Italian · The Games of Life
Mentre soffia il levante
While the East Wind Blows
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- 1
An ancient Sardinian legend holds that the bodies of men born on Christmas Eve will never decay until the end of the ages.
Un’Anuno · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of leggendaanticaancientantico · adjective, feminine, singularmodifies leggendaleggendalegendleggenda · noun, feminine, singularsubject of affermasardaSardiniansardo · adjective, feminine, singularmodifies leggendaaffermaholdsaffermare · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentencechethatche · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of dissolveràiltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of corpocorpobodycorpo · noun, masculine, singularsubject of dissolveràdegliof thedi il · prepositionpreposition marking uominiuominimenuomo · noun, masculine, pluralmodifies corponatibornnascere · verb, past, participle, masculine, pluralclause modifying uomininellaon thein il · prepositionpreposition marking vigiliavigiliaevevigilia · noun, feminine, singularoblique complement of natidiofdi · prepositionpreposition marking NataleNataleChristmasNatale · proper nounmodifies vigilianonnotnon · adverbmodifies dissolveràsiitselfsi · pronoun, reflexivedepends on dissolveràPart of the intransitive-reflexive verb dissolversi ("to dissolve away"), rendered by the translation as "decay".
dissolveràwill dissolvedissolversi · verb, future, indicative, third-person, singularclausal complement of affermamainevermai · adverbmodifies dissolveràfinountilfino · preposition, compound with apart of the compound preposition fino a, marking fineallathea il · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of finefineendfine · noun, feminine, singularoblique complement of dissolveràdeiof thedi il · prepositionpreposition marking secolisecoliagessecolo · noun, masculine, pluralmodifies fine - 2
They were speaking of just this in the house of uncle Diddinu Frau, a rich farmer, and Predu Tasca, the fiancé of uncle Diddinu's daughter, was asking: — And what use is that?
SiTheysi · pronoun, impersonaldepends on parlavaImpersonal/passive si construction ("si parlava" = "one spoke"); the translation renders the implicit subject as "they".
parlavawere speakingparlare · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceappuntojustappunto · adverbmodifies parlavadiofdi · prepositionpreposition marking ciòciòthisciò · pronounoblique complement of parlavaininin · prepositionpreposition marking casacasahousecasa · noun, feminine, singularoblique complement of parlavadiofdi · prepositionpreposition marking zioziounclezio · noun, masculine, singularmodifies casaDiddinuDiddinuDiddinu · proper nounmodifies zioFrauFrauFrau · proper noundepends on Diddinuriccorichricco · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies contadinocontadinofarmercontadino · noun, masculine, singularin apposition to zioeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationPreduPreduPredu · proper nounsubject of domandava, coordinated with the parlava clauseTascaTascaTasca · proper noundepends on Preduiltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of fidanzatofidanzatofiancéfidanzato · noun, masculine, singularin apposition to Predudellaof thedi il · prepositionpreposition marking figliuolafigliuoladaughterfigliuola · noun, feminine, singularmodifies fidanzatodiofdi · prepositionpreposition marking zioziounclezio · noun, masculine, singularmodifies figliuolaDiddinuDiddinuDiddinu · proper nounmodifies ziodomandavawas askingdomandare · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singularcoordinated with parlavaEdAnde · conjunctionlinks the coordinationafora · prepositionpreposition marking chechewhatche · pronounoblique complement of serveserveis usedservire · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceciòthatciò · pronounsubject of serve What can we do with the body, after we're dead?
CheWhatche · pronounsubject of farcenepossiamocanpotere · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, pluralauxiliary of farcenefarcenedo with itfarsene · verb, infinitivemain verb of the sentencedelwith thedi il · prepositionpreposition marking corpocorpobodycorpo · noun, masculine, singularoblique complement of farcenedopoafterdopo · prepositionintroduces the clause of mortichethatche · subordinating conjunctionpart of the phrase doposiamoareessere · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, pluralauxiliary of mortimortideadmorire · verb, past, participle, masculine, pluraladverbial clause on farcene- 3
— Well, — the farmer answered — isn't it a divine grace not to be reduced to ashes?
EbbeneWellebbene · interjectiondiscourse marker, opens the utterancerisposeansweredrispondere · verb, past, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the reporting clauseiltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of contadinocontadinofarmercontadino · noun, masculine, singularsubject of risposenonnotnon · adverbmodifies èèisessere · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularcopula linking to graziaunaauno · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of graziagraziagracegrazia · noun, feminine, singularpredicate noun of èdivinadivinedivino · adjective, feminine, singularmodifies grazianonnotnon · adverbmodifies essere ridottiessereto beessere · auxiliary verb, infinitivepassive auxiliary of ridottiridottireducedridurre · verb, past, participle, masculine, pluralpassive infinitive clause, subject of èintoin · prepositionpreposition marking cenerecenereashescenere · noun, feminine, singularoblique complement of ridotti And when the Last Judgment comes, won't it be a beautiful thing to find one's own body intact?
