French · Parisian Scenes
Les Petites Vieilles
The Little Old Women
Tap a line to open its words.
- 1
To Victor Hugo
Àtoà · prepositionpreposition marking Victor HugoVictorVictorVictor · proper noun, masculine, singularhead of the phraseHugoHugoHugo · proper noundepends on Victor - 2
I
III · roman numeral, section headinghead of the phrase - 3
In the winding folds of the old capitals,
Dansindans · prepositionpreposition marking plislesthele · determiner, pluraldeterminer of plisplisfoldspli · noun, masculine, pluralhead of the phrasesinueuxwindingsinueux · adjective, masculinemodifies plisdesof thede · prepositionpreposition marking capitalesvieillesoldvieux · adjective, feminine, pluralmodifies capitalescapitalescapitalscapitale · noun, feminine, pluralobject of des, modifies plis - 4
where everything, even horror, turns to enchantment,
Oùwhereoù · adverb, relativemodifies tournetouteverythingtout · pronoun, indefinite, singularsubject of tournemêmeevenmême · adverbmodifies horreurl'thele · determiner, singulardeterminer of horreurhorreurhorrorhorreur · noun, feminine, singularin apposition to touttourneturnstourner · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceauxtoà · contracted preposition (à + les)preposition marking enchantementsenchantementsenchantmentenchantement · noun, masculine, pluraloblique argument of tourne - 5
I watch, obeying my fatal humors,
JeIje · pronoun, singularsubject of guetteguettewatchguetter · verb, present, indicative, first-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceobéissantobeyingobéir · verb, present, participleadverbial clause on guetteà(to)à · prepositionpreposition marking humeursmesmymon · determiner, pluraldeterminer of humeurshumeurshumorshumeur · noun, feminine, pluraloblique argument of obéissantfatalesfatalfatal · adjective, feminine, pluralmodifies humeurs - 6
for singular beings, decrepit and charming.
Dessomeun · determiner, pluraldeterminer of êtresêtresbeingsêtre · noun, masculine, pluraldirect object of guette (previous line)singulierssingularsingulier · adjective, masculine, pluralmodifies êtresdécrépitsdecrepitdécrépit · adjective, masculine, pluralcoordinated with singuliersetandet · conjunctionlinks the coordinationcharmantscharmingcharmant · adjective, masculine, pluralcoordinated with singuliers - 7
These dislocated monsters were once women,
Cesthesece · determiner, pluraldeterminer of monstresmonstresmonstersmonstre · noun, masculine, pluralsubject of furentdisloquésdislocateddisloquer · verb, past, participle, masculine, pluralmodifies monstresfurentwereêtre · verb, simple past, indicative, third-person, pluralmain verb of the sentencejadisoncejadis · adverbmodifies furentdessomeun · determiner, pluraldeterminer of femmesfemmeswomenfemme · noun, feminine, pluralpredicate complement of furent - 8
Eponine or Laïs! Monsters broken, hunchbacked
EponineEponineEponine · proper noun, feminine, singularhead of the phraseouorou · conjunctionlinks the coordinationLaïsLaïsLaïs · proper nouncoordinated with EponineMonstresMonstersmonstre · noun, masculine, pluralhead of the phrasebrisésbrokenbriser · verb, past, participle, masculine, pluralmodifies Monstresbossushunchbackedbossu · adjective, masculine, pluralcoordinated with brisés - 9
or twisted, let us love them! they are souls still.
Ouorou · conjunctionlinks the coordinationtordustwistedtordre · adjective, masculine, pluralcoordinated with bossus (previous line)aimonslet us loveaimer · verb, present, imperative, first-person, pluralmain verb of the sentencelesthemle · pronoun, pluraldirect object of aimonscetheyce · pronoun, singularsubject of sontsontareêtre · verb, present, indicative, third-person, pluralmain verb of the second clauseencorstillencore · adverbmodifies sontencor is the elided poetic form of encore, used to fit the meter.
dessomeun · determiner, pluraldeterminer of âmesâmessoulsâme · noun, feminine, pluralpredicate complement of sont - 10
Beneath holed petticoats and beneath cold cloth
Sousbeneathsous · prepositionpreposition marking juponsdessomeun · determiner, pluraldeterminer of juponsjuponspetticoatsjupon · noun, masculine, pluralhead of the phrasetrouésholedtrouer · verb, past, participle, masculine, pluralmodifies juponsetandet · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsousbeneathsous · prepositionpreposition marking tissus, coordinated with sous juponsdesomede · determiner, pluraldeterminer of tissusde replaces des before a plural adjective placed before its noun (de froids tissus).
froidscoldfroid · adjective, masculine, pluralmodifies tissustissusclothtissu · noun, masculine, pluralcoordinated with jupons - 11
they crawl, lashed by the wicked north winds,
Ilstheyil · pronoun, masculine, pluralsubject of rampentrampentcrawlramper · verb, present, indicative, third-person, pluralmain verb of the sentenceflagelléslashedflageller · verb, past, participle, masculine, pluraladverbial clause on rampentparbypar · prepositionpreposition marking biseslesthele · determiner, pluraldeterminer of bisesbisesnorth windsbise · noun, feminine, pluralagent of flagellésiniqueswickedinique · adjective, pluralmodifies bises - 12
trembling at the rolling crash of the omnibuses,
Frémissanttremblingfrémir · verb, present, participleadverbial clause depends on Ils rampent (previous line)auat theà · contracted preposition (à + le)preposition marking fracasfracascrashfracas · noun, masculine, singulardepends on Frémissantroulantrollingroulant · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies fracasdesof thede · prepositionpreposition marking omnibusomnibusomnibusesomnibus · noun, masculine, pluralobject of des, modifies fracas - 13
and clutching at their side, like so many relics,
Etandet · conjunctionlinks the coordinationserrantclutchingserrer · verb, present, participlecoordinated with Frémissant (previous line)suratsur · prepositionpreposition marking flancleurtheirson · determiner, singulardeterminer of flancflancsideflanc · noun, masculine, singularoblique argument of serrantainsijustainsi · adverbpart of the phrase ainsi quequeasque · subordinating conjunctionpart of the phrase ainsi queainsi que = "just like".
