Dutch · Unit 6
Lessons 22 to 25
Parts of Speech II
Fabricius en Pyrrhus; Fabricius en Pyrrhus (vervolg); Fabricius en Pyrrhus (vervolg); Fabricius en Pyrrhus (slot)
Lesson 22: Separable and inseparable compound verbs (and 4 more)
Verbs built from two parts
A compound verb is a verb made of two parts joined into one word. Opstaan and herhalen are compound verbs.
Some compound verbs are separable. The two parts come apart in a sentence. Opstaan is separable. Ik sta op.
Others are inseparable. The two parts never come apart. Herhalen is inseparable.
The combination of parts or the meaning decides which kind a verb is.
A noun, adjective or adverb joined to a verb
Some verbs join a noun, an adjective or an adverb to a verb. Waarschuwen and raadplegen are of this kind. These verbs are inseparable.
All of them are weak, even when the simple verb is strong. The past tense and the past participle follow the weak pattern.
Most of them take ge in the past participle: ik heb hem gewaarschuwd. Zij heeft het kind geliefkoosd.
The exception with vol
Every compound with vol is inseparable too. These verbs take no ge in the past participle.
Voldoen becomes voldaan. Volmaken becomes volmaakt.
The verb list gives the past participle of each verb. Learn the participle with the verb.
Two parts that keep their own meaning
A compound verb is separable when each part still has its own meaning. Paardrijden, to ride on horseback, is one.
The verb keeps its ordinary conjugation. The first part stands apart: ik rijd paard, ik reed paard.
In the past participle, ge goes before the verb, after the first part: ik heb paardgereden.
Verbs used only in the infinitive
A few separable verbs are used only in the infinitive. Schoonschrijven and snelschrijven are two. They have no other forms.
To say the same thing in another tense, choose a different expression.
Some expressions look like these verbs but are not compound verbs. Acht geven and plaats grijpen are expressions of two words.
How to tell a compound verb from an expression
An expression of two words is not a real compound verb. Two tests show the difference.
First, put an adjective or a numeral before the noun. An expression can take one: een hoge prijs stellen, geen acht geven.
Second, compare. The adjective or adverb of an expression can take a degree of comparison: hoger schatten, sneller schrijven.
A real compound verb can do neither. Nobody says geen wel doen or beter keuren.
Three kinds of prefix
A prefix is a short part placed before a verb to make a new verb.
Some prefixes are always inseparable. Others are always separable. For a few, the meaning decides.
- 1
to get up (separable)
opstaanto get up (separable) - 2
to repeat (inseparable)
herhalento repeat (inseparable) - 3
I have warned him
ikIhebto have, to have hadhemhimgewaarschuwdto warn - 4
she caressed the child
zijshe; theyheeftto have, to have hadhetit; thekindthe childgeliefkoosdto caress - 5
I have ridden on horseback
ikIhebto have, to have hadpaardgeredenridden on horseback
Separable and inseparable compound verbs
A compound verb may be separable or inseparable according to the combination or the meaning.Inseparable real compounds
Inseparable are the real combinations of a verb with a noun, adjective or adverb, such as: gekscheren to jest, logenstraffen to give the lie, pluimstrijken to flatter, raadplegen to consult, raaskallen to rave, dwarsdrijven to thwart, dwarsbomen to cross, vrijwaren to guarantee, beeldhouwen to sculpture, waarschuwen to warn, doodverven to designate one for (an employment), liefkozen to caress, and all compounds with vol: voldoen to satisfy, volmaken to perfect, and so on. These verbs are all weak, even where the simple verb is strong; they take the syllable ge in the past participle, except those with vol, as: gegekscheerd, gelogenstraft, gepluimstrijkt, geraadpleegd, geraaskald, gedwarsdrijfd, gedwarsboomd, gevrijwaard, gebeeldhouwd, gewaarschuwd, gedoodverfd, geliefkoosd, but voldaan, volmaakt, and so on.Separable real compounds
Separable are compound verbs of which each part can still be used with its own meaning. The verb keeps its ordinary conjugation, and ge is put before the verb: weldoen to do good, ik doe wel, ik deed wel, ik heb welgedaan; rechtspreken to give a verdict, ik spreek recht, ik sprak recht, ik heb rechtgesproken; paardrijden to ride on horseback, ik rijd paard, ik reed paard, ik heb paardgereden; stuksnijden to cut into pieces, ik snijd stuk, ik sneed stuk, ik heb stukgesneden; gedag zeggen to greet, schaatsenrijden to skate, waarnemen to observe, aderlaten to bleed, gadeslaan to watch, kwijtraken to lose, to get rid of, gelijkstellen to equate, hoogachten to esteem, goedkeuren to approve of, goedvinden to approve, prijsgeven to abandon, goedmaken to repair, gevangennemen to take prisoner, doodslaan to slay, schoonschrijven (schoonschrijver calligrapher), snelschrijven (snelschrijver shorthand writer). Note 1. Schoonschrijven, snelschrijven, hardrijden and harddraven to run a race, hardzeilen to sail before the wind, kroeglopen to frequent public houses, buikspreken (de buikspreker the ventriloquist) and koorddansen to dance on a rope are used in the infinitive only; for the other forms another expression has to be chosen. Note 2. Different from these compound verbs are expressions such as: acht geven and acht slaan to pay attention to, plaats grijpen to take place, prijs stellen to appreciate, hoog schatten to value highly, snel schrijven to write quickly, and so on.Compound verbs with an adjective or a numeral before the noun
Such expressions can easily be told apart from real compound verbs, because an adjective or a numeral can be put before the noun, and the adjective or adverb takes the degrees of comparison: geen acht geven or slaan, een hoge prijs stellen, hoger schatten, sneller schrijven; but we cannot say geen wel doen or beter keuren.Compound verbs with prefixes
Of the compound verbs with prefixes, some are always inseparable, others are always separable; a few are separable or inseparable according to their meaning.Inseparable prefixes: be-, er-, ge-, her-, ont-, ver-
Inseparable compound verbs with prefixes take the accent on the verb; the past participle never has ge. Such are verbs with be- (originally bij): bewenen to mourn over, behandelen to treat, bespotten to mock at, bevriezen to freeze; er-: erlangen to get, erkennen to acknowledge, ervaren to experience, erbarmen over (= ontfermen) to have pity on; ge-: gevoelen to feel, gebruiken to use, zich getroosten to put up with, gelukken to succeed, geraken to attain, to arrive; her-: herroepen to recall, herkrijgen to recover, herleven to revive, hernieuwen to renew, herzien to revise; ont-: ontmoeten to meet, ontkomen to escape, ontgaan to escape one's notice, ontknopen to unravel, ontleden to analyse, ontspannen to unbend, zich ontspannen to relax; ver-: verdrijven to drive away, verjagen to expel, verdragen to bear, verbedden to change beds, verzetten to remove, verlenen to grant, verschenken to pour out, vertellen to tell, verdwalen to lose one's way, vergaan to perish.Separable prefixes
Separable compound verbs take ge between the prefix and the verb in the past participle; the main stress is on the separable prefix, a lighter stress on the root vowel of the verb. Separable prefixes are: aan at, to; achter behind; af off; bij by; door through; heen away; in in; mee with; om on, about; onder under; op on, upon; over over; samen together; tegen against; terug back; toe to, up; uit out; voor before; weer again; weg away, and so on.Prefixes that are sometimes separable, sometimes inseparable: door, om, onder, voor, mis
Compound verbs with the prefixes door, om, onder, voor and mis are either separable or inseparable. When the prefix and the simple verb are used with their full, original meaning, the compound is separable; when the prefix has lost its original meaning (and with it its stress), the compound is inseparable. Examples: doorreizen to travel through: de vorst reist hier door, doorreizen to travel all over: de vorst doorreist het land; doorsteken to cut open: de vijand stak de dijken door, doorsteken to pierce: de soldaat doorstak zijn vijand; omspannen to change horses: de koetsier spande de paarden om, omspannen to span: de jongens konden de boom niet omspannen; ondergaan to set: de zon gaat onder, ondergaan to undergo, to suffer: straf ondergaan; onderhouden to hold under: hij hield de hond onder water, onderhouden to support: de koning heeft die arme familie onderhouden; voorspellen to spell first: de onderwijzer spelt voor, de kinderen spellen na, voorspellen to predict: de sterrenwichelaar (de astroloog) voorspelt de toekomst uit de sterren; voorzeggen to prompt: deze leerling heeft zijn vriend alles voorgezegd, voorzeggen to foretell: niemand kan voorzeggen wat de toekomst brengen zal; misdoen to do wrong: wij hebben dit misgedaan, misdoen to offend: wat heeft die man misdaan? Misrekenen to miscount: hij heeft misgerekend, misrekenen to miscalculate: hij heeft zich misrekend. Note. Aan in aanbidden to adore may be separated or not, though today aanbidden is usually treated as inseparable: ik aanbid, ik aanbad, ik heb aanbeden.Verbs of this lesson, with their principal parts
aanspreken to address ik spreek aan, ik sprak aan, ik heb aangesproken
aanstoten to push ik stoot aan, ik stootte aan, ik heb aangestoten
aantonen to show ik toon aan, ik toonde aan, ik heb aangetoond
achterblijven to remain behind ik blijf achter, ik bleef achter, ik ben achtergebleven
achterhouden to keep back ik houd achter, ik hield achter, ik heb achtergehouden
achterstaan to be inferior ik sta achter, ik stond achter, ik heb achtergestaan
afdoen to settle ik doe af, ik deed af, ik heb afgedaan
afdanken to dismiss ik dank af, ik dankte af, ik heb afgedankt
afkeren to turn off ik keer af, ik keerde af, ik heb afgekeerd
bijdragen to contribute ik draag bij, ik droeg bij, ik heb bijgedragen
bijmengen to mix in ik meng bij, ik mengde bij, ik heb bijgemengd
bijspringen to assist ik spring bij, ik sprong bij, ik heb bijgesprongen
doorbrengen to pass (time) ik breng door, ik bracht door, ik heb doorgebracht
doorscheuren to tear ik scheur door, ik scheurde door, ik heb doorgescheurd
doorspringen to leap through ik spring door, ik sprong door, ik ben doorgesprongen
heengaan to go away ik ga heen, ik ging heen, ik ben heengegaan
inbinden to bind ik bind in, ik bond in, ik heb ingebonden
indienen to submit ik dien in, ik diende in, ik heb ingediend
innemen to take in ik neem in, ik nam in, ik heb ingenomen
meelopen to walk along with ik loop mee, ik liep mee, ik ben meegelopen
meepraten to have one's say ik praat mee, ik praatte mee, ik heb meegepraat
meewerken to cooperate ik werk mee, ik werkte mee, ik heb meegewerkt
ombrengen to kill ik breng om, ik bracht om, ik heb omgebracht
omkomen to perish ik kom om, ik kwam om, ik ben omgekomen
omlopen to run about ik loop om, ik liep om, ik ben omgelopen
onderliggen to be defeated ik lig onder, ik lag onder, ik heb ondergelegen
onderregenen to be rained on het regent onder, het regende onder, het heeft ondergeregend
ondersneeuwen to be snowed under het sneeuwt onder, het sneeuwde onder, het is ondergesneeuwd
opdagen to appear ik daag op, ik daagde op, ik ben opgedaagd
opeisen to demand, to claim ik eis op, ik eiste op, ik heb opgeëist
opgaren to lay up, to save ik gaar op, ik gaarde op, ik heb opgegaard
overblijven to remain ik blijf over, ik bleef over, ik ben overgebleven
overboeken to enter in another book ik boek over, ik boekte over, ik heb overgeboekt
overmaken to transmit ik maak over, ik maakte over, ik heb overgemaakt
samengaan to go together ik ga samen, ik ging samen, ik ben samengegaan
tegengaan to prevent ik ga tegen, ik ging tegen, ik heb tegengegaan
tegenhouden to arrest, to stop ik houd tegen, ik hield tegen, ik heb tegengehouden
tegenwerken to thwart ik werk tegen, ik werkte tegen, ik heb tegengewerkt
teruggaan to go back ik ga terug, ik ging terug, ik ben teruggegaan
terugeisen to claim back ik eis terug, ik eiste terug, ik heb teruggeëist
terugwijzen to refer ik wijs terug, ik wees terug, ik heb teruggewezen
toelopen to run towards ik loop toe, ik liep toe, ik ben toegelopen
toespreken to address ik spreek toe, ik sprak toe, ik heb toegesproken
toetreden to agree to, to join ik treed toe, ik trad toe, ik ben toegetreden
uitcijferen to calculate ik cijfer uit, ik cijferde uit, ik heb uitgecijferd
uitdelen to distribute ik deel uit, ik deelde uit, ik heb uitgedeeld
uitlachen to laugh at ik lach uit, ik lachte uit, ik heb uitgelachen
voorbidden to say grace ik bid voor, ik bad voor, ik heb voorgebeden
voorgaan to go in front, to lead ik ga voor, ik ging voor, ik ben voorgegaan
voorlezen to read aloud ik lees voor, ik las voor, ik heb voorgelezen
weerkomen to return ik kom weer, ik kwam weer, ik ben weergekomen
weervinden to find again ik vind weer, ik vond weer, ik heb weergevonden
weerzien to see again ik zie weer, ik zag weer, ik heb weergezien
wegblijven to stay away ik blijf weg, ik bleef weg, ik ben weggebleven
wegjagen to drive away ik jaag weg, ik joeg weg, ik heb weggejaagd
wegwaaien to be blown away ik waai weg, ik woei weg, ik ben weggewaaid
gekscheren to jest ik gekscheer, ik gekscheerde, ik heb gegekscheerd
logenstraffen to give the lie to ik logenstraf, ik logenstrafte, ik heb gelogenstraft
pluimstrijken to flatter ik pluimstrijk, ik pluimstrijkte, ik heb gepluimstrijkt
raadplegen to consult ik raadpleeg, ik raadpleegde, ik heb geraadpleegd
raaskallen to rave ik raaskal, ik raaskalde, ik heb geraaskald
dwarsdrijven to thwart ik dwarsdrijf, ik dwarsdrijfde, ik heb gedwarsdrijfd
dwarsbomen to cross, to thwart ik dwarsboom, ik dwarsboomde, ik heb gedwarsboomd
vrijwaren to guarantee ik vrijwaar, ik vrijwaarde, ik heb gevrijwaard
beeldhouwen to sculpture ik beeldhouw, ik beeldhouwde, ik heb gebeeldhouwd
waarschuwen to warn ik waarschuw, ik waarschuwde, ik heb gewaarschuwd
doodverven to designate one for (an employment) ik doodverf, ik doodverfde, ik heb gedoodverfd
liefkozen to caress ik liefkoos, ik liefkoosde, ik heb geliefkoosd
voldoen to satisfy ik voldoe, ik voldeed, ik heb voldaan
volmaken to perfect ik volmaak, ik volmaakte, ik heb volmaaktLesson 22: Inseparable prefixes: be-, er-, ge-, her-, ont-, ver- (and 2 more)
Six prefixes that never come apart
Six prefixes are inseparable: be-, er-, ge-, her-, ont- and ver-. A verb with one of them never comes apart.