EAnde · conjunctionlinks the coordinationquandowhenquando · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of arriveràarriveràcomesarrivare · verb, future, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the clause introduced by quandoiltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of giudiziogiudizioJudgmentgiudizio · noun, masculine, singularsubject of arriveràuniversaleuniversaluniversale · adjective, singularmodifies giudizio"Giudizio universale" is the fixed Italian phrase for the Last Judgment, but "universale" itself literally means "universal"; the English gloss must not redistribute the idiom's "Last" onto this token.
nonnotnon · adverbmodifies saràsaràwill beessere · auxiliary verb, future, indicative, third-person, singularcopula linking to cosaunaauno · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of cosacosathingcosa · noun, feminine, singularpredicate noun of saràbellissimabeautifulbello · adjective, feminine, singular, superlativemodifies cosaritrovareto findritrovare · verb, infinitiveclause modifying cosaintattointactintatto · adjective, masculine, singularcomplement of ritrovareiltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of corpoproprioone’s ownproprio · determiner, masculine, singulardepends on corpocorpobodycorpo · noun, masculine, singulardirect object of ritrovare- 4
— Bah, who knows? — said Predu, with a skeptical air.
PohBahpoh · interjectiondiscourse marker, opens the utterancechiwhochi · pronoun, singularsubject of saloitlo · pronoun, masculine, singulardirect object of sasaknowssapere · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the questiondissesaiddire · verb, past, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentencePreduPreduPredu · proper nounsubject of disseconwithcon · prepositionintroduces the clause of farefareairfare · noun, masculine, singularobject of conHere "fare" is used as a noun ("manner, air"), not the infinitive verb "fare" ("to do/make").
scetticoskepticalscettico · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies fare - 5
— Listen, my son-in-law, — exclaimed the farmer: — the subject is a good one; shall we sing it tonight?
SentiListensentire · verb, imperative, second-person, singularmain verb of the sentencegeneroson-in-lawgenero · noun, masculine, singularvocative addressmiomymio · determiner, masculine, singularmodifies generoesclamòexclaimedesclamare · verb, past, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the reporting clauseiltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of contadinocontadinofarmercontadino · noun, masculine, singularsubject of esclamòl’theil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of argomentoargomentosubjectargomento · noun, masculine, singularsubject of èèisessere · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularcopula linking to buonobuonogoodbuono · adjective, masculine, singularpredicate adjective of èvogliamoshall wevolere · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, pluralauxiliary of cantarlo"Vogliamo" + infinitive is used here as a suggestion ("shall we"), literally "do we want to."
stanottetonightstanotte · adverbmodifies cantarlocantarlosing itcantare lo · verb, infinitiveinfinitive complement of vogliamo - 6
One should know that uncle Diddinu is an improvising poet, as his father and grandfather were before him; he seizes with joy every occasion to propose a contest of improvised song against poets less skilled than himself.
Bisognaone shouldbisognare · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentencesapereknowsapere · verb, infinitiveclausal complement of Bisognachethatche · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of poetaziounclezio · noun, masculine, singularsubject of poetaDiddinuDiddinuDiddinu · proper nounmodifies zioèisessere · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularcopula linking to poetaunauno · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of poetapoetapoetpoeta · noun, masculine, singularpredicate complement of èestemporaneoimprovisingestemporaneo · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies poetacomeascome · conjunctionintroduces the comparative clause of eranoloitlo · pronoun, masculine, singularpredicate pronoun of erano, referring to poetaStands for 'poeta': 'as his father and grandfather were [it]'.
eranowereessere · auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, pluralcopula linking to padre and nonnosuohissuo · determiner, masculine, singulardepends on padrepadrefatherpadre · noun, masculine, singularsubject of eranoeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsuohissuo · determiner, masculine, singulardepends on nonnononnograndfathernonno · noun, masculine, singularcoordinated with padreegliheegli · pronoun, masculine, singularsubject of cogliecoglieseizescogliere · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceconwithcon · prepositionpreposition marking gioiagioiajoygioia · noun, feminine, singularoblique complement of coglietutteeverytutto · determiner, feminine, pluraldepends on occasioniletheil · determiner, feminine, pluraldeterminer of occasionioccasionioccasionsoccasione · noun, feminine, pluraldirect object of cogliepertoper · prepositionintroduces the clause of proporreproporreproposeproporre · verb, infinitiveadverbial clause on coglieunaauno · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of garagaracontestgara · noun, feminine, singulardirect object of proporrediofdi · prepositionpreposition marking cantocantosongcanto · noun, masculine, singularmodifies garaestemporaneoimprovisedestemporaneo · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies cantoatoa · prepositionpreposition marking poetipoetipoetspoeta · noun, masculine, pluralmodifies cantomenolessmeno · adverbmodifies abiliabiliskilledabile · adjective, pluralmodifies poetidithandi · prepositionpreposition marking luiluihimselflui · pronoun, masculine, singularoblique complement of abili - 7
— Oh, — observed Maria Franzisca, playing the coquette because her fiancé was watching her, — the subject is not very cheerful.