desso manyun · determiner, pluraldeterminer of reliquesreliquesrelicsrelique · noun, feminine, pluralobject of ainsi que - 14
a little bag embroidered with flowers or with rebuses;
Unaun · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of sacpetitlittlepetit · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies sacsacbagsac · noun, masculine, singularhead of the phrasebrodéembroideredbroder · verb, past, participle, masculine, singularmodifies sacdewithde · prepositionpreposition marking fleursfleursflowersfleur · noun, feminine, pluraldepends on brodéouorou · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdewithde · prepositionpreposition marking rébusrébusrebusesrébus · noun, masculine, pluralcoordinated with fleurs - 15
they trot along, exactly like marionettes;
Ilstheyil · pronoun, masculine, pluralsubject of trottenttrottenttrot alongtrotter · verb, present, indicative, third-person, pluralmain verb of the sentencetoutexactlytout · adverbmodifies pareilspareilslikepareil · adjective, masculine, pluralmodifies Ilsàtoà · prepositionpreposition marking marionnettesdessomeun · determiner, pluraldeterminer of marionnettesmarionnettesmarionettesmarionnette · noun, feminine, pluralobject of à, modifies pareils - 16
they drag themselves, as wounded animals do,
Sethemselvesse · pronoun, reflexivedepends on traînenttraînentdragtraîner · verb, present, indicative, third-person, pluralmain verb of the sentence, coordinated with trottent (previous line)commeascomme · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of fontfontdofaire · verb, present, indicative, third-person, pluraladverbial clause on traînentlesthele · determiner, pluraldeterminer of animauxanimauxanimalsanimal · noun, masculine, pluralsubject of fontblesséswoundedblessé · adjective, masculine, pluralmodifies animaux - 17
or dance, not wishing to dance, poor little bells
Ouorou · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdansentdancedanser · verb, present, indicative, third-person, pluralmain verb of the sentence, coordinated with traînent (previous line)sanswithoutsans · prepositionintroduces the clause of vouloirvouloirwishingvouloir · verb, infinitiveadverbial clause on dansentdanserto dancedanser · verb, infinitivecomplement of vouloirpauvrespoorpauvre · adjective, feminine, pluralmodifies sonnettessonnetteslittle bellssonnette · noun, feminine, pluralin apposition to Ils - 18
where a pitiless Demon swings! Broken all over
Oùwhereoù · pronoun, relativedepends on pend, refers to sonnettesseitselfse · pronoun, reflexivedepends on pendpendswingspendre · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentencese pendre here means to hang/swing, not to hang oneself.
unaun · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of DémonDémonDemondémon · noun, masculine, singularsubject of pendsanswithoutsans · prepositionpreposition marking pitiépitiépitypitié · noun, feminine, singulardepends on DémonToutalltout · adverbmodifies casséscassésbrokencasser · verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, pluralmodifies Ils (subject continued from s5-l1), continues into next segment - 19
as they are, they have eyes piercing as a gimlet,
Qu'asque · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the comparative clause completing Tout cassés (previous line)ilstheyil · pronoun, masculine, pluralsubject of sontsontareêtre · verb, present, indicative, third-person, pluralmain verb of the clause introduced by Qu'ilstheyil · pronoun, masculine, pluralsubject of ontonthaveavoir · verb, present, indicative, third-person, pluralmain verb of the sentencedessomeun · determiner, pluraldeterminer of yeuxyeuxeyesoeil · noun, masculine, pluraldirect object of ontperçantspiercingperçant · adjective, masculine, pluralmodifies yeuxcommeascomme · prepositionpreposition marking vrilleuneaun · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of vrillevrillegimletvrille · noun, feminine, singulardepends on perçants - 20
glistening like those pools where water sleeps at night;
Luisantsglisteningluisant · adjective, masculine, pluralmodifies yeux (previous line)commelikecomme · prepositionpreposition marking trouscesthosece · determiner, pluraldeterminer of troustrouspoolstrou · noun, masculine, pluralmodifies Luisantsoùwhereoù · pronoun, relativedepends on dortl'thele · determiner, singulardeterminer of eaueauwatereau · noun, feminine, singularsubject of dortdortsleepsdormir · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularrelative clause on trousdansatdans · prepositionpreposition marking nuitlathele · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of nuitnuitnightnuit · noun, feminine, singulardepends on dort - 21
they have the divine eyes of the little girl
Ilstheyil · pronoun, masculine, pluralsubject of ontonthaveavoir · verb, present, indicative, third-person, pluralmain verb of the sentencelesthele · determiner, pluraldeterminer of yeuxyeuxeyesoeil · noun, masculine, pluraldirect object of ontdivinsdivinedivin · adjective, masculine, pluralmodifies yeuxdeofde · prepositionpreposition marking fillelathele · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of fillepetitelittlepetit · adjective, feminine, singularmodifies fillefillegirlfille · noun, feminine, singularobject of de, modifies yeux - 22
who marvels and who laughs at everything that gleams.