Stress is the part of a word you say louder. In these verbs the stress falls on the verb, not on the prefix.
The past participle never takes ge. Verdwalen gives verdwaald.
Examples are bewenen, erkennen, herzien, ontmoeten and vertellen.
Prefixes that come apart
Many prefixes are separable. They include aan, af, bij, in, mee, op, terug, uit and weg.
The main stress falls on the prefix. A lighter stress falls on the verb.
In the past participle, ge goes between the prefix and the verb: ik heb het boek opgezocht. Wij zijn teruggegaan.
The prefix moves in the sentence
In the present tense and the past tense, the prefix stands apart from the verb. Ik breng door. Ik bracht door.
The verb list gives three forms of each verb: the present, the past and the past participle. Ik spreek aan, ik sprak aan, ik heb aangesproken.
One prefix, two kinds of verb
Five prefixes work both ways: door, om, onder, voor and mis. The meaning decides.
When the prefix keeps its full, original meaning, the verb is separable. The stress is on the prefix: de vorst reist hier door.
When the prefix has lost its original meaning, the verb is inseparable. The stress is on the verb: de vorst doorreist het land.
The same spelling, two meanings
The same written verb can be both kinds. Ondergaan means to set: de zon gaat onder. It also means to undergo: straf ondergaan.
Voorspellen has two meanings too. It means to spell first in the separable use, and to predict in the inseparable use.
Look at the meaning first. Then you know where the stress falls and whether ge appears in the participle.
Verbs of this lesson, with their principal parts
- 8
I have never escaped him
ikIbento be (irregular)hemhimnooitneverontkomenescaped - 9
he lost his way
hijheheeftto have, to have hadzichoneself, himself, themselvesverdwaaldstrayed - 10
I have looked up the book
ikIhebto have, to have hadhetit; theboekbookopgezochtlooked up - 11
we went back
wijwezijnto be (irregular)teruggegaanto go back - 12
the ruler is travelling through here (separable)
dethevorstprincereisttravelshierheredoorthrough
Fabricius en Pyrrhus
- 15
Fabricius and Pyrrhus
FabriciusFabriciusenandPyrrhusPyrrhus - 16
About 280 B.C. a mighty king went out from Epirus, a province of North Greece, across the sea: his name was Pyrrhus, and he wanted to make war on the Romans.
Omstreeksabout, around280280v.beforeChr.Christ(voorforChristus)Christusgingto gouitout of, fromEpirus,Epiruseenagewestprovincevanof, fromNoord-Griekenland,North Greeceeenamachtigepowerfulkoningking, kingsoveracross, overdethezee:seahijheheetteto be calledPyrrhusPyrrhusenandwildeto want, to wishdetheRomeinenRomeinendetheoorlogto make war againstaandoen.to make war against - 17
In the first battle he was victorious chiefly with the help of certain animals, which the Romans regarded with the greatest astonishment, for they had never yet seen such animals.
Inindetheeerstethe former (the first-mentioned)slagblowoverwonto vanquishhijhehoofdzakelijkchieflymetwith the aid ofbehulpwith the aid ofvanwith the aid ofzekerecertaindieren,creaturesdiewho (relative)detheRomeinenRomeinenmetwithdethehoogstehighestverbazingastonishmentbeschouwden;to regardwantfor, becausenogstill, yet; anothernooitneverhaddento have, to have hadzijshe; theyzulkesuchdierencreaturesgezien.to see
- gewest
- province
- Noord-Griekenland
- North Greece
- zee
- sea
- oorlog
- war
- verbazing
- astonishment, surprise
- zulke
- such
- Omstreeks
- about, around
- hoofdzakelijk
- chiefly
- van
- with the aid of (met behulp van)
- van
- in spite of (in weerwil van)
- nooit
- never
- aandoen
- to make war against (de oorlog aandoen)
- (voor
- it seems to me (het komt mij voor)
- 18
They were elephants.
Hetit; thewarento be (irregular)olifanten.elephant - 19
On the backs of these monstrous animals wooden turrets were fastened, out of which sixteen soldiers shot lances and arrows.
Opon, upondetherugbackvanof, fromdezethe latter (the most recently mentioned)monsterachtigemonstrousdierencreatureswarento be (irregular)houtenwoodentorentjeslittle turretsbevestigd,to fastenwaaruitfrom which16sixteensoldatensoldierslansenlanceenandpijlenarrowschoten.shot - 20
The elephants themselves too, especially when they had first been maddened by wounds, seized enemy soldiers with their trunk, threw them on the ground, and crushed them with their feet.
Ookalso, likewisedetheolifantenelephantzelf,selfvoornamelijkespeciallywanneerifzijshe; theyeerstfirst (of all)doorthroughwondenwoundinggetergdmaddenedwaren,to be (irregular)paktenseizedmetwithhunthem; theirslurftrunk (of an elephant)vijandelijkehostile, of the enemysoldaten,soldierswierpento throwzeshe; theyopon, upondethegrondground, earthenandverpletterdento crush, to bruisezeshe; theymetwithhunthem; theirpoten.foot, leg (of an animal)
- rug
- back
- slurf
- trunk (of an elephant)
- grond
- ground, earth
- houten
- wooden
- voornamelijk
- especially
- 21
In spite of the unfamiliar sight and the secret fear of this unknown enemy, the Romans had offered resistance with great bravery, and Pyrrhus cried out in admiration: “With such soldiers I could conquer the whole world.”
Inin spite ofweerwilin spite ofvanin spite ofhetit; theongewoneunusualgezichtsightenanddetheheimelijkesecretschrikfright, terrorvoorfordezethe latter (the most recently mentioned)onbekendeunknownvijand,enemyhaddenhaddetheRomeinenRomansmetwithgrotebig, greatdapperheidbraverytegenstandresistancegeboden,offeredenandPyrrhusPyrrhusriepcriedvolfull (of)bewonderingadmirationuit:out of, from“Metwithzulkesuchsoldatensoldierszoushould, wouldikIdethegehelewholewereldworldkunnencanveroveren.”to conquer - 22
Yet with such an enemy he wished to have peace, and he entered into negotiations.
Metwithzulksucheenavijandenemyverlangdedemandedhijhetochindeed, after all (here: 'I did warn you, after all')vredepeacetetohebbento have, to have hadenandknoopteentered intoonderhandelingennegotiationaan.on, at, to - 23
But the Romans, though defeated, demanded proudly that he should evacuate Italy; otherwise there could be no talk of peace.
MaarbutdetheRomeinen,Romeinenofschoonthoughoverwonnen,overcomeverlangdendemandedvolfull (of)trots,haughtydatthat; that (conjunction)hijheItaliëItaliëzoushould, wouldontruimen,to leave, to evacuateandersotherwisekonto be able (can)ertherevanof, fromvredepeacegeenno, not asprakementionzijn.to be (irregular) - 24
And when Pyrrhus asked his envoy how he had found Rome, the envoy answered: “Truly, Rome seemed to me like a great temple, and the senate like an assembly of gods!”
Enandtoenas, whenPyrrhusPyrrhuszijnhis ambassador, the ambassadorgezanthis ambassador, the ambassadorvroeg,askedhoehowhijheRomeRomegevondenfoundhad,hadantwoorddeanswereddeze:the latter (the most recently mentioned)“Waarlijk,trulyRomeRomekwamcamemijmevoorforalsifeenagrotebig, greattempeltempleenanddethesenaatsenatealsifeenaverzamelingcollection; gatheringvanof, fromgoden!”the gods
- gezicht
- sight
- schrik
- fright, terror
- vijand
- enemy
- dapperheid
- bravery
- wereld
- world
- vrede
- peace
- trots
- pride
- Italië
- Italy
- gezant
- his ambassador, the ambassador (zijn gezant)
- tempel
- temple
- verzameling
- collection; gathering
- senaat
- senate
- vol
- full
- ofschoon
- though
- tegenstand
- to resist, to oppose (tegenstand bieden)
- veroveren
- to conquer
- ontruimen
- to leave, to evacuate
- zijn
- there could be no question (er kon geen sprake zijn)
Lesson 22: conversation
- 25
Is your departure already fixed?
Isto be (irregular)uwyour (polite)vertrekdeparturealalreadybepaald?fixed - 26
Are you going by an ordinary train or by an express train?
Gaatgoesuyou (polite)metwitheenagewoneordinarytreintrainofor; whethermetwitheenasneltrein?express train - 27
Yes, I am leaving next Monday.
Ja,yesikIvertrekdepartureaanstaandecomingmaandag.maandag - 28
By the express train, I have no wish to be a long time on the way.
Metwitheenasneltrein,express trainikIhebto have, to have hadgeenno, not azinsenseomaround; at (time); in order tolanglongonderwegon the waytetoblijven.to remain, stay
- 29
How long will you stay away?
Hoehow longlanghow longblijftto remain, stayuyou (polite)weg?away; road - 30
Will you do me a favor?
Wiltwantuyou (polite)mijmeeenadienstservicebewijzen?to prove; proofs - 31
About a fortnight.
Ongeveeraboutveertienfourteendagen.days - 32
Very gladly, if I am able to.
Heelwholegraag,gladly, with pleasurealsifikIdaartoefor itininstaatstands; stateben.to be (irregular)
- 33
Then take this parcel with you for me; it is for our friend N.
Neemto takedanthenditthispakjeparcelvoorformijmemee;along, withhetit; theisto be (irregular)voorforonzeourvriendfriendN.No. - 34
You know, of course, in which street he now lives.
Uyou (polite)weetto knowimmersafter allininwelkewhich, whatstraatstreethijhethansnowwoont.to live, to dwell - 35
Farewell! Pleasant journey.
Vaarwel!farewellPrettigemerry, pleasantreis.journey - 36
Very gladly, I will also give him your regards.
Heelwholegraag,gladly, with pleasureikIzalshall, willtevensat the same timeuwyour (polite)groetengreetoverbrengen.conveying - 37
Yes, in the Kalverstraat, near the beginning.
Ja,yesinindetheKalverstraat,Kalverstraatvooraan.near the beginning - 38
Thank you. Until we meet again!
IkIdankthanksu.you (polite)Totuntil, toweerziens!we meet again
Lesson 23: Adverbs: what they modify (and 3 more)
What an adverb does
Adverbs work on three kinds of word: a verb, an adjective or another adverb.
They tell how, where, when, how much and in what order. They also say yes, no, perhaps, or ask a question.
In zij zingt mooi, the word mooi tells how she sings. In hij is thuis, the word thuis tells where he is.
Adjectives that work as adverbs
Qualifying adverbs come in two kinds.
The first kind is an adjective used as an adverb with no change. Zij is mooi uses mooi as an adjective. Zij zingt mooi uses the same word as an adverb.
These adverbs take degrees of comparison, as adjectives do.
Some words ending in -lijk are real adjectives. They also work as adverbs with no change: eerlijk, honest, and gevaarlijk, dangerous.
Endings that make adverbs
The second kind is made from a noun or an adjective with an ending: -lijk, -lijks, -lings, -ens, -s, -pjes, -jes, -tjes or -kens.
Dag, day, gives dagelijks, daily. Blind gives blindelings, blindly. Hoogst, highest, gives hoogstens, at most. Zacht, soft, gives zachtjes, softly.
In each entry of the list, look at the plain word first, then the adverb made from it.
One spelling for two jobs
An adverb like dagelijks and the matching adjective are written the same way. The sentence shows which job the word does.
Dagelijks werk is daily work. Here dagelijks describes the noun werk, so it is an adjective.
Hij komt dagelijks is he comes daily. Here dagelijks describes the verb komt, so it is an adverb.
The -lijk form adds force
A word that adds to an adjective can be strengthened. For this job Dutch always uses the form ending in -lijk.
Waar means true. Waarlijk means truly. Een waarlijk mooi gezegde is a truly beautiful saying.
Waarlijk adds force to mooi. Without an adjective to strengthen, the plain form serves: hij spreekt waar, he speaks the truth.
