hij nam alles mee he took everything with him. Note: meebrengen, to bring along: Wat hebt u ons meegebracht van de kermis? What have you brought us from the fair? Breng uw Duitse spraakkunst mee bring your German Grammar.
Wij waren met ons tienen for there were ten of us

The expressions wij waren met ons tienen, twaalven, zij waren met hun vijven, zessen etc. run in English: there were ten or twelve of us, they were five, six etc.
Self as a noun (one's own person) is ik

Self, when used as a noun for one's own person, is translated by ik. Scrooge fancied he saw his former self S. dacht zijn vroeger ik te zien. A true friend is another self een trouwe vriend is een tweede ik. The love of self de liefde voor zijn ik. Note. If self is used in the sense of selfishness, or instead of itself, herself, it is translated by zelf, zelve. Zelf is een welsprekend advocaat self is an eloquent advocate. Niet bewust van haar schoonheid, was zij de schoonheid zelve thoughtless of beauty, she was beauty's self.
Third-person pronouns after a preposition are used in English but not in Dutch

After a preposition the third-person personal pronoun is used in English but not in Dutch. Hij sloot de deur achter zich toe he locked the door behind him. Zij kijken altijd voor zich they always look before them. Note. When self (selves) is added to the pronoun, the same reflexives are used in Dutch. Hij is buiten zichzelf he is beside himself. Die arme mensen zijn zichzelf tot last those poor men are a burden to themselves.
Self is not added to the reflexive with reflexive verbs

As a rule the word zelf is not added to the Dutch reflexive pronoun with a reflexive verb. Ik heb mij bezeerd I have hurt myself. Zij leggen zich toe op het Duits they apply themselves to German.
II. The Possessive Pronoun where Dutch uses the article

Hij stak de beurs in de zak he put the purse in his pocket. De oude vrouw schudde het hoofd the old woman shook her head. Ik heb mij de voet (or mijn voet) bezeerd I have hurt my foot.
A predicate Possessive Pronoun is preceded by the article

When a possessive pronoun stands as a predicate it is always preceded by the article: de mijne, de jouwe, de uwe, de zijne, de hare, de onze, de jullie, de hunne, or het mijne and so on before a het-word. The same thing can also be said with van: van mij, van jou, van u. Deze pen is de mijne, or deze pen is van mij, this pen is mine. Dat boek is het uwe, or dat boek is van u, that book is yours.
A Personal Pronoun for mine, ours, yours after of

If mine, ours, yours etc. are preceded by of, a personal pronoun must be used in Dutch. Een vriend van mij, ons, u a friend of mine, ours, yours. Een huis van hen a house of theirs.
Uw en mijn tuin, one garden or two

The Dutch phrase uw en mijn tuin may indicate one garden but also two gardens; it answers as well to your and my garden as to your garden and mine.
The Possessive Pronoun with no noun or pronoun of its own

In some fixed expressions the possessive pronoun is used without referring to any noun or pronoun: de mijnen, de zijnen etc., my family, his family; al het mijne, my whole property; kom ten mijnent, come to my house; wij waren ten uwent, we were at your house. Ten mijnent and ten uwent are fossil datives of the old declined pronoun, rare and literary; the everyday equivalent is bij mij, bij u thuis.
  1. 470

    She is a young lady between fifteen and eighteen years.

  2. 471

    Do you know those men? They are actors.

  3. 472

    Do you know those books? They are novels.

Lesson 29: Het (dat) after to be, to do, to think, to tell, to say, to suppose, to believe, to hope (and 1 more)

Het for so

After some verbs, English uses so for an idea already said. Dutch uses het or dat.

The verbs are to be, to do, to think, to tell, to say, to suppose, to believe and to hope.

Mijn broer is gelukkig en verdient het te zijn. English says deserves to be so.

Hij beloofde ons te bezoeken en ik hoop dat hij het zal doen. English says I hope he will do so.

It for a thing

English uses it for every thing. Dutch uses the pronoun that has the gender of the noun.

Lepel and pen take hij.

Waar is uw lepel? Hij is gevallen. English says it has fallen.

Ik kan met deze pen niet schrijven, hij is slecht. English says it is a bad one.

  1. 473

    My brother is happy, and deserves to be so.

  2. 474

    He promised to visit us, and I hope he will do so.

  3. 475

    Where is your spoon? It has fallen.

  4. 476

    I cannot write with this pen, it is a bad one.