Quiwhoqui · pronoun, relativesubject of étonne, refers to petite filles'(is)se · pronoun, reflexivedepends on étonneétonnemarvelsétonner · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceetandet · conjunctionlinks the coordinationquiwhoqui · pronoun, relativesubject of ritritlaughsrire · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularcoordinated with étonneàatà · prepositionpreposition marking cetouteverythingtout · pronoun, indefinitemodifies cecethatce · pronounobject of à, depends on ritquithatqui · pronoun, relativesubject of reluitreluitgleamsreluire · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularrelative clause on ce - 23
— Have you observed that many an old woman's coffin
Avezhaveavoir · verb, present, indicative, second-person, pluralauxiliary of observé-vousyouvous · pronoun, pluralsubject of Avezobservéobservedobserver · verb, past, participle, masculine, singularmain verb of the sentencequethatque · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of Sont (next line)maintsmany amaint · adjective, masculine, pluraldeterminer of cercueilsmaint(s) is an archaic/literary word for "many a".
cercueilscoffinscercueil · noun, masculine, pluralsubject of Sont (next line)deofde · prepositionpreposition marking vieillesvieillesold womenvieille · noun, feminine, pluralobject of de, modifies cercueils - 24
is almost as small as that of a child?
Sontisêtre · verb, present, indicative, third-person, pluralmain verb of the sentence, copula linking cercueils to petitspresquealmostpresque · adverbmodifies petitsaussiasaussi · adverbmodifies petitspetitssmallpetit · adjective, masculine, pluralpredicate complement of Sontqueasque · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of celuiceluithatcelui · pronoun, masculine, singulardepends on petitsd'ofde · prepositionpreposition marking enfantunaun · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of enfantenfantchildenfant · noun, masculine, singularobject of d', modifies celui - 25
Learned Death sets into these matching biers
Lathele · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of MortMortDeathmort · noun, feminine, singularsubject of metsavantelearnedsavant · adjective, feminine, singularmodifies Mortmetsetsmettre · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentencedansintodans · prepositionpreposition marking bièrescesthesece · determiner, pluraldeterminer of bièresbièresbiersbière · noun, feminine, pluraloblique argument of metpareillesmatchingpareil · adjective, feminine, pluralmodifies bières - 26
a symbol of a strange and captivating taste,
Unaun · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of symbolesymbolesymbolsymbole · noun, masculine, singularin apposition to bières pareilles (previous line)d'ofde · prepositionpreposition marking goûtunaun · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of goûtgoûttastegoût · noun, masculine, singularobject of d', modifies symbolebizarrestrangebizarre · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies goûtetandet · conjunctionlinks the coordinationcaptivantcaptivatingcaptivant · adjective, masculine, singularcoordinated with bizarre - 27
and when I glimpse a feeble phantom
Etandet · conjunctionlinks the coordinationlorsquewhenlorsque · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of entrevoisj'Ije · pronoun, singularsubject of entrevoisentrevoisglimpseentrevoir · verb, present, indicative, first-person, singularmain verb of the subordinate clauseunaun · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of fantômefantômephantomfantôme · noun, masculine, singulardirect object of entrevoisdébilefeebledébile · adjective, singularmodifies fantôme - 28
crossing the swarming tableau of Paris,
Traversantcrossingtraverser · verb, present, participlemodifies fantôme (previous line)deofde · prepositionpreposition marking ParisParisParisParis · proper noun, masculine, singularobject of de, modifies tableau (inverted word order: le fourmillant tableau de Paris)lethele · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of tableaufourmillantswarmingfourmillant · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies tableautableautableautableau · noun, masculine, singulardirect object of Traversant - 29
it always seems to me that this fragile being
Ilitil · pronoun, masculine, singularimpersonal subject of semblemeto meme · pronoun, singularindirect object of semblesembleseemssembler · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentencetoujoursalwaystoujours · adverbmodifies semblequethatque · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of va (next line)cetthisce · determiner, singulardeterminer of êtreêtrebeingêtre · noun, masculine, singularsubject of va (next line)fragilefragilefragile · adjective, singularmodifies être - 30
is going off, ever so gently, toward a new cradle;
S'(itself)se · pronoun, reflexivedepends on vas'en aller = to go off/away.
enoffen · pronoun, adverbialdepends on va, part of s'en allervagoesaller · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentencetoutever sotout · adverbmodifies doucementdoucementgentlydoucement · adverbadverbial modifier of vaverstowardvers · prepositionpreposition marking berceauunaun · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of berceaunouveaunewnouveau · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies berceauberceaucradleberceau · noun, masculine, singularobject of vers - 31
unless, musing upon geometry,
Àunlessà · prepositionpart of the idiom à moins quemoinsunlessmoins · adverbpart of the idiom à moins quequeunlessque · subordinating conjunctioncompletes the idiom à moins que, introduces méditantà moins que together mean 'unless'.
méditantmusingméditer · verb, present, participleverb of the clause introduced by quesuruponsur · prepositionpreposition marking géométrielathele · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of géométriegéométriegeometrygéométrie · noun, feminine, singularobject of sur, modifies méditant - 32
I ask, at the sight of these discordant limbs,
JeIje · pronoun, singularsubject of cherchenenotne · adverbnegates cherchechercheaskchercher · verb, present, indicative, first-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceàatà · prepositionpreposition marking aspectl'thele · determiner, singulardeterminer of aspectaspectsightaspect · noun, masculine, singularobject of à, complement of cherchedeofde · prepositionpreposition marking membrescesthesece · determiner, pluraldeterminer of membresmembreslimbsmembre · noun, masculine, pluralobject of de, modifies aspectdiscordsdiscordantdiscord · adjective, masculine, pluralmodifies membres - 33
how many times the workman must vary
Combienhow manycombien · adverbquantifier, head of the clausal object of cherchedeofde · prepositionpart of the phrase combien de foisfoistimesfois · noun, feminineobject of de, complement of chercheilitil · pronoun, masculine, singulardummy subject of fautfautmustfalloir · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb; governs the clause que l'ouvrier variequethatque · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of variel'thele · determiner, singulardeterminer of ouvrierouvrierworkmanouvrier · noun, masculine, singularsubject of varievarievaryvarier · verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singularcomplement clause of faut - 34
the shape of the box where all these bodies are laid.