- 39
she sings beautifully
zijshe; theyzingtto singmooinice, beautiful - 40
he comes weekly
hijhekomtto comewekelijksweekly - 41
daily work (adjective)
dagelijksdailywerkwork - 42
he comes daily (adverb)
hijhekomtto comedagelijksdaily - 43
he speaks the truth
hijhespreektto speakwaarwhere; true - 44
a truly beautiful saying
eenawaarlijktrulymooinice, beautifulgezegdesaying
Adverbs: what they modify
Adverbs are words that modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs: they denote manner, place, time, order, motion, number, quantity, quality, affirmation, doubt, negation or interrogation.Qualifying adverbs
Qualifying adverbs are: a) adjectives used as adverbs, compare: zij is mooi, zij zingt mooi; b) forms derived from nouns or adjectives ending in -lijk, -lijks, -lings, -ens, -s, -pjes, -jes, -tjes, -kens. Examples. eigen own, eigenlijk properly; krachtig powerful, krachtiglijk powerfully; open open, openlijk openly; oprecht sincere, oprecht sincerely; strikt strict, strikt strictly; waar true, waarlijk truly; zeker sure, zeker surely; dag day, dagelijks daily; jaar year, jaarlijks yearly; maand month, maandelijks monthly; week week, wekelijks weekly; blind blind, blindelings blindly; kort short, kortelings shortly; mond mouth, mondeling verbally; rug back, ruggelings backwards; zijde side, zijdelings sideways; hoogst highest, hoogstens at (the) most; minst least, minstens at (the) least; recht straight, rechts to the right; links left, links to the left; ander other, anders otherwise; lang long, langs along; warm warm, warmpjes warmly; zoet sweet, gentle, zoetjes gently; stil silent, stilletjes silently; zacht soft, zachtjes softly. Note 1. Adjectives used as qualifying adverbs take degrees of comparison, see Lesson 13. Note 2. Some words ending in -lijk are real adjectives and are used as adverbs without changing their form, such as: eerlijk honest, gevaarlijk dangerous, goddelijk divine, heerlijk delightful, lichamelijk physical, ziekelijk sickly.-lijks versus -lijksch: a spelling gone
Note 3. An adverb like dagelijks and the matching adjective are written the same way. Dagelijks werk is daily work (adjective), and hij komt dagelijks is he comes daily (adverb).Strengthening an adverb with -lijk
Note 4. To strengthen the adverbial meaning of a word modifying an adjective, we always use the form ending in -lijk: hij spreekt waar; een waarlijk mooi gezegde.Word order: the adverb follows the verb
Note 5. Adverbs of manner or of indefinite time are often placed before the verb in English; in Dutch they always follow it: My friend gladly accepted the offer. Mijn vriend nam het aanbod graag aan. He never reads newspapers. Hij leest nooit kranten.Adverbs of place
Adverbs of place: achter behind, af downwards, beneden below, downstairs, binnen inside, buiten outside, out of doors, boven above, over, daar there, dichtbij near, ergens somewhere, ginder or ginds yonder, heen, henen away, heinde en ver far and near, heen en weer to and fro, hier here, links to the left, na, nabij near, close to, nergens nowhere, omhoog aloft, on high, onder below, under, op upwards, up, overal everywhere, rondom all around, thuis at home, ver far off, waar where, wijd en zijd far and wide.Adverbs of time
Adverbs of time: aanstonds directly, af en toe now and then, allengs, allengskens gradually, altijd, altoos, steeds always, dadelijk, terstond immediately, dan then, dikwijls, dikwerf, vaak, vaker often, doorgaans generally, eergisteren the day before yesterday, gedurig continually, gisteren yesterday, heden today, immer always, laat, later late(r), lang long, op zijn laatst at the latest, naderhand afterwards, nimmer never, nog still, yet, nooit never, nu, thans now, nu en dan now and then, occasionally, onlangs the other day, ooit ever, overmorgen the day after tomorrow, sedert since, soms, somtijds sometimes, spoedig soon, straks, strakjes by and by, telkens again and again, tegelijk, tevens at the same time, toen, toenmaals then, uiterlijk outwardly, vervolgens further, voorheen, vroeger formerly, voortdurend continually, wanneer? when?, weldra, dra soon, weleer formerly, zelden seldom, zo-even just now.Adverbs of quantity, comparison, negation
Adverbs of quantity, comparison, negation, and so on: al te too, in het algemeen in general, als, gelijk as, als het ware as it were, althans, ten minste at least, anders else, bijna, bijkans nearly, enigszins somewhat, enkel, louter only, evenzo so, thus, fluks quickly, gaarne willingly, geenszins not at all, geheel en al, helemaal entirely, in het geheel niet not at all, grotelijks greatly, hoe? how?, hoe ... hoe, hoe ... des te the ... the, hoogstens at most, immers, ja indeed, nay, maar, slechts only, misschien perhaps, nauwelijks scarcely, nee no, niet not, om niet, tevergeefs in vain, ronduit plainly, ruggelings backwards, soms perhaps, tamelijk, vrij rather, terloops by the way, verreweg by far, volstrekt absolutely, volstrekt niet by no means, wel is waar it is true, welzeker surely, zeer, ten zeerste much, zelfs even, zo (mogelijk) if (possible), zo (niet) if (not), zodanig so, in such a manner. Hoe langer hoe beter the longer the better. Hoe eer hoe liever the sooner the better. Hoe langer hoe erger worse and worse. Hoe langer hoe meer more and more. Hoe rijker hoe gieriger avarice increases with riches.Verbs of this lesson, with their principal parts
verwerven to gain, to acquire ik verwerf, ik verwierf, ik heb verworven
toestaan to grant, to allow ik sta toe, ik stond toe, ik heb toegestaanLesson 23: Word order: the adverb follows the verb (and 2 more)
Where the adverb goes
English often puts an adverb of manner or of indefinite time before the verb: he never reads newspapers.
Dutch puts it after the verb. Hij leest nooit kranten. The verb leest comes first, then nooit.
The same holds for graag, gladly. Mijn vriend nam het aanbod graag aan. The adverb graag follows the verb nam.
Adverbs that answer where
An adverb of place says where something is or where it goes. The rule is a list. It is for reference.
Each item is one Dutch word followed by its English meaning. Hier means here. Daar means there. Thuis means at home. Overal means everywhere.
Some items pair two words. Heen en weer means to and fro. Wijd en zijd means far and wide. Read each pair as one unit.
Adverbs that answer when
An adverb of time says when something happens or how often. The rule is a list. It is for reference.
Each item is a Dutch word and its English meaning. Gisteren means yesterday. Overmorgen means the day after tomorrow. Soms means sometimes. Nooit means never.
Some items give several Dutch words for one meaning. Altijd, altoos and steeds all mean always.
- 45
my friend gladly accepted the offer
mijnmyvriendfriendnamto takehetit; theaanbodthe offergraaggladly, with pleasureaanon, at, to - 46
he never reads newspapers
hijheleestto readnooitneverkrantennewspapers - 47
he is at home
hijheisto be (irregular)thuisat home - 48
we are looking everywhere
wijwezoekento try, to seekoveraleverywhere - 49
he is coming the day after tomorrow
hijhekomtto comeovermorgenthe day after tomorrow - 50
we sometimes see him
wijweziento seehemhimsomssometimes
Lesson 23: Adverbs of quantity, comparison, negation
Adverbs of degree, doubt and denial
These adverbs say how much, how alike, or whether something holds. The rule is a list. It is for reference.
Each item is a Dutch word or phrase and its English meaning. Misschien means perhaps. Niet means not. Nee means no.
Some items are phrases. Volstrekt niet means by no means. In het geheel niet means not at all.
Hoe, hoe: the more, the more
Dutch has a pattern that pairs two comparisons. Hoe langer hoe beter means the longer the better.
The pattern repeats hoe before each part. Hoe langer hoe meer is more and more. Hoe eer hoe liever is the sooner the better.
Fabricius en Pyrrhus (vervolg)
- 53
Fabricius and Pyrrhus (continued)
FabriciusFabriciusenandPyrrhusPyrrhus(vervolg)future - 54
In these negotiations there also came a Roman as envoy into Pyrrhus's camp, Fabricius by name, who had won general esteem by his honesty.
Bijwithdezethe latter (the most recently mentioned)onderhandelingennegotiationkwamto comeookalso, likewiseeenaRomeinRomeinalsifafgezantenvoyininhetit; thelegerthe armyvanof, fromPyrrhus,PyrrhusmetwithnamenameFabricius,Fabriciusdiewho (relative)zichoneself, himself, themselvesdoorthroughzijnhis; to berechtschapenheidhonestydethealgemenegenerally, widelyachtingrespect, regardhadto have, to have hadverworven.to gain, to acquire - 55
Since the king knew what respect he enjoyed in Rome, he sought to win him over, so as to bring about the desired peace through him.
Daaras, since, becausedethekoningking, kingswist,to knowwelkwhich, whataanzienrespect, standinghijheininRomeRomegenoot,to enjoyzochtto try, to seekhijhehemhimtetowinnen,to winomaround; at (time); in order todoorthroughhemhimdetheverlangdeto desirevredepeacetetobewerken.to effect, to bring about
- rechtschapenheid
- honesty
- achting
- esteem
- aanzien
- respect, standing
- bewerken
- to effect, to bring about
- aanzien
- to be highly respected (aanzien genieten)
- 56
He therefore had him come to him alone and said to him: “I know, dear Fabricius, that you are a man experienced in war and virtuous, and yet poor; that grieves me.
Hijhelietlet (past)hemhimdaaromthereforealleenonlytotuntil, tozichoneself, himself, themselveskomencomeenandsprakspoketotuntil, tohem:him“IkIweet,knowwaardevalueFabricius,Fabriciusdatthat; that (conjunction)uyou (polite)eenainindethekrijgwar (= oorlog)ervarenexperiencedenanddeugdzaamvirtuousmanman; husbandenandnochtansyetarmpoor, poorerbent;aredatthat; that (conjunction)spijtI am sorrymij.I am sorry - 57
Allow me therefore to give you so much of my treasures that you will be richer than the other senators.
Stastandmijmedaaromthereforetoe,todatthat; that (conjunction)ikIuyou (polite)vanof, frommijnmyschattentreasureszoveelso muchgeef,to givedatthat; that (conjunction)uyou (polite)rijkerrich, richerbentto be (irregular)danthendetheandereothersenatoren.senator - 58
For that is the best use that princes can make of their riches, that they come to the aid of great men with them.
Wantfor, becausedatthat; that (conjunction)isto be (irregular)hetit; thebestebestgebruik,usedatthat; that (conjunction)vorstenprincesvanof, fromhunthem; theirrijkdommenwealthkunnento be able (can)maken,to make (weak)datthat; that (conjunction)zijshe; theygrotebig, greatmannenmendaarmeewith itteto assist, to come to the aid ofhulpto assist, to come to the aid ofkomen.to assist, to come to the aid of
- krijg
- war (= oorlog)
- hulp
- help
- daarom
- therefore
- mij
- I am sorry (het spijt mij)
- komen
- to assist, to come to the aid of (te hulp komen)
- 59
I ask nothing dishonorable of you for it, but only that you advise your people toward peace.
IkIverlangaskvanof, fromuyou (polite)daarvoorfor itnietsnothingonterends,discreditable, dishonorablemaarbutalleen,onlydatthat; that (conjunction)uyou (polite)uwyour (polite)volkpeopletotuntil, todethevredepeaceraadt.advise - 60
I need a virtuous and faithful friend, and you need a king who, by his generosity, enables you to do more good than you have done up to now.”
IkIhebhaveeenadeugdzamevirtuousenandtrouwefaithfulvriendfriendnodig,needed (nodig hebben: to need)enanduyou (polite)eenakoning,king, kingsdiewho (relative)uyou (polite)doorthroughzijnhis; to bemildheidgenerosity, liberalityininstaatstands; statestelt,standsmeermoregoedsgooddanthentotuntil, tonunow, at presenttoetoteto (before a verb); at, in (before a place); toostichten.”to cause - 61
Was that not nicely said, and pleasant to hear?
Wasto be (irregular)datnot so (I beg your pardon)nietnot so (I beg your pardon)keurignice, exquisitegezegd,to sayenandaangenaamagreeable, pleasantomaround; at (time); in order totetohoren?to hear
- mildheid
- generosity, liberality
- aangenaam
- agreeable, pleasant
- keurig
- nice, exquisite
- nodig
- to need, to want (nodig hebben)
- staat
- to enable (in staat stellen)
- stichten
- to cause; to do good
- 62
And had the king not well hidden his purpose of bribing Fabricius?
Enandhadto have, to have haddethekoningking, kingszijnhis; to bedoel,aim, purposeomaround; at (time); in order toFabriciusFabriciusomaround; at (time); in order totetokopen,to buynietnotgoedgood, wellverborgen?hidden - 63
And what did Fabricius say to that?
Enandwatwhatzeito sayFabriciusFabriciusdaarop?upon it - 64
He answered: “I thank you, dear king, for the good opinion you hold of me, but I also wish that you keep it.
Hijheantwoordde:answered“IkIdankthanksu,you (polite)waardevaluekoning,king, kingsvoorfordethegoedethe good, what is goodmening,opiniondiewho (relative)uyou (polite)vanof, frommijmehebt,havemaarbutikIwensto wishook,also, likewisedatthat; that (conjunction)uyou (polite)zeshe; theybehoudt.keep - 65
Take your money back for that reason.
Neemto takedaaromthereforeuwyour (polite)geldmoneyterug.back - 66
You are quite right that I am poor.”
Uyou (polite)hebthavevolkomenfullygelijkasdatthat; that (conjunction)ikIarmpoor, poorerben.”am
- doel
- aim, purpose
- mening
- opinion
Lesson 23: conversation
- 67
Here we are in Amsterdam.