Lesson 29: Het as grammatical subject takes a plural verb for a plural real subject

A plural verb after het

A verb normally agrees with its subject. After het, the verb agrees with the people or things named later in the sentence.

Het waren sommige rumoerige jongens op straat. The boys are plural, so the verb is plural.

Het zijn de veelvuldige regens die alles bederven. English says it is the frequent rains.

It is I

English says it is I. Dutch puts the person first, then the verb, then het.

Ik ben het. Hij is het. Zij is het. Wij zijn het. Zij zijn het.

For you, Dutch says jullie zijn het, or u bent het.

The verb goes with the person, not with het.

  1. 477

    It was some noisy boys in the street.

  2. 478

    It is the frequent rains that spoil everything.

  3. 479

    it is I.

  4. 480

    it is he.

  1. 481

    it is she.

  2. 482

    it is we.

  3. 483

    it is you.

  4. 484

    it is they.

Lesson 29: Het replaces a verb after kunnen, mogen, moeten etc

Het after an auxiliary verb

After the auxiliary verbs kunnen, mogen and moeten, English can leave out the main verb. Dutch puts het in its place.

Probeer eens of u het kunt. English says try if you can.

Mag ik dit lezen? Ja, u mag het. English says yes, you may.

  1. 485

    just try if you can.

  2. 486

    Do you allow me to read this? Yes, you may.

Lesson 29: Het used with certain verbs without referring to anything in particular

Het with no meaning of its own

Some Dutch phrases contain het, and het points to nothing. Learn each phrase whole.

Ik ben het eens met u means I agree with you. Hij heeft het druk means he is very busy.

Hij won het van mij means he defeated me. Hij heeft het lang uitgehouden means he has held out long.

Zij schaterden het uit van het lachen means they roared with laughter.

  1. 487

    they roared with laughter.

  2. 488

    I agree with you.

  3. 489

    he is very busy.

  4. 490

    he beat me.

  1. 491

    leave him alone to do it.

  2. 492

    he has held out long.

Lesson 29: Er, the weakened form of daar, answers to there before zijn

Er for there

Er is the short, weak form of daar.

Before zijn, er means there. Er waren dieven in de tuin. English says there were thieves in the garden.

Before another verb, English mostly leaves out there. Er brak een brand uit. English says a fire broke out.

Er leefde eens een koning. English says once upon a time there lived a king.

  1. 493

    there were thieves in the garden.

  2. 494

    once upon a time there lived a king.

  3. 495

    there seems to be no reason for it.

  4. 496

    an accident happened.

  5. 497

    a fire broke out.

Lesson 29: Er = daarvan (French en), not used in English (and 1 more)

Er for of them

Er can stand for daarvan, and point back to a noun already named. English has no word for it here.

Hoeveel woordenboeken hebt u? Ik heb er maar drie. English says I have only three.

Deze kersen zien er goed uit, geef mij er enige. English says give me some.

Er in a passive sentence

In some passive sentences, er stands first in the place of the subject. English uses it there.

The real subject follows later, as an infinitive or a dependent clause.

Er werd besloten de zaak uit te stellen. English says it was resolved to postpone the matter.

Er werd gepraat. English says somebody was talking.

  1. 498

    How many dictionaries have you? I have only three.

  2. 499

    There are many who do not know that.

  3. 500

    These cherries look nice, give me some.

  4. 501

    it was resolved to postpone the matter.

  1. 502

    it was proposed to invite him too.

  2. 503

    it was observed that some books were missing.

  3. 504

    somebody was talking.

Lesson 29: Personal pronouns often omitted after mee (and 1 more)

Mee without a pronoun

The word mee means with. English needs a pronoun beside it, such as us or him. Dutch often leaves the pronoun out.

Ga je mee? English says will you come with us?

Hij nam alles mee. English says he took everything with him.

Meebrengen means to bring along. Breng uw Duitse spraakkunst mee.

Met ons tienen

To say how many people were together, Dutch uses met, then ons or hun, then the number with an ending.

Wij waren met ons tienen. English says there were ten of us.

Zij waren met hun vijven. English says there were five of them.

Twaalven and zessen follow the same pattern.

  1. 505

    Will you come with us?

  2. 506

    he took everything with him.

  3. 507

    What have you brought us from the fair?

  4. 508

    bring your German Grammar.

  1. 509

    there were ten of us.

  2. 510

    there were five of them.

Lesson 29: Self as a noun (one's own person) is ik

Self as a noun

In English, self can be a noun. It names the person you are, as in a former self. Dutch uses ik.