Lathele · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of formeformeshapeforme · noun, feminine, singulardirect object of varie (l.3)deofde · prepositionpreposition marking boîtelathele · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of boîteboîteboxboîte · noun, feminine, singularobject of de, modifies formeoùwhereoù · relative adverbintroduces the relative clause on boîtel'(euphonic)l' · euphonic particleeuphonic insertion before on, no independent meaningthe l' before on is purely euphonic and carries no meaning of its own.
ononeon · pronoun, singularsubject of metmetputsmettre · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularverb of the relative clause on boîtetousalltout · adjective, masculine, pluralmodifies corpscesthesece · determiner, pluraldeterminer of corpscorpsbodiescorps · noun, masculine, pluraldirect object of met - 35
— These eyes are wells made of a million tears,
Cesthesece · determiner, pluraldeterminer of yeuxyeuxeyesoeil · noun, masculine, pluralsubject of sontsontareêtre · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, pluralcopula linking yeux to puitsdessomeun · determiner, pluraldeterminer of puitspuitswellspuits · noun, masculine, pluralpredicate noun of sontfaitsmadefaire · verb, past, participle, masculine, pluralmodifies puitsd'ofde · prepositionpreposition marking millionunaun · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of millionmillionmillionmillion · noun, masculine, singularobject of d', modifies faitsdeofde · prepositionpreposition marking larmeslarmestearslarme · noun, feminine, pluralobject of de, modifies million - 36
crucibles that a cooled metal spangled over...
Dessomeun · determiner, pluraldeterminer of creusetscreusetscruciblescreuset · noun, masculine, pluralin apposition to puits (l.1)qu'thatque · relative pronoundirect object of pailletaunaun · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of métalmétalmetalmétal · noun, masculine, singularsubject of pailletarefroidicooledrefroidir · verb, past, participle, masculine, singularmodifies métalpailletaspangledpailleter · verb, past, simple, third-person, singularverb of the relative clause on creusets - 37
these mysterious eyes have invincible charms
Cesthesece · determiner, pluraldeterminer of yeuxyeuxeyesoeil · noun, masculine, pluralsubject of ontmystérieuxmysteriousmystérieux · adjective, masculine, pluralmodifies yeuxonthaveavoir · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, pluralmain verb of the sentenced'somede · determiner, pluraldeterminer of charmesinvinciblesinvincibleinvincible · adjective, pluralmodifies charmescharmescharmscharme · noun, masculine, pluraldirect object of ont - 38
for him whom austere Misfortune suckled!
Pourforpour · prepositionpreposition marking celuiceluihimcelui · pronoun, masculine, singularobject of Pourquewhomque · relative pronoundirect object of allaital'thele · determiner, singulardeterminer of Infortuneaustèreaustereaustère · adjective, singularmodifies InfortuneInfortuneMisfortuneinfortune · noun, feminine, singular, personifiedsubject of allaitaallaitasuckledallaiter · verb, past, simple, third-person, singularverb of the relative clause on celui - 39
II
IIIIII · numeralsection heading - 40
Enamored Vestal of the defunct Frascati;
Deofde · prepositionpreposition marking FrascatiFrascatiFrascatiFrascati · proper noun, masculine, singularobject of De, modifies Vestaledéfuntdefunctdéfunt · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies FrascatiVestaleVestalvestale · noun, feminine, singularhead of the phrase, in apposition to one of the vieillesenamouréeenamoredenamourer · verb, past, participle, feminine, singularmodifies Vestale - 41
Priestess of Thalia, alas! whose name the buried
Prêtressepriestessprêtresse · noun, feminine, singularin apposition to Vestale (l.1)deofde · prepositionpreposition marking ThalieThalieThaliaThalie · proper noun, feminine, singularmodifies Prêtressehélasalashélas · interjectioninterjectiondontwhosedont · relative pronounpossessive relative, modifies nom (l.3)lethele · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of souffleursouffleurpromptersouffleur · noun, masculine, singularsubject of sait (l.3) - 42
prompter knows; some famous madcap
Enterréburiedenterrer · verb, past, participle, masculine, singularmodifies souffleur (l.2)saitknowssavoir · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentencelethele · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of nomnomnamenom · noun, masculine, singulardirect object of saitcélèbrefamouscélèbre · adjective, singularmodifies évaporéeévaporéemadcapévaporé · noun, feminine, singularhead of the phrase, in apposition to Vestale (l.1) - 43
whom Tivoli once shaded in her bloom,
Quewhomque · relative pronoundirect object of ombrageaTivoliTivoliTivoli · proper noun, masculine, singularsubject of ombrageajadisoncejadis · adverbmodifies ombrageaombrageashadedombrager · verb, past, simple, third-person, singularverb of the relative clause on évaporéedansindans · prepositionpreposition marking fleursaherson · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of fleurfleurbloomfleur · noun, feminine, singularobject of dans, modifies ombragea - 44
all of them intoxicate me; but among these frail beings
Toutesalltout · pronoun, feminine, pluralsubject of enivrentm'meme · pronoun, singulardirect object of enivrentenivrentintoxicateenivrer · verb, present, indicative, third-person, pluralmain verb of the sentencemaisbutmais · conjunctioncoordinates with the following clauseparmiamongparmi · prepositionpreposition marking êtrescesthesece · determiner, pluraldeterminer of êtresêtresbeingsêtre · noun, masculine, pluralobject of parmifrêlesfrailfrêle · adjective, pluralmodifies êtres - 45
there are some who, making honey of their grief,
Ilthereil · pronoun, masculine, singularimpersonal subject of estenof themen · pronounpartitive pronoun, object of estestareêtre · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb (impersonal il en est qui = 'there are some who')quiwhoqui · pronounsubject of faisantfaisantmakingfaire · verb, present, participleverb of the clause on quideofde · prepositionpreposition marking douleurlathele · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of douleurdouleurgriefdouleur · noun, feminine, singularobject of de, modifies faisantunaun · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of mielmielhoneymiel · noun, masculine, singulardirect object of faisant - 46
have said to the Devotion that lent them its wings:
Onthaveavoir · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, pluralauxiliary of dit (subject qui, l.2)ditsaiddire · verb, past, participle, masculine, singularmain verb of the sentenceauto theau · prepositionpreposition marking DévouementDévouementDevotiondévouement · noun, masculine, singularindirect object of ditquithatqui · pronounsubject of prêtaitleurthemleur · pronoun, pluralindirect object of prêtaitprêtaitlentprêter · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singularrelative clause on Dévouementsesitsson · determiner, pluraldeterminer of ailesaileswingsaile · noun, feminine, pluraldirect object of prêtait - 47
Mighty Hippogriff, bear me up to the sky!