Hierherezijnto be (irregular)wijwetetoAmsterdam.Amsterdam - 68
No, Sir. Shall we look for a hotel together?
Neen,noMijnheer.sir!; Mr. (as a title before a name)Zullenshall, willwijwesamentogethereenahotelhotelopzoeken?sought - 69
Is it an expensive hotel?
Isto be (irregular)hetit; theeenaduurdearhotel?hotel - 70
Are you familiar with it here?
Bentareuyou (polite)hierherebekend?known - 71
Very gladly. I have been recommended hotel X.
Zeerverygaarne.gladlyMenone, peopleheeftto have, to have hadmijmehetit; thehotelhotelX.Xaanbevolen.recommended - 72
I don't think so.
Datthat; that (conjunction)geloofto believeikIniet.not
- 73
Do you have trunks with you?
Hebthaveuyou (polite)kofferstrunksbijwithu?you (polite) - 74
Very good, I will order a carriage.
Zeerverygoed,good, wellikIzalshall, willeenarijtuigcarriage, cabbestellen.order - 75
Coachman, take us to hotel X.
Koetsier,cabman, driverbrengto pass, to spend (time)onsusnaarto, towardshetit; thehotelhotelX.X - 76
Yes, if you don't mind, we'll take a carriage.
Ja,yesalsifuyou (polite)hetit; thegoedvindt,approveszullenshall, willwijweeenarijtuigcarriage, cabnemen.to take - 77
Meanwhile I will see to the trunks.
Intussenmeanwhilezalshall, willikIvoorfordethekofferstrunkszorgen.cares - 78
Very good, Sir!
Zeerverygoed,good, wellmeneer!sir, Mr
- 79
Drive on briskly! Is it far, where we have to be?
Flinkplainlydoorrijden!drive onIsto be (irregular)hetit; thever,farwaarwhere; truewijwemoetento have to, mustzijn?to be (irregular) - 80
Coachman, put those trunks on the carriage!
Koetsier,cabman, driverzetto put, to setdiewho (relative)kofferstrunksopon, uponhetit; therijtuig!carriage, cab - 81
Is this the hotel?
Isto be (irregular)ditthishetit; thehotel?hotel - 82
How much do we have to pay?
Hoeveelhow much, how manymoetento have to, mustwijwebetalen?to pay - 83
No, Sir, it is not ten minutes' drive.
Nee,nomeneer,sir, Mrhetit; theisto be (irregular)geenno, not atientenminutenminutesrijden.to ride, to drive - 84
Do you want to keep the small trunk with you?
Wiltwantuyou (polite)dethekleinesmallkoffertrunkbijwithuyou (polite)houden?to keep - 85
Yes, gentlemen.
Ja,yesheren.gentleman, lord - 86
One guilder, please.
Eenagulden,guildersalstublieft.please
Lesson 23: exercise 49
- 87
We come tomorrow.
Wijwekomento comemorgen.morning - 88
You are always welcome.
Uyou (polite)bentto be (irregular)altijdalwayswelkom.welcome - 89
Come down, please!
Komto comealstublieftpleasenaarto, towardsbeneden.below, downstairs - 90
Where is our dog?
Waarwhere; trueisto be (irregular)onzeourhond?the dog, dogs - 91
It is outside; I can find it nowhere.
Hijheisto be (irregular)buiten;outsideikIkanto be able (can)hemhimnergensnowherevinden.to find - 92
This letter is beautifully written.
Dezethe latter (the most recently mentioned)briefletteristo be (irregular)fraainice, beautifulgeschreven.to write - 93
I never go out.
IkIgato gonooitneveruit.out of, from
- 94
The horse goes slowly.
Hetit; thepaardhorselooptto walklangzaam.slowly - 95
I was not at home.
IkIwasto be (irregular)nietnotthuis.at home - 96
Have you searched everywhere?
Hebtto have, to have haduyou (polite)overaleverywheregezocht?to try, to seek - 97
Make yourself at home.
Doedoalsofas thoughuyou (polite)thuisat homewas.to be (irregular) - 98
Did you know him before?
Kendeknewuyou (polite)hemhimvroeger?formerly - 99
Yes, I have known him long.
Ja,yesikIhebto have, to have hadhemhimlanglonggekend.known - 100
My brother will be here directly.
Mijnmybroerbrotherzalshall, willaanstondsdirectlyhierherezijn.to be (irregular)
- 101
He was often in the Netherlands.
Hijhewasto be (irregular)dikwijlsoftenininNederland.Nederland - 102
They have arrived sooner than I.
Zijshe; theyzijnto be (irregular)eerdermoreaangekomenarriveddanthenik.I - 103
My sister is today better than yesterday.
Mijnmyzussisteristo be (irregular)vandaagtodaybeterbetterdanthengisteren.yesterday - 104
Go away directly!
Gagoonmiddellijkimmediateweg!away; road - 105
My uncle will always be glad to see you.
Hetit; thezalshall, willmijnmyoomunclealtijdalwaysveelmuchgenoegenpleasuredoento douyou (polite)tetozien.to see - 106
Could you not come earlier?
Koncoulduyou (polite)nietnoteerdermorekomen?to come - 107
No, the train was too late.
Nee,nodethetreintrainwasto be (irregular)tetolaat.let; late
- 108
Next time I shall be here in time.
Eenavolgendenext, followingkeertime (an occasion)zalshall, willikIhierhereopon, upontijdtimezijn.to be (irregular) - 109
Have you seen our friend lately?
Hebthaveuyou (polite)onlangslatelyonzeourvriendfriendgezien?to see - 110
Yes, I saw him the other day.
Ja,yesikIzagto seehemhimonlangs.lately - 111
I hope I shall see him again very soon.
IkIhoophopehemhimspoedigsoonweeragaintetozien.to see - 112
I see him now and then.
IkIzieto seehemhimnunow, at presentenanddan.then - 113
The sooner you come the better it is for the children.
Hoehoweerdermoreuyou (polite)komt,to comehoehowbeterbettervoorfordethekinderen.children - 114
The longer you stay with us the better it will be for our affairs.
Hoehowlangerlongeruyou (polite)bijwithonsusblijft,to remain, stayhoehowbeterbettervoorforonzeourzaken.matters
- 115
He gets worse and worse every day.
Vanof, fromdagdaytotuntil, todagdaywordtto become, to gethijheminder.less - 116
The longer here, the later there.
Hoehowlangerlongerhier,herehoehowlaterlaterginds.yonder - 117
Go softly into the bedroom.
Loopwalkzachtjesgentleinindetheslaapkamer.bedrooms - 118
Speak low, every one can hear us.
Spreekspeakzachtjes,gentleiedereeneveryonekanto be able (can)onsushoren.to hear
- 119
Knock gently at his door, for he sleeps lightly.
Klopknockzachtjesgentleaanon, at, todethedeur,doorwantfor, becausehijheslaaptto sleeplicht.light - 120
I go to Germany every year.
IkIgato goiedereach, everyjaarthe yearnaarto, towardsDuitsland.Duitsland - 121
He visits us every day.
Hijhebezoektto visitonsusdagelijks.daily - 122
He notes the daily expenses.
Hijhetekentsignedzijnhis; to bedagelijksedailyuitgavenexpensesaan.on, at, to
Lesson 23: exercise 50
- 123
Are you going upstairs already?
Gaatgoesuyou (polite)alalreadynaarto, towardsboven?above, over - 124
My brother comes downstairs.
Mijnmybroerbrotherkomtto comenaarto, towardsbeneden.below, downstairs - 125
In winter the sun rises late and sets early.
Inindethewinterwinterkomtto comedethezonsunlaatlet; lateopon, uponenandgaatgoesvroegto askonder.under; among - 126
My letter is written better than yours.
Mijnmybriefletteristo be (irregular)beterbettergeschrevento writedanthendetheuwe.your - 127
Where is my stick?
Waarwhere; trueisto be (irregular)mijnmystok?stick - 128
I can find it nowhere.
IkIkanto be able (can)hemhimnergensnowherevinden.to find - 129
You will find it there, in the corner.
Uyou (polite)zultshall, willhemhimdaaras, since, becausegindsyondervindento findinindethehoek.corner
- 130
He comes the day after tomorrow.
Hijhekomtto comeovermorgen.the day after tomorrow - 131
I like playing.
IkIspeelplaygraag.gladly, with pleasure - 132
Do you like dancing better?
Houdtholds, keepsuyou (polite)meermorevanof, fromdansen?to dance - 133
I like walking best.
IkIhoudto keephetit; themeestmostvanof, fromwandelen.to walk, stroll - 134
When will you come?
Wanneerifbentto be (irregular)uyou (polite)vanof, fromplanplan, planstetokomen?to come - 135
Today or tomorrow.
Vandaagtodayofor; whethermorgen.morning - 136
He has been here at least three times.
Hijheisto be (irregular)tenat leastminsteat leastdriemaalthree timeshierheregeweest.to be (irregular)
- 137
This house is beautiful indeed.
Ditthishuishouseisto be (irregular)inderdaadindeedfraai.nice, beautiful - 138
He will by no means succeed.
Hijhezalshall, willvolstrektabsolutelynietnotslagen.succeed - 139
How much do you charge for it?
Hoeveelhow much, how manyvraagtto askuyou (polite)daarvoor?for it - 140
It will cost you fifty guilders at the utmost.
Hetit; thezalshall, willuyou (polite)teninhoogstehighestopon, uponvijftigfiftyguldenguilderskomento cometetostaan.to stand - 141
The next village is about ten miles off.
Hetit; thevolgendenext, followingdorpvillageisto be (irregular)ongeveerabouttientenmijlenmilesver.far - 142
It is not otherwise.
Hetit; theisto be (irregular)nietnotanders.otherwise - 143
Do you want anything else?
Hebthaveuyou (polite)ietssomethingandersotherwisenodig?needed (nodig hebben: to need)
- 144
No, Sir, I thank you, at present I want nothing else.
Nee,nomeneer,sir, MrikIdankthanksu,you (polite)voorforhetit; theogenblikmomenthebto have, to have hadikInietsnothingandersotherwisenodig.needed (nodig hebben: to need) - 145
At first I thought I knew him.
Eerstfirst (of all)dachtthoughtikIdatthat; that (conjunction)ikIhemhimkende.knew - 146
I think he will not like to do it.
IkIdenkthinkniet,notdatthat; that (conjunction)hijhehetit; thegraaggladly, with pleasurezalshall, willdoen.to do - 147
Perhaps you had better not reject his proposal.
Wellichtperhapsdeedto douyou (polite)ertherebeterbetteraanon, at, tozijnhis; to bevoorstelproposalnietnottetoverwerpen.reject - 148
He writes less correctly than his cousin.
Hijheschrijftto writeminderlessnauwkeurigexact(ly)danthenzijnhis; to beneef.nephew - 149
It is quite in vain to talk to such a fool.
Hetit; theisto be (irregular)heelwholevergeefsin vainmetwithzo'nsuch agekmadtetospreken.to speak
- 150
We were scarcely out of doors when it began to rain.
Wijwewarento be (irregular)nauwelijksscarcelydethedeurdooruit,out of, fromofor; whetherhetit; thebegonto begintetoregenen.rained - 151
He told me by the way that he had lost his purse.
Hijheverteldetoldmijmeterloops,by the waydatthat; that (conjunction)hijhezijnhis; to beportemonneepurse, walletverlorento losehad.to have, to have had - 152
He declared plainly that he knew nothing about it.
Hijheverklaardeto explainronduit,plainlydatthat; that (conjunction)hijhedaarvanof itnietsnothingafwist.knew
Lesson 24: Prepositions: the most usual ones
The common prepositions
This list gives the prepositions Dutch uses most. It is for reference.
Each entry is one Dutch preposition and its English meanings. Many words have more than one meaning, because English needs a different word in different places.
Aan means at, on, close to or to. Behalve means except or besides. Tijdens means during.
Each example sentence shows one meaning in use. Hij stond aan de deur means he stood at the door.
Place and time
Many of these words tell where. Achter is behind: de jongen stond achter een boom. Op is on: het boek ligt op de tafel.
Other words tell when. Na is after. Gedurende and tijdens are during. Sedert and sinds are since.
In can mean in or into. Bent u in de kamer? means are you in the room. Ga in de kamer means go into the room.
Prepositions: the most usual ones
tussen between; uit out of, from; van of; volgens according to; voor for, vóór before; wegens on account of; zonder without.
- 153
he stood at the door, at the window
Hijhestondto standaanon, at, todethedeur,dooraanon, at, tohetit; theraam.window - 154
to be under twenty
Benedenbelow, downstairsdethetwintigtwentyjaarthe yearzijn.to be (irregular) - 155
within a year
Binnenwithineenajaar.the year - 156
we walked through the town
Wijwewandeldento walk, strolldoorthroughdethestad.city, town - 157
go into the room
Gagoinindethekamer.room
Prepositions: the most usual ones
The most usual prepositions are: aan at, on, close to, to; achter behind; behalve except, besides; beneden under; benevens together with; bij near, with, by; binnen within; boven over, above, across; buiten except, without, outside; door through, by; gedurende during; in in, into; ingevolge on account of; jegens towards, against, to; krachtens in virtue of; langs along; met with; na after; naar to, according to; naast near, by the side of; om at, for, about, round, since; omstreeks about; omtrent about; onder under, among; op on, upon; over over, above, across; rondom round about; sedert or sinds since; tegen against; te to, at, on; tot till, to; tijdens during; trots or ondanks, in weerwil van in spite of; tussen between; uit out of, from; van of; volgens according to; voor for, vóór before; wegens on account of; zonder without.
