Dutch · Unit 7
Lessons 26 to 29
Use of the Parts of Speech, and Word-Formation
De veroveraar en de zeerover; Goede raad van Esopus; Koelbloedigheid; Peter de Grote op de werf van de Oost-Indische Compagnie
Lesson 26: A. The Definite Article: used in Dutch, left out in English
De or het before a whole class
English drops the before a noun that means a whole class. Dutch keeps de or het. De mens is sterfelijk means man is mortal.
De stemmen van de dieren zijn zeer verschillend means the voices of animals are very different.
An abstract noun or a material in a general sense also takes the article. Het leven is kort. Het ijzer is een nuttig metaal.
Other nouns with the article
Some things are unique, and their nouns are used almost as names. Dutch gives them the article: de hemel, de hel, het parlement.
Seasons, streets and mountains take it too. So do buildings and places named after a person or a place.
A name of a person, place or country takes it when an adjective comes before it. So do most fixed verbal and adverbial phrases.
The list gives each noun with its article and its English: de dood, death. Het ontbijt, breakfast.
A few from the list
- 1
man is the protector of woman.
Dethemanman; husbandisto be (irregular)dethebeschermerprotectorvanof, fromdethevrouw.a woman, a lady - 2
nobility
detheadelnobility - 3
Christendom
dethechristenheidChristendom
Use of the Article
The Article is often used in Dutch where it is omitted in English, before common nouns as well as before proper names. As a rule, the Article is but very seldom omitted in Dutch where it is used in English.A. The Definite Article: used in Dutch, left out in English
The Definite Article is used in Dutch, but left out in English: before concrete ideas which represent a whole class, genus or species; before abstract names and names of materials, taken in a general sense; before certain nouns denoting things unique in their kind which have more or less assumed the character of proper names; before the names of seasons; before names of streets and mountains and before the words meer and berg followed by a proper name; before the names of buildings and places, named after persons or places; before names of persons, places or countries when an adjective precedes; and in most verbal and adverbial expressions.
A few from the list
De man is de beschermer van de vrouw. man is the protector of woman.
De mens is sterfelijk. man is mortal.
De stemmen van de dieren zijn zeer verschillend. the voices of animals are very different.
Het leven is kort. life is short.
De tijd gaat snel voorbij. time quickly passes away.
Het ijzer is een nuttig metaal. iron is a useful metal.
de adel nobility
het jodendom Judaism
het Congres Congress
het paradijs ParadiseThe Definite Article omitted in Dutch, but used in English
The Definite Article is omitted in Dutch, but used in English: after the words alle and beide; before certain geographical names; in some phrases. Note also: Den Bosch or 's-Hertogenbosch, Bois-le-duc.
A few from the list
Alle knapen. all the boys.
Beide broeders. both the brothers.
Beide boeken. both the books.
De beide broeders. both the brothers (article kept when beide follows).
De beide boeken. both the books (article kept when beide follows).
de Dekan the Deccan
de Duins the Downs
Grauwbunderland the Grisons
de Morea the Morea
Nederland the NetherlandsThe Definite Article sometimes used in Dutch where the Indefinite Article is used in English
The Definite Article is sometimes used in Dutch where the Indefinite Article is used in English; and where a Possessive Pronoun is used in English.
A few from the list
Met het doel. with an intention.
Iemand voor de gek houden. to make a fool of one.
In de gelegenheid zijn. to have occasion to.
De koorts hebben. to have a fever.
Tot de laatste man omkomen. to be killed to a man.
Met het oog op. with a view to.
Met iets de proef nemen. to give a thing a trial.
In de regel. as a rule.
Onder het voorwendsel van. under a pretence of.
De wens uiten. to express a wish.B. The Indefinite Article used in Dutch and omitted in English
The Indefinite Article is used in Dutch and omitted in English: if ooit, nooit are followed by the subject of the sentence; before the word gedeelte in the phrase een gedeelte van; if wat in an exclamation is followed by a singular.The Indefinite Article omitted in Dutch
The Indefinite Article is omitted in Dutch: when a noun forming part of a predicate denotes a title, dignity, profession, calling or sect; before titles of books; after menig followed by a singular noun. Note 1. No less a man is niemand minder dan. Note 2. In such questions as: is the book a good one?, the indef. article a and one are both omitted. Note 3. A or an before nouns denoting time, number, weight or measure is rendered in Dutch by per or by the Definite Article; also before weinige, honderden, duizenden, miljoenen; and in many verbal and adverbial phrases.
A few from the list
Hij werd bevorderd tot kapitein. he was made a captain.
Mijn broer is boekhandelaar. my brother is a bookseller.
Hij werd soldaat. he became a soldier.
Shakespeare werd als dichter geboren. Sh. was born a poet.
Zijn neef is protestant. his cousin is a Protestant.
Ik kom tot u niet als vijand maar als vriend. I come to you not as an enemy but as a friend.
Inleiding tot de studie van de Nederlandse taal. an introduction to the Study of the Dutch Language.
Maria Stuart, Treurspel in vijf bedrijven. Mary Stuart, a Tragedy in five Acts.
Vietor, Handleiding der Phonetiek. Vietor, a Handbook of Phonetics.
Menig koning. many a king.II. Repetition and Place of the Article
In general the Article is repeated in Dutch where it is done in English. If, however, the Article has a special form for each gender it must be repeated. Note. Wij schreven aan de secretaris en de penningmeester and wij schreven aan de secretaris en penningmeester denote the same distinction as the English phrases: We wrote to the secretary and the treasurer (two different persons); we wrote to the secretary and treasurer (one person holding both offices).The Article stands before the adjective, even where English places it between the adjective and the noun
In Dutch the Article is put before the adjective, also in such cases where it is placed in English between the adjective and the noun.Al precedes the Article
As in English al precedes the Article. But: half the money = het halve geld; double the sum = de dubbele som. Note. Een halve gulden (fles) denotes as well half a guilder (bottle) as a half guilder (half-bottle).Lesson 26: The Definite Article omitted in Dutch, but used in English
No article after alle and beide
After alle and beide, Dutch has no article. Alle knapen is all the boys. Beide boeken is both the books.
When beide comes after the article, the article stays. De beide boeken also means both the books.
Some geographical names have no article in Dutch. Nederland is the Netherlands. Geheel Europa is the whole of Europe.
Phrases without an article
Some fixed phrases have no article in Dutch where English has the.
Kans hebben is to stand the chance. Piano spelen is to play the piano. Op gevaar van is at the risk of.
The Definite Article omitted in Dutch, but used in English
The Definite Article is omitted in Dutch, but used in English: after the words alle and beide; before certain geographical names; in some phrases. Note also: Den Bosch or 's-Hertogenbosch, Bois-le-duc.
- 15
all the boys.
Alleallknapen.boys - 16
both the brothers.
Beidebothbroeders.brothers - 17
both the books.
Beidebothboeken.books - 18
both the brothers (article kept when beide follows).
Dethebeidebothbroeders.brothers
- 19
both the books (article kept when beide follows).
Dethebeidebothboeken.books - 20
the Deccan
detheDekanDekan - 21
the Downs
detheDuinsDuins - 22
the Grisons
GrauwbunderlandGrauwbunderland
Lesson 26: The Definite Article sometimes used in Dutch where the Indefinite Article is used in English
De or het where English has a or my
In some phrases Dutch uses de or het where English uses a. De koorts hebben is to have a fever.
Dutch also uses de or het where English uses my, his or her. Ik bezeerde mij aan de arm means I hurt my arm.
The owner is shown by mij or zich. Hij sneed zich in de vinger means he cut his finger.
Set phrases with the article
Many fixed phrases follow the first pattern. In de regel means as a rule. Met het doel means with an intention.
Met het oog op means with a view to.
The Definite Article sometimes used in Dutch where the Indefinite Article is used in English
The Definite Article is sometimes used in Dutch where the Indefinite Article is used in English; and where a Possessive Pronoun is used in English.
- 29
with an intention.
Metwithhetit; thedoel.aim, purpose - 30
to make a fool of one.
Iemandsomeonevoorfordethegekmadhouden.to keep - 31
to have occasion to.
Inindethegelegenheidoccasion, opportunityzijn.to be (irregular) - 32
to have a fever.
Dethekoortsfeverhebben.to have, to have had
- 33
to be killed to a man.
Totuntil, todethelaatstelastmanman; husbandomkomen.to perish - 34
with a view to.
Metwithhetit; theoogeyeop.on, upon - 35
to give a thing a trial.
Metwithietssomethingdetheproefprobationnemen.to take - 36
as a rule.
Inindetheregel.line
Lesson 26: B. The Indefinite Article used in Dutch and omitted in English
Een where English has no article
Dutch uses een in three places where English uses no article.
The first is after ooit or nooit when the subject follows. Nooit had een meester een getrouwer bediende means never master had a more faithful servant.
The second is een gedeelte van, which means part of.
The third is wat in an exclamation, followed by a singular noun. Wat een schoonheid in deze trekken! means what beauty in these features!
- 43
Was ever poet so trusted before?
Hadto have, to have hadooitevereenadichterpoetzoveelso muchvertrouwenconfidencegenoten?to enjoy - 44
never master had a more faithful servant.
Nooitneverhadto have, to have hadeenameesterteacher (in everyday speech, meester/schoolmeester is often used for a primary-school teacher; a teacher at a public secondary school (H.B.S.) or a gymnasium is called leraar, a university professor is called professor or hoogleraar)eenagetrouwermore faithfulbediende.the servant, the servants - 45
he spent part of his life in Pennsylvania.
Hijhebrachtto pass, to spend (time)eenagedeeltepartvanof, fromzijnhis; to belevenlifeininPennsylvaniëPennsylvaniëdoor.through - 46
What beauty in these features!
Watwhateenaschoonheidbeautyinindezethe latter (the most recently mentioned)trekken!to travel, to pull (strong) - 47
What perseverance under the greatest difficulties!
Watwhateenavolhardingperseverancetetomiddenmiddlevanof, fromdethegrootstegreatestmoeilijkheden!difficulty
Lesson 26: The Indefinite Article omitted in Dutch
No een before a title or a job
Dutch leaves out een when a noun after the verb names a title, a job, a calling or a sect. English says a.
Mijn broer is boekhandelaar. Hij werd soldaat. Zijn neef is protestant.
The title of a book has no een either. Nor does a singular noun after menig. Menig koning means many a king.
Per, and set phrases
English says a day or a piece. Dutch uses per, or de or het. Vijf mijlen per dag. Eens per maand.
Een is also left out before weinige, honderden, duizenden and miljoenen. Slechts weinige soldaten ontkwamen zonder letsel.
Many fixed phrases have no article. Haast hebben is to be in a hurry. Het is jammer is it is a pity.
Niemand minder dan means no less a man than.
- 48
he was made a captain.
Hijhewerdto become, to getbevorderdpromotedtotuntil, tokapitein.captain - 49
his cousin is a Protestant.
Zijnhis; to beneefnephewisto be (irregular)protestant.Protestant - 50
Vietor, a Handbook of Phonetics.
Vietor,VietorHandleidingguidelinesderof thePhonetiek.Phonetiek - 51
Is the book a good one?
Isto be (irregular)hetit; theboekbookgoed?good, well
- 52
six shillings an ounce.
Zessixshillingshillingsperperons.us - 53
to have a turn for.
Aanlegdisposition, talenthebbento have, to have hadvoor.for - 54
to be in a passion (rage).
Driftigsharplyzijn.to be (irregular) - 55
to be in a hurry.
Haasthastehebben.to have, to have had
- 56
to feel a regard for.
Ontzagawevoelenfeelvoor.for - 57
to take a drive.
Eenatoertjelittle excursionmaken.to make (weak) - 58
to get oneself into a scrape.
Zichoneself, himself, themselveszelfselfininverlegenheidan awkward positionbrengen.bring - 59
to take a last farewell of one.
Iemandsomeonevoorforhetit; thelaatstlast timevaarwelfarewellzeggen.to say
Lesson 26: II. Repetition and Place of the Article (and 1 more)
When the article is repeated
Dutch repeats the article where English does. A list can also share one article: een lepel, vork en mes.
De and het are different forms, so each noun keeps its own. Het huis en de tuin means the house and garden.
Repeating the article can change the meaning. Aan de secretaris en de penningmeester means two persons. Aan de secretaris en penningmeester means one person with both offices.
The article before the adjective
English can put a between the adjective and the noun: as great a general. Dutch always puts the article before the adjective.
Een generaal zo groot als Napoleon means as great a general as Napoleon.
Een te grote verantwoordelijkheid means too great a responsibility.
- 62
a spoon, fork and knife.
Eenalepel,spoonvorkforkenandmes.knife - 63
he has sold the house and garden.
Hijheheeftto have, to have hadhetit; thehuishouseenanddethetuingardenverkocht.sold - 64
we wrote to the secretary and the treasurer (two different persons).
Wijweschrevento writeaanon, at, todethesecretarissecretaryenanddethepenningmeester.treasurer - 65
we wrote to the secretary and treasurer (one person holding both offices).
Wijweschrevento writeaanon, at, todethesecretarissecretaryenandpenningmeester.treasurer
Lesson 26: Al precedes the Article
Al, half and double
Al comes before the article, as English all does. Al de soldaten waren in de stad.
Half and double are different. Dutch puts the article before them. Het halve geld means half the money. De dubbele som means double the sum.
Een halve gulden has two meanings: half a guilder, or a half guilder.
De veroveraar en de zeerover
- 73
The conqueror and the pirate
DetheveroveraarConquerorenanddethezeeroverpirates - 74
The notorious pirate Diomedes made himself feared far and wide in the time of Alexander the Great through his acts of piracy.
DetheberuchtenotoriouszeeroverpiratesDiomedesDiomedesmaakteto make (weak)zichoneself, himself, themselvestenintijdetimevanof, fromAlexanderAlexanderdetheGroteGrotedoorthroughzijnhis; to bezeeroverijenacts of piracywijdwideenandzijdwidegeducht.feared - 75
At last he was taken prisoner and brought before the Macedonian king.
Eindelijkat last, finallywerdto become, to gethijhegevangento catchgenomentakenenandvoorfordetheMacedonischeMacedoniankoningking, kingsgevoerd.to navigate
- 76
“Insolent one,” Alexander says to his face, “how dare you risk making the whole sea and the coasts of the Mediterranean unsafe and robbing everything that comes your way?”
“Vermetele”,insolent onevoertbringsAlexanderAlexanderhemhimtegemoet,to his face“hoehowdurfdarejeyou; your'titwagen,carriagedethehelewholezeeseaenanddethekustencoastsvanof, fromdetheMiddellandseMediterraneanzeeseaonveiligunsafeteto (before a verb); at, in (before a place); toomakento make (weak)enandalleseverythingteto (before a verb); at, in (before a place); toorovenrobwatwhatjeyou; yourvoorkomt?”occurs - 77
Without being in the least embarrassed, the pirate says: “Well, mighty king, I do it only for my own profit.
Zonderwithoutinin'titminstleastverlegenat a lossteto (before a verb); at, in (before a place); toozijn,his; to bezegtsaysdethezeerover:pirate“Wel,butmachtigepowerfulkoning,king, kingsikIdoedohetit; theslechtsonlyomaround; at (time); in order tomijnmyvoordeel.advantage - 78
But since I have only one ship and so can only take small things, I am called a pirate and am despised and hunted down.
Daaras, since, becauseikIechterhowevermaarbutéénoneschipship, shipshebto have, to have hadenandmijmedussoslechtsonlykleinighedentrifleskanto be able (can)toe-eigenen,takeheetto be calledikIzeeroverpiratesenandwordto become, to getverachtdespiseenandvervolgd.continued
- 79
You, however, who have a whole fleet at your disposal and conquer whole kingdoms, they call you a conqueror and praise and glorify you.
Uyou (polite)echter,howeverdiewho (relative)eenahelewholevlootto flowtotuntil, touwyour (polite)beschikkingdisposalhebtto have, to have hadenandhelewholekoninkrijkenKingdomvermeestert,vermeestertuyou (polite)noemtto call, to namemenone, peopleveroveraarConquerorenandlooftpraiseenandroemtpraisesu.you (polite) - 80
In essence, however, our two trades differ in nothing.”
Ininhetit; thewezenbevanof, fromdethezaakmatterechterhoweververschiltdiffersonsusbeiderof us bothhandwerktradeniets.”nothing - 81
This bold answer pleased the king so much that he took Diomedes into his service.
Ditthisvrijmoedigeboldantwoordanswerbevielpleaseddethekoningking, kingszodanig,suchdatthat; that (conjunction)hijheDiomedesDiomedesininzijnhis; to bedienstservicenam.to take
Lesson 26: conversation
- 82
Will you come for a walk?
Gagojeyou; yourmeealong, withwandelen?to walk, stroll - 83
Which way shall we go?
Welkewhich, whatwegaway; roadzullenshall, willwewegaan?to go - 84
I'll come along, if it's not too far.
IkIgato gomee,along, withalsifhetit; thenietnottetoverfaris.to be (irregular) - 85
Gladly, but I will tell mama first.
Graag,gladly, with pleasuremaarbutikIzalshall, willhetit; theeerstfirst (of all)aanon, at, tomamamamazeggen.to say - 86
Let's go to N.; I would like to visit Louise, I haven't seen her in a long time.
Latento letwewenaarto, towardsN.No.gaan;to goikIzoushould, wouldgraaggladly, with pleasureLouiseLouisebezoeken,to visitikIhebto have, to have hadhaarheralalreadylanglongnietnotmeermoregezien.to see - 87
It will hardly be a three-quarters-of-an-hour walk.
Hetit; thezalshall, willnauwelijksscarcelydriethreekwartiera quarterverfarzijn.to be (irregular)
- 88
It's delightfully beautiful weather; we couldn't have wished for better.
Hetit; theisto be (irregular)verrukkelijkdelightfulmooinice, beautifulweer;againbeterbetterkondento be able (can)wewehetit; thenietnotverlangen.longing - 89
Are you afraid of lightning?
Bento be (irregular)jeyou; yourbangafraidvoorfordethebliksem?lightning - 90
Yes, but the sky is clouding over; let's hope we don't get a storm.
Ja,yesmaarbutdetheluchtairbetrekt;involvedalsifwewemaarbutgeenno, not aonweertempestkrijgen.to get; honger krijgen: to become hungry - 91
Since lightning struck our neighbor's house, I've been afraid of storms.
Sindssincedethebliksemlightningininhetit; thehuishousevanof, fromonzeourbuurmanneighboristo be (irregular)ingeslagen,takebento be (irregular)ikIbangafraidvoorforonweer.tempest
- 92
The sky will probably clear up again; if need be we'll take a carriage.
Detheluchtairzalshall, willwelbutweeragainopklaren,clear upiningevalcasevanof, fromnoodwantnemento takeweweeenarijtuig.carriage, cab - 93
You seem to be a good walker.