HippogriffeHippogriffhippogriffe · noun, masculine, singularvocative, head of the phrasepuissantmightypuissant · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies Hippogriffemènebearmener · verb, imperative, second-person, singularmain verb of the sentence-moimemoi · pronoun, singulardirect object of mènejusqu'up tojusque · prepositionpreposition marking cielauto theau · prepositionpreposition marking cielcielskyciel · noun, masculine, singularobject of jusqu'au, modifies mène - 48
one, by her homeland schooled in misfortune,
L'thele · determiner, singulardeterminer of uneuneoneun · pronoun, feminine, singularhead of the phrase; subject of auraient (l.4), coordinated with the other autresparbypar · prepositionpreposition marking patriesaherson · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of patriepatriehomelandpatrie · noun, feminine, singularobject of par, agent of exercéeautoau · prepositionpreposition marking malheurmalheurmisfortunemalheur · noun, masculine, singularobject of au, modifies exercéeexercéeschooledexercer · verb, past, participle, feminine, singularmodifies une - 49
another, whom her husband overburdened with sorrows,
L'thele · determiner, singulardeterminer of autreautreanotherautre · pronoun, singularhead of the phrase, subject of auraient (l.4), coordinated with unequewhomque · relative pronoundirect object of surchargeasonherson · determiner, singulardeterminer of épouxépouxhusbandépoux · noun, masculine, singularsubject of surchargeasurchargeaoverburdenedsurcharger · verb, past, simple, third-person, singularverb of the relative clause on autredewithde · prepositionpreposition marking douleursdouleurssorrowsdouleur · noun, feminine, pluralobject of de, modifies surchargea - 50
another, a Madonna pierced through by her child,
L'thele · determiner, singulardeterminer of autreautreanotherautre · pronoun, singularhead of the phrase, subject of auraient (l.4), coordinated with uneparbypar · prepositionpreposition marking enfantsonherson · determiner, singulardeterminer of enfantenfantchildenfant · noun, masculine, singularobject of par, agent of transpercéeMadoneMadonnamadone · noun, feminine, singularin apposition to autretranspercéepierced throughtranspercer · verb, past, participle, feminine, singularmodifies Madone - 51
all could have made a river with their tears!
Toutesalltout · adjective, feminine, pluralsubject of puauraientwould haveavoir · auxiliary verb, conditional, third-person, pluralauxiliary of pupubeen ablepouvoir · verb, past, participlemain verb of the sentencefairemakefaire · verb, infinitivecomplement of puunaun · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of fleuvefleuveriverfleuve · noun, masculine, singulardirect object of faireavecwithavec · prepositionpreposition marking pleursleurstheirleur · determiner, pluraldeterminer of pleurspleurstearspleur · noun, masculine, pluralobject of avec - 52
III
IIIIIIIII · numeralsection heading - 53
Ah! how many of these little old women I have followed!
Ahahah · interjectionhead of the phrasequehow manyque · adverb, exclamatoryquantifier modifying suivi ('how many')j'Ije · pronoun, singularsubject of suivienof themen · pronounpartitive pronoun, object of suiviaihaveavoir · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singularauxiliary of suivisuivifollowedsuivre · verb, past, participle, masculine, singularmain verb of the sentencedeofde · prepositionpartitive preposition marking vieillescesthesece · determiner, pluraldeterminer of vieillespetiteslittlepetit · adjective, feminine, pluralmodifies vieillesvieillesold womenvieille · noun, feminine, pluralobject of de, quantified by que...en - 54
One, among others, at the hour when the falling sun
Uneoneun · pronoun, feminine, singularhead of the phrase, in apposition to vieilles (l.1)entreamongentre · prepositionpreposition marking autresautresothersautre · pronoun, pluralobject of entreàatà · prepositionpreposition marking heurel'thele · determiner, singulardeterminer of heureheurehourheure · noun, feminine, singularobject of àoùwhenoù · relative adverbintroduces the relative clause on heurelethele · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of soleilsoleilsunsoleil · noun, masculine, singularsubject of Ensanglante (l.3)tombantfallingtomber · verb, present, participlemodifies soleil - 55
bloodies the sky with crimson wounds,
Ensanglantebloodiesensanglanter · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularverb of the relative clause on heure (subject soleil, l.2)lethele · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of cielcielskyciel · noun, masculine, singulardirect object of Ensanglantedewithde · prepositionpreposition marking blessuresblessureswoundsblessure · noun, feminine, pluralobject of de, modifies Ensanglantevermeillescrimsonvermeil · adjective, pluralmodifies blessures - 56
pensive, would sit apart on a bench,
Pensivepensivepensif · adjective, feminine, singularmodifies Une (l.2)s'(reflexive)se · pronoun, reflexivereflexive particle of asseyaitasseyaitwould sitasseoir · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb (subject Une, l.2)àatà · prepositionpreposition marking écartl'thele · determiner, singulardeterminer of écartécartdistance apartécart · noun, masculine, singularobject of àsuronsur · prepositionpreposition marking bancunaun · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of bancbancbenchbanc · noun, masculine, singularobject of sur, modifies asseyait - 57
to hear one of those concerts, rich in brass,
Pourtopour · prepositionintroduces the infinitive clause of entendreentendrehearentendre · verb, infinitivepurpose clause modifying asseyait (l.4, prev segment)unoneun · pronoun, masculine, singulardirect object of entendredeofde · prepositionpreposition marking concertscesthosece · determiner, pluraldeterminer of concertsconcertsconcertsconcert · noun, masculine, pluralobject of de, modifies unrichesrichriche · adjective, masculine, pluralmodifies concertsdeinde · prepositionpreposition marking cuivrecuivrebrasscuivre · noun, masculine, singularobject of de, modifies riches - 58
with which the soldiers sometimes flood our gardens,