A few from the list
Hij stond aan de deur, aan het raam. he stood at the door, at the window
De jongen stond achter een boom. the boy stood behind a tree
Ik heb alle boeken behalve dit. I have all the books except this one
Beneden de twintig jaar zijn. to be under twenty
De vader benevens zijn kinderen. the father together with his children
Hij stond bij u. he stood near you
Binnen een jaar. within a year
Boven het huis. over the house
Het is koud buiten de kamer. it is cold outside the room
Wij wandelden door de stad. we walked through the townPrepositions used as adverbs
Almost all original prepositions are used in the same form as adverbs. Met, naar, te or tot, and van correspond to the adverbs mee, nader, toe and af.Prepositions govern the accusative, except te
A preposition is followed by the noun in its plain form, without case endings, with the one exception of te, which is still followed by a handful of fixed dative expressions.Verbs of this lesson, with their principal parts
bijstaan to help ik sta bij, ik stond bij, ik heb bijgestaan
zich omkeren to turn around ik keer mij om, ik keerde mij om, ik heb mij omgekeerd- 158
in virtue of the new laws
Krachtensby virtue ofdethenieuwenewwetten.laws - 159
after dinner we go out
Naaftertafeltablegaanto gowijweuit.out of, from - 160
all were already seated round the table
Allenallzatento sitalalreadyomaround; at (time); in order todethetafel.table - 161
we stood under a tree
Wijwestondento standonderunder; amongeenaboom.tree - 162
the armies were round about the fortress
Dethelegersarmystondento standrondomarounddethevesting.fortress
Lesson 24: Prepositions used as adverbs (and 1 more)
Prepositions without a noun
Almost every preposition can also be an adverb. It keeps the same form, but no noun follows it.
Four prepositions take a different form as adverbs. Met becomes mee. Naar becomes nader. Te or tot becomes toe. Van becomes af.
The plain noun after a preposition
After a preposition, the noun takes no case ending. It keeps its plain form: aan de deur, achter een boom, tussen deze twee huizen.
Te is the one exception. A few fixed expressions with te still keep the old dative form. Ter zee means at sea. Ten huize van means at the house of.
Learn each of these expressions as one whole phrase.
Fabricius en Pyrrhus (vervolg)
- 169
Fabricius and Pyrrhus (continued)
FabriciusFabriciusenandPyrrhusPyrrhus(vervolg)future - 170
“I have a small field and a cottage and do not live on rents and the labor of slaves; but still I am happy, for I am esteemed by my fellow citizens and associate with the richest and most distinguished as my equals.
“IkIhebhaveeenakleinesmallakkerfieldenandeenahuisjelittle houseenandleeflivenietnotvanof, fromrentenrentsenandslavenarbeid;the labor of slavesmaarbuttochindeed, after all (here: 'I did warn you, after all')benamikIgelukkig,happy, unhappywantfor, becauseikIwordbecome, am (passive)doorthroughmijnmymedeburgersfellow citizensgeachtconsideredenandgagometwithdetherijkstenrichestenandaanzienlijkstenmost distinguishedalsifmijnmygelijkento resembleom.around; at (time); in order to - 171
My field gives me what is necessary.
Mijnmyakkerfieldgeeftto givemijmehetit; thenoodzakelijke.necessary
- akker
- field
- slavenarbeid
- the labor of slaves
- medeburgers
- fellow citizens
- 172
Every dish tastes good to me, because hunger has seasoned it, and after work a peaceful sleep rewards me.
Iedereeach, everyspijsfood, dishsmaaktto taste (well)mij,meomdatbecausedethehongerhungerhaarhergekruidto wheelheeft,to have, to have hadenandnaafterdethearbeidlaborbeloontrewardsmijmeeenagerustepeacefulslaap.sleep - 173
It is true I cannot help the needy; but I gladly give as much as I am able of the little that I have.
Welbutisto be (irregular)waarwhere; truekanto be able (can)ikIgeenno, not abehoeftigenneedybijstaan;to helpmaarbutikIgeefto givevanof, fromhetit; theweinigea fewdatthat; that (conjunction)ikIheb,to have, to have hadgraaggladly, with pleasurezoveelso muchalsifikIvermag.am able - 174
I have often had the opportunity, as consul, to gather riches without acting criminally; but I preferred to make my soldiers rich and to remain poor myself, because that made me feel happy.
IkIhebto have, to have haddikwijlsoftengelegenheidoccasion, opportunitygehad,to have, to have hadalsifconsulconsulrijkdommenriches, wealthtetoverzamelen,to gather, to collectzonderwithoutmisdadigcriminaltetohandelen;dealmaarbutikImaakteto make (weak)lieverrathermijnmysoldatensoldiersrijkrich, richerenandbleefto remain, stayzelfselfarm,poor, pooreromdatbecauseikImijmedanthengelukkighappy, unhappyvoelde.felt
- spijs
- food, dish
- slaap
- sleep
- gelegenheid
- opportunity
- consul
- consul
- misdadig
- criminal
- bijstaan
- to help
- verzamelen
- to gather, to collect
- 175
Keep your money, then, and I wish to keep my poverty and my good name.”
Behoudkeepdussouwyour (polite)geld,moneyenandikIwilwantmijnmyarmoedepovertyenandmijnmygoedethe good, what is goodnaamnamebehouden.”to keep, to preserve - 176
The king heard the manly and proud answer not without quiet annoyance, yet also not without admiration.
Dethekoningking, kingshoordeto hearnietnotzonderwithoutstillehush! quiet!ergernis,vexation, annoyancemaarbuttochindeed, after all (here: 'I did warn you, after all')ookalso, likewisenietnotzonderwithoutbewonderingadmirationhetit; themanhaftigemanlyenandtrotsehaughtyantwoord.answer - 177
He decided to try whether fear had as little power over this Roman character as the lure of gold.
Hijhebeslootresolvedtetoproberento tryofor; whethervreesfearevena moment, justweiniglittle, fewmachtpoweroveracross, overditthisRomeinseRomankaraktercharacterhadto have, to have hadalsifdetheprikkelstimulus, lurevanof, fromhetit; thegoud.gold
- armoede
- poverty
- ergernis
- vexation, annoyance
- vrees
- fear
- karakter
- character
- prikkel
- stimulus, lure
- behouden
- to keep, to preserve
- proberen
- to try
- 178
The next day he therefore had his largest elephant placed behind a curtain and arranged for Fabricius to have his seat just in front of it.
Dethevolgendenext, followingdagdaylietto lethijhedaaromthereforezijnhis; to begrootstegreatestolifantelephantachterbehindeenagordijncurtainplaatsento put, to placeenandzorgdetook caredatthat; that (conjunction)FabriciusFabriciusvlakjust (in front of it)daarvoorfor itzijnhis; to beplaatsplacekreeg.to get; honger krijgen: to become hungry - 179
Pyrrhus spoke loudly and peevishly; then the curtain quickly went up, and roaring, the elephant thrust its enormous head with its great trunk over Fabricius's leg.
PyrrhusPyrrhussprakto speakluidloud(ly)enandwrevelig;peevish(ly)toenas, whengingto gosnelquicklyhetit; thegordijncurtainop,on, uponenandbrullendto roarstakto sting, to putdetheolifantelephantzijnhis; to beverbazendeenormouskopheadmetwithdethegrotebig, greatslurftrunk (of an elephant)overacross, overFabriciusFabriciusbeen.leg - 180
But Fabricius turned around undaunted, looked the animal up and down, and then said calmly: “Just as little as your money tempted me yesterday, does your elephant frighten me today.”
MaarbutFabriciusFabriciuskeerdeturnedzichoneself, himself, themselvesonverschrokkenundauntedom,around; at (time); in order tokeeklookedhetit; thedieranimalvanof, frombovenabove, overtotuntil, tobenedenbelow, downstairsaanon, at, toenandsprakspoketoenas, whenbedaard:composed“Evenzojust asweiniglittle, fewalsifuwyour (polite)geldmoneymijmegisterenyesterdayheefthasverleid,temptedschrikttakes frightuwyour (polite)olifantelephantmijmevandaagtodayaf.”off
- gordijn
- curtain
- slurf
- trunk
- vlak
- just (in front of it)
- luid
- loud(ly)
- wrevelig
- peevish(ly)
- onverschrokken
- undaunted
- zich
- to feel (zich voelen)
- zich
- to turn around (zich omkeren)
Lesson 24: conversation
- 181
Let us now have a look at the city!
Latento letwewethansnowdethestadcity, towneensonce, one daybekijken!looked over - 182
I think we should go to the Rijksmuseum first.
Volgensaccording tomijmemoetento have to, mustweweeerstfirst (of all)naarto, towardshetit; theRijksmuseumRijksmuseumgaan.to go - 183
Where do you want to go first?
Waarwhere; truewiltto want, to wishuyou (polite)hetit; theeerstfirst (of all)naartoe?to - 184
Very good, as long as you don't stay too long there.
Zeerverygoed,good, wellalsifuyou (polite)ertheremaarbutnietnotalalreadytetolanglongblijft.to remain, stay
- 185
Not longer than you think fit yourself, it must always remain a recreation.
Nietnotlangerlongerdanthenuyou (polite)zelfselfgoedvindt,approveshetit; themoetto have to, mustaltijdalwayseenaontspanningrecreationblijven.to remain, stay - 186
Where shall we go afterwards?
Waarwhere; truezullenshall, willwewelaterlaternaartoetogaan?to go - 187
We must see that we are back within an hour.
Wijwemoetento have to, mustzorgencaresvoorforeenauurhourterugbacktetozijn.to be (irregular) - 188
Have you then already forgotten our agreement of yesterday?
Hebthaveuyou (polite)danthenonzeourafspraakarrangementvanof, fromgisterenyesterdayalalreadyvergeten?to forget - 189
That's how I see it too, and I find nothing so tiring as visiting museums.
Zoso, asdenkthinkikIerthereookalso, likewiseover,across, overenandikIvindto findnietsnothingzoso, asvermoeiendwearisomealsifhetit; thebezoekento visitvanof, frommusea.museums - 190
Preferably to the zoo, it's cool there.
Hetit; theliefstpreferablynaarto, towardsdethedierentuin,zoodaaras, since, becauseisto be (irregular)hetit; thekoel.cool - 191
I did not know we were tied to any particular time.
IkIwistto knowniet,notdatthat; that (conjunction)wijweaanon, at, toenigeonly (het enige: the only thing)tijdtimegebondento bindwaren.to be (irregular) - 192
Oh yes, now I remember. N. was to be at our hotel at one o'clock.
Oohja,yesnunow, at presentherinnerto rememberikIhetit; themij.meN.No.zoushould, wouldomaround; at (time); in order toeenauurhouraanon, at, toonsushotelhotelzijn.to be (irregular)
Lesson 24: exercise 51
- 193
He laid his finger upon her mouth.
Hijhelegdeto layzijnhis fingervingerhis fingeropon her mouthhaaron her mouthmond.on her mouth - 194
The king travelled through the Netherlands to Hanover.
Dethekoningking, kingsreisdetravelsdoorthroughdetheNederlandenNederlandennaarto, towardsHanover.Hanover - 195
He wished an egg for his breakfast.
Hijhewensteto wisheenaeiegg, eggsvoorforzijnhis breakfastontbijt.his breakfast - 196
He put all upon one bill.
Hijhezetteto put, to setalleseverythingopon, uponéénonerekening.the bill - 197
The cricket applied to the ant.
Dethekrekelcricketwenddeturnedzichoneself, himself, themselvestotuntil, todethemier.ant - 198
What have you done during the summer?
Watwhathebtto have, to have haduyou (polite)gedurendeduringdethezomersummergedaan?to do - 199
The miser found a stone instead of his treasure.
Dethegierigaardmiservondto findeenasteenstoneininplaatsplacevanof, fromzijnhis; to beschat.treasure
- 200
They quarrelled with a young nobleman.
Zijshe; theytwisttenquarrelledmetwitheenajongeyoungedelman.nobleman - 201
Go with me out of the house.
Gagometwithmijmehetit; thehuishouseuit.out of, from - 202
The dog swam across a river.
Dethehondthe dog, dogszwomto swimoveracross, overdetherivier.river - 203
He saw the other dog without the meat.
Hijhezagto seedetheandereotherhondthe dog, dogszonderwithouthetit; thevlees.meat - 204
This book is for your brother.
Ditthisboekbookisto be (irregular)voorforuwyour (polite)broer.brother - 205
Do not swim against the stream.
Zwemto swimnietnottegenagainst; todethestroomstreamin.in - 206
Who has taken my purse out of my pocket?
Wiewhoheeftto have, to have hadmijnmyportemonneepurse, walletuitout of, frommijnmyzakpocketgenomen?to take
- 207
I should like to go to France.
IkIzoushould, wouldgraaggladly, with pleasurenaarto, towardsFrankrijkFrankrijkgaan.to go - 208
He will depart within the next week.
Hijhezalshall, willbinnenwithindethevolgendenext, followingweekweekvertrekken.depart - 209
Take your umbrella instead of your stick.
Neemto takeuwyour (polite)parapluumbrellaininplaatsplacevanof, fromuwyour (polite)stok.stick - 210
I went to Germany on account of my health.
IkIgingto gonaarto, towardsDuitslandDuitslandwegenson account of, because ofmijnmygezondheid.health - 211
The Botanical gardens are outside the town.
Detheplantentuinbotanical gardensligtto lie (be situated)buitenoutsidedethestad.city, town - 212
We obtained the permission by means of the influence of a general.