Een trouwe vriend is een tweede ik. English says a true friend is another self.

De liefde voor zijn ik. English says the love of self.

Zelf

When self means selfishness, or the words itself and herself, Dutch uses zelf or zelve instead.

Zelf is een welsprekend advocaat. English says self is an eloquent advocate.

Niet bewust van haar schoonheid, was zij de schoonheid zelve.

  1. 511

    Scrooge fancied he saw his former self.

  2. 512

    A true friend is another self.

  3. 513

    The love of self.

  4. 514

    self is an eloquent advocate.

  5. 515

    Thoughtless of beauty, she was beauty's self.

Lesson 29: Third-person pronouns after a preposition are used in English but not in Dutch (and 1 more)

Zich after a preposition

After a preposition, English uses him, her or them. Dutch uses the reflexive pronoun zich.

Hij sloot de deur achter zich toe. English says he locked the door behind him.

Zij kijken altijd voor zich. English says they always look before them.

When English adds self, Dutch uses zichzelf. Hij is buiten zichzelf. English says he is beside himself.

No zelf with a reflexive verb

With a reflexive verb, Dutch uses the reflexive pronoun alone. As a rule, it does not add zelf.

Ik heb mij bezeerd. English says I have hurt myself.

Zij leggen zich toe op het Duits. English says they apply themselves to German.

  1. 516

    he locked the door behind him.

  2. 517

    they always look before them.

  3. 518

    he is beside himself.

  4. 519

    those poor men are a burden to themselves.

  1. 520

    I have hurt myself.

  2. 521

    they apply themselves to German.

Lesson 29: II. The Possessive Pronoun where Dutch uses the article (and 1 more)

The article instead of my or his

English says my, his or her foot. Dutch often says the foot, with the article de or het.

Hij stak de beurs in de zak. English says he put the purse in his pocket.

De oude vrouw schudde het hoofd. English says the old woman shook her head.

Ik heb mij de voet bezeerd. Mijn voet is also possible.

Mine, yours, his

When the possessive stands alone after the verb, it takes an article. The article agrees with the thing owned.

The forms are de mijne, de jouwe, de uwe, de zijne, de hare, de onze, de jullie and de hunne. Before a het-word, they begin with het, as in het mijne.

Dat boek is het uwe means that book is yours.

Van instead

Dutch can say the same thing with van: van mij, van jou, van u.

Deze pen is van mij means this pen is mine.

Dat boek is van u means that book is yours.

  1. 522

    he put the purse in his pocket.

  2. 523

    the old woman shook her head.

  3. 524

    I have hurt my foot.

  4. 525

    this pen is mine.

  5. 526

    that book is yours.

Lesson 29: A Personal Pronoun for mine, ours, yours after of (and 2 more)

A friend of mine

English says of mine, of ours, of yours. Dutch uses van with mij, ons, u or hen.

Een vriend van mij. Een vriend van ons. Een vriend van u.

Een huis van hen means a house of theirs.

One garden or two

Uw en mijn tuin can mean one garden. It can also mean two gardens, yours and mine.

English says your and my garden for one, and your garden and mine for two.

Possessives with no noun

A few fixed phrases use a possessive with no noun after it.

De mijnen means my family. De zijnen means his family. Al het mijne means my whole property.

Kom ten mijnent means come to my house. Wij waren ten uwent means we were at your house.

These forms are rare and literary. The everyday way is bij mij and bij u thuis.

  1. 527

    a friend of mine.

  2. 528

    a friend of ours.

  3. 529

    a friend of yours.

  4. 530

    a house of theirs.

  1. 531

    your and my garden (one garden, or two).

  2. 532

    come to my house.

  3. 533

    we were at your house.

Peter de Grote op de werf van de Oost-Indische Compagnie

  1. 534

    Peter the Great at the shipyard of the East India Company

  2. 535

    Peter could not hide his regret that he had seen his aim, to live and work unknown and quietly at a shipyard in Zaandam, fail.

  3. 536

    He did not want to give up his plan to learn shipbuilding himself, practically, as a carpenter.

  4. 537

    Since Witsen was at that time a Director of the East India Company, the reason is not far to seek why he resolved to ask the gentlemen Directors to grant him lodging at their shipyard, and, by starting and fitting out a new galiot or frigate, to give him the opportunity to observe everything required for building a ship.