Jeyou; yourschijntto seemgoedgood, wellterfor thebeenlegtetozijn.to be (irregular) - 94
Am I sometimes walking too slowly for you?
LoopwalkikIookalso, likewisesomssometimestetolangzaamslowlyvoorforje?you; your - 95
No, I'd rather walk: I don't like riding.
Nee,noikIgato golieverrathertetovoet:footikIhoudto keepnietnotvanof, fromrijden.to ride, to drive - 96
Yes, I'm a good walker.
Ja,yesikIbento be (irregular)eenagoedethe good, what is goodwandelaarster.walker - 97
Not at all, I gladly go along with you and we have plenty of time.
Tochnot... after allniet,not... after allikIvoeggo alongmemegraaggladly, with pleasurenaarto, towardsuyou (polite)enandwewehebbento have, to have hadtijdtimegenoeg.enough
Lesson 26: exercise 56
- 98
Poverty is the reward of idleness.
Armoedepovertyisto be (irregular)hetit; theloonrewardvanof, fromdetheluiheid.idleness - 99
The Earl of Leicester was one of the favourites of Queen Elizabeth.
Dethegraafa count, countsvanof, fromLeicesterLeicesterwasto be (irregular)eenavanof, fromdethegunstelingenfavouritevanof, fromkoninginqueenElizabeth.Elizabeth - 100
Mary Antoinette, the Archduchess of Austria, was daughter to the Emperor Francis I.
MariaMaryAntoinette,Antoinettedetheaartshertoginarchduchessvanof, fromOostenrijk,Oostenrijkwasto be (irregular)eenadochterdaughtervanof, fromkeizeremperorFransFransI.I
- 101
Life is a dream.
Hetit; thelevenlifeisto be (irregular)eenadroom.dream - 102
The Duke of Wellington is often called the hero of a hundred battles.
DethehertogDukevanof, fromWellingtonWellingtonwordtto become, to getdikwijlsoftendetheheldherovanof, fromhonderdhundredveldslagenbattlesgenoemd.to call, to name - 103
The winter of this year has been very severe.
Dethewinterwinteristo be (irregular)ditthisjaarthe yearzeerverystrengharshgeweest.to be (irregular)
- 104
The old Britons worshipped the sun and the moon.
DetheoudeoldBrittenBrittenaanbadenworshippeddethezonsunenanddethemaan.moon - 105
Sleep is a gift of nature.
Detheslaapsleepisto be (irregular)eenageschenkgiftvanof, fromdethenatuur.nature - 106
The mill of Potsdam, said King Frederic William IV., belongs to Prussian history.
Dethemolenwindmillvanof, fromPotsdam,Potsdamzeito saykoningking, kingsFrederikFrederikWillemWillemIV,IVbehoortbelongstotuntil, todethePruisischePrussiangeschiedenis.story
- 107
Lake Erie is more than three hundred feet higher than lake Ontario.
Hetit; theEriemeerEriemeerligtto lie (be situated)meermore thandanmore thandriehonderdthree hundredvoetfoothogerhigh; (of age) great, olddanthendatthat; that (conjunction)vanof, fromOntario.Ontario - 108
I have no opportunity of sending you the novels we have spoken of.
IkIhebto have, to have hadgeenno, not agelegenheidoccasion, opportunityuyou (polite)detheromansnovelstetozendento sendwaaroverabout whichwijwegesprokento speakhebben.to have, to have had - 109
It is a pity that you have not brought your brother with you.
Hetit; theisto be (irregular)jammera pitydatthat; that (conjunction)uyou (polite)uwyour (polite)broerbrothernietnotheeftto have, to have hadmeegebracht.brought along - 110
I am at a loss now, for we do not know the way as well as he does.
IkIzitto sitnunow, at presentininverlegenheid,an awkward positionwantfor, becausewijwekennenknowdethewegaway; roadnietnotzoso, asgoedgood, wellalsifhij.he
- 111
De Foe, the [well] known author of Robinson Crusoe, served his country for some years as a common soldier.
DetheFoe,Foedethewelbekendewell knownschrijverwriter, author; clerkvanof, fromRobinsonRobinsonCrusoe,Crusoediendeto submitzijnhis; to bevaderlandfatherlandgedurendeduringenigeonly (het enige: the only thing)jarenyearsalsifgewoonordinary, commonsoldaat.soldier - 112
After supper I'll come to fetch you and if you like we shall take a walk.
Naafterhetit; thesoupersupperzalshall, willikIuyou (polite)komento comehalenfetchom,around; at (time); in order toalsifuyou (polite)wilt,to want, to wisheenawandelingwalktetomaken.to make (weak) - 113
It is a shame, that so many centuries had to pass before slavery was abolished, and the abominable trade in men came to an end.
Hetit; theisto be (irregular)schandedisgracedatthat; that (conjunction)ertherezoveelso mucheeuwencenturiesmoestento have to, mustvoorbijgaanpassingeerhonordetheslavernijslaverywerdto become, to getafgeschaftabolishenanddetheverfoeilijkeabominablehandeltradeininmensenmen, peopleeindigde.ended
- 114
Never prince was in such a desperate state as William the Silent, as his first plans of himself and his brothers had miscarried.
Geenno, not avorstprincewasto be (irregular)ooiteverininzo'nsuch ahopelozedesperatetoestandconditionalsifWillemWillemdetheZwijger,Zwijgertoenas, whenzijnhis; to beeerstethe former (the first-mentioned)plannenplan, plansenanddiewho (relative)vanof, fromzijnhis; to bebroersbrotherwarento be (irregular)mislukt.failure - 115
My uncle spent part of his life in the Dutch Colonies.
Mijnmyoomunclebrachtto pass, to spend (time)eenadeelpartvanof, fromzijnhis; to belevenlifeinindetheHollandseDutchkoloniesColoniesdoor.through - 116
Formerly his brother was a butcher, but now he is a merchant.
Vroegerformerlywasto be (irregular)zijnhis; to bebroerbrotherslager,butchermaarbutnunow, at presentisto be (irregular)hijhekoopman.merchant
- 117
After having resisted courageously, they were killed to a man.
Naafterdapperbraveweerstandresistancegebodento offertetohebben,to have, to have hadwerdento become, to getzijshe; theyallenalltotuntil, todethelaatstelastmanman; husbandtoetogedood.kills - 118
This young man went to America at a venture, he came back a wiser and a happier man.
Dezethe latter (the most recently mentioned)jongeyoungmanman; husbandgingto goopon, upongoedgood, wellgelukfortunenaarto, towardsAmerika,Amerikahijhekwamto comealsifeenawijzerwiserenandgelukkigerhappiermanman; husbandterug.back - 119
“Was ever poet so trusted before?” Johnson exclaimed, when at Goldsmith's death it was found that his debts amounted to hundreds of pounds.
“Heefthasooitevereenadichterpoetzoveelso muchvertrouwenconfidencegenoten?”enjoyedriepcriedJohnsonJohnsonuit,out of, fromtoenas, whenbijwithGoldsmithsGoldsmith'sdooddeathbleekpaledatthat; that (conjunction)zijnhis; to beschuldendebtshonderdenhundredspondenpoundssterlingsterlingbedroegen.amounted to
Lesson 26: exercise 57
- 120
Music is called the language of nature.
Dethemuziekmusicwordtto become, to getdethetaallanguagevanof, fromdethenatuurnaturegenoemd.to call, to name - 121
He gladly promised to interest himself to procure his friend a good situation as a teacher.
Metwithingenomenheidbeing pleasedbeloofdepromisedhijhedatthat; that (conjunction)hijhehetit; thezichoneself, himself, themselvesaangelegena concernzoushould, wouldlatento letliggento lie (be situated)zijnhis; to bevriendfriendeenagoedethe good, what is goodbetrekkingpostalsifonderwijzerteachertetobezorgen.to procure - 122
Many a poet has sung the praise of spring.
Menigmany adichterpoetheeftto have, to have haddethelofpraisevanof, fromdethelentespringbezongen.sung
- 123
Both the king and the minister visited the capital of Belgium.
Beiden,bothdethekoningking, kingsenanddetheminister,Ministerbezochtenvisiteddethehoofdstadcapital citiesvanof, fromBelgië.België - 124
How clever a man he may be he was at a loss when he was bidden to translate this letter.
Hoehowkundigclevereenamanman; husbandhijheookalso, likewisewas,to be (irregular)hijhewasto be (irregular)ininverlegenheidan awkward positiontoenas, whenmenone, peoplehemhimverzochtto beg, to requestdezethe latter (the most recently mentioned)brieflettertetovertalen.translate - 125
A horrible railway-accident took place near Paris, only a few passengers escaped without injury.
Eenaverschrikkelijkterriblespoorwegongelukrailway accidentvondfoundplaatsplacebijwithParijs,Parijsslechtsonlyenkelea fewpassagierspassengersontkwamenescapedzonderwithoutletsel.injury
- 126
What a price you ask me for such a trifling thing, it is not worth half a guilder.
Watwhateenaprijspricevraagtto askuyou (polite)mijmevoorforzo'nsuch aonbeduidendinsignificantding,thinghetit; theisto be (irregular)geenno, not ahalvehalfguldenguilderswaard.worth - 127
We had a thousand things to do before we could leave town.
Wijwehaddento have, to have hadnogstill, yet; anotherduizendenthousandsdingenthingstetodoento dovoordatbeforewewedethestadcity, townkondento be able (can)verlaten.left - 128
It has often been said that the whole world is a theatre.
Hetit; theisto be (irregular)dikwijlsoftengezegdto saydatthat; that (conjunction)dethehelewholewereldworldeenaschouwtoneeltheatreis.to be (irregular)
- 129
Nearly all the houses of that town were burnt down, the large buildings as the church, the town-hall and the museum were saved however.
Bijnanearlyalleallhuizenhousesvanof, fromdiewho (relative)stadcity, townwerdento become, to getdoorthroughhetit; thevuurfirevernield,destroyedmaarbutdethegrotebig, greatgebouwenbuildingszoalsasdethekerk,churchhetit; thestadhuistown hallenandhetit; themuseummuseumblevento remain, staybehouden.to keep, to preserve - 130
Both the prisoners were sent to Siberia, they took a last farewell of their parents as they feared never to see them back.
Beidebothgevangenento catchwerdento become, to getnaarto, towardsSiberiëSiberiëgezonden,to sendzijshe; theynamento takevoorgoedfor goodafscheidpartingvanof, fromhunthem; theirverwanten,relativeswantfor, becausezijshe; theyvreesdendreadedhenthemnooitnevermeermoreterugbacktetozien.to see - 131
Once a year I go into a hilly country, the ascent of hills is fatiguing but gives an appetite.
Eenmaalonceperperjaarthe yearbezoekvisitikIeenaheuvelachtighillyoord,placehetit; thebeklimmenclimbsvanof, fromheuvelshillisto be (irregular)vermoeiend,wearisomemaarbutgeeftgiveseetlust.appetite
- 132
Do not make a fool of him, he knows more about that affair than you.
Houdhold, keephemhimnietnotvoorfordethegek,madhijheweetto knowmeermorevanof, fromdiewho (relative)zaakmatterafoffdanthenu.you (polite) - 133
He walked all over the country from north to south, but never more than six miles a day.
Hijhedoorkruistewalked all overhetit; thehelewholeland,landvanof, fromnoordnorthnaarto, towardszuid,zuidmaarbutlegdeto laynooitnevermeermoreafoffdanthenzessixmijlenmilesperperdag.day - 134
I shall pay you double the sum if you go at once.
IkIzalshall, willuyou (polite)dethedubbeledoublesomsumbetalento payalsifuyou (polite)meteenat oncegaat.to go - 135
There are few great personages in history, who have been more exposed to the calumny of enemies and the flattery of friends than Queen Elizabeth.
Ertherezijnto be (irregular)weiniglittle, fewgrotebig, greatfigurenfiguresinindethegeschiedenisstorydiewho (relative)meermoreblootgesteldexposedzijnto be (irregular)geweestto be (irregular)aanon, at, todethelasterslandervanof, fromvijandenenemyenanddethevleierijflatteryvanof, fromvriendenfriendsdanthenkoninginqueenElizabeth.Elizabeth
Lesson 26: exercise 58
- 136
X., January 10th 1912.
X.,X1010thjanuariJanuary1912.1912 - 137
Dear Friend,
Waardevaluevriend,friend - 138
I am very glad that you intend at last to visit us, please come as soon as possible.
Hetit; theverheugtrejoicemijmezeerverydatthat; that (conjunction)uyou (polite)eindelijkat last, finallyvanof, fromplanplan, plansbentto be (irregular)onsustetobezoeken,to visitkomto comenunow, at presentmaarbutzoso, asspoedigsoonmogelijk.possible
- 139
This week a great feast will be given in honour of Admiral R., who has come back from Atjeh.
Dezethe latter (the most recently mentioned)weekweekwordtto become, to geterthereeenagrootgreatfeestfeastgegevento giveterfor theerehonorvanof, fromadmiraaladmiralR.,erdiewho (relative)vanof, fromAtjehAtjehisto be (irregular)teruggekomen.return - 140
If you come early enough you may have dinner with us and after tea we shall have plenty of time to visit the decorated streets and buildings.
Alsifuyou (polite)vroegto askgenoegenoughkomt,to comekuntto be able (can)uyou (polite)nogstill, yet; anothermetwithonsuseten,to eatenanddanthenhebbento have, to have hadwewenaafterdethetheeteanogstill, yet; anothertijdtimegenoegenoughomaround; at (time); in order todetheversierdedecoratedstratenstreetenandgebouwenbuildingstetobekijken.looked over - 141
I hope Wednesday will suit you in any case, on this day a nice concert will be given in the great hall in the neighbourhood of Emma Park.
IkIhoophopeininiedereach, everygevalcasedatthat; that (conjunction)woensdagWednesdayuyou (polite)schikt,accommodateswantfor, becauseopon, upondiewho (relative)dagdaywordtto become, to geterthereeenamooinice, beautifulconcertconcertgegevento giveinindethegrotebig, greatzaalhallbijwithhetit; theEmmapark.Emmapark
- 142
I am in a position to get nice places for all the festivities which will be given.
IkIbento be (irregular)inindethegelegenheidoccasion, opportunitygoedethe good, what is goodplaatsenplacestetokrijgento get; honger krijgen: to become hungryvoorforalleallfeestelijkhedenfestivitiesdiewho (relative)gegevento givezullenshall, willworden.to become, to get - 143
Owing to the health of my wife who still has a fever I can invite you only; next time, I hope to be able to invite you with your friends at the same time.
Wegenson account of, because ofdethegezondheidhealthvanof, frommijnmy wifevrouw,my wifediewho (relative)nogstill, yet; anothersteedsalwayskoortsfeverheeft,to have, to have hadkanto be able (can)ikIalleenonlyuyou (polite)uitnodigen;inviteddethevolgendenext, followingkeertime (an occasion)hoophopeikIuyou (polite)samentogethermetwithuwyour (polite)vriendenfriendstetokunnento be able (can)uitnodigen.invited - 144
If you come do not forget to bring me the books you spoke of in your last letter, especially the novels of van Lennep.
Alsifuyou (polite)komt,to comevergeetto forgetdanthennietnotdetheboekenbooksmeealong, withtetobrengenbringwaaroverabout whichuyou (polite)hetit; theininuwyour (polite)laatstelastbriefletterhad,to have, to have hadvooralabove alldetheromansnovelsvanof, fromVanVanLennep.Lennep - 145
I have a fancy for these works and should like to read them again.
IkIhebto have, to have hadeenavoorliefdefancyvoorfordezethe latter (the most recently mentioned)werkenworkenandzoushould, wouldzeshe; theygraaggladly, with pleasurenogstill, yet; anothereensonce, one daylezen.to read - 146
It is a pity that such good books are not more read, every one should know them.
Hetit; theisto be (irregular)jammera pitydatthat; that (conjunction)zulkesuchgoedethe good, what is goodboekenbooksnietnotmeermoregelezento readworden,to become, to getiedereeneveryonezoushould, wouldzeshe; theymoetento have to, mustkennen.know - 147
Have you also some modern novels for me?
Heeftto have, to have haduyou (polite)ookalso, likewisenogstill, yet; anotherenkelea fewmodernemodernromansnovelsvoorformij?me - 148
Hoping to see you very soon and with many compliments to you and your friends,
Inindethehoophopeuyou (polite)spoedigsoontetoziento seeenandmetwithvelemanygroetengreetaanon, at, touyou (polite)enanduwyour (polite)vrienden,friends
Lesson 27: The Genitive denotes origin or possession
Van shows who owns or where from
Dutch shows possession and origin with van, the way English uses of. De kinderen van mijn tante means the children of my aunt.
Van also marks a part of a whole. Twee van mijn boeken means two of my books. Het grootste deel van het leger means the greater part of the army.
The same pattern works with pronouns. Velen van ons means many of us. Velen van hen means many of them.
A name, or a title with no article, can take 's instead of van.
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the children of my aunt.
Dethekinderenchildrenvanof, frommijnmytante.aunt - 152
the books of the pupils.
Detheboekenbooksvanof, fromdetheleerlingen.pupils - 153
two of my books.
Tweetwovanof, frommijnmyboeken.books - 154
the greater part of the army.