Wijweverkregencame byhetit; theverlofleavedoorthroughdetheinvloedinfluencevanof, fromeenageneraal.general - 213
He takes a walk notwithstanding the bad weather.
Hijhemaaktto make (weak)eenawandelingwalkondanksin spite ofhetit; theslechtebadweer.again
- 214
He is still rich in spite of his great loss.
Hijheisto be (irregular)nogstill, yet; anotheraltijdalwaysrijkrich, richerondanksin spite ofzijnhis; to begrotebig, greatverlies.loss - 215
Who knocks at the door?
Wiewhokloptknockederthereaanon, at, todethedeur?door - 216
Put the flower-pot before my window.
Zetto put, to setdethebloempotflower-potvóórbeforemijnmyraam.window - 217
To whom did you write a letter?
Aanon, at, towiewhoschreefto writeuyou (polite)eenabrief?letter - 218
Who laid this book on my table?
Wiewholegdeto layditthisboekbookopon, uponmijnmytafel?table - 219
The boys stood at the door of the school and looked after the birds.
Dethejongensboysstondento standaanon, at, todethedeurdoorvanof, fromdetheschoolschoolenandkekento looknaarto, towardsdethevogels.birds - 220
This old man is above eighty years old.
Dezethe latter (the most recently mentioned)oudeoldmanman; husbandisto be (irregular)bovenabove, overdethetachtigeightyjaarthe yearoud.old
Lesson 24: exercise 52
- 223
Amsterdam, July 1st, 1911.
Amsterdam,Amsterdam11stjuliJuly1911.1911 - 224
My dear boy,
Mijnmylievedearjongen,boy - 225
I am extremely glad that you are happy in your new school, for I must confess it was not without much hesitation that I indulged you in your wish to leave the other school.
Hetit; theverheugtrejoicemijmezeerverydatthat; that (conjunction)jeyou; yournieuwenewschoolschoolzoso, asininjeyou; yoursmaaktastevalt,to fallwantfor, becauseikImoetto have to, mustbekennenbe discerneddatthat; that (conjunction)ikIpasonly justnaafterlanglongaarzelenhesitatejeyou; yourwenswishhebto have, to have hadingewilligdindulgedomaround; at (time); in order todetheandereotherschoolschooltetoverlaten.left
- 226
I hope you will reward my kindness by constant attention to your studies, and by good behaviour.
IkIhoophopedatthat; that (conjunction)jeyou; yourmijnmygoedheidkindnesszultshall, willbelonenrewardeddoorthroughvoortdurendeconstantoplettendheidattentionbijwithjeyou; yourstudiestudyenanddoorthroughgoedgood, wellgedrag.conduct - 227
Recollect that it is necessary to submit to restraint, and we are all, both young and old, obliged to conform to many things that are disagreeable.
Onthoudrefraindatthat; that (conjunction)hetit; thenoodzakelijknecessaryisto be (irregular)zichoneself, himself, themselvesaanon, at, toregelslinestetoonderwerpensubjectsenanddatthat; that (conjunction)wijweallen,alljongyoungenandoud,oldgenoodzaaktobligedzijnto be (irregular)onsustetoschikkenmanagenaarto, towardsveelmuchdingenthingsdiewho (relative)allesbehalveanything butaangenaamagreeable, pleasantzijn.to be (irregular) - 228
It gives me great pleasure to hear that you are getting on well with the languages, and I hope soon to hear your account confirmed by Dr. Z.
Hetit; thedoetto domijmegrootgreatgenoegenpleasuretetohorento heardatthat; that (conjunction)jeyou; yourinindethetalenlanguagesgoedgood, wellvooruitgaat,getting onenandikIhoophopeweldrasoonjeyou; yourberichtreportbevestigdto fastentetoziento seedoorthroughdr.DrZ.Z
- 229
With regard to the increase of your pocket money, I must, for the present, decline acceding to your wishes.
Watwhatdetheverhogingincreasevanof, fromjeyou; yourzakgeldpocket moneybetreft,concernsvoorforhetit; theogenblikmomentmoetto have to, mustikIweigerenrefuseaanon, at, tojeyou; yourwenswishtoetotetogeven.to give - 230
When I arranged with Dr. Z. what sum you were to have, he informed me that some older boys had more, but that many had less, and this latter fact you did not think proper to mention.
Toenas, whenikImetwithdr.DrZ.Zbepaaldeconfinedhoeveelhow much, how manyzakgeldpocket moneyjeyou; yourzoushould, wouldhebben,to have, to have haddeeldeto distributehijhemijmemeealong, withdatthat; that (conjunction)enigeonly (het enige: the only thing)oudereoldjongensboysmeer,moremaarbutdatthat; that (conjunction)verscheideneseveralminderlesshadden,to have, to have hadenandditthislaatstelastvondto findjeyou; yournietnotpassendtake caretetovermelden.stated - 231
Now, I am sure that it is equally wrong to attempt to mislead any one by concealing a part of the truth.
Nunow, at presentisto be (irregular)hetit; thenaarto, towardsmijnmyovertuigingconvictionevena moment, justslechtbadtetoproberento tryiemandsomeonetetomisleidenmisleddoorthroughhemhimeenadeelpartvanof, fromdethewaarheidtruthtetoverbergen.hide
- 232
I trust, however, that you had no serious intention of misleading me in this affair.
IkIvertrouwtrustechterhoweverdatthat; that (conjunction)hetit; thenietnotininernstseriousnessjeyou; yourbedoelingintentionwasto be (irregular)mijmeinindezethe latter (the most recently mentioned)zaakmattertetomisleiden.misled - 233
Nor is it at all necessary that you should do exactly as the others do.
Bovendienbesidesisto be (irregular)hetit; thevolstrektabsolutelynietnotnoodzakelijknecessarydatthat; that (conjunction)jeyou; yourpreciesexactlyalsifdetheanderenotherszoushould, woulddoen.to do - 234
You will have to earn your own living, and a good education is all that I can give you; it is, therefore, necessary that you should learn the value of money early in life.
Jeyou; yourzultshall, willjeyou; youreigenownkostbreadmoetento have to, mustverdienen,earnenandeenagoedethe good, what is goodopvoedingupbringingisto be (irregular)hetit; theenigeonly (het enige: the only thing)datthat; that (conjunction)ikIjeyou; yourgevento givekan;to be able (can)daaromthereforeisto be (irregular)hetit; thenoodzakelijknecessarydatthat; that (conjunction)jeyou; youralalreadyvroegaskedininjeyou; yourlevenlifedethewaardevaluevanof, fromhetit; thegeldmoneyleertcomes tokennen.know
- 235
But I do not wish to weary you, my dear boy, with a long sermon, and being willing to indulge you in all reasonable pleasures, I will allow you to have the fishing-rod at once, and if I continue to hear a favourable account of your diligence and good conduct, your pocket-money shall be raised from the 1st of January.
MaarbutikIwilto want, to wishje,you; yourmijnmybestebestjongen,boynietnotvervelenboredmetwitheenalangelongpreek,sermonenandomdatbecauseikIjeyou; yourgraaggladly, with pleasureiedereach, everyredelijkreasonablygenoegenpleasuregun,grantmagmayjeyou; yourmeteenat oncevanof, frommijmedethehengelroedefishing-rodhebben,to have, to have hadenandzalshall, willjeyou; yourzakgeldpocket moneyopon, upon11stjanuariJanuaryverhoogdheightenedworden,to become, to getwanneerifjeyou; yourrapportreportoveracross, overijverzealenandgoedgood, wellgedragconductgoedgood, wellblijft.to remain, stay - 236
Mamma, sister, and Charley, all send best love.
Mama,mamajeyou; yourzussisterenandCharleyCharleylatento letjeyou; yourallemaalallhartelijkwarm-heartedgroeten.greet - 237
Your affectionate father, N. N.
Jeyou; yourliefhebbendeaffectionatevader,the fatherN.No.N.No.
Lesson 25: Conjunctions: co-ordinate and subordinate (and 3 more)
Two kinds of joining word
A conjunction is a word that joins two clauses: and, but, because. A clause is a group of words with its own subject and verb.
A co-ordinate conjunction joins two clauses that can each stand alone. En and maar are of this kind.
A subordinate conjunction joins a clause to another clause it depends on. Als, dat and wanneer are of this kind.
The kind of conjunction decides where the verb goes. The conjunctions in this lesson are grouped by that effect.
Words that leave the order alone
Some conjunctions join two clauses and change nothing in either one. Each clause keeps the order it has alone: subject first, then the verb.
These are en, echter, maar, of, want and the pair zowel / als.
Ik moet thuis blijven, want ik ben ziek. After want, the clause ik ben ziek is the same as it is alone.
Echter can also stand after the subject or after the verb, with the same sense: wij mogen echter niet wanhopen.
Joining words that put the verb first
Some joining words act like an adverb. When one opens a clause, the verb comes next and the subject after it.
Ik ben ziek, dus kan ik niet uitgaan. After dus, the verb kan comes before the subject ik.
Zeg het hem duidelijk, anders begrijpt hij het niet. After anders, the verb begrijpt comes before hij.
The list of these words
The list gives each word with its English meaning: dus, thus or so. Daarom, therefore. Toch, yet or still.
Some come in pairs, such as niet alleen / maar, not only / but also. The two parts stand in two places in the sentence.
Every word in the list puts the verb before the subject when it opens a sentence.
The verb moves to the end
A subordinate conjunction opens a dependent clause. The verb of that clause goes to the end of it.
Haast u, opdat u niet te laat komt. The clause opens with opdat, and its verb komt stands last.
This is true of every subordinate conjunction, of one word or of several.
- 238
I must stay at home, for I am ill
IkImoetto have to, mustthuisat homeblijven,to remain, staywantfor, becauseikIbento be (irregular)ziek.ill - 239
I shall tell it to you, but you must keep silent
IkIzalshall, willhetit; theuyou (polite)zeggen,to saymaarbutuyou (polite)moetto have to, mustzwijgen.to be silent - 240
I am ill, so I cannot go out
IkIbento be (irregular)ziek,illdussokanto be able (can)ikInietnotuitgaan.issued - 241
scarcely had he seen us when he ran away
Nauwelijksscarcelyhadto have, to have hadhijheonsusgezien,to seeofor; whetherhijheliepto walkweg.away; road - 242
tell it to him plainly, else he does not understand it
Zegsayhetit; thehemhimduidelijk,clear(ly)andersotherwisebegrijptto understandhijhehetit; theniet.not - 243
he always gives alms, yet he is not rich himself
Hijhegeeftto givealtijdalwaysaalmoezen,almstochindeed, after all (here: 'I did warn you, after all')isto be (irregular)hijhezelfselfnietnotrijk.rich, richer
Conjunctions: co-ordinate and subordinate
Conjunctions fall into two classes: co-ordinate (nevenschikkend) and subordinate (onderschikkend). Co-ordinate conjunctions join statements that are independent of each other: en, ook, maar, doch, evenwel, and so on. Subordinate conjunctions join statements one of which depends on the other: als, daar, dat, indien, wanneer, and so on. Because conjunctions have a great influence on the position of the verb, they are grouped below by that effect.Co-ordinate conjunctions that do not change the word order
Co-ordinate conjunctions that do not change the word order: en and; echter but, however; maar but; of or; want for; zowel / als both … and. Note. Echter is sometimes placed after the subject or even after the verb, without changing the sense: De zaken gaan slecht, echter mogen wij niet wanhopen. The affairs are in a bad way, but we must not despair. De zaken gaan slecht, wij mogen echter niet wanhopen.Adverbial conjunctions that require inversion
The following adverbial conjunctions are treated like adverbs and require inversion (verb before subject) after them when they open a sentence: anders else, otherwise; behalve besides; bijgevolg consequently; bovendien or buitendien besides, moreover; daarenboven moreover; daarentegen on the contrary; daarom therefore; deels / deels partly / partly; desalniettemin or niettemin nevertheless; dientengevolge accordingly; dus thus, so; echter however; evenwel however; nauwelijks scarcely; niet alleen / maar (ook) not only / but also; niet slechts / maar not only / but also; noch nor; noch / noch neither / nor; nochtans yet, still; nu now, then; of / of either / or; ook also, too; ook / niet nor; ondertussen meanwhile; overigens as for the rest; toch yet, still; veeleer rather; verder further; weliswaar it is true; zo so, thus.Subordinate conjunctions send the verb to the end
All subordinate conjunctions, simple as well as compound, send the verb to the end of the clause.Simple subordinate conjunctions
Simple subordinate conjunctions: aangezien or daar as, since; als as, when; alsof as if; dat that; eer or voordat before; hoe how; hoewel though; indien if; nadat after; of if, whether; ofschoon although; omdat because; opdat that, in order that; sedert or sinds since (time); terwijl while, whilst; tot or totdat until; zodra (als) as soon as; zolang (als) as long as.Word order after a subordinate clause: inversion in the main clause
When the first clause of a compound sentence begins with one of the subordinate conjunctions above, the second (main) clause opens with the verb, and the subject follows it.Compound subordinate conjunctions
Compound subordinate conjunctions: aangenomen, gesteld or verondersteld / dat supposing (that); al / nog even if; als / maar provided (that); behalve / dat besides; hoe / hoe the / the (with a comparative); hoe / ook however (with an adjective); indien / al (ook) even if; indien / niet unless; ingeval in case; in plaats van instead of; in weerwil van or ondanks in spite of; om / te in order to; opdat / niet lest; zelfs / als even if; zonder / dat without; zo / als just as; zo / dat so that.Relative conjunctions send the verb to the end
Relative conjunctions. Every interrogative adverb has, in an indirect question, the force of a relative conjunction, and so it sends the verb to the end of the clause: hoe how; hoelang how long; hoeveel how much; waar where; waarom why; wanneer when; weshalve wherefore; waaraan at what; waardoor what, by what; waarheen where, whither; waarin in what; waarmee with what; waarop on what, and so on.Doch, toch, nog and noch: four words not to confuse
Do not confuse doch (but) and toch (all the same, nevertheless); nor nog (still, an adverb) and noch (neither, nor). Examples: Hij zegt het wel, doch meent het niet he says so, but does not mean it. Laat mij toch gaan pray, let me go; ik ben niet wel, toch wil ik uitgaan I am unwell, yet I will go out. Hoe lang blijft hij nog how long will he still stay? Ik heb geld noch vrienden I have neither money nor friends.Interjections
Interjections fall into: imitations of sounds: bom! plomp! krik! krek! pief! paf! poef! miauw! bimbam! holderdebolder! Words of feeling and emotion: a) of pleasure: ha! hoezee! hoera! leve! b) of pain or grief: ach! au! o! och! helaas! o wee! c) of disgust: bah! foei! d) of doubt: ei! ei ei! hm! e) of desire: ach toe! Exclamations and calls: he! hei! hm! hee daar! holla! pst! st! Note. Expressions such as God helpe mij! Goede hemel! O God! weg! mars! hoor eens! stil! and so on are not interjections; they are shortened sentences or nouns in the vocative.Verbs of this lesson, with their principal parts
wijken to deviate, to give way ik wijk, ik week, ik ben geweken
verwerpen to reject ik verwerp, ik verwierp, ik heb verworpen
vluchten to flee ik vlucht, ik vluchtte, ik ben gevlucht
zich onderscheiden to distinguish oneself ik onderscheid mij, ik onderscheidde mij, ik heb mij onderscheidenLesson 25: Simple subordinate conjunctions (and 1 more)
One word, verb last
A simple subordinate conjunction is a single word. The list holds als, dat, omdat, hoewel, nadat, terwijl, zodra and more.