OhOhoh · interjectiondiscourse markerosservòobservedosservare · verb, remote past (passato remoto), indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceMariaMariaMaria · proper nounsubject of osservòFranziscaFranziscaFranzisca · proper noundepends on Mariafacendoplayingfare · verb, gerundadverbial clause on osservò'fare la graziosa' is an idiom meaning to play coy/coquette.
latheil · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of graziosagraziosacoquettegrazioso · adjective (nominalized), feminine, singulardirect object of facendoperchèbecauseperché · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of osservavaOlder spelling of perché.
iltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of fidanzatofidanzatofiancéfidanzato · noun, masculine, singularsubject of osservavalaherla · pronoun, feminine, singulardirect object of osservavaosservavawas watchingosservare · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singularadverbial clause on facendol’theil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of argomentoargomentosubjectargomento · noun, masculine, singularsubject of èèisessere · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularcopula linking to allegropoconot verypoco · adverbmodifies allegroallegrocheerfulallegro · adjective, masculine, singularpredicate complement of è - 8
— You, be quiet!
TuYoutu · pronoun, singularsubject of stastabestare · verb, imperative, second-person, singularmain verb of the sentence'sta zitta!' is an imperative addressed to a girl/woman: 'be quiet!'.
zittaquietzitto · adjective, feminine, singularpredicate adjective of sta You'll go to bed! — shouted the father in a harsh voice.
TuYoutu · pronoun, singularsubject of andraiandraiwill goandare · verb, future, indicative, second-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceatoa · prepositionpreposition marking lettolettobedletto · noun, masculine, singularoblique complement of andraigridòshoutedgridare · verb, remote past (passato remoto), indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceiltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of padrepadrefatherpadre · noun, masculine, singularsubject of gridòconincon · prepositionpreposition marking vocevocevoicevoce · noun, feminine, singularoblique complement of gridòrudeharshrude · adjective, singularmodifies voce- 9
Though a poet, he was a rough man, who treated his family, especially his daughters, with an almost savage severity.
BenchèThoughbenché · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the concessive clause with poetaOlder spelling of benché.
poetaa poetpoeta · noun, masculine, singularpredicate complement in the benché clauseegliheegli · pronoun, masculine, singularsubject of eraerawasessere · auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singularcopula linking to uomounauno · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of uomouomomanuomo · noun, masculine, singularpredicate complement of erarozzoroughrozzo · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies uomochewhoche · pronounsubject of trattavatrattavatreatedtrattare · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singularrelative clause on uomolahisil · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of famigliafamigliafamilyfamiglia · noun, feminine, singulardirect object of trattavaspecialmenteespeciallyspecialmente · adverbmodifies figliuoleletheil · determiner, feminine, pluraldeterminer of figliuolefigliuoledaughtersfigliuola · noun, feminine, pluralin apposition, direct object of trattavaconwithcon · prepositionpreposition marking severitàseveritàseverityseverità · noun, feminineoblique complement of trattavaquasialmostquasi · adverbmodifies selvaggiaselvaggiasavageselvaggio · adjective, feminine, singularmodifies severità And the family respected him and feared him.
EAnde · conjunctionlinks the coordinationlatheil · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of famigliafamigliafamilyfamiglia · noun, feminine, singularsubject of rispettavalohimlo · pronoun, masculine, singulardirect object of rispettavarispettavarespectedrispettare · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationlohimlo · pronoun, masculine, singulardirect object of temevatemevafearedtemere · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singularcoordinated with rispettavaIn her father's presence Maria Franzisca did not even dare sit beside her Predu (besides, the custom of the village required that engaged couples keep a respectful distance), and she contented herself with flirting with him from afar, bewitching him with the movements of her lovely, blooming figure inside her picturesque dress of scarlet or of orbace, and above all with the glances of her ardent eyes of a greenish blue, big as two ripe almonds.