Hetit; thegrootstegreatestdeelpartvanof, fromhetit; theleger.the army
The Genitive denotes origin or possession
Possession or origin is shown with van, or with 's directly before a name or title with no article. De kinderen van mijn tante the children of my aunt. De boeken van de leerlingen the books of the pupils. A part of a whole is shown the same way. Twee van mijn boeken two of my books. Het grootste deel van het leger the greater part of the army. Velen van ons, van hen many of us, of them.The Genitive -s of the neuter adjective after alles, iets, niets, veel, weinig, wat
After alles, allerlei, iets, niets, veel, weinig, wat and wat voor, the neuter adjective takes an -s and stands after the pronoun. Alles goeds everything good. Allerlei lekkers all sorts of nice things. Iets moois, niets moois something, nothing nice. Veel moois, weinig moois many, not many beautiful things. Wat aangenaams something agreeable. Wat voor nieuws hebt u vernomen what news have you heard?Place of the adjectival Genitive
A possessive with 's stands before the noun (vaders huis); a possessive with van stands after it (het huis van mijn vader). Het huis van mijn vader wordt verkocht the house of my father is sold. Vaders huis wordt verkocht my father's house is sold.The 's-Genitive of names and family relations
A name, or a noun for a family relation, takes 's and stands before the noun it belongs to, whatever its gender. Maria's kamer Maria's room. Moeders lieveling mother's darling.The Genitive of a proper noun always precedes
The genitive of a proper noun always precedes, and is formed with 's, or with an apostrophe alone after a name ending in a sibilant. Frankrijks rijkdommen the riches of France. Jezus' leven the life of Jesus, not het leven van Jezus. Note. God and a few Bible names keep the old ending. Het rijk Gods op aarde the kingdom of God on earth. De Spreuken van Salomo the proverbs of Solomon. De Psalmen van David the psalms of David.Indefinite pronouns and numerals with -s always precede
An indefinite pronoun or a numeral with an -s always precedes the noun it belongs to. Niemands vriend nobody's friend. Beider ouders the parents of both.The old partitive Genitive after weight, number or measure
After a word denoting a weight, a number or a measure, the Genitive was formerly used and may still be found in elevated style. Een bete broods a bit of bread. Een teug waters a draught of water. Such old genitives are out of use now; the noun instead stands in apposition, in its plain form. Een glas rode wijn verfrist a glass of claret refreshes. Drink een glas rode wijn have a glass of claret.A Genitive followed by an apposition is rendered with van
The Genitive of a noun followed by an apposition is always rendered by means of van. De roem van de keizer, de grootste veldheer van zijn eeuw the fame of the Emperor, the greatest general of his century.A Genitive without an article is rendered with van
The Genitive of a collective noun depending on a pronoun or an indefinite numeral, and a Genitive without an article depending on a noun, must always be rendered by means of van. Niemand, velen, enigen, wie van het leger nobody, many, some, who of the army, not des legers.The Norman Genitive translated literally, and its exceptions
The Norman Genitive may generally be translated literally into Dutch. Een voorbeeld van geduld an example of patience. Een staaltje van onbeschaamdheid a proof of impudence. Een soort van linnen a sort of linen. Exceptions: after words denoting measure, weight, number, quantity, s. Een glas wijn a glass of wine. Een kilo boter a kilo of butter. Tien kilo vlees ten kilos of meat. Tien meter laken ten meters of cloth. Een regiment soldaten a regiment of soldiers. Een kudde schapen a flock of sheep. Note. When such nouns are qualified and defined by a pronoun, of must be translated. Een stuk brood; een stuk van dit brood. Een kilo van zulk vlees. Een glas van deze wijn. When the names of countries, towns, villages and months are connected with common nouns. De stad Londen, Amsterdam the city of London, Amsterdam. Het koninkrijk Nederland; but het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden the kingdom of the Netherlands. De maand december the month of December. Op de eerste mei on the first of May.
A few from the list
Een voorbeeld van geduld. an example of patience.
Een staaltje van onbeschaamdheid. a proof of impudence.
Een soort van linnen. a sort of linen.
Een glas wijn. a glass of wine.
Een kilo boter. a kilo of butter.
Tien kilo vlees. ten kilos of meat.
Tien meter laken. ten meters of cloth.
Een regiment soldaten. a regiment of soldiers.
Een kudde schapen. a flock of sheep.
Een stuk van dit brood. a piece of this bread.Of rendered by a Dutch compound noun
Many nouns connected with another noun by means of of are rendered in Dutch by a compound noun. Aardvrucht fruit of the soil, Bazuingeschal sound of trumpets, Bergrug ridge of a mountain, Bloembed bed of flowers, Boomstam trunk of a tree, Dagorder order of the day, Drukpersvrijheid liberty of the press, Engelengeduld patience of an angel, Familiewapen coat of arms of a family, Gerechtszaal court of justice, Haarvlecht plait of hair, Kindergek lover of children, Mensenkennis knowledge of man, Molenrad wheel of a mill, Spijkerkop head of a nail, Waarheidsliefde love of truth.
A few from the list
Aardvrucht. fruit of the soil.
Bazuingeschal. sound of trumpets.
Bergrug. ridge of a mountain.
Bloembed. bed of flowers.
Boomstam. trunk of a tree.
Dagorder. order of the day.
Drukpersvrijheid. liberty of the press.
Engelengeduld. patience of an angel.
Familiewapen. coat of arms of a family.
Gerechtszaal. court of justice.Of after a noun formed from a verb with its own preposition
Of after a noun formed from a verb that requires its own preposition is translated with that preposition. De gedachte aan God the thought of God. De vrees voor de dood the fear of death. Uit gebrek aan geld from want of money.Van or an adjective for the Saxon Genitive of time or distance
Van or an adjective must be used when in English the Saxon Genitive is used to denote time or distance. Een afstand van twee mijlen a two miles' distance. De tachtigjarige oorlog the Eighty-Years' war.No Genitive when house, shop, church, hotel is omitted after the possessive
No Genitive is used in Dutch, when in English the words house, shop, church, hotel, office are omitted after the possessive Genitive. Ik zag hem bij mijn oom I saw him at my uncle's. Wij gaan naar St. Paul we are going to St. Paul's. Zij waren bij Krasnapolsky they were at Krasnapolsky's (hotel).Friendship, subordination and participation take the Genitive or van
After predicative nouns expressing relations of friendship, subordination, participation and the like, the preposition to is used in English, whilst in Dutch van is used. Hij was een vriend van de armen he was a friend to the poor. Deze man is een slaaf van zijn driften this man is a slave to his passions. Hij werd een slachtoffer van ongelukkige omstandigheden he became a victim to unhappy circumstances.II. The Dative before the Accusative, or with aan/voor
As a rule the Dative is put after the verb and before the Accusative; but if the D. is expressed by aan or voor, the Accusative may follow or precede the D.; the latter is more usual however. Ik geef mijn broer dit boek I give my brother this book. Ik geef aan mijn broer dit boek or ik geef dit boek aan mijn broer.The Dative of a person may be expressed by aan, except a reflexive
When the indirect object is a person the Dative may be expressed by aan, except if the D. is a reflexive pronoun. Hij geeft zich de moeite naar alles te kijken he gives himself the trouble of looking at all.The Dative of benefit may be expressed by voor
If the Dative is a person in whose behalf something is done, it may be expressed by voor. Ik haal hem de krant or ik haal de krant voor hem I go to fetch him the newspaper.Place and stress of the Dutch Dative
In English the Dative is put last when emphasis is intended, or when a qualifying word is added to the D. In Dutch the D. stands before the A. and if necessary emphasis is expressed by the stress of the voice. Hij gaf de arme blinde bedelaar een stuiver he gave a penny to the poor blind beggar. Cf.: zend haar dit boek send this book to her, and zend haar dit boek send her this book.The Dutch Dative sometimes rendered by the Genitive or a preposition in English
The Dutch Dative must sometimes be expressed by the Gen. or by prepositions in English: by the possessive case (Saxon Genitive): Hij redde een soldaat het leven he saved a soldier's life. Alles viel de overwinnaar in handen all fell into the hands of the victor. By various prepositions: Hij verklaarde Frankrijk de oorlog he declared war against France. De gezant viel de koning te voet the ambassador fell on his knees before the king. Bismarck werd de titel van prins verleend B. had the title of Prince conferred on him. Hij boezemde ons nieuwe moed in he inspired us with fresh courage. By of or from with another construction: De dief ontstal mij een grote som the thief robbed me of a large sum. Hij ontvluchtte mij he fled from me. Hij ontnam het hem he took it from him. Zij verheelde mij de zaak niet she did not conceal the matter from me.Lesson 27: The Genitive -s of the neuter adjective after alles, iets, niets, veel, weinig, wat
An adjective with s after iets and niets
After certain words of amount, an adjective takes an s and stands after the word. Iets moois means something nice. Alles goeds means everything good.
The words are alles, allerlei, iets, niets, veel, weinig, wat and wat voor. Only a neuter adjective does this.
Allerlei lekkers means all sorts of nice things. Wat voor nieuws hebt u vernomen? means what news have you heard?
Lesson 27: Place of the adjectival Genitive (and 1 more)
Two places for the owner
A possessive with 's stands before the noun. Vaders huis wordt verkocht means my father's house is sold.
A possessive with van stands after the noun. Het huis van mijn vader wordt verkocht means the house of my father is sold.
Both sentences say the same thing. Only the place of the owner changes.
Names and family words take 's
A name takes 's and stands before the noun it owns. Maria's kamer means Maria's room.
A word for a family member does the same. Moeders lieveling means mother's darling.
Gender makes no difference. The form with 's always goes first.
Lesson 27: The Genitive of a proper noun always precedes
A proper name goes first
A proper noun with 's always comes before the noun it owns. Frankrijks rijkdommen means the riches of France.
A name that ends in an s sound takes only an apostrophe. Jezus' leven means the life of Jesus. Het leven van Jezus is not used.
God and a few Bible names keep an older ending. Het rijk Gods op aarde means the kingdom of God on earth.
Some Bible titles use van instead. De Spreuken van Salomo means the proverbs of Solomon. De Psalmen van David means the psalms of David.
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the riches of France.
FrankrijksFrancerijkdommen.riches, wealth - 169
the life of Jesus.
Jezus'Jesusleven.life - 170
the kingdom of God on earth.
Hetit; therijkrich, richerGodsGodsopon, uponaarde.earth - 171
the proverbs of Solomon.
DetheSpreukenProverbsvanof, fromSalomo.Salomo - 172
the psalms of David.
DethePsalmenPsalmsvanof, fromDavid.David
Lesson 27: Indefinite pronouns and numerals with -s always precede (and 1 more)
Pronouns and number words with s go first
An indefinite pronoun or a number word can take an s to show possession. It then always stands before its noun.
Niemands vriend means nobody's friend. Beider ouders means the parents of both.
With jullie, Dutch uses van. Het huis van jullie means your house, said to several people.
Old forms and the plain form
After a word for weight, number or measure, Dutch once used the genitive. Een bete broods means a bit of bread. Een teug waters means a draught of water.
These forms may still be found in elevated style, but they are out of use now.
Today the noun stands in apposition. Apposition means that the second noun follows the first and keeps its plain form.
Een glas rode wijn verfrist means a glass of claret refreshes. Drink een glas rode wijn means have a glass of claret.
Lesson 27: A Genitive followed by an apposition is rendered with van (and 1 more)
Apposition after the owner needs van
When the owner is followed by a noun in apposition, the owner is always shown with van, never with an old ending.
De roem van de keizer, de grootste veldheer van zijn eeuw means the fame of the Emperor, the greatest general of his century.
Van after pronouns and words of amount
A word for a group, after a pronoun or a word of amount such as velen, is always shown with van.
Niemand van het leger means nobody of the army. Velen van het leger means many of the army. Wie van het leger means who of the army.
The old form des legers is not used. A genitive with no article after a noun also takes van.
- 180
the fame of the Emperor, the greatest general of his century.
Detheroemfamevanof, fromdethekeizer,emperordethegrootstegreatestveldheergeneralvanof, fromzijnhis; to beeeuw.century - 181
nobody of the army.
Niemandnobodyvanof, fromhetit; theleger.the army - 182
many of the army.
Velenmanyvanof, fromhetit; theleger.the army - 183
who of the army.
Wiewhovanof, fromhetit; theleger.the army
Lesson 27: The Norman Genitive translated literally, and its exceptions
Of in English, van or nothing in Dutch
English often joins two nouns with of. Dutch usually translates it with van. Een voorbeeld van geduld means an example of patience. Een soort van linnen means a sort of linen.
After a word for measure, weight, number or quantity, Dutch leaves of out. Een glas wijn means a glass of wine. Een kilo boter means a kilo of butter.
Tien kilo vlees means ten kilos of meat. Een kudde schapen means a flock of sheep.
When van comes back, and place names
When dit, deze or zulk stands before the second noun, van returns. Een stuk van dit brood means a piece of this bread. Een glas van deze wijn means a glass of this wine.
A country, town or month is joined to a common noun with no van. De stad Londen means the city of London. De maand december means the month of December.
Het koninkrijk Nederland follows this pattern. Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden keeps der. Both mean the kingdom of the Netherlands.
The Norman Genitive translated literally, and its exceptions
When the names of countries, towns, villages and months are connected with common nouns. De stad Londen, Amsterdam the city of London, Amsterdam. Het koninkrijk Nederland; but het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden the kingdom of the Netherlands. De maand december the month of December. Op de eerste mei on the first of May.
- 184
an example of patience.
Eenavoorbeeldexamplevanof, fromgeduld.patience - 185
a proof of impudence.
Eenastaaltjeproofvanof, fromonbeschaamdheid.impudence, insolence - 186
a sort of linen.
Eenasoortkindvanof, fromlinnen.linen - 187
a glass of wine.
Eenaglasglasswijn.wine
- 188
a kilo of butter.
Eenakilokiloboter.butter - 189
ten kilos of meat.
Tientenkilokilovlees.meat - 190
ten meters of cloth.
Tientenmetermetrelaken.upholstery - 191
a regiment of soldiers.
Eenaregimentregimentsoldaten.soldiers
Lesson 27: Of rendered by a Dutch compound noun
One word instead of two
Many English phrases with of are one compound noun in Dutch. This list gives such words.
Each entry gives the Dutch compound noun, then the English phrase with of.
Aardvrucht means fruit of the soil. Boomstam means trunk of a tree. Waarheidsliefde means love of truth.
- 198
fruit of the soil.
Aardvrucht.Aardvrucht - 199
sound of trumpets.
Bazuingeschal.Bazuingeschal - 200
ridge of a mountain.
Bergrug.mountain ridges - 201
bed of flowers.
Bloembed.Bloembed
- 202
trunk of a tree.
Boomstam.tree-trunk - 203
order of the day.
Dagorder.Dagorder - 204
liberty of the press.
Drukpersvrijheid.Drukpersvrijheid - 205
patience of an angel.
Engelengeduld.angel's patience
Lesson 27: Of after a noun formed from a verb with its own preposition (and 1 more)
A noun that keeps its verb's preposition
Some nouns come from verbs that need their own preposition. The noun keeps that preposition where English uses of.
De gedachte aan God means the thought of God. De vrees voor de dood means the fear of death. Uit gebrek aan geld means from want of money.
Time and distance
English can show time or distance with 's, as in a two miles' distance. Dutch does not.
Dutch uses van, or an adjective. Een afstand van twee mijlen means a two miles' distance. De tachtigjarige oorlog means the Eighty-Years' war.
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the thought of God.
Dethegedachtethoughtaanon, at, toGod.God - 213
the fear of death.
Dethevreesfearvoorfordethedood.death - 214
from want of money.
Uitout of, fromgebreklackaanon, at, togeld.money - 215
a two miles' distance.
Eenaafstanddistancevanof, fromtweetwomijlen.miles - 216
the Eighty-Years' war.
Dethetachtigjarigeeighty-yearoorlog.war
Lesson 27: No Genitive when house, shop, church, hotel is omitted after the possessive (and 1 more)
Whose house is understood
English can leave out a word such as house, shop, church, hotel or office after a possessive. I saw him at my uncle's.
Dutch gives no ending to the owner here. Ik zag hem bij mijn oom means I saw him at my uncle's.
Wij gaan naar St. Paul means we are going to St. Paul's. Zij waren bij Krasnapolsky means they were at Krasnapolsky's.
Van after a friend, a slave or a victim
After a noun for friendship, service or a share in something, English uses to. Dutch uses van.
Hij was een vriend van de armen means he was a friend to the poor. Deze man is een slaaf van zijn driften means this man is a slave to his passions.
Hij werd een slachtoffer van ongelukkige omstandigheden means he became a victim to unhappy circumstances.
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I saw him at my uncle's.
IkIzagto seehemhimbijwithmijnmyoom.uncle - 218
we are going to St. Paul's.
Wijwegaanto gonaarto, towardsSt.StPaul.Paul - 219
they were at Krasnapolsky's (hotel).
Zijshe; theywarento be (irregular)bijwithKrasnapolsky.Krasnapolsky - 220
he was a friend to the poor.
Hijhewasto be (irregular)eenavriendfriendvanof, fromdethearmen.poor
- 221
this man is a slave to his passions.
Dezethe latter (the most recently mentioned)manman; husbandisto be (irregular)eenaslaafa slavevanof, fromzijnhis; to bedriften.passions - 222
he became a victim to unhappy circumstances.
Hijhewerdto become, to geteenaslachtoffervictimvanof, fromongelukkigeunhappyomstandigheden.circumstances
Lesson 27: II. The Dative before the Accusative, or with aan/voor (and 2 more)
Who receives comes first
Dutch puts the dative after the verb and before the accusative. In Ik geef mijn broer dit boek, mijn broer is the dative. It means I give my brother this book.
With aan or voor, the dative can move. Ik geef aan mijn broer dit boek and ik geef dit boek aan mijn broer both mean I give this book to my brother.
The second order is the more usual one.
Aan for a person, but not with zich
When the indirect object is a person, it can be shown with aan.
A reflexive pronoun cannot take aan. Hij geeft zich de moeite naar alles te kijken means he gives himself the trouble of looking at all.
Voor for benefit
When something is done for a person, Dutch can use voor.
Ik haal hem de krant means I go to fetch him the newspaper. Ik haal de krant voor hem means the same thing.
The first sentence has no preposition. The second puts the person last, after voor.
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I give my brother this book.
IkIgeefto givemijnmybroerbrotherditthisboek.book - 224
I give this book to my brother.
IkIgeefto giveaanon, at, tomijnmybroerbrotherditthisboek.book - 225
I give this book to my brother.
IkIgeefto giveditthisboekbookaanon, at, tomijnmybroer.brother - 226
he gives himself the trouble of looking at all.
Hijhegeeftto givezichoneself, himself, themselvesdethemoeitetroublenaarto, towardsalleseverythingtetokijken.to look
Lesson 27: Place and stress of the Dutch Dative
Stress carries the emphasis
English moves the receiver to the end to give it emphasis. Dutch does not move it.
The dative stays before the accusative. If emphasis is needed, the voice stresses the word. Hij gaf de arme blinde bedelaar een stuiver means he gave a penny to the poor blind beggar.
Zend haar dit boek can mean send this book to her, or send her this book. Stress shows the difference.
Lesson 27: The Dutch Dative sometimes rendered by the Genitive or a preposition in English
English words that differ
Sometimes English translates a Dutch dative with a possessive or a preposition.
Hij redde een soldaat het leven means he saved a soldier's life. Alles viel de overwinnaar in handen means all fell into the hands of the victor.
Hij verklaarde Frankrijk de oorlog means he declared war against France. Hij boezemde ons nieuwe moed in means he inspired us with fresh courage.
Of and from
Some Dutch verbs take a dative where English uses of or from.
De dief ontstal mij een grote som means the thief robbed me of a large sum. Hij ontvluchtte mij means he fled from me. Hij ontnam het hem means he took it from him.
Zij verheelde mij de zaak niet means she did not conceal the matter from me. In each sentence, mij or hem is the dative.
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he saved a soldier's life.
Hijheredderescuedeenasoldaatsoldierhetit; theleven.life - 233
all fell into the hands of the victor.
Alleseverythingvielto falldetheoverwinnaarvictorininhanden.a hand, hands - 234
he declared war against France.