Wacht, totdat ik de deur heb gesloten. Totdat opens the clause, and the verbs heb gesloten stand at its end.
Read each entry as a word and its English meaning. Some meanings have two words: eer or voordat, before. Sedert or sinds, since in time.
When the dependent clause comes first
A sentence can open with a dependent clause. Then the main clause opens with its verb, and the subject follows the verb.
A main clause is the clause that can stand alone.
Toen hij binnenkwam, stonden alle officieren op. The first clause ends with its verb, binnenkwam. The main clause opens with the verb stonden. The subject alle officieren follows.
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it was raining when we entered the village
Hetit; theregendeto be rained ontoenas, whenwijweininhetit; thedorpvillagekwamen.to come - 245
wait till I have closed the door
Wacht,is waitingtotdatuntilikIdethedeurdoorhebto have, to have hadgesloten.to shut - 246
make haste that you do not come too late
Haasthasteu,you (polite)opdatin order thatuyou (polite)nietnottetolaatlet; latekomt.to come - 247
when he entered, all the officers rose from their seats
Toenas, whenhijhebinnenkwam,come instondento standalleallofficierenofficersop.on, upon - 248
before the battle began, the soldiers sang merrily
Voordatbeforedetheslagblowbegon,to beginzongento singdethesoldatensoldiersvrolijk.merry, gay - 249
though it is probable, it is not true
Ofschoonthoughhetit; thewaarschijnlijkprobablyis,to be (irregular)isto be (irregular)hetit; thetochnot... after allnietnot... after allwaar.where; true
Lesson 25: Compound subordinate conjunctions (and 2 more)
Conjunctions of two parts
A compound conjunction is a conjunction made of two or more words. It sends the verb to the end, as a simple conjunction does.
Er gaat geen uur voorbij, zonder dat ik hem zie. Zonder dat opens the clause, and the verb zie stands last.
Some parts stand apart. Hoe meer u leert, hoe meer u weet. Each hoe opens a clause. The pair means the more this, the more that.
Each entry gives the parts and one English meaning for them together.
Questions inside sentences
A question word can open a clause inside a longer sentence. Then it acts as a subordinate conjunction and sends the verb to the end.
An interrogative adverb is a question word for how, where, why or when: hoe, waar, waarom, wanneer.
A direct question stands alone: Hoe heeft hij dat gedaan? An indirect question is reported inside a sentence: Ik vroeg hoe hij dat gedaan heeft. There heeft comes last.
Four words that look alike
Four short words look alike and have different meanings. Doch means but. Toch means all the same or nevertheless. Nog means still. Noch means neither or nor.
Hij zegt het wel, doch meent het niet: he says so, but does not mean it. Ik ben niet wel, toch wil ik uitgaan: I am unwell, yet I will go out.
Hoe lang blijft hij nog? How long will he still stay? Ik heb geld noch vrienden: I have neither money nor friends.
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though he has ever so many books, he never reads
Alalreadyheeftto have, to have hadhijhenogstill, yet; anotherzoveelso muchboeken,bookshijheleestto readnooit.never - 251
the more you learn, the more you know
Hoehowmeermoreuyou (polite)leert,comes tohoehowmeermoreuyou (polite)weet.to know - 252
not an hour passes but I see him
Ertheregaatto gogeenno, not auurhourvoorbij,pastzonderwithoutdatthat; that (conjunction)ikIhemhimzie.to see - 253
how did he do that? (direct)
Hoehowheeftto have, to have hadhijhedatthat; that (conjunction)gedaan?to do - 254
I asked how he had done that (indirect)
IkIvroegto askhoehowhijhedatthat; that (conjunction)gedaanto doheeft.to have, to have had - 255
do you know where he comes from
Weetknowuyou (polite)waarvandaanwhere fromhijhekomt?to come
Lesson 25: Interjections
Words of sound and feeling
An interjection is a word that shows a sound, a feeling or a call.
Some copy a sound: bom, miauw. Some show a feeling: hoera for pleasure, ach for grief, foei for disgust. Some are calls: he, pst.
Words such as stil and weg are not interjections. They are shortened sentences.
Fabricius en Pyrrhus (slot)
- 258
Fabricius and Pyrrhus (the end)
FabriciusFabriciusenandPyrrhusPyrrhus(slot)ending - 259
Fabricius had returned again.
FabriciusFabriciuswasto be (irregular)weeragainteruggekeerd.returned - 260
There he received one day a letter from Pyrrhus's physician, in which the latter offered to poison his master, if the Roman would give him a good reward for it.
Daaras, since, becauseontvingreceivedhijheopon, uponzekerecertaindagdayvanof, fromdethelijfartsphysician in ordinaryvanof, fromPyrrhusPyrrhuseenabrief,letterwaarinin whichdezethe latter (the most recently mentioned)aanbood,to offerzijnto be (irregular)heergentleman, lordtetovergiftigen,to poisonwanneerifdetheRomeinRomeinhemhimdaarvoorfor iteenagoedethe good, what is goodbeloningrewardwildeto want, to wishgeven.to give - 261
Fabricius shuddered at such a shameful deed.
FabriciusFabriciusijsdeshudderedvanof, fromzulksucheenaschandelijkeshamefuldaad.deed
- lijfarts
- physician in ordinary
- daad
- deed
- zijn
- to owe (verschuldigd zijn)
- vergiftigen
- to poison
- 262
He therefore sent the letter to Pyrrhus himself, so that he might secure himself against such a villain.
Hijhezondto senddaaromthereforedethebriefletteraanon, at, toPyrrhusPyrrhuszelf,selfopdatin order thatdezethe latter (the most recently mentioned)zichoneself, himself, themselvesininveiligheidsafety, securityzoushould, wouldstellenputvoorforzulksucheenabooswicht.wretch, villain - 263
Who can depict Pyrrhus's astonishment?
Wiewhoschildertpaintsdetheverbazingastonishmentvanof, fromPyrrhus?Pyrrhus - 264
Such generosity from an enemy?
Zulksucheenaedelmoedigheidgenerosityvanof, fromeenavijand?enemy
- veiligheid
- safety, security
- booswicht
- wretch, villain
- edelmoedigheid
- generosity
- zich
- to distinguish oneself (zich onderscheiden)
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“Truly!” he exclaimed, “the sun will sooner stray from its path than Fabricius from the path of virtue!”
“Waarlijk!”trulyriepcriedhijheuit,out of, from“eerdermorezalshall, willdethezonsunvanof, fromhaarherbaanroad, pathwijken,to deviate, to give waydanthenFabriciusFabriciusvanof, fromhetit; thepadpathvanof, fromdethedeugd!”virtue - 266
He had the physician put to death, but to the Romans he sent back, to show his gratitude, the prisoners without ransom, and once again made peace proposals.
Detheartsphysician, doctorlietto lethijheterfor thedooddeathbrengen,bringmaarbutaanon, at, todetheRomeinenRomeinenzondto sendhij,heomaround; at (time); in order tozijnhis; to bedankbaarheidgratitudetetobewijzen,to prove; proofsdethegevangenento catchzonderwithoutlosgeldransomterug,backenandnogmaalsonce againdeedto dohijhevredesvoorstellen.peace proposals - 267
The Romans said: “We do not let ourselves be paid for the justice we owe the enemy,” and sent back just as many prisoners of war; the peace proposals were rejected.
DetheRomeinenRomanszeiden:said“Wijwelatenletonsusnietnotbetalento payvoorfordetherechtvaardigheid,justicediewho (relative)wijwedethevijandenemyverschuldigdto owezijn,”to oweenandzondento sendevenveelas much, as manykrijgsgevangenenprisoners of warterug;backdethevredesvoorstellenpeace proposalswerdenbecame, were (passive)verworpen.rejected
- baan
- road, path
- deugd
- virtue
- dankbaarheid
- gratitude
- losgeld
- ransom
- rechtvaardigheid
- justice
- evenveel
- as much, as many
- wijken
- to deviate, to give way
- betalen
- to pay
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In a second battle Pyrrhus was victorious again through his elephants, but lost so many soldiers that he cried out: “One more such victory and I am lost!”
Inineenatweedethe Secondslagblowoverwonwas victoriousPyrrhusPyrrhusnogmaalsonce againdoorthroughzijnhis; to beolifanten,elephantsmaarbutverloorlostzoveelso muchsoldaten,soldiersdatthat; that (conjunction)hijheuitriep:exclaimed“Nogstill, yet; anotherzo'nsuch aoverwinningvictoryenandikIbenamverloren!”lost - 269
In the third battle he was defeated and fled in dismay back to his own country.
Inindethederdethirdslagblowwerdto become, to gethijhegeslagento beatenandvluchtteto fleeontsteldalarmednaarto, towardszijnhis; to belandlandterug.back - 270
The Romans were now masters of the whole of Italy.
DetheRomeinenRomeinenwarento be (irregular)nunow, at presentmeesterteacher (in everyday speech, meester/schoolmeester is often used for a primary-school teacher; a teacher at a public secondary school (H.B.S.) or a gymnasium is called leraar, a university professor is called professor or hoogleraar)vanof, fromgeheelwholeItalië.Italië - 271
Their finest glory, however, was the republican simplicity, the honesty and love of virtue by which precisely their highest officials distinguished themselves the most.
Hunthem; theirmooistefinestroemfamewasto be (irregular)echterhoweverdetherepublikeinserepublicaneenvoud,simplicitydetherechtschapenheidhonestyenandliefdelovevoorfordethedeugd,virtuewaardoorby whichjuistexactlyhunthem; theirhoogstehighestambtenarenofficialszichoneself, himself, themselveshetit; themeestmostonderscheidden.distinguished themselves
- overwinning
- victory
- eenvoud
- simplicity
- liefde
- love
- juist
- just, exactly
- meest
- most
Lesson 25: conversation
- 272
How long have you already been studying Dutch?
Hoehow longlanghow longbentto be (irregular)uyou (polite)alalreadymetwithdethestudiestudyvanof, fromhetit; theNederlandsNederlandsbezig?busy - 273
Do you find the language rather difficult; is the grammar hard?
Vindtto finduyou (polite)dethetaallanguagenogalratherlastig;troublesomeisto be (irregular)dethegrammaticagrammarmoeilijk?difficult - 274
Could that not be said of all languages?
Zoushould, woulddatnot so (I beg your pardon)nietnot so (I beg your pardon)vanof, fromallealltalenlanguagesgezegdto saykunnento be able (can)worden?to become, to get - 275
I believe about two years.
IkIgeloofto believeongeveerabouttweetwojaar.the year - 276
Yes, especially the correct use of some parts of speech and words.
Ja,yesvooralabove allhetit; thejuisteexactlygebruikusevanof, fromsommigesomewoordsoortenparts of speechenandwoorden.words - 277
In a certain sense, yes!
Ininzekerecertainzinsensewel!but
- 278
How do you study the language? Do you have a good grammar?
Hoehowbestudeertstudyinguyou (polite)dethetaal?languageHebthaveuyou (polite)eenagoedethe good, what is goodgrammatica?grammar - 279
Don't you have any novels for me?
Hebthaveuyou (polite)geenno, not aromansnovelsvoorformij?me - 280
How long may I keep those books?
Hoehow longlanghow longmagmayikIdiewho (relative)boekenbookshouden?to keep - 281
I learn the rules of grammar from a language book; the idiom of the language I hope to learn mainly by reading a great deal.
Detheregelslinesvanof, fromdethegrammaticagrammarleerteachikIuitout of, fromeenataalboek;language bookhetit; thetaaleigenidiomhoophopeikIvooralabove alldoorthroughveelmuchlezento readtetoleren.a) to learn, b) = to teach - 282
Yes, here are the novels of Van Lennep.