Dontwith whichdont · relative pronounmodifies concerts (l.1), oblique argument of inondentlesthele · determiner, pluraldeterminer of soldatssoldatssoldierssoldat · noun, masculine, pluralsubject of inondentparfoissometimesparfois · adverbmodifies inondentinondentfloodinonder · verb, present, indicative, third-person, pluralverb of the relative clause on concertsnosournotre · determiner, pluraldeterminer of jardinsjardinsgardensjardin · noun, masculine, pluraldirect object of inondent - 59
and which, on those golden evenings when one feels reborn,
Etandet · conjunctioncoordinates with Dont (l.2)quiwhichqui · relative pronouncoordinated with Dont, subject of Versent (l.4)dansondans · prepositionpreposition marking soirscesthosece · determiner, pluraldeterminer of soirssoirseveningssoir · noun, masculine, pluralobject of dans, modifies Versentd'ofde · prepositionpreposition marking ororgoldor · noun, masculine, singularmodifies soirsoùwhenoù · relative adverbintroduces the relative clause on soirsl'(euphonic)l' · euphonic particleeuphonic insertion before on, no independent meaningthe l' before on is purely euphonic and carries no meaning of its own.
ononeon · pronoun, singularsubject of sentse(reflexive)se · pronoun, reflexivereflexive particle of sentsentfeelssentir · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularverb of the relative clause on soirsrevivrerebornrevivre · verb, infinitivecomplement of sent - 60
pour some heroism into the hearts of the townsfolk.
Versentpourverser · verb, present, indicative, third-person, pluralmain verb (subject qui, l.3)quelquesomequelque · determiner, singulardeterminer of héroïsmehéroïsmeheroismhéroïsme · noun, masculine, singulardirect object of Versentauinto theau · prepositionpreposition marking coeurcoeurheartcoeur · noun, masculine, singularobject of au, modifies Versentdesof thede · prepositionpreposition marking citadinscitadinstownsfolkcitadin · noun, masculine, pluralmodifies coeur - 61
That one, still erect, proud, and feeling the rule,
Cellethat onecelui · pronoun, feminine, singularhead of the phrase, subject of Humait (l.2)-làthere-là · demonstrative particlereinforces Celledroiteerectdroit · adjective, feminine, singularmodifies Celleencorstillencor · adverbmodifies droitefièreproudfier · adjective, feminine, singularcoordinated with droite, modifies Celleetandet · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsentantfeelingsentir · verb, present, participlecoordinated with droite, modifies Cellelathele · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of règlerèglerulerègle · noun, feminine, singulardirect object of sentant - 62
drank in avidly that brisk and warlike song;
Humaitdrank inhumer · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb (subject Celle-là, l.1)avidementavidlyavidement · adverbmodifies Humaitcethatce · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of chantchantsongchant · noun, masculine, singulardirect object of Humaitvifbriskvif · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies chantetandet · conjunctionlinks the coordinationguerrierwarlikeguerrier · adjective, masculine, singularcoordinated with vif, modifies chant - 63
her eye at times opened like the eye of an old eagle;
Sonherson · determiner, singulardeterminer of oeiloeileyeoeil · noun, masculine, singularsubject of ouvraitparfoisat timesparfois · adverbmodifies ouvraits'(reflexive)se · pronoun, reflexivereflexive particle of ouvraitouvraitopenedouvrir · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentencecommelikecomme · prepositionpreposition marking oeil (the second)l'thele · determiner, singulardeterminer of oeiloeileyeoeil · noun, masculine, singularobject of comme, compared with oeil (l.1)d'ofde · prepositionpreposition marking aigleunanun · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of aiglevieiloldvieux · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies aigleaigleeagleaigle · noun, masculine, singularobject of d', modifies oeil - 64
her brow of marble seemed made for the laurel!
Sonherson · determiner, singulardeterminer of frontfrontbrowfront · noun, masculine, singularsubject of avaitdeofde · prepositionpreposition marking marbremarbremarblemarbre · noun, masculine, singularmodifies frontavaitseemedavoir · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentence (idiom avoir l'air = 'to seem')l'thele · determiner, singulardeterminer of airairlookair · noun, masculine, singulardirect object of avaitfaitmadefaire · verb, past, participle, masculine, singularmodifies airpourforpour · prepositionpreposition marking laurierlethele · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of laurierlaurierlaurellaurier · noun, masculine, singularobject of pour, modifies fait - 65
IV
IVIVIV · numeralsection heading - 66
Thus you make your way, stoic and without complaint,
Tellesthustel · adverbmodifies cheminezvousyouvous · pronoun, pluralsubject of cheminezcheminezmake your waycheminer · verb, present, indicative, second-person, pluralmain verb of the sentencestoïquesstoicstoïque · adjective, pluralmodifies vousetandet · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsanswithoutsans · prepositionpreposition marking plaintesplaintescomplaintplainte · noun, feminine, pluralobject of sans, coordinated with stoïques, modifies vous - 67
across the chaos of the living cities,
Àacrossà · prepositionhead of the idiom à traverstraversacrosstravers · noun, masculinepart of the idiom à traverslethele · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of chaoschaoschaoschaos · noun, masculine, singularobject of à travers, modifies cheminez (l.1)desof thede · prepositionpreposition marking citésvivanteslivingvivant · adjective, feminine, pluralmodifies citéscitéscitiescité · noun, feminine, pluralobject of des, modifies chaos - 68
mothers with bleeding hearts, courtesans or saints,
Mèresmothersmère · noun, feminine, pluralin apposition to vous (l.1)auwithau · prepositionpreposition marking coeurcoeurheartcoeur · noun, masculine, singularobject of au, modifies Mèressaignantbleedingsaignant · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies coeurcourtisanescourtesanscourtisane · noun, feminine, pluralcoordinated with Mères, in apposition to vousouorou · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsaintessaintssainte · noun, feminine, pluralcoordinated with courtisanes - 69
whose names were once cited by all.