Hijheverklaardeto explainFrankrijkFrankrijkdetheoorlog.war - 235
the ambassador fell on his knees before the king.
Dethegezanthis ambassador, the ambassadorvielto falldethekoningking, kingstetovoet.foot
- 236
B. had the title of Prince conferred on him.
BismarckBismarckwerdto become, to getdethetiteltitlevanof, fromprinsprinceverleend.granted - 237
he inspired us with fresh courage.
Hijheboezemdeinspiredonsusnieuwenewmoedcouragein.in - 238
the thief robbed me of a large sum.
Dethediefthiefontstalrobbedmijmeeenagrotebig, greatsom.sum - 239
he fled from me.
Hijheontvluchtteto escapemij.me
Goede raad van Esopus
- 242
Good advice from Aesop
Goedethe good, what is goodraadcounselvanof, fromEsopusEsopus - 243
Aesop, the famous Greek writer of fables, once went on foot to a small town.
Esopus,EsopusdetheberoemdecelebratedGriekseGreekfabeldichter,writer of fablesgingto goeensonce, one daytetovoetfootnaarto, towardseenakleinsmallstadje.city, town - 244
A traveler comes toward him, greets him, and asks: “Friend, how much longer must I walk before I have reached the little town lying over there?”
Eenawandelaartravelerkomtcomeshemhimtegemoet,toward himgroetgreethemhimenandvraagt:asks“Vriend,friendhoehow longlanghow longmoetmustikInogstill, yet; anotherlopen,walkvoordatbeforeikIhetit; thestadje,little towndatthat; that (conjunction)daaras, since, becausegindsyonderligt,liesbereiktattainedheb?”have - 245
“Walk,” says Aesop.
“Loop”,walkzegtsaysEsopus.Aesop
- 246
“Yes, I well know,” the other answered, “that I must walk if I want to get further, but I wish to know from you how long I must walk.”
“Ja,yesikIweetknowwel”,butantwoorddeanswereddetheander,another (person)“datthat; that (conjunction)ikIlopenwalkmoet,mustwanneerifikIverderfurtherkomencomewil,wantmaarbutikIwensto wishvanof, fromuyou (polite)teto (before a verb); at, in (before a place); toowetenknowhoehow longlanghow longikIlopenwalkmoet.”must - 247
“Walk,” is again Aesop's answer.
“Loop”,walkisiswederomagain'titantwoordanswervanof, fromEsopus.Aesop - 248
“That fellow is surely mad,” says the other and walks off grumbling.
“Diewho (relative)kerelfellowisiszekersurely, certainlygek”,madzegtsaysdetheanderanother (person)enandgaatgoesbrommendgrumblingheen.away
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Hardly has he gone a few paces when Aesop calls after him: “Hey friend, a word; in two hours you can be in the town.”
Pasonly justisishijheenigeonly (het enige: the only thing)schredenstepsgegaangoneofor; whetherEsopusAesoproeptcallshemhimna:after“HéHeyvriend,friendeenawoordje;little wordinintweetwourenhourskuntcanuyou (polite)ininhetit; thestadjetownzijn.”his; to be - 250
Surprised, the traveler stops in his tracks.
Verrastsurprisesblijftto remain, staydethewandelaartravelerstaan.to stand - 251
“Oh,” cries this one, “why do you tell me that now and not just now, when I asked you?”
“Ei”,egg, eggsroeptcallsdeze,the latter (the most recently mentioned)“waaromwhyzegtsaysuyou (polite)mijmedatthat; that (conjunction)nunow, at presentenandnietnotzo-even,just nowtoenas, whenikIhetit; theuyou (polite)vroeg?”asked - 252
“Well, man,” answered Aesop, “how could I say that, since I had not yet seen your pace and so could not know whether your pace was fast or slow.”
“Welbutman”,man; husbandantwoorddeansweredEsopus,Aesop“hoehowkoncouldikIdatthat; that (conjunction)zeggen,saydaaras, since, becauseikIuwyour (polite)gangpassagenogstill, yet; anothernietnothadhadzienseelopenwalkenanddussonietnotwetenknowkon,couldofor; whetheruwyour (polite)gangpassagesnelquicklyofor; whetherlangzaamslowlywas.”was
Lesson 27: conversation
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Are you still going on a trip this summer?
Gaatto gouyou (polite)dezethe latter (the most recently mentioned)zomersummernogstill, yet; anotheropon, uponreis?journey - 254
I'm staying home this year; where are you thinking of going?
IkIblijfto remain, stayditthisjaarthe yearthuis;at homewaarheenwhere todenktthinksuyou (polite)tetogaan?to go - 255
Do you know the language of the country? Have you learned Italian?
Kentknowsuyou (polite)dethetaallanguagevanof, fromhetit; theland?landHebthaveuyou (polite)ItaliaansItaliaansgeleerd?learned - 256
I don't know yet, probably. And you?
Datthat; that (conjunction)weetto knowikInunow, at presentnogstill, yet; anotherniet,notwaarschijnlijkprobablywel.butEnanduyou (polite)dan?then - 257
If I go on a trip, I'll visit Italy this time.
AlsifikIopon, uponreisjourneyga,to gozalshall, willikIdezethe latter (the most recently mentioned)keertime (an occasion)ItaliëItaliëbezoeken.to visit - 258
I don't know a single word of Italian; but I hope to get by with German and French.
IkIkenknowgeenno, not aenkelsinglewoordwordItaliaans;ItaliaansmaarbutikIhoophopemememetwithDuitsDuitsenandFransFranstetokunnento be able (can)redden.save
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In the hotels that will surely be possible. How long are you thinking of staying away?
Inindethehotelshotelskanto be able (can)datthat; that (conjunction)zekersurely, certainlywel.butHoehow longlanghow longdenktthinksuyou (polite)wegaway; roadtetoblijven?to remain, stay - 260
Will you also visit some cities in Switzerland, then?
Bezoektto visituyou (polite)danthenookalso, likewiseenkelea fewstedencitiesininZwitserland?Zwitserland - 261
If my business allows it, I'll stay away four weeks.
Alsifmijnmybezighedenbusinesshetit; theveroorloven,to allowblijfto remain, stayikIvierfourwekenweeksopon, uponreis.journey - 262
No, I'm going straight through to Italy.
Nee,noikIgato godirectdirectdoorthroughnaarto, towardsItalië.Italië
- 263
If you should want a guidebook sometime, I'll lend you mine.
Wanneerifuyou (polite)somssometimeseenareisgidsguidebookwiltto want, to wishhebben,to have, to have haddanthenzalshall, willikIuyou (polite)diewho (relative)vanof, frommijmelenen.to borrow - 264
I'll send it to you right away.
IkIzalshall, willhemhimuyou (polite)onmiddellijkimmediatetoesturen.send - 265
Very gladly. Will you send it to me or shall I have it picked up?
Heelwholegraag.gladly, with pleasureWiltwantuyou (polite)hemhimmijmetoesturensendofor; whetherzalshall, willikIhemhimlatento letophalen?pick up - 266
Thank you, you are as always very kind.
IkIdankthanksu,you (polite)uyou (polite)bentto be (irregular)zoalsasaltijdalwayszeerveryvriendelijk.friendly, kind
Lesson 27: exercise 59
- 267
I shall send you the best Dutch novels I possess, some of these works are translated into English.
IkIzalshall, willuyou (polite)dethebestebestHollandseDutchromansnovelszendento senddiewho (relative)ikIheb,to have, to have hadenkelea fewervanof itzijnto be (irregular)ininhetit; theEngelsEngelsvertaald.translated - 268
The children of my friend came back from the country with all sorts of nice things.
Dethekinderenchildrenvanof, frommijnmyvriendfriendkwamento comevanof, frombuitenoutsideterugbackmetwithallerleiall manner ofaardigecharmingdingen.things - 269
I have read with much pleasure the essays of Bacon the philosopher.
IkIhebto have, to have hadmetwithveelmuchgenoegenpleasuredetheschetsensketchvanof, fromdethewijsgeerphilosopherBaconBacongelezen.to read
- 270
The best portrait of Rembrandt is that painted by the artist himself.
Hetit; thebestebestportretportraitsvanof, fromRembrandtRembrandtisto be (irregular)datthat; that (conjunction)watwhatdoorthroughdethekunstenaarartistzelfselfgeschilderdpaintedis.to be (irregular) - 271
We left all to the care of the waiter.
Wijwelietenlet (past)alleseverythingaanon, at, todethezorgcarevanof, fromdetheknechtwaiterover.across, over - 272
Although he travelled all over Europe he did not know a word of French or German.
AlhoewelalthoughhijheheelwholeEuropaEuropadoorreisde,travelled all overkendeknewhijhegeenno, not awoordwordFransFransofor; whetherDuits.Duits
- 273
When we were in the city of Amsterdam we daily met [with] the parents of both our friends.
Toenas, whenwijweinindethestadcity, townAmsterdamAmsterdamwaren,to be (irregular)ontmoettento meetwijwedagelijksdailydetheoudersparentsvanof, fromonzeourbeidebothvrienden.friends - 274
Though they knew that we had watched their proceedings, they tried to conceal the matter from us.
Hoewelalthoughzijshe; theywistento knowdatthat; that (conjunction)wijwehunthem; theirhandelingenactionsnagegaantracedhadden,to have, to have hadtrachttenstrovezijshe; theydethezaakmattervoorforonsustetoverbergen.hide - 275
This nice book was given to me as a keepsake.
Ditthismooiebeautifulboekbookwerdto become, to getmijmealsifaandenkenkeepsakegegeven.to give
- 276
The measures of the Dutch troops to hinder the enemy from crossing the river failed entirely.
Dethemaatregelenmeasuresvanof, fromdetheHollandseDutchtroepentroopsomaround; at (time); in order todethevijandenemytetoverhinderenpreventeddetherivierriveroveracross, overtetosteken,to sting, to putmisluktenfailedgeheel.whole - 277
It appears to me that the advice which the minister gave to the king was not the right one.
Hetit; thekomtit seems to memijit seems to mevoorit seems to medatthat; that (conjunction)detheraadcounseldiewho (relative)detheministerMinisteraanon, at, todethekoningking, kingsgaf,to givenietnotdethejuisteexactlywas.to be (irregular) - 278
He knew very well that smoking is forbidden in such places.
Hijhewistto knowheelvery wellgoedvery welldatthat; that (conjunction)rokento smellopon, uponzulkesuchplaatsenplacesverbodenforbiddenis.to be (irregular)
- 279
It was owing to the fog that all steamers were late.
Hetit; thekwamto comedoorthroughdethemistmissesdatthat; that (conjunction)alleallstoombotensteamerstetolaatlet; lateaankwamen.came up - 280
This is a very difficult question, if you had asked me, I could not have given you an answer either.
Ditthisisto be (irregular)eenazeerverymoeilijkedifficultkwestie,questionalsifuyou (polite)mijmehadto have, to have hadgevraagd,to askhadto have, to have hadikIuyou (polite)ookalso, likewisegeenno, not aantwoordanswerkunnento be able (can)geven.to give - 281
Charles, the son of Charles the First, fled for his life and with the utmost trouble escaped the sad fate of his father.
Karel,Kareldethezoonsonvanof, fromKarelKareldetheEerste,Eerstevluchtteto fleeomaround; at (time); in order tozijnhis; to belevenlifetetoreddensaveenandontkwamescaped (ontkomen)metwithdethegrootstegreatestmoeitetroubleaanon, at, tohetit; thetreurigesorrowfullotfatevanof, fromzijnhis; to bevader.the father - 282
King Richard the Second rode boldly to meet the rebels.
Koningking, kingsRichardRichardIIIIreedto ride, to drivestoutmoedigboldlydetherebellenrebelstegemoet.toward
Lesson 27: exercise 60
- 283
We will drink tea out of doors this evening.
Wijwezullenshall, willvanavondthis eveningbuitenoutsidetheeteadrinken.to drink - 284
Come, look sharp, fetch your hat and put your things together.
Kom,to comehaasthasteuyou (polite)wat,whathaalfetchuwyour (polite)hoedhatenandpakparceluwyour (polite)spullenthingsbijwithelkaar.each other - 285
It is very pleasant.
Hetit; theisto be (irregular)heelwholeprettig.merry, pleasant - 286
But here is no table.
Maarbuthierhereisto be (irregular)geenno, not atafel.table - 287
What must we do?
Watwhatmoetento have to, mustwewedoen?to do - 288
O, here is a large round stump of a tree, it will do very well for a table.
O,ohhierhereisto be (irregular)eenabredebroadrondearoundboomstronk,tree stumpdiewho (relative)kanto be able (can)uitstekendeminentalsiftafeltabledienen.to serve - 289
But there are no chairs either?
Maarbutertherezijnto be (irregular)ookalso, likewisegeenno, not astoelen?chairs
- 290
Here is a seat of turf, and a bank almost covered with violets; we shall sit here and you and William may lie on the carpet.
Hierhereisto be (irregular)eenazitplaatsseatvanof, fromgraszoden,turfenandeenabankBankdiewho (relative)bijnanearlyhelemaalentirelymetwithviooltjesvioletsisto be (irregular)bedekt;coveredwijwegaanto gohierherezittento sitenanduyou (polite)enandWillemWillemmogenmayopon, uponhetit; thetapijtcarpetgaanto goliggen.to lie (be situated) - 291
I see no carpet here.
IkIzieto seehierheregeenno, not atapijt.carpet - 292
Well I never! Don't you know that in our pleasure-garden the grass is our carpet?
Welbuthebto have, to have hadjeyou; yourooit!everWeetknowuyou (polite)nietnotdatthat; that (conjunction)ininonzeourpleziertuinpleasure gardenhetit; thegrasgrassonsustapijtcarpetis?to be (irregular)
- 293
Pretty green soft carpet! and it is very large, for it spreads very far, over all the fields as far as my eye can reach.
Heerlijkgloriousgroengreenzachtgentletapijt!carpetEnandhetit; theisto be (irregular)heelwholegroot,greatwantfor, becausehetit; thebreidtspreadzichoneself, himself, themselvesverfaruit,out of, fromoveracross, overalleallvelden,fieldszoso, asverfaralsifmijnmyogeneyereiken.reach - 294
It is getting late now, the air is rather chilly, so we had better go home now.
Hetit; thewordtto become, to getlangzamerhandgraduallylaat,let; latedetheluchtairisto be (irregular)vrijrather, quite; freekoel,coolwewekunnento be able (can)beterbetternunow, at presentnaarto, towardshuishousegaan.to go - 295
You are right, the sun is already very low in the sky, it is near sunset.
Uyou (polite)hebtto have, to have hadgelijk,asdethezonsunstaatstands; statealalreadylaaglowaanon, at, todethehemel,heaven, skyhetit; theisto be (irregular)bijnanearlyzonsondergang.sunset
Lesson 27: exercise 61
- 296
A large dog was at sea in a ship: a storm came on and though the ship was not far from land, the sea was so rough and the waves so high that no boat could get safe to shore, or be sent from the shore to the ship; it was thought, if they could but get a rope from the ship to the shore they could then guide a boat, by the help of this rope, safe through the great waves to the land.
Eenagrotebig, greathondthe dog, dogswasto be (irregular)opon, uponzeeseainineenaschip;ship, shipseenastormstormstakto sting, to putopon, uponenandhoewelalthoughhetit; theschipship, shipsnietnotverfarvanof, fromhetit; thelandlandverwijderddistant, far offwas,to be (irregular)wasto be (irregular)dethezeeseazoso, asruwroughenandwarento be (irregular)dethegolvenwaveszoso, ashooghigh; (of age) great, olddatthat; that (conjunction)geenno, not abootboatveiligsafedethekustcoastkonto be able (can)bereiken,to reachofor; whetherveiligsafevanof, fromdethekustcoastnaarto, towardshetit; theschipship, shipskonto be able (can)wordento become, to getgezonden;to sendmenone, peoplekwamto comeopon, upondethegedachtethoughtdat,that; that (conjunction)alsifmenone, peoplemaarbuteenalijnlinevanof, fromhetit; theschipship, shipsnaarto, towardsdethekustcoastkonto be able (can)brengen,bringmenone, peoplemetwith the aid ofbehulpwith the aid ofvanwith the aid ofdethelijnlineveiligsafeeenabootboatdoorthroughdethegrotebig, greatgolvenwavesnaarto, towardslandlandzoushould, wouldkunnento be able (can)leiden.lead - 297
They gave a rope to the dog, who took it in his mouth, swam from the ship through the rough waves to the beach, gave the rope to some men who were on shore, to lend what aid they could to the crew of the ship; and thus the boat was drawn safe to the land with the crew in it, whose lives would have been lost but for this brave dog.
Menone, peoplegafto givedethehondthe dog, dogseenalijn;linedethehondthe dog, dogsnamto takehaarherininzijnhis; to bebek,mouth (of an animal)zwomto swimvanof, fromhetit; theschipship, shipsdoorthroughdetheruwecrudegolvenwavesnaarto, towardshetit; thestrand,strandgafto givedethelijnlineaanon, at, toenkelea fewmensenmen, peoplediewho (relative)zichoneself, himself, themselvesopon, upondethekustcoastbevonden,foundomaround; at (time); in order todethebemanningcrewvanof, fromhetit; theschipship, shipszoveelso muchmogelijkpossibletetohulphelptetokomen;to comeenandzoso, aswerdto become, to getdethebootboatveiligsafeaanon, at, tolandlandgetrokkento travelmetwithdethebemanningcrewerin,in itdiewho (relative)zonderwithoutdezethe latter (the most recently mentioned)dapperebravehondthe dog, dogsreddelooshopelesslyverlorento losezoushould, wouldzijnto be (irregular)geweest.to be (irregular)
Lesson 28: I. Use of the Adjective: attributive and predicative
Two places for an adjective
An adjective can stand in two places. An attributive adjective stands before a noun: het goede boek. A predicative adjective stands after a verb such as is: het boek is goed.
Most adjectives can do both jobs. Some can only stand before a noun.
Adjectives that name a material are of this kind, such as een houten hut and een lakense jas. So are adjectives formed from adverbs ending in -lings, -lijks or -waarts, such as jaarlijks and voorwaarts.
A few others stand only before a noun: linker, rechter, naburig, verleden and voormalig.
Adjectives made from a noun
Some adjectives mean of the noun they come from. De vaderlandse geschiedenis means de geschiedenis van het vaderland.
These adjectives also stand only before the noun. They do not stand after is.
- 298
the good book.
Hetit; thegoedethe good bookboek.the good book - 299
the book is good.
Hetit; theboekbookisto be (irregular)goed.good, well - 300
the national history.
Dethevaderlandseof the fatherland, nativegeschiedenis.story - 301
a wooden hut.