Ja,yeshierherezijnto be (irregular)detheromansnovelsvanof, fromVanVanLennep.Lennep - 283
As long as you like, there is absolutely no hurry about it.
Zoso, aslanglongalsifuyou (polite)wilt,to want, to wisherthereisto be (irregular)volstrektabsolutelygeenno, not ahaasthastebij.with
Lesson 25: exercise 53
- 284
Go home directly, or you will become wet; for it will soon rain.
Gagodadelijkimmediatelynaarto, towardshuis,houseofor; whetheruyou (polite)wordtto become, to getnat;wetwantfor, becausehetit; thezalshall, willaanstondsdirectlygaanto goregenen.rained - 285
The reed bends, but it does not break.
Hetit; therietreed, thatchbuigt,to bendmaarbutbreektbreaksniet.not - 286
You ought to speak to your children, for they are very naughty.
Uyou (polite)moetto have to, mustmetwithuwyour (polite)kinderenchildrenspreken,to speakwantfor, becausezijshe; theyzijnto be (irregular)zeerveryondeugend.mischievously - 287
We wrote a long time ago, but we did not receive an answer.
Wijwehebbento have, to have hadalalreadylanglonggeledensufferedgeschreven,to writemaarbutwijwehebbento have, to have hadgeenno, not aantwoordanswerontvangen.received - 288
Did you see your friend today?
Hebthaveuyou (polite)uwyour (polite)vriendfriendvandaagtodaygezien?to see - 289
Yes, but I could not speak to him.
Ja,yesmaarbutikIkonto be able (can)hemhimnietnotspreken.to speak - 290
He wished to go to America, but his father would not let him go.
Hijhewildeto want, to wishnaarto, towardsAmerikaAmerikagaan,to gomaarbutzijnhis; to bevaderthe fatherwildeto want, to wishhemhimnietnotlatento letgaan.to go
- 291
Many soldiers are ill, consequently they cannot leave the fortress.
Veelmuchsoldatensoldierszijnto be (irregular)ziek,illzodatso thatzeshe; theydethevestingfortressnietnotkunnento be able (can)verlaten.left - 292
Some one has done it, either you or your brother.
Iemandsomeoneheeftto have, to have hadhetit; thegedaan,to douyou (polite)ofor; whetheruwyour (polite)broer.brother - 293
This picture may be very beautiful, nevertheless it does not please me.
Ditthisschilderijpaintingmagmayheelwholemooinice, beautifulzijn,to be (irregular)tochindeed, after all (here: 'I did warn you, after all')bevaltpleaseshetit; themijmeniet.not - 294
I know neither him nor his wife.
IkIkenknowhemhimnochnorzijnhis; to bevrouw.a woman, a lady - 295
I did not expect to see you here, the greater is my pleasure to meet you.
IkIhadto have, to have hadnietnotverwachtexpectuyou (polite)hierheretetozien,to seewatwhatmijnmygenoegenpleasureuyou (polite)tetoontmoetento meetjuistexactlygrotergreatmaakt.to make (weak) - 296
Not only the king was expected, but also the queen and the princess.
Nietnotalleenonlydethekoningking, kingswerdto become, to getverwacht,expectmaarbutookalso, likewisedethekoninginqueenenanddetheprinses.princess - 297
When I arrived here, it was quite dark.
Toenas, whenikIhierhereaankwam,arrivedwasto be (irregular)hetit; thehelemaalentirelydonker.dark
- 298
As he does not work, I shall give him nothing.
Omdatbecausehijhenietnotwerkt,workszalshall, willikIhemhimnietsnothinggeven.to give - 299
I want you to wait till I have written this letter.
IkIverzoekto beg, to requestuyou (polite)tetowachtenwaittotuntil, toikIdezethe latter (the most recently mentioned)brieflettergeschrevento writeheb.to have, to have had - 300
Since I have lost my parents, I am quite alone.
SindssinceikImijnmyoudersparentsverlorento loseheb,to have, to have hadbento be (irregular)ikIhelemaalentirelyalleen.only - 301
After I had breakfasted, I took a walk, although it rained a little.
NadatafterikIhadto have, to have hadontbeten,to breakfastmaakteto make (weak)ikIeenawandeling,walkhoewelalthoughhetit; theeenabeetjelittleregende.to be rained on - 302
As soon as the queen arrives, please to inform us.
Zodraas soon asdethekoninginqueenaankomt,arriveswaarschuwwarnonsusdanthenalsjeblieft.please
Lesson 25: exercise 54
- 303
I do not know, whether he is rich or poor.
IkIweetto knownietnotofor; whetherhijherijkrich, richerofor; whetherarmpoor, pooreris.to be (irregular) - 304
Ask him if he will sell his horse!
Vraagto askhemhimofor; whetherhijhezijnhis; to bepaardhorsewilto want, to wishverkopen!sale - 305
Why did you sleep so long?
Waaromwhyhebtto have, to have haduyou (polite)zoso, aslanglonggeslapen?to sleep - 306
I slept so long because I was very tired.
IkIsliepto sleepzoso, aslanglongomdatbecauseikIzoso, asmoetiredwas.to be (irregular) - 307
I will go with you, if you promise me to be more punctual in future.
IkIgato gometwithuyou (polite)mee,along, withonderunder; amongéénonevoorwaarde,termsdatthat; that (conjunction)uyou (polite)voortaanhenceforthwatwhatmeermoreopon, upontijdtimebent.to be (irregular) - 308
If you are poor, do not wish to seem rich!
Alsifuyou (polite)armpoor, poorerbent,to be (irregular)doeto dodanthennietnotalsofas thoughuyou (polite)rijkrich, richerbent!to be (irregular) - 309
The master will not pardon him, until he improves.
Dethemeesterteacher (in everyday speech, meester/schoolmeester is often used for a primary-school teacher; a teacher at a public secondary school (H.B.S.) or a gymnasium is called leraar, a university professor is called professor or hoogleraar)wilto want, to wishhemhimgeenno, not avergiffenisforgivenessschenken,to grantzolangas long ashijhezichoneself, himself, themselvesnietnotverbetert.improves
- 310
I do not know how he will get it.
IkIweetto knownietnothoehowhijhedatthat; that (conjunction)zalshall, willkrijgen.to get; honger krijgen: to become hungry - 311
It seems to me as if I had seen you somewhere.
Hetit; theisto be (irregular)netnetalsofas thoughikIuyou (polite)ergenssomewheregeziento seeheb.to have, to have had - 312
In case you want my assistance, call me!
Voorforhetit; thegevalcaseuyou (polite)mijnmyhulphelpnodigneeded (nodig hebben: to need)hebt,to have, to have hadroepto cry tomijmedan!then - 313
Read it twice, lest you forget it!
Leesreadhetit; thetweetwokeer,time (an occasion)andersotherwisevergeetto forgetuyou (polite)het.it; the - 314
The merchant will sell much or little, according as the price is high or low.
Dethekoopmanmerchantzalshall, willveelmuchofor; whetherweiniglittle, fewverkopen,salealalreadynaarto, towardsgelangaccordingdetheprijspricehooghigh; (of age) great, oldofor; whetherlaaglowis.to be (irregular)
- 315
We shall not go, unless they invite us.
Wijwegaanto goniet,nottenzijunlesszijshe; theyonsusuitnodigen.invited - 316
Romulus disappeared without any one knowing how he had perished.
RomulusRomulusverdween,to disappearzonderwithoutdatthat; that (conjunction)iemandsomeonewistto knowhoehowhijhewasto be (irregular)omgekomen.to perish - 317
Though you should have the best books, if you do not study well, you will never know the Dutch language.
Alalreadyhadto have, to have haduyou (polite)ookalso, likewisedethebestebestboeken,booksalsifuyou (polite)nietnothardhardstudeert,studyzultshall, willuyou (polite)nooitneverdetheNederlandseDutchtaallanguageleren.a) to learn, b) = to teach - 318
Ask him when he will come!
Vraagto askhemhimwanneerifhijhezalshall, willkomen!to come - 319
I do not know why he has not yet written to me.
IkIweetto knownietnotwaaromwhyhijhemijmenogstill, yet; anothernietnotgeschrevento writeheeft.to have, to have had - 320
Alas, what a poor man he is!
Helaas,alaswatwhatisto be (irregular)hijhearm!poor, poorer - 321
Hurrah, long live the queen!
Hoera,Hoeralanglonglevelivedethekoningin!queen
- 322
Hah, what a huge animal lies there!
Oohwee,woewatwhateenavervaarlijkhugedieranimalligtto lie (be situated)daar!as, since, because - 323
Hollo! come and fetch us.
Holla!HollaKomto comeonsushalen.fetch - 324
Adieu, my dear friend, I wish you much pleasure and hope to see you soon back!
Vaarwel,farewellmijnmywaardevaluevriend,friendikIwensto wishuyou (polite)veelmuchgenoegenpleasureenandhoophopeuyou (polite)spoedigsoonweeragaintetozien.to see - 325
Hush, keep silent there!
Pst,hushstilhush! quiet!daar!as, since, because
Lesson 25: exercise 55
- 326
G., May 1st, 1912.
G.,g11stmeiMay1912.1912 - 327
Dear William,
MijnmybestebestWillem,Willem - 328
I write to tell you that we start tomorrow at 2 o'clock, instead of 3, as at first proposed.
IkIschrijfwritejeyou; youromaround; at (time); in order tojeyou; yourtetolatento letwetento knowdatthat; that (conjunction)wewemorgenmorningininplaatsplacevanof, fromomaround; at (time); in order to33uur,houromaround; at (time); in order to22uurhourvertrekken,departzoalsasweweeerstfirst (of all)vanof, fromplanplan, planswaren.to be (irregular)
- 329
Robert says that we shall not be there too soon; for the distance is great, and the road very hilly.
RobertRobertzegtto saydatthat; that (conjunction)wewenietnottetovroegaskedzullenshall, willaankomen,arrivewantfor, becausedetheafstanddistanceisto be (irregular)grootgreatenanddethewegaway; roadisto be (irregular)zeerveryheuvelachtig.hilly - 330
Yesterday evening, about an hour after you left us, a man was nearly drowned at the ferry here.
Gisteravond,yesterday eveningongeveerabouteenauurhournadatafterjeyou; youronsushadto have, to have hadverlaten,leftisto be (irregular)hierherebijwithdetheveerpontferrybijnanearlyeenamanman; husbandverdronken.to drown, to be drowned - 331
It was just getting dark and being in a great hurry, he sprang out of the boat, before it had reached the landing place.
Detheduisternisdarknessbegonto beginnetnettetovallen,to fallenandomdatbecausehijhegrotebig, greathaasthastehad,to have, to have hadsprongto springhijheuitout of, fromdethebootboatvoordatbeforedezethe latter (the most recently mentioned)detheaanlegplaatslanding placebereiktto reachhad.to have, to have had
- 332
Deceived probably by the darkness, he did not spring quite far enough, and losing his balance, fell backwards into the water.
Waarschijnlijkprobablydoorthroughdetheduisternisdarknessmisleid,misledsprongto springhijhenietnotverfargenoeg,enoughverloorto losezijnhis; to beevenwichtbalanceenandvielto fallruggelingsbackwardsininhetit; thewater.water - 333
Great efforts were made to save him, but the stream on the side being strong, it carried him out of sight.
Ertherewerdto become, to getalleseverythingaanon, at, togedaanto doomaround; at (time); in order tohemhimtetoredden,savemaarbutdoorthroughdethesterkestrongstroomstreamlangsalongdethekanthandwasto be (irregular)hijhesnelquicklyuitout of, fromhetit; thezicht.sight - 334
Just, when he reappeared, a lonely fisher who had cast out his nets, caught him with a long rope.
Netnettoenas, whenhijheweeragainbovenabove, overkwam,to comegreepto catcheenamanman; husbanddiewho (relative)ininzijnhis; to beeentjeoneaanon, at, tohetit; thevissenfishedwasto be (irregular)enandzijnhis; to benettennetshadto have, to have haduitgeworpen,cast outhemhimmetwitheenalangelonglijn.line
- 335
It was a sad illustration of the proverb: “The more haste, the less speed.”
Hetit; thewaswaseenajammerlijkesadillustratieillustrationvanof, fromhetit; thespreekwoord:proverb“Haastigehastyspoedhasteisiszeldenseldomgoed.”good, well - 336
Let it be a warning to us all, as we shall have to cross the river in the same boat, and in all probability shall not return, till it is quite dark.
Laatto letditthisonsusallenallterfor thewaarschuwingwarningstrekken,servealsifwijwetoevalligby chancemetwithdezelfdethe samebootboatdetherivierrivermoetento have to, mustoverstekencrossenanddezethe latter (the most recently mentioned)naarto, towardsalleallwaarschijnlijkheidprobabilitynietnotzalshall, willterugkerenreturnedvoordatbeforehetit; thehelemaalentirelydonkerdarkis.to be (irregular) - 337
With kind regards to all at home, believe me,
Metwithdethebestebestwensenwishvoorforalalreadydethejouwen,yourgeloofto believeme,me - 338
Yours sincerely, W. N.
helemaalentirelydethejouwe,yourW.WN.No.
The particulars
- The course
- Valette, Dutch Conversation-Grammar (1913) and its Key (1893); Defense Language Institute, Dutch Refresher Course, Books I to III (1961). Public domain. The teaching pages, the readings' English, the answers to the conversations and the narration are ours.
- Reading aloud
- Digital narration, directed by 1732 Studios.
- The book
- Max Havelaar, the work this course leads to, free to read here.
- Data
- JSON · Markdown · A guide for agents