Dontwhosedont · relative pronounpossessive relative, modifies noms, refers back to Mères... (l.3)autrefoisonceautrefois · adverbmodifies étaient citéslesthele · determiner, pluraldeterminer of nomsnomsnamesnom · noun, masculine, pluralsubject of the passive citésparbypar · prepositionpreposition marking toustousalltout · pronoun, masculine, pluralagent of the passive citésétaientwereêtre · auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, pluralpassive auxiliary of citéscitéscitedciter · verb, past, participle, passive, masculine, pluralmain verb of the sentence - 70
You who were the grace, or who were the glory,
Vousyouvous · pronoun, pluralhead of the phrase, subject of fûtesquiwhoqui · pronounsubject of fûtesfûteswereêtre · verb, past, simple, second-person, pluralverb of the relative clause on Vouslathele · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of grâcegrâcegracegrâce · noun, feminine, singularpredicate noun of fûtesouorou · conjunctionlinks the coordinationquiwhoqui · pronounsubject of fûtesfûteswereêtre · verb, past, simple, second-person, pluralcoordinated with the first fûtes clauselathele · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of gloiregloireglorygloire · noun, feminine, singularpredicate noun of fûtes - 71
no one knows you now! an uncivil drunkard
Nulno onenul · pronoun, masculine, singularsubject of reconnaîtnenotne · adverbnegates reconnaîtvousyouvous · pronoun, pluraldirect object of reconnaîtreconnaîtknowsreconnaître · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceunaun · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of ivrogneivrognedrunkardivrogne · noun, masculine, singularhead of the phrase, subject of the next clauseinciviluncivilincivil · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies ivrogne - 72
insults you in passing with a derisory love;
Vousyouvous · pronoun, pluraldirect object of insulteinsulteinsultsinsulter · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceeninen · prepositionpart of the gerund phrase en passantpassantpassingpasser · verb, present, participleadverbial clause on insulted'withde · prepositionpreposition marking amourunaun · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of amouramourloveamour · noun, masculine, singularoblique argument of insultedérisoirederisorydérisoire · adjective, singularmodifies amour - 73
at your heels gambols a child, cowardly and vile.
Suratsur · prepositionpreposition marking talonsvosyourvotre · determiner, pluraldeterminer of talonstalonsheelstalon · noun, masculine, pluraloblique argument of gambadegambadegambolsgambader · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceunaun · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of enfantenfantchildenfant · noun, masculine, singularsubject of gambadelâchecowardlylâche · adjective, singularmodifies enfantetandet · conjunctionlinks the coordinationvilvilevil · adjective, singularcoordinated with lâche - 74
Ashamed to exist, shriveled shadows,
Honteusesashamedhonteux · adjective, feminine, pluralin apposition to ombresd'tode · prepositionintroduces the clause of existerexisterexistexister · verb, infinitivedepends on Honteusesombresshadowsombre · noun, feminine, pluralhead of the phraseratatinéesshriveledratatiné · adjective, feminine, pluralmodifies ombres - 75
fearful, your backs bent low, you hug the walls;
Peureusesfearfulpeureux · adjective, feminine, pluralin apposition to vousleyourle · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of dosFrench uses the definite article with a body part where English uses a possessive: le dos = 'your back'.
dosbackdos · noun, masculine, singularpart of the absolute phrase describing vousbaslowbas · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies dosvousyouvous · pronoun, pluralsubject of côtoyezcôtoyezhugcôtoyer · verb, present, indicative, second-person, pluralmain verb of the sentencelesthele · determiner, pluraldeterminer of mursmurswallsmur · noun, masculine, pluraldirect object of côtoyez - 76
and no one greets you, strange destinies!
Etandet · conjunctionlinks the coordinationnulno onenul · pronoun, masculine, singularsubject of saluenenotne · adverbmodifies saluevousyouvous · pronoun, pluraldirect object of saluesaluegreetssaluer · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceétrangesstrangeétrange · adjective, feminine, pluralmodifies destinéesdestinéesdestiniesdestinée · noun, feminine, pluralin apposition to vous - 77
wreckage of humanity, ripe for eternity!
Débriswreckagedébris · noun, masculine, pluralhead of the phrase, in apposition to vousd'ofde · prepositionpreposition marking humanitéhumanitéhumanityhumanité · noun, feminine, singularmodifies Débrispourforpour · prepositionpreposition marking éternitél'thele · determiner, singulardeterminer of éternitééternitéeternityéternité · noun, feminine, singularoblique argument of mûrsmûrsripemûr · adjective, masculine, pluralmodifies Débris - 78
But I, I who from afar watch tenderly over you,
Maisbutmais · conjunctionlinks the coordinationmoiImoi · pronoun, singularhead of the phrasemoiImoi · pronoun, singularcoordinated with moiquiwhoqui · pronounsubject of surveilledefromde · prepositionpreposition marking loinloinafarloin · adverbmodifies surveilletendrementtenderlytendrement · adverbmodifies surveillevousyouvous · pronoun, pluraldirect object of surveillesurveillewatchessurveiller · verb, present, indicative, first-person, singularmain verb of the relative clause on moi - 79
my anxious eye fixed on your uncertain steps,
L'myle · determiner, singulardeterminer of oeilFrench uses the definite article with a body part where English uses a possessive: l'oeil = 'my eye'.
oeileyeoeil · noun, masculine, singularin apposition to moiinquietanxiousinquiet · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies oeilfixéfixedfixer · verb, past, participle, masculine, singularmodifies oeilsuronsur · prepositionpreposition marking pasvosyourvotre · determiner, pluraldeterminer of paspasstepspas · noun, masculine, pluraloblique argument of fixéincertainsuncertainincertain · adjective, masculine, pluralmodifies pas - 80
just as if I were your father, O marvel!