Eenahoutenwoodenhut.hut, cottage
I. Use of the Adjective: attributive and predicative
Most adjectives may be used attributively and predicatively. Het goede (slechte) boek; het boek is goed (slecht). Some adjectives, however, are used attributively only: those that could be described by a genitive of the noun they are derived from: de vaderlandse geschiedenis = de geschiedenis van het vaderland. Those formed with en or s to denote a material: een houten hut (or een hut van hout), een lakense jas a cloth coat. Those formed from adverbs ending in -lings, -lijks, -waarts: ruggelings backward, jaarlijks yearly, voorwaarts forward. A few other adjectives, such as: linker (to the) left, rechter (to the) right, naburig neighbouring, verleden past, voormalig former, etc.Adverbs sometimes used as adjectives
Sometimes adverbs are used as adjectives. Zij is goedsmoeds = welgemoed she is in good spirits. De deur is toe = gesloten the door is closed.Adjectives used as nouns may denote an individual
Dutch adjectives used as nouns do not denote a whole class of persons only, but also individuals or a number of persons. De armen, de rijken, de blinden the poor, the rich, the blind. Een arme, rijke, blinde a poor, rich, blind man or woman. Deze armen, rijken, blinden hebben veel geleden these poor, rich, blind people have suffered.English adds a noun where a Dutch adjective stands alone
Whereas in Dutch adjectives may be used as nouns, a substantive must be added in English. Al het oude everything old. Het eerste wat ik zag the first thing I saw. Het gekste van de zaak is, dat wij niet weten hoe te beginnen the most curious thing about the matter is, that we do not know how to begin. Het gebeurde heeft volstrekt geen indruk gemaakt the incident has produced no impression at all.Such nominalised adjectives may take a further pronoun or adjectiveAdjectives of language generally take the article
Adjectives denoting languages generally take the article. Hij spreekt Duits en Frans he speaks German and French. In het Duits, Frans in German, French. Het Duits is moeilijker dan het Nederlands German is more difficult than Dutch.An English noun used as an adjective is rendered by a Dutch adjective
In English nouns are often used as adjectives; in Dutch they must be rendered by the corresponding adjective, except geographical names in er, which remain unchanged. Een zijden kleed a silk dress. Een ijzeren ring an iron ring. Delfts aardewerk Delft pottery. Sheffieldse messen Sheffield knives. De Utrechtse hogeschool the Utrecht University. De Deventer stoomboot the Deventer steamer.English one, ones is omitted in Dutch
The word one (ones), which is often used in English to avoid repeating a noun, must be omitted in Dutch. Een groot huis en een klein a large house and a small one. Grote huizen en kleine large houses and small ones. De groten van deze aarde the great ones of the earth. De leeuwerik en haar jongen the lark and her young ones. De Heilige The Holy one. De Boze The Evil one. Note also: Ons contract was oud our contract was an old one; mijn verhaal is zeer kort my story is a very short one.II. Place of the Adjective: before the noun, with a few fixed exceptions
Attributive adjectives as a rule stand before the noun. In a few fixed expressions they stand behind it: vaderlief dear father, moederlief dear mother, jongenlief dear boy, God almachtig God Almighty, de gouverneur-generaal the governor-general.An adjective with an adjunct never follows the noun
The adjective must not be placed after the noun: when it is accompanied by an adjunct. Een drie voet dikke muur a wall three feet thick. Een in het oog lopende onverschilligheid an indifference sure to raise comment. Een naar verandering hakend volk a nation eager for change. Note the following translations: Alle mogelijke middelen all means possible. De aanwezige personen the persons present. In lang vervlogen tijden in times long past. Alle denkbare samenvoegingen all the combinations imaginable. De drie volgende dagen the three days following. De volgende zondag Sunday next. Sinds onheugelijke tijden from time immemorial. De koninklijke prins the prince royal. Het koninklijke bloed the blood royal. De regerende koningin the queen regnant. De vermoedelijke troonopvolger the heir apparent or presumptive. De gekroonde dichter the Poet Laureate.
A few from the list
Een drie voet dikke muur. a wall three feet thick.
Een in het oog lopende onverschilligheid. an indifference sure to raise comment.
Een naar verandering hakend volk. a nation eager for change.
Alle mogelijke middelen. all means possible.
De aanwezige personen. the persons present.
In lang vervlogen tijden. in times long past.
Alle denkbare samenvoegingen. all the combinations imaginable.
De drie volgende dagen. the three days following.
De volgende zondag. Sunday next.
Sinds onheugelijke tijden. from time immemorial.Attributive participles precede the noun in Dutch
Attributive participles are often placed after the noun in English, where they precede it in Dutch. Een lijst van gedrukte boeken a list of books printed. Het getal van de geschreven brieven the number of letters written. De afzonderlijk vermelde voorwerpen the objects specified. De genoemde personen the persons named. Nog levende personen persons still living. De aan hem toevertrouwde post the post entrusted to him. De door ons besproken zaak the affair discussed by us.An adjective or adverb connected with a verb precedes it
When an adjective (or an adverb) is connected with a verb it precedes it. Oud worden to grow old. Boos worden to get angry. Ziek worden to become (get, fall) ill. Er aardig uitzien to look pretty. Boos kijken to look angry. Geduldig voortgaan (met iets) to continue patiently. Gelukkig leven to live happy. Goed blijven to keep good.III. A. Adjectives governing the Genitive
Formerly many Dutch adjectives governed the Genitive; the Genitive now occurs in poetry and elevated style only. Verkwik u aan zijn zangen, vol gloeds (Potgieter) refresh yourself with his songs full of fervour (glow). Zijn nieuwe jachtgezellen waren van de streek onkundig (Van Lennep) his new hunting-companions were unacquainted with the country. Was hij nog niet overtuigd, of deze zijner wel indachtig zoude zijn? (Van Lennep) was he not yet convinced that the latter would remember him? Hij alleen is u waard, u bent hem waard he alone is worthy of you, you are worthy of him. Note also: desbevoegd entitled thereto, desbewust having knowledge thereof, deskundig, een deskundige an expert.Moe and schuldig with the Genitive in a special sense
Moe and schuldig take a plain object like other adjectives. Moe van het wandelen tired with walking. Een aanzienlijke som schuldig zijn to owe a large sum. Aan een misdaad schuldig zijn to be guilty of a crime.B. Adjectives governing the Dative
The adjectives that govern the Dative are almost the same as the German adjectives that still govern the Genitive (see: Otto, German Conversation-Grammar, 29th ed., p.308,4). Aangenaam agreeable, onaangenaam disagreeable, dienstig serviceable, eigen peculiar, eigenaardig peculiar, strange, gelijk like, equal, ongelijk unequal, genegen inclined, hatelijk malicious, lief dear, nadelig prejudicial, hurtful, nuttig useful, trouw (getrouw) faithful, vijandig hostile, voordelig advantageous, vreemd strange, welgevallig pleasing, welkom welcome.
A few from the list
Aangenaam. agreeable.
Onaangenaam. disagreeable.
Dienstig. serviceable.
Eigen. peculiar.
Eigenaardig. peculiar, strange.
Gelijk. like, equal.
Ongelijk. unequal.
Genegen. inclined.
Hatelijk. malicious.
Lief. dear.The Dative of these Adjectives may be expressed by a preposition
The Dative of some of these adjectives may be expressed by a preposition: eigen, (on)gelijk, welgevallig take aan; dienstig, nadelig, nuttig, voordelig take voor.Lesson 28: Adverbs sometimes used as adjectives (and 1 more)
Adverbs that act as adjectives
An adverb can sometimes do the work of an adjective after is.
Zij is goedsmoeds means she is in good spirits. De deur is toe means the door is closed.
An adjective can name a person
An adjective can work as a noun. De armen means the poor, and de rijken means the rich.
English uses the poor only for a whole group. Dutch also uses the form for one person. Een arme is one poor man or woman.
The plural can name a number of people. Deze armen, rijken, blinden hebben veel geleden.
- 311
she is in good spirits.
Zijshe; theyisto be (irregular)goedsmoeds.in good spirits - 312
the door is closed.
Dethedeurdooristo be (irregular)toe.to - 313
the poor, the rich, the blind.
Dethearmen,poordetherijken,rich, richerdetheblinden.the blind (people) - 314
a poor man or woman.
Eenaarme.poor - 315
these poor, rich, blind people have suffered.
Dezethe latter (the most recently mentioned)armen,poorrijken,richblindenthe blind (people)hebbento have, to have hadveelmuchgeleden.suffered
Lesson 28: English adds a noun where a Dutch adjective stands alone (and 2 more)
English needs a noun here
A Dutch adjective can stand alone where English must add a noun. Al het oude means everything old.
Het eerste wat ik zag means the first thing I saw. Het gekste van de zaak means the most curious thing about the matter.
The English words thing and everything fill the place the noun would take. Dutch leaves that place empty.
More words before the adjective
An adjective used as a noun can name a quality in general.
It can then follow a demonstrative, indefinite or possessive pronoun, or another adjective. English does the same.
Languages take het
The name of a language is an adjective used as a noun. Dutch usually puts het before it.
Het Duits is moeilijker dan het Nederlands means German is more difficult than Dutch. In het Duits, Frans means in German, French.
The article can also be missing: hij spreekt Duits en Frans.
- 316
everything old.
Alalreadyhetit; theoude.old - 317
the first thing I saw.
Hetit; theeerstethe former (the first-mentioned)watwhatikIzag.to see - 318
the most curious thing about the matter is that we do not know how to begin.
Hetit; thegekstemadvanof, fromdethezaakmatteristo be (irregular)datthat; that (conjunction)wijwenietnotwetento knowhoehowtetobeginnen.to begin - 319
the incident has produced no impression at all.
Hetit; thegebeurdehappenedheeftto have, to have hadvolstrektabsolutelygeenno, not aindrukimpressiongemaakt.to make (weak)
Lesson 28: An English noun used as an adjective is rendered by a Dutch adjective
English noun, Dutch adjective
English often puts a noun before a noun, as in silk dress. Dutch uses an adjective made from the first word: een zijden kleed, een ijzeren ring.
A place name works the same way. Delfts aardewerk is Delft pottery. De Utrechtse hogeschool is the Utrecht University.
One kind of place name stays as it is. A name ending in er does not change: de Deventer stoomboot.
Lesson 28: English one, ones is omitted in Dutch
The word one is left out
English uses one or ones so that a noun need not be said twice. Dutch leaves the word out.
Een groot huis en een klein means a large house and a small one. Grote huizen en kleine means large houses and small ones.
De Heilige is the Holy one, and De Boze is the Evil one. Ons contract was oud means our contract was an old one.
- 329
a large house and a small one.
Eenagrootgreathuishouseenandeenaklein.small - 330
large houses and small ones.
Grotebig, greathuizenhousesenandkleine.small - 331
the great ones of the earth.
Dethegrotengreatvanof, fromdezethe latter (the most recently mentioned)aarde.earth - 332
the lark and her young ones.
Detheleeuweriklarkenandhaarherjongen.boy
Lesson 28: II. Place of the Adjective: before the noun, with a few fixed exceptions
The adjective comes first
An attributive adjective stands before its noun, as in het goede boek.
A few fixed expressions put it after the noun: vaderlief, moederlief, jongenlief, God almachtig and de gouverneur-generaal.
These are fixed expressions. Learn each one as a whole.
Lesson 28: An adjective with an adjunct never follows the noun
An adjective with extra words
An adjunct is a word or group of words that adds to an adjective. In een drie voet dikke muur, drie voet adds to dikke.
An adjective with an adjunct never stands after the noun. It stands before the noun, with the adjunct in front of it.
English often puts these after the noun, as in a wall three feet thick. Dutch puts them before: een naar verandering hakend volk.
Many other English phrases put the adjective after the noun where Dutch puts it before. De aanwezige personen means the persons present.
An adjective with an adjunct never follows the noun
De regerende koningin the queen regnant. De vermoedelijke troonopvolger the heir apparent or presumptive. De gekroonde dichter the Poet Laureate.
- 342
a wall three feet thick.
Eenadriethreevoetfootdikkethickmuur.wall - 343
an indifference sure to raise comment.
Eenaininhetit; theoogeyelopendeto walkonverschilligheid.indifference - 344
a nation eager for change.
Eenanaarto, towardsveranderingchangehakendeagervolk.people
- 345
all means possible.
Alleallmogelijkepossiblemiddelen.means - 346
the persons present.
Detheaanwezigepresentpersonen.persons - 347
in times long past.
Ininlanglongvervlogenpasttijden.time
Lesson 28: Attributive participles precede the noun in Dutch
Participles stand before the noun
English often puts a participle after its noun: the letters written. Dutch puts it before the noun.
Het getal van de geschreven brieven means the number of letters written. De genoemde personen means the persons named.
The participle can bring its own words with it. De aan hem toevertrouwde post means the post entrusted to him.
- 356
a list of books printed.
Eenalijstlistvanof, fromgedrukteoppressedboeken.books - 357
the number of letters written.
Hetit; thegetalnumbervanof, fromdethegeschrevento writebrieven.letters - 358
the objects specified.
Detheafzonderlijkseparatevermeldespecifiedvoorwerpen.object
- 359
the persons named.
Dethegenoemdeto call, to namepersonen.persons - 360
persons still living.
Nogstill, yet; anotherlevendelifepersonen.persons - 361
the post entrusted to him.
Detheaanon, at, tohemhimtoevertrouwdeto entrustpost.post - 362
the affair discussed by us.
Dethedoorthroughonsusbesprokendiscussedzaak.matter
Lesson 28: An adjective or adverb connected with a verb precedes it
Adjective before verb
When an adjective belongs closely to a verb, it stands before the verb. Oud worden is to grow old. Boos worden is to get angry.
The same order holds for an adverb: geduldig voortgaan is to continue patiently.
English puts the word after the verb in these cases, as in look angry. Dutch says boos kijken.
Lesson 28: III. A. Adjectives governing the Genitive
The genitive after an adjective
Many Dutch adjectives once took the genitive. Today it appears only in poetry and elevated style.
Hij alleen is u waard means he alone is worthy of you. U bent hem waard means you are worthy of him.
Desbevoegd means entitled thereto, and desbewust means having knowledge thereof. Een deskundige is an expert.
- 371
refresh yourself with his songs full of fervour.
Verkwikrefreshuyou (polite)aanon, at, tozijnhis; to bezangen,songvolfull (of)gloeds.fervour - 372
his new hunting-companions were unacquainted with the country.
Zijnhis; to benieuwenewjachtgezellenhunting companionswarento be (irregular)vanof, fromdethestreekregiononkundig.ignorant - 373
he alone is worthy of you.
Hijhealleenonlyisto be (irregular)uyou (polite)waard.worth - 374
you are worthy of him.
Uyou (polite)bentto be (irregular)hemhimwaard.worth
Lesson 28: Moe and schuldig with the Genitive in a special sense
Moe and schuldig
Moe and schuldig take an ordinary object, as other adjectives do.
Moe van het wandelen means tired with walking. Een aanzienlijke som schuldig zijn means to owe a large sum.
Aan een misdaad schuldig zijn means to be guilty of a crime. Here the preposition aan comes before the object.
Lesson 28: B. Adjectives governing the Dative
Adjectives with a dative
These adjectives take the dative.
This is a reference list. Each line gives one Dutch adjective and its English meaning. Aangenaam means agreeable, and nuttig means useful.
Some lines give two meanings, such as eigenaardig, peculiar or strange.
- 382
agreeable.
Aangenaam.agreeable, pleasant - 383
disagreeable.
Onaangenaam.disagreeable - 384
serviceable.
Dienstig.Dienstig - 385
peculiar.
Eigen.own
- 386
peculiar, strange.
Eigenaardig.peculiar - 387
like, equal.
Gelijk.as - 388
unequal.
Ongelijk.wrong - 389
inclined.
Genegen.to courtesy
Lesson 28: The Dative of these Adjectives may be expressed by a preposition
A preposition in place of the dative
Some of these adjectives can use a preposition in place of the dative. Eigen, gelijk, ongelijk and welgevallig take aan. Dienstig, nadelig, nuttig and voordelig take voor.
Eigen aan means peculiar to. Nuttig voor means useful to.
Learn each adjective with its preposition.
Koelbloedigheid
- 404
Cool-headedness
Koelbloedigheidcool blood - 405
When Charles XII, king of Sweden, was once besieging a town, he had his private secretary write a letter one day.
Toenas, whenKarelKarelXII,XIIkoningking, kingsvanof, fromZweden,Zwedeneensonce, one dayeenastadcity, townbelegerde,besiegedlietto lethijheopon, uponzekerecertaindagdayzijnhis; to begeheimschrijverprivate secretaryeenabriefletterschrijven.to write - 406
The secretary sat at a writing desk, and the king walked back and forth with his hands behind his back, while he dictated the letter to the official.
Detheschrijverwriter, author; clerkzatto sitaanon, at, toeenalessenaar,deskenanddethekoningking, kingswandeldewalkedmetwithdethehandena hand, handsopon, upondetherugbackopon, uponenandneer,downterwijlwhilehijhedetheambtenaarofficial, officerdethebriefletterdicteerde.dictated
- 407
Suddenly a bomb fell through the roof and landed in the room next to the chamber in which the king was working.
Plotselingsuddenlyvielto fallerthereeenabombombdoorthroughhetit; thedakroofenandkwamto comeinindethekamerroomnaastnext tohetit; thevertrek,departurewaarinin whichdethekoningking, kingswerkte,to cooperateterecht.make do - 408
The door of that room stood open.
Dethedeurdoorvanof, fromdiewho (relative)kamerroomstondto standopen.open - 409
With a violent bang the bomb burst apart.
Metwitheenahevigeviolentknalbangsprongto springdethebombombuiteen.apart
- 410
The effect was terrible: the windowpanes were shattered and all the furniture lay in splinters.
Vreselijkdreadfullywasto be (irregular)detheuitwerking:effectdetheruitenwindowpaneswerdento become, to getverbrijzeldshatteredenandalleallmeubelenfurniturelagento lie (be situated)aanon, at, tosplinters.splinters - 411
Fortunately for the king, his chamber was provided with sturdy walls and was part of a tower.
Gelukkighappy, unhappyvoorfordethekoningking, kingswasto be (irregular)zijnhis; to bevertrekdeparturevanof, fromstevigestrong, solidmurenwallvoorzien,provideenandmaaktemadehetit; thedeelpartuitout of, fromvanof, fromeenatoren.tower - 412
The private secretary began to tremble in all his limbs; his face turned deathly pale, and the pen fell from his hands.
Dethegeheimschrijverprivate secretarybegonto beginoveracross, overalalreadyzijnhis; to beledenmemberstetotrillen;tremblezijnhis; to begelaatfacewerdto become, to getdoodsbleek,deathly paleenanddethepenpenontvielfell fromaanon, at, tozijnhis; to behanden.a hand, hands
- 413
“What is it?” asked the king, who had not paused his pacing for a moment, “why don't you go on writing?”