  5. 538

    Already on the twenty-ninth of the month of August this proposal was made by the interpreter of the Tsar, Lieutenant Van der Hulst, in the name of the great Embassy, at an extraordinary meeting of the Directors, and granted with the greatest courtesy.

Lesson 29: conversation

  1. 539

    What do you think, will the concert go ahead tonight?

  2. 540

    Are you planning to go there?

  3. 541

    If you go, may I accompany you? I don't like to go alone.

  4. 542

    We'll have to go in good time, for it will be extraordinarily crowded.

  5. 543

    I think so, the weather is excellent after all.

  6. 544

    I would very much like to, but I don't yet know if my business allows it.

  7. 545

    That will be very pleasant for me; will you come and pick me up?

  8. 546

    I think so too. Should we also take an overcoat or umbrella?

  1. 547

    Oh no, the sky is very clear again, it won't rain any more today.

  2. 548

    Until tonight then. I'll be at your place early enough.

  3. 549

    Not at all, though I would be very sorry indeed.

  4. 550

    Well, that suits me fine; it would not be pleasant to be caught by a rain shower.

  5. 551

    Should I happen to be prevented, you must not hold that against me.

  6. 552

    See you! I hope until tonight!

Lesson 29: exercise 65

  1. 553

    I cannot read this letter, just try if you can.

  2. 554

    Do you allow me to read it?

  3. 555

    Yes, you may; it is a letter from our friend William.

  4. 556

    It is not I who have told you such nasty things.

  5. 557

    Do you believe all he has told us?

  6. 558

    No, Sir, I do not.

  7. 559

    I agree with you, he ought to have visited us long before, but you know very well that he is very busy.

  1. 560

    Do you know that tall man?

  2. 561

    Yes, Sir, he is one of our first actors.

  3. 562

    Why does he not play any more at our theatre?

  4. 563

    I cannot tell you, there seems to be no reason for it.

  5. 564

    It was the frequent rains that spoiled every thing last summer.

  6. 565

    Where is your pen?

  7. 566

    Here it is.

  1. 567

    Is it a good one?

  2. 568

    No, it is a very bad one.

  3. 569

    Is it yours?

  4. 570

    No, it is not mine, my pens are much better.

  5. 571

    We were at your house, when the fire broke out at the market.

  1. 572

    They roared with laughter, when they heard all these nonsensical tales about their family.

  2. 573

    You have promised us already twice to visit us at our villa, I hope you will do so now.

  3. 574

    The old man shook his head when he heard these dangerous theories.

  1. 575

    A house and garden of theirs was sold last week.

  2. 576

    How many Dutch grammars have you now?

  3. 577

    I have only one, I should think one will do.

  4. 578

    I quite agree with you, especially if it is a good one.

  5. 579

    A friend of mine will show you the book we have used with much success.

Lesson 29: exercise 66

  1. 580

    The way was such that it was scarcely possible to be distinguished in [the] twilight.

  2. 581

    Even if I am very busy, I can always find some time for taking a walk.

  3. 582

    Take your operaglass with you, for you are rather far from the stage there.

  1. 583

    He seldom ventured to go out unattended.

  2. 584

    He still lived to see the greater part of his native country fall into the hands of the enemy.

  3. 585

    I have brought you something from Amsterdam, which will doubtlessly be very welcome to you.

  1. 586

    It was rumoured that the accident was to be ascribed to malice prepense.

  2. 587

    He did not like to judge a man from his outward appearance only.

  3. 588

    He insisted upon the affair being sifted thoroughly.

  1. 589

    He had made, as they said, a great blunder.

  2. 590

    If he could have seen at that time his future self, I am sure he would have shrunk back with horror from that repulsive image.

  3. 591

    Your interest as well as mine would be seriously injured by a forced sale of the stock on hand.

  1. 592

    Where there is nothing, the emperor loses his right.

  2. 593

    It was determined that every one of the members should engage himself to hand over a sum of fifty pounds to the treasurer within the term of three months.

  3. 594

    There are many things which it would be foolish to try to understand.

  4. 595

    This work, as may be imagined, took them several months.

The particulars

The course
Valette, Dutch Conversation-Grammar (1913) and its Key (1893); Defense Language Institute, Dutch Refresher Course, Books I to III (1961). Public domain. The teaching pages, the readings' English, the answers to the conversations and the narration are ours.
Reading aloud
Digital narration, directed by 1732 Studios.
The book
Max Havelaar, the work this course leads to, free to read here.
Data
JSON · Markdown · A guide for agents
Two whoopie pies and a pine. An inside joke.