Toutjusttout · adverbintensifies comme sicommeascomme · conjunctionintroduces the clause of étaissiifsi · subordinating conjunctionpart of the phrase commej'Ije · pronoun, singularsubject of étaisétaiswereêtre · verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singularverb of the comme si clausevotreyourvotre · determiner, singulardeterminer of pèrepèrefatherpère · noun, masculine, singularpredicate complement of étaisôOô · interjectionintroduces merveillemerveillemarvelmerveille · noun, feminine, singularhead of the exclamation after ô - 81
I taste, unknown to you, clandestine pleasures:
JeIje · pronoun, singularsubject of goûtegoûtetastegoûter · verb, present, indicative, first-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceàtoà · prepositionpreposition marking insuvotreyourvotre · determiner, singulardeterminer of insuinsuknowledgeinsu · noun, masculine, singularoblique argument of goûteà votre insu is a fixed idiom meaning 'without your knowledge, unknown to you'.
dessomede · prepositionpreposition marking plaisirsplaisirspleasuresplaisir · noun, masculine, pluraldirect object of goûteclandestinsclandestineclandestin · adjective, masculine, pluralmodifies plaisirs - 82
I see your novice passions unfold;
JeIje · pronoun, singularsubject of voisvoisseevoir · verb, present, indicative, first-person, singularmain verb of the sentences'themselvesse · pronoun, reflexivereflexive particle of épanouirépanouirunfoldépanouir · verb, infinitivecomplement of voisvosyourvotre · determiner, pluraldeterminer of passionspassionspassionspassion · noun, feminine, pluraldirect object of épanouirnovicesnovicenovice · adjective, pluralmodifies passions - 83
dark or luminous, I live your lost days;
Sombresdarksombre · adjective, masculine, pluralmodifies joursouorou · conjunctionlinks the coordinationlumineuxluminouslumineux · adjective, masculine, pluralcoordinated with SombresjeIje · pronoun, singularsubject of visvislivevivre · verb, present, indicative, first-person, singularmain verb of the sentencevosyourvotre · determiner, pluraldeterminer of joursjoursdaysjour · noun, masculine, pluraldirect object of visperduslostperdre · adjective, masculine, pluralmodifies jours - 84
my multiplied heart delights in all your vices!
Monmymon · determiner, singulardeterminer of coeurcoeurheartcoeur · noun, masculine, singularsubject of jouitmultipliémultipliedmultiplier · verb, past, participle, masculine, singularmodifies coeurjouitdelightsjouir · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentencedeinde · prepositionpreposition marking vicestousalltout · adjective, masculine, pluralmodifies vicesvosyourvotre · determiner, pluraldeterminer of vicesvicesvicesvice · noun, masculine, pluraloblique argument of jouit - 85
my soul shines bright with all your virtues!
Monmymon · determiner, singulardeterminer of âmeâmesoulâme · noun, feminine, singularsubject of resplenditresplenditshines brightresplendir · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentencedewithde · prepositionpreposition marking vertustoutesalltout · adjective, feminine, pluralmodifies vertusvosyourvotre · determiner, pluraldeterminer of vertusvertusvirtuesvertu · noun, feminine, pluraloblique argument of resplendit - 86
Ruins! my family! O kindred brains!
Ruinesruinsruine · noun, feminine, pluralhead of the exclamationmamymon · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of famillefamillefamilyfamille · noun, feminine, singularhead of the phraseôOô · interjectionintroduces cerveauxcerveauxbrainscerveau · noun, masculine, pluralhead of the phrasecongénèreskindredcongénère · adjective, masculine, pluralmodifies cerveaux - 87
each evening I bid you a solemn farewell!
JeIje · pronoun, singularsubject of faisvousyouvous · pronoun, pluralindirect object of faisfaisbidfaire · verb, present, indicative, first-person, singularmain verb of the sentencechaqueeachchaque · determiner, singulardeterminer of soirsoireveningsoir · noun, masculine, singulardepends on faisunaun · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of adieusolennelsolemnsolennel · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies adieuadieufarewelladieu · noun, masculine, singulardirect object of fais - 88
Where will you be tomorrow, octogenarian Eves,
Oùwhereoù · adverbmodifies serezserezwill beêtre · verb, future, indicative, second-person, pluralmain verb of the sentencedemaintomorrowdemain · adverbmodifies serezEvesEvesEve · proper noun, feminine, pluralvocative, addresses the old womenoctogénairesoctogenarianoctogénaire · adjective, pluralmodifies Eves - 89
upon whom weighs the dreadful claw of God?
Suruponsur · prepositionpreposition marking quiquiwhomqui · pronounsubject of pèsepèseweighspeser · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentencelathele · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of griffegriffeclawgriffe · noun, feminine, singulardirect object of pèseeffroyabledreadfuleffroyable · adjective, singularmodifies griffedeofde · prepositionpreposition marking DieuDieuGodDieu · proper nounmodifies griffe
The particulars
- The text
- Les Fleurs du mal, Charles Baudelaire. Parisian Scenes.
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- Public-domain French (Baudelaire, d. 1867). English translation © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC.
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