“Hoehowisishet?”it; thevroegaskeddethekoning,king, kingsdiewho (relative)zijnhis; to bewandelingwalkgeenno, not aogenblikmomentgestaaktpausedhad,had“waaromwhygaatgoesuyou (polite)nietnotvoortonmetwithschrijven?”write - 414
“Oh, Sire!” was the answer, “that bomb!” ...
“Ach,ahSire!”Sirewaswas'titantwoord,answer“diewho (relative)bom!”bomb... - 415
and the poor man could not utter another word.
enandverderfurtherkonto be able (can)dethearmepoormanman; husbandgeenno, not awoordworduitbrengen.brought in - 416
“Well now!” resumed the king, “what does the bomb have to do with the letter I was dictating to you?”
“Welnu!”Well thenhervatteresumeddethekoning,king, kings“watwhatheefthasdethebombombmetwithdethebriefletterteto (before a verb); at, in (before a place); toomaken,to make (weak)diewho (relative)ikIuyou (polite)dicteerde?”dictating - 417
Just keep writing calmly, and don't let such a trifle frighten you.
Schrijfwritemaarbutrustigquietdoor,throughenandlaatto letuyou (polite)doorthroughzo'nsuch akleinigheidtriflenietnotbangafraidmaken.to make (weak)
Lesson 28: conversation
- 418
Why weren't you at the concert yesterday?
Waaromwhybentto be (irregular)uyou (polite)gisterenyesterdaynietnotopon, uponhetit; theconcertconcertgeweest?to be (irregular) - 419
Did you have to stay home because of that?
Moestto have to, mustuyou (polite)daarvoorfor itthuisat homeblijven?to remain, stay - 420
Had they been to the Netherlands before?
Warenwerezijshe; theyalalreadyeerdermoreininNederlandNederlandgeweest?to be (irregular) - 421
Two old acquaintances of my father came to visit us.
Tweetwooudeoldbekendenacquaintancesvanof, frommijnmyvaderthe fatherkwamencameonsusbezoeken.to visit - 422
Yes, my father's old friends are also my friends.
Ja,yesdetheoudeoldvriendenfriendsvanof, frommijnmyvaderthe fatherzijnto be (irregular)ookalso, likewisemijnmyvrienden.friends - 423
No, they only knew the eastern part of our country.
Nee,nozijshe; theykendenknewalleenonlyhetit; theoostelijkeeasterndeelpartvanof, fromonsusland.land
- 424
Then they surely had a lot to see and look at!
Danthenhaddento have, to have hadzeshe; theyzekersurely, certainlyheelwholewatwhattetokijkento lookenandtetobezien!looked at - 425
Didn't you take them to the IJ to enjoy the fine view?
Hebthaveuyou (polite)henthemnietnotaanon, at, tohetit; theIJIJgebrachtbroughtomaround; at (time); in order tohetit; thefraaiefineuitzichtprospecttetogenieten?to enjoy - 426
You can well imagine, our great waterworks always arouse the admiration of foreigners.
Datthat; that (conjunction)kuntto be able (can)uyou (polite)welbutdenken,thinkonzeourgrotebig, greatwaterwerkenwaterworkswekkenawakenedaltijdalwaysdethebewonderingadmirationvanof, fromvreemdenstrangersop.on, upon - 427
Yes, we even went by small boat as far as IJmuiden, to also view Amsterdam from the waterside on the way back.
Ja,yeswewezijnto be (irregular)zelfsevenmetwitheenakleinsmallbootjesmall boattotuntil, toaanon, at, toIJmuidenIJmuidengeweestto be (irregular)omaround; at (time); in order toAmsterdamAmsterdambijwithdetheterugkomstreturnookalso, likewisevanaffromdethewaterkantwatersidetetobekijken.looked over
- 428
Are they staying here much longer?
Blijvento remain, stayzijshe; theynogstill, yet; anotherlanglonghier?here - 429
If you should happen to have no time tomorrow, I'll gladly go to the Rijksmuseum with them.
Mochtmight, was alloweduyou (polite)morgenmorningsomssometimesgeenno, not atijdtimehebben,to have, to have haddanthenzalshall, willikIgraaggladly, with pleasuremetwithhenthemnaarto, towardshetit; theRijksmuseumRijksmuseumgaan.to go - 430
I believe until the end of this week.
IkIgeloofto believetotuntil, tohetit; theeindeendvanof, fromdezethe latter (the most recently mentioned)week.week - 431
Very kind! I'll gladly make use of your offer, for I have no time in the morning.
Zeerveryvriendelijk!friendly, kindIkIzalshall, willgraaggladly, with pleasurevanof, fromuwyour (polite)aanbodthe offergebruikmaken,make usewantfor, becauseikIhebto have, to have hadinindethevoormiddagvoormiddaggeenno, not atijd.time
Lesson 28: exercise 62
- 432
Burke has written an essay about the sublime and the beautiful.
BurkeBurkeheeftto have, to have hadeenaessayessaygeschrevento writeoveracross, overhetit; theverhevenesublime, elevatedenandhetit; theschone.beautiful - 433
The Swiss are as a rule tall, well formed, strong and industrious.
DetheZwitsersZwitserszijnto be (irregular)inindetheregellinerijzig,tallwelgevormd,well formedsterkstrongenandwerkzaam.industrious - 434
The blind say that black feels rough and white smooth.
Detheblindenthe blind (people)zeggento saydatthat; that (conjunction)zwartblackruwroughvoeltfeelsenandwitwhitezacht.gentle
- 435
There are some men who seem to believe that they are not bad, as there are others who are worse than they.
Ertherezijnto be (irregular)mensenmen, peoplediewho (relative)schijnento seemtetogelovento believedatthat; that (conjunction)zijshe; theynietnotslechtbadzijn,to be (irregular)omdatbecauseerthereanderenotherszijnto be (irregular)diewho (relative)nogstill, yet; anotherslechterbadzijnto be (irregular)danthenzij.she; they - 436
The earliest literature in some of the original languages of the British Islands, of which some remains are still extant, seems to be the Irish.
Detheoudsteoldestletterkundeliteratureininenkelea fewvanof, fromdetheoorspronkelijkeoriginaltalenlanguagesvanof, fromdetheBritseBritisheilanden,islandswaarvanof whichnogstill, yet; anotherenkelea fewoverblijfselenremainstotuntil, toonsuszijnto be (irregular)gekomen,to comeschijntto seemdetheIerseIrishtetozijn.to be (irregular) - 437
If we may believe popular tradition and the oldest chronicles extant, the Irish possessed an uninterrupted succession of Bards since their first settlement in the country; and the names of some among them, who are said to have flourished already as soon as the first century of our era, are still remembered.
Alsifwewedethevolksoverleveringpopular traditionenanddetheoudsteoldestnogstill, yet; anotherbestaandeexisting oneskroniekenchroniclesmogenmaygeloven,to believebezatenpossesseddetheIerenIereneenaonafgebrokenuninterruptedreeksseriesvanof, frombardenbardssindssincehunthem; theireerstethe former (the first-mentioned)vestigingsettlementininhunthem; theirland;landenanddethenamentook; namesvanof, fromenkelenSomevanone of themhen,one of themdiewho (relative)naarto, towardsmenone, peoplezegtto sayalalreadyinindetheeerstethe former (the first-mentioned)eeuwcenturyvanof, fromonzeourjaartellingeragebloeidflourishedhebben,to have, to have hadlevenlifenogstill, yet; anothersteedsalwaysinindetheherinneringrecollectionvoort.on
- 438
But the oldest bardic compositions that have been preserved are of the fifth century.
Maarbutdetheoudsteoldestvanof, fromdethenogstill, yet; anotherbestaandeexisting onesvoortbrengselencompositionsvanof, fromdethedichtkunstpoetryvanof, fromdethebardenbardsdaterendatesuitout of, fromdethevijfdefiveeeuw.century - 439
Do liquids when heated become lighter or heavier?
Wordento become, to getvloeistoffen,liquidswanneerifzeshe; theyverhitverhitworden,to become, to getlichterlighterofor; whetherzwaarder?graver - 440
They become when heated specifically lighter because liquids expand themselves and take up more room, though they do not weigh any more.
Zeshe; theywordento become, to getnaafterverhittingheatingspecifiekspecificallylichter,lighteromdatbecausevloeistoffenliquidsuitzettenexpandenandmeermoreplaatsplaceinnemen,to fillhoewelalthoughzeshe; theynietnotmeermorewegen.roads - 441
St. Domingo formerly consisted of two colonies, a French one which occupied the western part of the isle, and a Spanish one which was situated in the eastern part of it.
St.StDomingoDomingobestondexistedvroegerformerlyuitout of, fromtweetwokolonies,ColonieseenaFranseFrenchdiewho (relative)hetit; thewestelijkewesterndeelpartvanof, fromhetit; theeilandislandbesloeg,occupiedenandeenaSpaanse,Spanishgelegento lie (be situated)ininhetit; theoostelijkeeasterndeelpartervan.of it - 442
The climate of the isle is not a healthy one; many Frenchmen, Englishmen and Dutchmen have perished in it.
Hetit; theklimaatclimatevanof, fromhetit; theeilandislandisto be (irregular)nietnotgezond;commonveelmuchFransen,FransenEngelsenEngelsenenandHollandersHollandershebbento have, to have hadertherehetit; thelevenlifegelaten.to let
Lesson 28: exercise 63
- 443
Have you ever read Wagenaar's History of our country?
Hebthaveuyou (polite)ooiteverWagenaarsWagenaar'sHistoriestoryvanof, fromonsusvaderlandfatherlandgelezen?to read - 444
No, Sir, I have read a smaller book.
Nee,nomeneer,sir, MrikIhebto have, to have hadeenabeknoptersmallerboekbookgelezen.to read - 445
At the fair I have bought some Sheffield knives and some Delft pottery.
Opon, upondethekermisfairhebto have, to have hadikIenkelea fewSheffieldseSheffieldmessenknivesenandwatwhatDelftsDelftsaardewerkpotterygekocht.to buy
- 446
The first colony established by the whites in that part of North-America which is called at present the United States, was Virginia 1607; the next in New-York by the Dutch 1613; the next by the Puritans at Plymouth in Massachusetts 1620.
Detheeerstethe former (the first-mentioned)kolonie,Coloniesdoorthroughdetheblankenwhitegestichtto causeinindatthat; that (conjunction)deelpartvanof, fromNoord-AmerikaNorth Americadatthat; that (conjunction)tegenwoordignowadays, at presentdetheVerenigdeVerenigdeStatenStatenwordtto become, to getgenoemd,to call, to namewasto be (irregular)VirginiaVirginiainin1607;1607dethevolgendenext, followingininNewNewYorkYorkdoorthroughdetheHollandersHollandersinin1613;1613dethevolgendenext, followingdoorthroughdethepuriteinenPuritansininPlymouthPlymouthininMassachusettsMassachusettsinin1620.1620 - 447
In other parts of the country colonies were established shortly afterwards, especially by the emigrants from England; whilst colonies were established also by Swedes, Germans and Frenchmen.
Ininandereotherdelenpartvanof, fromhetit; thelandlandwerdento become, to getkortshortdaarnaafterwardskoloniesColoniesgesticht,to causevooralabove alldoorthroughemigrantenemigrantsuitout of, fromEngeland;Engelandterwijlwhileerthereookalso, likewisekoloniesColonieswerdento become, to getgestichtto causedoorthroughZweden,ZwedenDuitsersDuitsersenandFransen.Fransen - 448
The whole country all along the Atlantic coast was peopled in this way.
Hetit; thehelewholelandlandlangsalongdethegehelewholeAtlantischeAtlantickustcoastwerdto become, to getopon, upondiewho (relative)maniermannerbevolkt.populated
- 449
By degrees the colonists advanced more and more into the wilderness, till small and large towns rose up throughout the interior of the country.
Geleidelijkgraduallydrongento urgedethekolonistencolonistsmeermoreenandmeermoredethewilderniswildernessin,intotdatuntilertherekleinesmallenandgrotebig, greatstedencitiesverrezenrose upininhetit; thehelewholebinnenland.interior - 450
Good morning, Mr. B.
Goedemorgen,Goedemorgenmeneersir, MrB.B - 451
Has your friend not yet come back from New-York?
Isto be (irregular)uwyour (polite)vriendfriendnogstill, yet; anothernietnotuitout of, fromNewNewYorkYorkteruggekomen?return
- 452
No, Sir, several weeks ago he wrote to me that he intented to visit some beautiful countries of the United States before leaving America.
Nee,nomeneer,sir, Mrenkelea fewwekenweeksgeledensufferedschreefto writehijhemijmedatthat; that (conjunction)hijhevanof, fromplanplan, planswasto be (irregular)enkelea fewmooiebeautifulstrekenregionsvanof, fromdetheVerenigdeVerenigdeStatenStatentetobezoekento visitvoordatbeforehijheAmerikaAmerikazoushould, wouldverlaten.left - 453
When he wrote last he was at Washington, from there he will go to Carlisle, a beautiful little town with nice scenery somewhat like that of Heidelberg, the well known old town on the river Neckar.
Toenas, whenhijhevoorforhetit; thelaatstlast timeschreef,to writewasto be (irregular)hijheininWashington;Washingtonvanof, fromdaaras, since, becausezoushould, wouldhijhenaarto, towardsCarlisleCarlislegaan,to goeenamooinice, beautifulstadjecity, townmetwithveelmuchnatuurschoon,sceneryenigszinssomewhatinindethetrantmannervanof, fromHeidelberg,Heidelbergdethebekendeknownoudeoldstadcity, townaanon, at, todetheNeckar.Neckar - 454
Of the old ruin only a wall three feet thick remained.
Vanof, fromdetheoudeoldruïneruinisto be (irregular)nogstill, yet; anothermaarbuteenadriethreevoetfootdikkethickmuurwallovergebleven.to remain
- 455
In times long past rich and wealthy men lived on the same spot where these stones are to be seen.
Ininlanglongvervlogenpasttijdentimeleefdenlifehierhereopon, upondezelfdethe sameplek,spotwaarwhere; trueuyou (polite)dezethe latter (the most recently mentioned)stenenstonekuntto be able (can)zien,to seerijkerichenandvermogendewealthymensen.men, people - 456
It was not only disagreeable but also very hurtful to them that their brother in Italy became a bankrupt.
Hetit; thewasto be (irregular)voorforhenthemnietnotalleenonlyonaangenaam,disagreeablemaarbutookalso, likewisezeerverynadelig,harmfuldatthat; that (conjunction)hunthem; theirbroerbrotherininItaliëItaliëfaillietbankruptging.to go - 457
Why do you not visit your friends in A. there?
Waaromwhybezoektto visituyou (polite)uwyour (polite)vriendenfriendsininA.Aniet?not - 458
You know that you are always welcome to them.
Uyou (polite)weetto knowdatthat; that (conjunction)uyou (polite)altijdalwayswelkomwelcomebentto be (irregular)bijwithhen.them
Lesson 28: exercise 64
- 459
The most severe cold we have is mild compared with that which the inhabitants of the Russian capital have to bear every winter.
Dethestrengsteharshkoudecolddiewho (relative)wijwehebben,to have, to have hadisto be (irregular)zachtgentlevergelekencomparesmetwithdiewho (relative)welkewhich, whatdetheinwonersinhabitantsvanof, fromdetheRussischeRussianhoofdstadcapital citiesiedereeach, everywinterwintertetoverdurenbearhebben.to have, to have had - 460
The cold season lasts more than seven months; during most of that time all is covered with ice and snow.
Hetit; thekoudecoldjaargetijdeseasonduurtlastslangerlongerdanthenzevensevenmaanden;monthsgedurendeduringhetit; thegrootstegreatestdeelpartvanof, fromdiewho (relative)tijdtimeisto be (irregular)alleseverythingmetwithijsiceenandsneeuwsnowbedekt.covered - 461
The broad, clear river Neva so beautiful in summer, covered with the shipping of all nations, and dotted with gay pleasure-boats, is then a sheet of ice and becomes the fashionable drive, the most crowded part of the whole city.
Dethebrede,broadhelderebrightlyrivierriverdetheNeva,Nevazoso, asmooinice, beautifulinindethezomer,summerbedektcoveredmetwithdetheschepenship, shipsvanof, fromalleallnatiesnationenandalsifbezaaiddottedmetwithzwierigegaypleizierboten,pleasure-boatsisto be (irregular)dantheneenaijsvlaktesheet of iceenandwordtto become, to getdethepopulairstefashionablewandelplaats,drivehetit; thedrukstbusybezochteto visitdeelpartvanof, fromdethehelewholestad.city, town
- 462
For the greater part the days are cloudless during the severe season.
Meestalusuallyzijnto be (irregular)dethedagendaysonbewolktcloudlesstijdensduringhetit; thestrengesternjaargetijde.season - 463
The sun, in midwinter, shines for only a short time on the golden domes of the churches, and gilds the upper stories of the houses.
Ininhetit; themiddenmiddlevanof, fromdethewinterwinterschijntto seemdethezonsunslechtsonlyeenakorteshorttijdtimeopon, upondethegoudengoldenkoepelsdomesvanof, fromdethekerkenchurchenandverguldtgildsdethebovensteupperverdiepingenfloorvanof, fromdethehuizen.houses - 464
Every horse is grey; for one does not see their real colour for the thick coating of hoar-frost which covers them.
Alleallpaardenhorseszijnto be (irregular)grauw,greywantfor, becausemenone, peoplekanto be able (can)hunthem; theirechterealkleurcolournietnotziento seevanwegebecause ofdethedikkethicklaaglowrijpmaturediewho (relative)zeshe; theybedekt.covered - 465
and every cabman looks like a venerable old man, with his frost-covered beard, from which icicles frequently hang.
enandelkeeach, everykoetsiercabman, driverzietseeseruitout of italsifeenaeerwaardigevenerableoudeoldman,man; husbandmetwithzijnhis; to bemetwithrijpmaturebedektehidbaard,beardwaaraanfrom whichvaakoftenijspegelsicicleshangen.to hang
Lesson 29: I. Het answers to English it (and 1 more)
Het for it
English says it when nothing in particular does the action: it rains, it snows. Dutch does the same with het.
Het regent. Het sneeuwt.
Het also stands for a thing that was already named. Waar is uw potlood? Hier is het.
Het for he, she or they
Het can point to a person or a thing. English then says he, she or they.
Kent u die man? Het is een van onze eerste kunstenaars. English says he is one of our first artists.
Het is een jong meisje tussen de vijftien en achttien jaar. English says she.
For more than one, the verb is plural. Kent u die mensen? Het zijn toneelspelers. English says they.
- 466
it is raining.
Hetit; theregent.to be rained on - 467
it is snowing.
Hetit; thesneeuwt.to be snowed under - 468
Where is your lead-pencil? Here it is.
Waarwhere; trueisto be (irregular)uwyour (polite)potlood?pencilHierhereisto be (irregular)het.it; the - 469
Do you know that man? He is one of our first artists.
Kentknowsuyou (polite)diewho (relative)man?man; husbandHetit; theisto be (irregular)eenavanof, fromonzeoureerstethe former (the first-mentioned)kunstenaars.artist
I. Het answers to English it
Het answers to the English it. Het regent, sneeuwt it is raining, snowing. Waar is uw potlood? Hier is het. Where is your lead-pencil? Here it is.Het used instead of he, she, they
If het is used in reference to a person or a thing, it may stand for he, she or they. Kent u die man? Het is een van onze eerste kunstenaars. Do you know that man? He is one of our first artists. Het is een jong meisje tussen de vijftien en achttien jaar. She is a young lady between fifteen and eighteen years. Kent u die mensen (boeken)? Het zijn toneelspelers (romans). Do you know those men (books)? They are actors (novels).Het (dat) after to be, to do, to think, to tell, to say, to suppose, to believe, to hope
Het (dat) is often used where English so stands after the verbs to be, to do, to think, to tell, to say, to suppose, to believe, to hope. Mijn broer is gelukkig en verdient het (dat) te zijn. My brother is happy, and deserves to be so. Hij beloofde ons te bezoeken en ik hoop dat hij het (dat) zal doen. He promised to visit us, and I hope he will do so.English it for a thing agrees in gender with the Dutch noun
It used in reference to a thing, is translated by a pronoun agreeing in gender with the noun to which it refers. Waar is uw lepel? Hij is gevallen. Where is your spoon? It has fallen. Ik kan met deze pen niet schrijven, hij is slecht. I cannot write with this pen, it is a bad one.Het as grammatical subject takes a plural verb for a plural real subject
Het, as the grammatical subject of a sentence, takes a plural verb if the real subject is plural. Het waren sommige rumoerige jongens op straat. It was some noisy boys in the street. Het zijn de veelvuldige regens die alles bederven. It is the frequent rains that spoil everything. Observe the order in: Ik ben het it is I, hij is het it is he, zij is het it is she, wij zijn het it is we, jullie zijn het (or u bent het) it is you, zij zijn het it is they.Het replaces a verb after kunnen, mogen, moeten etc
Het is used in Dutch instead of a verb after the auxiliaries kunnen, mogen, moeten etc. Ik kan niet schrijven met deze pen, probeer eens of u het kunt. I cannot write with this pen, just try if you can. Mag ik dit lezen? Ja, u mag het. Do you allow me to read this? Yes, you may.Het used with certain verbs without referring to anything in particular
Het is often used in Dutch with certain verbs, without reference to anything in particular. Zij schaterden het uit van het lachen they roared with laughter. Ik ben het eens met u I agree with you. Hij heeft het druk he is very busy. Hij won het van mij he beat me. Hij zal het wel lappen leave him alone to do it. Hij heeft het lang uitgehouden he has held out long.Er, the weakened form of daar, answers to there before zijn
Er, the weakened form of the adverb daar, answers to the English there when it is followed by zijn or an equivalent verb. If er is followed by another verb, it is mostly omitted in English. Er waren dieven in de tuin there were thieves in the garden. Er leefde eens een koning once upon a time there lived a king. Er schijnt geen reden voor te zijn there seems to be no reason for it. Er gebeurde een ongeluk an accident happened. Er brak een brand uit a fire broke out.Er = daarvan (French en), not used in English
Er = daarvan (French en), referring to a preceding noun, is not used in English. Hoeveel woordenboeken hebt u? Ik heb er maar drie. How many dictionaries have you? I have only three. Er zijn er velen die dat niet weten. There are many who do not know that (cf. the French: il y en a beaucoup etc.). Deze kersen zien er goed uit, geef mij er enige. These cherries look nice, give me some.Er for the grammatical subject of a passive verb answers to English it
If er stands for the grammatical subject of a passive verb, the logical subject being a following infinitive or dependent clause, this er answers to the English it. Er werd besloten de zaak uit te stellen it was resolved to postpone the matter. Er werd voorgesteld hem ook uit te nodigen it was proposed to invite him too. Er werd opgemerkt dat sommige boeken ontbraken it was observed that some books were missing. Er werd gepraat somebody was talking.Personal pronouns often omitted after mee
Personal pronouns are often omitted after mee, where English requires one. Ga je mee? Will you come with us? Wij gaan naar C., ga je mee? We are going to C.; will you make one? Hij nam alles mee he took everything with him. Note: meebrengen, to bring along: Wat hebt u ons meegebracht van de kermis? What have you brought us from the fair? Breng uw Duitse spraakkunst mee bring your German Grammar.Wij waren met ons tienen for there were ten of us
The expressions wij waren met ons tienen, twaalven, zij waren met hun vijven, zessen etc. run in English: there were ten or twelve of us, they were five, six etc.Self as a noun (one's own person) is ik
Self, when used as a noun for one's own person, is translated by ik. Scrooge fancied he saw his former self S. dacht zijn vroeger ik te zien. A true friend is another self een trouwe vriend is een tweede ik. The love of self de liefde voor zijn ik. Note. If self is used in the sense of selfishness, or instead of itself, herself, it is translated by zelf, zelve. Zelf is een welsprekend advocaat self is an eloquent advocate. Niet bewust van haar schoonheid, was zij de schoonheid zelve thoughtless of beauty, she was beauty's self.Third-person pronouns after a preposition are used in English but not in Dutch
After a preposition the third-person personal pronoun is used in English but not in Dutch. Hij sloot de deur achter zich toe he locked the door behind him. Zij kijken altijd voor zich they always look before them. Note. When self (selves) is added to the pronoun, the same reflexives are used in Dutch. Hij is buiten zichzelf he is beside himself. Die arme mensen zijn zichzelf tot last those poor men are a burden to themselves.Self is not added to the reflexive with reflexive verbs
As a rule the word zelf is not added to the Dutch reflexive pronoun with a reflexive verb. Ik heb mij bezeerd I have hurt myself. Zij leggen zich toe op het Duits they apply themselves to German.II. The Possessive Pronoun where Dutch uses the article
Hij stak de beurs in de zak he put the purse in his pocket. De oude vrouw schudde het hoofd the old woman shook her head. Ik heb mij de voet (or mijn voet) bezeerd I have hurt my foot.A predicate Possessive Pronoun is preceded by the article
When a possessive pronoun stands as a predicate it is always preceded by the article: de mijne, de jouwe, de uwe, de zijne, de hare, de onze, de jullie, de hunne, or het mijne and so on before a het-word. The same thing can also be said with van: van mij, van jou, van u. Deze pen is de mijne, or deze pen is van mij, this pen is mine. Dat boek is het uwe, or dat boek is van u, that book is yours.A Personal Pronoun for mine, ours, yours after of
If mine, ours, yours etc. are preceded by of, a personal pronoun must be used in Dutch. Een vriend van mij, ons, u a friend of mine, ours, yours. Een huis van hen a house of theirs.Uw en mijn tuin, one garden or two
The Dutch phrase uw en mijn tuin may indicate one garden but also two gardens; it answers as well to your and my garden as to your garden and mine.The Possessive Pronoun with no noun or pronoun of its own
In some fixed expressions the possessive pronoun is used without referring to any noun or pronoun: de mijnen, de zijnen etc., my family, his family; al het mijne, my whole property; kom ten mijnent, come to my house; wij waren ten uwent, we were at your house. Ten mijnent and ten uwent are fossil datives of the old declined pronoun, rare and literary; the everyday equivalent is bij mij, bij u thuis.- 470
She is a young lady between fifteen and eighteen years.
Hetit; theisto be (irregular)eenajongyoungmeisjegirltussenbetweendethevijftienfifteenenandachttieneighteenjaar.the year - 471
Do you know those men? They are actors.
Kentknowsuyou (polite)diewho (relative)mensen?men, peopleHetit; thezijnto be (irregular)toneelspelers.actors - 472
Do you know those books? They are novels.
Kentknowsuyou (polite)diewho (relative)boeken?booksHetit; thezijnto be (irregular)romans.novels
Lesson 29: Het (dat) after to be, to do, to think, to tell, to say, to suppose, to believe, to hope (and 1 more)
Het for so
After some verbs, English uses so for an idea already said. Dutch uses het or dat.
The verbs are to be, to do, to think, to tell, to say, to suppose, to believe and to hope.
Mijn broer is gelukkig en verdient het te zijn. English says deserves to be so.
Hij beloofde ons te bezoeken en ik hoop dat hij het zal doen. English says I hope he will do so.
It for a thing
English uses it for every thing. Dutch uses the pronoun that has the gender of the noun.
Lepel and pen take hij.
Waar is uw lepel? Hij is gevallen. English says it has fallen.
Ik kan met deze pen niet schrijven, hij is slecht. English says it is a bad one.
- 473
My brother is happy, and deserves to be so.
Mijnmybroerbrotheristo be (irregular)gelukkighappy, unhappyenandverdientdeserveshetit; thetetozijn.to be (irregular) - 474
He promised to visit us, and I hope he will do so.
Hijhebeloofdepromisedonsustetobezoekento visitenandikIhoophopedatthat; that (conjunction)hijhehetit; thezalshall, willdoen.to do - 475
Where is your spoon? It has fallen.
Waarwhere; trueisto be (irregular)uwyour (polite)lepel?spoonHijhe has fallenishe has fallengevallen.he has fallen - 476
I cannot write with this pen, it is a bad one.
IkIkanto be able (can)metwithdezethe latter (the most recently mentioned)penpennietnotschrijven,to writehijheisto be (irregular)slecht.bad
Lesson 29: Het as grammatical subject takes a plural verb for a plural real subject
A plural verb after het
A verb normally agrees with its subject. After het, the verb agrees with the people or things named later in the sentence.
Het waren sommige rumoerige jongens op straat. The boys are plural, so the verb is plural.
Het zijn de veelvuldige regens die alles bederven. English says it is the frequent rains.
It is I
English says it is I. Dutch puts the person first, then the verb, then het.
Ik ben het. Hij is het. Zij is het. Wij zijn het. Zij zijn het.
For you, Dutch says jullie zijn het, or u bent het.
The verb goes with the person, not with het.
- 477
It was some noisy boys in the street.
Hetit; thewarento be (irregular)sommigesomerumoerigenoisyjongensboysopon, uponstraat.street - 478
It is the frequent rains that spoil everything.
Hetit; thezijnto be (irregular)detheveelvuldigefrequentregensraindiewho (relative)alleseverythingbederven.to spoil - 479
it is I.
IkIbento be (irregular)het.it; the - 480
it is he.
Hijheisto be (irregular)het.it; the
Lesson 29: Het replaces a verb after kunnen, mogen, moeten etc
Het after an auxiliary verb
After the auxiliary verbs kunnen, mogen and moeten, English can leave out the main verb. Dutch puts het in its place.
Probeer eens of u het kunt. English says try if you can.
Mag ik dit lezen? Ja, u mag het. English says yes, you may.
Lesson 29: Het used with certain verbs without referring to anything in particular
Het with no meaning of its own
Some Dutch phrases contain het, and het points to nothing. Learn each phrase whole.
Ik ben het eens met u means I agree with you. Hij heeft het druk means he is very busy.
Hij won het van mij means he defeated me. Hij heeft het lang uitgehouden means he has held out long.
Zij schaterden het uit van het lachen means they roared with laughter.
- 487
they roared with laughter.
Zijshe; theyschaterdenroaredhetit; theuitout of, fromvanof, fromhetit; thelachen.to laugh - 488
I agree with you.
IkIbento be (irregular)hetit; theeensonce, one daymetwithu.you (polite) - 489
he is very busy.
Hijheheeftto have, to have hadhetit; thedruk.busy - 490
he beat me.
Hijhewonto winhetit; thevanof, frommij.me
Lesson 29: Er, the weakened form of daar, answers to there before zijn
Er for there
Er is the short, weak form of daar.
Before zijn, er means there. Er waren dieven in de tuin. English says there were thieves in the garden.
Before another verb, English mostly leaves out there. Er brak een brand uit. English says a fire broke out.
Er leefde eens een koning. English says once upon a time there lived a king.
- 493
there were thieves in the garden.
Ertherewarento be (irregular)dieventhievesinindethetuin.garden - 494
once upon a time there lived a king.
Erthereleefdelivedeensonce, one dayeenakoning.king, kings - 495
there seems to be no reason for it.
Erthereschijntto seemgeenno, not aredenreasonvoorfortetozijn.to be (irregular) - 496
an accident happened.
Ertheregebeurdehappenedeenaongeluk.misfortune - 497
a fire broke out.
Ertherebrakto breakeenabrandfireuit.out of, from
Lesson 29: Er = daarvan (French en), not used in English (and 1 more)
Er for of them
Er can stand for daarvan, and point back to a noun already named. English has no word for it here.
Hoeveel woordenboeken hebt u? Ik heb er maar drie. English says I have only three.
Deze kersen zien er goed uit, geef mij er enige. English says give me some.
Er in a passive sentence
In some passive sentences, er stands first in the place of the subject. English uses it there.
The real subject follows later, as an infinitive or a dependent clause.
Er werd besloten de zaak uit te stellen. English says it was resolved to postpone the matter.
Er werd gepraat. English says somebody was talking.
- 498
How many dictionaries have you? I have only three.
Hoeveelhow much, how manywoordenboekendictionarieshebtto have, to have hadu?you (polite)IkIhebto have, to have hadertheremaarbutdrie.three - 499
There are many who do not know that.
Ertherezijnto be (irregular)ertherevelenmanydiewho (relative)datnot so (I beg your pardon)nietnot so (I beg your pardon)weten.to know - 500
These cherries look nice, give me some.
Dezethe latter (the most recently mentioned)kersencherriesziento seeertheregoedgood, welluit,out of, fromgeefto givemijmeerthereenige.only (het enige: the only thing) - 501
it was resolved to postpone the matter.
Ertherewerdto become, to getbeslotenresolveddethezaakmatteruitout of, fromtetostellen.put
- 502
it was proposed to invite him too.
Ertherewerdto become, to getvoorgesteldrepresentedhemhimookalso, likewiseuitout of, fromtetonodigen.invited - 503
it was observed that some books were missing.
Ertherewerdto become, to getopgemerktnoticeddatthat; that (conjunction)sommigesomeboekenbooksontbraken.were missing - 504
somebody was talking.
Ertherewerdto become, to getgepraat.talks
Lesson 29: Personal pronouns often omitted after mee (and 1 more)
Mee without a pronoun
The word mee means with. English needs a pronoun beside it, such as us or him. Dutch often leaves the pronoun out.
Ga je mee? English says will you come with us?
Hij nam alles mee. English says he took everything with him.
Meebrengen means to bring along. Breng uw Duitse spraakkunst mee.
Met ons tienen
To say how many people were together, Dutch uses met, then ons or hun, then the number with an ending.
Wij waren met ons tienen. English says there were ten of us.
Zij waren met hun vijven. English says there were five of them.
Twaalven and zessen follow the same pattern.
- 505
Will you come with us?
Gagojeyou; yourmee?along, with - 506
he took everything with him.
Hijhenamto takealleseverythingmee.along, with - 507
What have you brought us from the fair?
Watwhathebtto have, to have haduyou (polite)onsusmeegebrachtbrought alongvanof, fromdethekermis?fair - 508
bring your German Grammar.
Brengto pass, to spend (time)uwyour (polite)DuitseGermanspraakkunstgrammarmee.along, with
Lesson 29: Self as a noun (one's own person) is ik
Self as a noun
In English, self can be a noun. It names the person you are, as in a former self. Dutch uses ik.
Een trouwe vriend is een tweede ik. English says a true friend is another self.
De liefde voor zijn ik. English says the love of self.
Zelf
When self means selfishness, or the words itself and herself, Dutch uses zelf or zelve instead.
Zelf is een welsprekend advocaat. English says self is an eloquent advocate.
Niet bewust van haar schoonheid, was zij de schoonheid zelve.
- 511
Scrooge fancied he saw his former self.
ScroogeScroogedachtthoughtzijnhis; to bevroegerformerlyikItetozien.to see - 512
A true friend is another self.
Eenatrouwefaithfulvriendfriendisto be (irregular)eenatweedethe Secondik.I - 513
The love of self.
Detheliefdelovevoorforzijnto be (irregular)ik.I - 514
self is an eloquent advocate.
Zelfselfisto be (irregular)eenawelsprekendeloquentadvocaat.advocate - 515
Thoughtless of beauty, she was beauty's self.
Nietnotbewustknownvanof, fromhaarherschoonheid,beautywasto be (irregular)zijshe; theydetheschoonheidbeautyzelve.self
Lesson 29: Third-person pronouns after a preposition are used in English but not in Dutch (and 1 more)
Zich after a preposition
After a preposition, English uses him, her or them. Dutch uses the reflexive pronoun zich.
Hij sloot de deur achter zich toe. English says he locked the door behind him.
Zij kijken altijd voor zich. English says they always look before them.
When English adds self, Dutch uses zichzelf. Hij is buiten zichzelf. English says he is beside himself.
No zelf with a reflexive verb
With a reflexive verb, Dutch uses the reflexive pronoun alone. As a rule, it does not add zelf.
Ik heb mij bezeerd. English says I have hurt myself.
Zij leggen zich toe op het Duits. English says they apply themselves to German.
- 516
he locked the door behind him.
Hijheslootto shutdethedeurdoorachterbehindzichoneself, himself, themselvestoe.to - 517
they always look before them.
Zijshe; theykijkento lookaltijdalwaysvoorforzich.oneself, himself, themselves - 518
he is beside himself.
Hijheisto be (irregular)buitenoutsidezichzelf.himself - 519
those poor men are a burden to themselves.
Diewho (relative)armepoormensenmen, peoplezijnto be (irregular)zichzelfhimselftotuntil, tolast.Last
Lesson 29: II. The Possessive Pronoun where Dutch uses the article (and 1 more)
The article instead of my or his
English says my, his or her foot. Dutch often says the foot, with the article de or het.
Hij stak de beurs in de zak. English says he put the purse in his pocket.
De oude vrouw schudde het hoofd. English says the old woman shook her head.
Ik heb mij de voet bezeerd. Mijn voet is also possible.
Mine, yours, his
When the possessive stands alone after the verb, it takes an article. The article agrees with the thing owned.
The forms are de mijne, de jouwe, de uwe, de zijne, de hare, de onze, de jullie and de hunne. Before a het-word, they begin with het, as in het mijne.
Dat boek is het uwe means that book is yours.
Van instead
Dutch can say the same thing with van: van mij, van jou, van u.
Deze pen is van mij means this pen is mine.
Dat boek is van u means that book is yours.
- 522
he put the purse in his pocket.
Hijhestakto sting, to putdethebeursthe (Stock) Exchangeinindethezak.pocket - 523
the old woman shook her head.
Detheoudeoldvrouwa woman, a ladyschuddeshookhetit; thehoofd.head - 524
I have hurt my foot.
IkIhebto have, to have hadmijmedethevoetfootbezeerd.hurt - 525
this pen is mine.
Dezethe latter (the most recently mentioned)penpenisto be (irregular)vanof, frommij.me - 526
that book is yours.
Datthat; that (conjunction)boekbookisto be (irregular)vanof, fromu.you (polite)
Lesson 29: A Personal Pronoun for mine, ours, yours after of (and 2 more)
A friend of mine
English says of mine, of ours, of yours. Dutch uses van with mij, ons, u or hen.
Een vriend van mij. Een vriend van ons. Een vriend van u.
Een huis van hen means a house of theirs.
One garden or two
Uw en mijn tuin can mean one garden. It can also mean two gardens, yours and mine.
English says your and my garden for one, and your garden and mine for two.
Possessives with no noun
A few fixed phrases use a possessive with no noun after it.
De mijnen means my family. De zijnen means his family. Al het mijne means my whole property.
Kom ten mijnent means come to my house. Wij waren ten uwent means we were at your house.
These forms are rare and literary. The everyday way is bij mij and bij u thuis.
Peter de Grote op de werf van de Oost-Indische Compagnie
- 534
Peter the Great at the shipyard of the East India Company
PeterPeterdetheGroteGroteopon, upondethewerfshipyardvanof, fromdetheOost-IndischeEast IndianCompagnieCompagnie - 535
Peter could not hide his regret that he had seen his aim, to live and work unknown and quietly at a shipyard in Zaandam, fail.
PeterPeterkonto be able (can)dethespijtregretnietnotverbergenhidedatthat; that (conjunction)hijhezijnhis; to beoogmerk,aimininZaandamZaandamonbekendunknownenandininstiltesilenceopon, uponeenawerfshipyardtetolevenlifeenandtetowerken,workhadto have, to have hadziento seemislukken.failure - 536
He did not want to give up his plan to learn shipbuilding himself, practically, as a carpenter.
Hijhewildeto want, to wishzijnhis; to bevoornemen,intentionzelfselfdethescheepsbouwshipbuildingalsiftimmermancarpenter (also a surname)praktischpracticallytetoleren,a) to learn, b) = to teachnietnotopgeven.to declare - 537
Since Witsen was at that time a Director of the East India Company, the reason is not far to seek why he resolved to ask the gentlemen Directors to grant him lodging at their shipyard, and, by starting and fitting out a new galiot or frigate, to give him the opportunity to observe everything required for building a ship.
Daaras, since, becauseWitsenWitsendestijdsat that timeBewindhebberBewindhebbervanof, fromdetheOost-IndischeEast IndianCompagnieCompagniewas,to be (irregular)isto be (irregular)detheredenreasonnietnotverfartetozoekento try, to seekwaaromwhyhijhetetoraderesolvedwerdto become, to getherengentleman, lordBewindhebberenBewindhebberentetoverzoekento begdatthat; that (conjunction)menone, peoplehemhimeenawoningdwellingopon, uponhunthem; theirwerfshipyardtoestond,to grant, to allowenanddoorthroughhetit; thebeginnento beginenandaftimmerenfitting outvanof, fromeenanieuwnewgaljootgaliotofor; whetherfregatfrigatehemhimgelegenheidoccasion, opportunityzoushould, wouldgevento giveomaround; at (time); in order toalles,everythingwatwhattotuntil, tohetit; thebouwenbuiltvanof, fromeenaschipship, shipsvereistrequiredwordt,to become, to gettetokunnento be able (can)gadeslaan.follow - 538
Already on the twenty-ninth of the month of August this proposal was made by the interpreter of the Tsar, Lieutenant Van der Hulst, in the name of the great Embassy, at an extraordinary meeting of the Directors, and granted with the greatest courtesy.
Reedsalreadyopon, upondethenegenentwintigstetwenty-ninevanof, fromdethemaandmonthaugustusaugustuswerdto become, to getditthisvoorstelproposaldoorthroughdethetolkinterpretervanof, fromdethetsaar,TsardetheluitenantlieutenantVanVanderof theHulst,Hulstuitout of, fromnaamnamevanof, fromhetit; thegrotebig, greatGezantschap,Gezantschapinineenabuitengewoneextraordinaryvergaderingmeetingvanof, fromBewindhebberenBewindhebberengedaanto doenandmetwithdethemeestemosthoffelijkheidcourtesyingewilligd.granted
Lesson 29: conversation
- 539
What do you think, will the concert go ahead tonight?
Watwhatdenktthinksu,you (polite)zalshall, willhetit; theconcertconcertvanavondtonightdoorgaan?pass - 540
Are you planning to go there?
Bentareuyou (polite)vanof, fromplanplan, planserheentheretetogaan?to go - 541
If you go, may I accompany you? I don't like to go alone.
Alsifuyou (polite)gaat,to gomagmayikIuyou (polite)danthenvergezellen?to accompanyIkIgato gonietnotgraaggladly, with pleasurealleen.only - 542
We'll have to go in good time, for it will be extraordinarily crowded.
Wewezullenshall, willwelbutopon, upontijdtimemoetento have to, mustgaan,to gowantfor, becausehetit; thezalshall, willverbazendenormousvolfull (of)zijn.to be (irregular) - 543
I think so, the weather is excellent after all.
IkIdenkthinkhetit; thewel,buthetit; theweeragainisto be (irregular)immersafter alluitstekend.eminent - 544
I would very much like to, but I don't yet know if my business allows it.
IkIzoushould, wouldwelbutgraaggladly, with pleasurewillen,to want, to wishmaarbutikIweetto knownogstill, yet; anothernietnotofor; whethermijnmybezighedenbusinesshetit; thetoelaten.to admit, to permit - 545
That will be very pleasant for me; will you come and pick me up?
Hetit; thezalshall, willmijmezeerveryaangenaamagreeable, pleasantzijn;to be (irregular)wiltto want, to wishuyou (polite)mijmekomento comeophalen?pick up - 546
I think so too. Should we also take an overcoat or umbrella?
Datthat; that (conjunction)denkthinkikIook.also, likewiseZoudenshould, wouldweweookalso, likewiseeenaoverjasovercoatofor; whetherparapluumbrellameealong, withmoetento have to, mustnemen?to take
- 547
Oh no, the sky is very clear again, it won't rain any more today.
Welnee,oh nodetheluchtairisto be (irregular)weeragainheelwholehelder,brightlyhetit; thezalshall, willvandaagtodaynietnotmeermoreregenen.rained - 548
Until tonight then. I'll be at your place early enough.
Nunow, at presenttotuntil, tovanavondtonightdan.thenIkIzalshall, willvroegto askgenoegenoughbijwithuyou (polite)zijn.to be (irregular) - 549
Not at all, though I would be very sorry indeed.
Volstrektabsolutelyniet,notalalreadyzoushould, wouldhetit; themijmeookalso, likewiseergvery; badspijten.to regret - 550
Well, that suits me fine; it would not be pleasant to be caught by a rain shower.
Nou,welldatthat; that (conjunction)vindto findikIprima;finehetit; thezoushould, wouldnietnotprettigmerry, pleasantzijnto be (irregular)omaround; at (time); in order todoorthrougheenaregenbuirain showerovervallencame overtetoworden.to become, to get - 551
Should I happen to be prevented, you must not hold that against me.
Mochtmight, was allowedikIsomssometimesverhinderdpreventedzijn,to be (irregular)danthenmoetto have to, mustuyou (polite)mijmedatnot so (I beg your pardon)nietnot so (I beg your pardon)kwalijkto take amiss; neem(t u) mij niet kwalijk = I am so sorry, excuse menemen.to take amiss; neem(t u) mij niet kwalijk = I am so sorry, excuse me - 552
See you! I hope until tonight!
Totuntil, toziens!see youIkIhoophopetotuntil, tovanavond!tonight
Lesson 29: exercise 65
- 553
I cannot read this letter, just try if you can.
IkIkanto be able (can)dezethe latter (the most recently mentioned)briefletternietnotlezen,to readkom,to comeprobeerto tryeensonce, one dayofor; whetheruyou (polite)hetit; thekunt.to be able (can) - 554
Do you allow me to read it?
Staatstands; stateuyou (polite)mijmetoetohemhimtetolezen?to read - 555
Yes, you may; it is a letter from our friend William.
Zeker,surely, certainlyuyou (polite)mag;mayhetit; theisto be (irregular)eenabrieflettervanof, fromonzeourvriendfriendWillem.Willem - 556
It is not I who have told you such nasty things.
IkIbento be (irregular)hetit; thenietnotdiewho (relative)uyou (polite)zulkesuchlelijkeuglydingenthingsverteldtoldheb.to have, to have had - 557
Do you believe all he has told us?
Gelooftto believeuyou (polite)alleseverythingwatwhathijheonsusverteldtoldheeft?to have, to have had - 558
No, Sir, I do not.
Nee,nomeneer,sir, Mrdatthat; that (conjunction)doeto doikIniet.not - 559
I agree with you, he ought to have visited us long before, but you know very well that he is very busy.
IkIbento be (irregular)hetit; themetwithuyou (polite)eens,once, one dayhijhehadto have, to have hadonsusveelmucheerdermoremoetento have to, mustbezoeken,to visitmaarbutuyou (polite)weetto knowheelvery wellgoedvery welldatthat; that (conjunction)hijhehetit; theergvery; baddrukbusyheeft.to have, to have had
- 560
Do you know that tall man?
Kentknowsuyou (polite)diewho (relative)langelongman?man; husband - 561
Yes, Sir, he is one of our first actors.
Ja,yesmeneer,sir, Mrhetit; theisto be (irregular)eenavanof, fromonzeourgrootstegreatestacteurs.actors - 562
Why does he not play any more at our theatre?
Waaromwhyspeeltto playhijhenietnotmeermoreininonzeourschouwburg?theater - 563
I cannot tell you, there seems to be no reason for it.
Datthat; that (conjunction)weetto knowikIniet,noterthereschijntto seemgeenno, not aredenreasonvoorfortetozijn.to be (irregular) - 564
It was the frequent rains that spoiled every thing last summer.
Hetit; thewarento be (irregular)detheveelvuldigefrequentregensraindiewho (relative)afgelopenfinishedzomersummeralleseverythingbedierven.to spoil - 565
Where is your pen?
Waarwhere; trueisto be (irregular)uwyour (polite)pen?pen - 566
Here it is.
Hierhereisto be (irregular)hij.he
- 567
Is it a good one?
Isto be (irregular)hetit; theeenagoede?the good, what is good - 568
No, it is a very bad one.
Nee,nohetit; theisto be (irregular)eenazeerveryslechte.bad - 569
Is it yours?
Isto be (irregular)hijhevanof, fromu?you (polite) - 570
No, it is not mine, my pens are much better.
Nee,nohijheisto be (irregular)nietnotvanof, frommij,memijnmypennenpenszijnto be (irregular)veelmuchbeter.better - 571
We were at your house, when the fire broke out at the market.
Wijwewarento be (irregular)bijwithuyou (polite)thuis,at hometoenas, whendethebrandfireopon, upondethemarktmarketsuitbrak.broke out
- 572
They roared with laughter, when they heard all these nonsensical tales about their family.
Zijshe; theyschaterdenroaredvanof, fromhetit; thelachen,to laughtoenas, whenzijshe; theyalalreadydiewho (relative)onzinnigenonsensicalverhalenrelateoveracross, overhunthem; theirfamiliefamilyhoorden.to hear - 573
You have promised us already twice to visit us at our villa, I hope you will do so now.
Uyou (polite)hebtto have, to have hadonsusalalreadytweetwokeertime (an occasion)beloofdpromisedonsusopon, upononzeourvillavillatetokomento comebezoeken,to visitikIhoophopedatthat; that (conjunction)uyou (polite)datthat; that (conjunction)nunow, at presentzultshall, willdoen.to do - 574
The old man shook his head when he heard these dangerous theories.
Detheoudeoldmanman; husbandschuddeshookhetit; thehoofdheadtoenas, whenhijhedezethe latter (the most recently mentioned)gevaarlijkedangeroustheorieëntheoryhoorde.to hear
- 575
A house and garden of theirs was sold last week.
Eenahuishouseenandtuingardenvanone of themhenone of themwerdento become, to getvorigepreviousweekweekverkocht.sold - 576
How many Dutch grammars have you now?
Hoeveelhow much, how manyNederlandseDutchspraakkunstengrammarshebtto have, to have haduyou (polite)nu?now, at present - 577
I have only one, I should think one will do.
IkIhebto have, to have hadertheremaarbuteen,adatthat; that (conjunction)isto be (irregular)genoeg,enoughdenkthinkik.I - 578
I quite agree with you, especially if it is a good one.
IkIbento be (irregular)hetit; thehelemaalentirelymetwithuyou (polite)eens,once, one dayvooralabove allalsifhetit; theeenagoedethe good, what is goodis.to be (irregular) - 579
A friend of mine will show you the book we have used with much success.
Eenavriendfriendvanof, frommijmezalshall, willuyou (polite)hetit; theboekbooklatento letziento seedatthat; that (conjunction)wijwemetwithveelmuchsuccessuccessgebruiktto eat, to havehebben.to have, to have had
Lesson 29: exercise 66
- 580
The way was such that it was scarcely possible to be distinguished in [the] twilight.
Dethewegaway; roadwasto be (irregular)zoso, asdatthat; that (conjunction)hijheternauwernoodscarcelyinindetheschemertwilighttetoonderscheidento distinguish oneselfwas.to be (irregular) - 581
Even if I am very busy, I can always find some time for taking a walk.
ZelfsevenalsifikIhetit; theergvery; baddrukbusyheb,to have, to have hadkanto be able (can)ikIaltijdalwaysnogstill, yet; anotherwelbutenigeonly (het enige: the only thing)tijdtimevindento findomaround; at (time); in order toeenawandelingwalktetomaken.to make (weak) - 582
Take your operaglass with you, for you are rather far from the stage there.
Neemto takeuwyour (polite)toneelkijkeropera glassmee,along, withwantfor, becauseuyou (polite)zitto sitdaaras, since, becausevrijrather, quite; freeverfarvanof, fromhetit; thetoneel.stage
- 583
He seldom ventured to go out unattended.
Zeldenseldomwaagdewere to venturehijhehetit; theomaround; at (time); in order toonbegeleidunattendeduitout of, fromtetogaan.to go - 584
He still lived to see the greater part of his native country fall into the hands of the enemy.
Hijheleefdelivedlanglonggenoegenoughomaround; at (time); in order tohetit; thegrootstegreatestdeelpartvanof, fromzijnhis; to begeboortelandnative countryininhandena hand, handsvanof, fromdethevijandenemytetoziento seevallen.to fall - 585
I have brought you something from Amsterdam, which will doubtlessly be very welcome to you.
IkIhebto have, to have haduyou (polite)ietssomethinguitout of, fromAmsterdamAmsterdammeegebracht,brought alongdatthat; that (conjunction)uyou (polite)zekersurely, certainlyzeerverywelkomwelcomezalshall, willzijn.to be (irregular)
- 586
It was rumoured that the accident was to be ascribed to malice prepense.
Ertherewerdto become, to geteenageruchtrumourverspreidspreaddatthat; that (conjunction)hetit; theongelukmisfortuneaanon, at, tokwadebadopzetdesignmoestto have to, mustwordento become, to gettoegeschreven.ascribed - 587
He did not like to judge a man from his outward appearance only.
Hijhehieldto keepertherenietnotvanof, fromiemandsomeonealleenonlyopon, uponzijnhis; to beuiterlijkoutwardtetobeoordelen.judge - 588
He insisted upon the affair being sifted thoroughly.
Hijhedrongto insisteropon itaanon, at, todatthat; that (conjunction)dethezaakmattergrondigthoroughzoushould, wouldwordento become, to getonderzocht.investigated
- 589
He had made, as they said, a great blunder.
Naarto, towardsmenone, peoplezei,to sayhadto have, to have hadhijheeenagrotebig, greatflaterblunderbegaan.committed - 590
If he could have seen at that time his future self, I am sure he would have shrunk back with horror from that repulsive image.
Alsifhijheopon, upondatthat; that (conjunction)ogenblikmomentzijnto be (irregular)toekomstigefutureikIhadto have, to have hadkunnento be able (can)zien,to seezoushould, wouldhij,hedaaras, since, becausebento be (irregular)ikIzekersurely, certainlyvan,of, frommetwithafschuwhorrorvanof, fromdatthat; that (conjunction)terugstotenderepulsivebeeldimagezijnto be (irregular)teruggedeinsd.teruggedeinsd - 591
Your interest as well as mine would be seriously injured by a forced sale of the stock on hand.
Uwyour (polite)belang,interestevenalstogether with, just likedatthat; that (conjunction)vanof, frommij,mezoushould, wouldernstigseriousgeschaadinjuredwordento become, to getdoorthrougheenagedwongento forceverkoopsalevanof, fromdethevoorradigein stockgoederen.good, well
- 592
Where there is nothing, the emperor loses his right.
Waarwhere; truenietsnothingis,to be (irregular)verliestto losedethekeizeremperorzijnhis; to berecht.justice - 593
It was determined that every one of the members should engage himself to hand over a sum of fifty pounds to the treasurer within the term of three months.
Ertherewerdto become, to getbepaaldfixeddatthat; that (conjunction)iedereach, everylidmemberzichoneself, himself, themselvesmoestto have to, mustverbindenlinksomaround; at (time); in order tobinnenwithineenatermijntermvanof, fromdriethreemaandenmonthseenabedragsumvanof, fromvijftigfiftypondpoundaanon, at, todethepenningmeestertreasurertetooverhandigen.hand over - 594
There are many things which it would be foolish to try to understand.
Ertherezijnto be (irregular)talnumbervanof, fromdingenthingsdiewho (relative)hetit; thedwaasfoolzoushould, wouldzijnto be (irregular)tetowillento want, to wishbegrijpen.to understand - 595
This work, as may be imagined, took them several months.
Ditthiswerkworkhieldto keephen,themzoalsasuyou (polite)zichoneself, himself, themselveskuntto be able (can)voorstellen,proposalsverscheideneseveralmaandenmonthsbezig.busy
The particulars
- The course
- Valette, Dutch Conversation-Grammar (1913) and its Key (1893); Defense Language Institute, Dutch Refresher Course, Books I to III (1961). Public domain. The teaching pages, the readings' English, the answers to the conversations and the narration are ours.
- Reading aloud
- Digital narration, directed by 1732 Studios.
- The book
- Max Havelaar, the work this course leads to, free to read here.
- Data
- JSON · Markdown · A guide for agents