InInin · prepositionpreposition marking presenzapresenzapresencepresenza · noun, feminine, singularoblique complement of osavadelof thedi il · preposition (contracted)preposition marking padrepadrefatherpadre · noun, masculine, singularmodifies presenzaMariaMariaMaria · proper nounsubject of osavaFranziscaFranziscaFranzisca · proper noundepends on Marianonnotnon · adverbmodifies osavaosavadaredosare · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceneppurenot evenneppure · adverbmodifies sedersisedersito sitsedersi · verb, infinitive, reflexivecomplement of osavaaccantobesideaccanto · adverb (part of compound preposition accanto a)preposition marking Predualthea il · preposition (contracted)determiner of Predusuohersuo · determiner, masculine, singulardepends on PreduPreduPreduPredu · proper nounoblique complement of sedersidelof thedi il · preposition (contracted)part of the idiom del restorestobesidesresto · noun, masculine, singularadverbial modifier of voleva (idiom 'del resto' = besides/moreover)'del resto' is a fixed idiom meaning 'besides/moreover'.
latheil · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of modamodacustommoda · noun, feminine, singularsubject of volevadelof thedi il · preposition (contracted)preposition marking paesepaesevillagepaese · noun, masculine, singularmodifies modavolevarequiredvolere · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the parenthetical clausechethatche · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of stesseroitheil · determiner, masculine, pluraldeterminer of fidanzatifidanzatiengaged couplesfidanzato · noun, masculine, pluralsubject of stesserostesserokeepstare · verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, pluralclausal complement of volevaaata · prepositionpreposition marking distanzarispettosarespectfulrispettoso · adjective, feminine, singularmodifies distanzadistanzadistancedistanza · noun, feminine, singularoblique complement of stesseroeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsiherselfsi · pronoun, reflexivedepends on contentavacontentavacontentedcontentare · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singularcoordinated with osavadiwithdi · prepositionintroduces the clause of civettarcivettarflirtingcivettare · verb, infinitivecomplement of contentavaPoetic apocope of civettare.
conwithcon · prepositionpreposition marking luiluihimlui · pronoun, masculine, singularoblique complement of civettardafromda · prepositionpreposition marking lontanolontanoafarlontano · adverboblique complement of civettaraffascinandolobewitching himaffascinare · verb, gerund + clitic pronoun (lo)adverbial clause on contentavaconwithcon · prepositionpreposition marking mosseletheil · determiner, feminine, pluraldeterminer of mossemossemovementsmossa · noun, feminine, pluraloblique complement of affascinandolo, coordinated with sguardidellaof thedi il · preposition (contracted)preposition marking personabellalovelybello · adjective, feminine, singularmodifies personapersonafigurepersona · noun, feminine, singularmodifies mossefiorentebloomingfiorente · adjective, singularmodifies personaentroinsideentro · prepositionpreposition marking vestitoiltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of vestitopittorescopicturesquepittoresco · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies vestitovestitodressvestito · noun, masculine, singularmodifies personadiofdi · prepositionpreposition marking scarlattoscarlattoscarletscarlatto · noun, masculine, singularmodifies vestitoooro · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdiofdi · prepositionpreposition marking orbaceorbaceorbaceorbace · noun, masculine, singularcoordinated with scarlattoOrbace is a coarse traditional Sardinian wool cloth.
eande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsopratuttoabove allsoprattutto · adverbmodifies sguardiconwithcon · prepositionpreposition marking sguardiglitheil · determiner, masculine, pluraldeterminer of sguardisguardiglancessguardo · noun, masculine, pluraloblique complement of affascinandolo, coordinated with mossedegliof thedi il · preposition (contracted)preposition marking occhiardentiardentardente · adjective, pluralmodifies occhiocchieyesocchio · noun, masculine, pluralmodifies sguardid’ofdi · prepositionpreposition marking turchinounauno · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of turchinoturchinoblueturchino · noun, masculine, singularmodifies occhiverdognologreenishverdognolo · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies turchinograndibiggrande · adjective, pluralmodifies occhicomeascome · prepositionpreposition marking mandorleduetwodue · numeralquantifies mandorlemandorlealmondsmandorla · noun, feminine, pluraloblique complement of grandimatureripematuro · adjective, feminine, pluralmodifies mandorle- 10
It was, then, Christmas Eve: a gray, clouded day, but mild: indeed a levante wind was blowing, carrying the far-off, enervating warmth of the desert and something like a damp smell of the sea.
EraIt wasessere · auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singularcopula linking to vigiliadunquethendunque · adverbmodifies Eralatheil · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of vigiliavigiliaevevigilia · noun, feminine, singularpredicate complement of Eradiofdi · prepositionpreposition marking NataleNataleChristmasNatale · proper nounmodifies vigiliaunaauno · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of giornatagiornatadaygiornata · noun, feminine, singularin apposition with vigiliagrigiagraygrigio · adjective, feminine, singularmodifies giornataannuvolatacloudedannuvolare · verb, past participle, feminine, singularmodifies giornatamabutma · conjunctionlinks the coordinationtiepidamildtiepido · adjective, feminine, singularcoordinated with annuvolataspiravawas blowingspirare · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceanziindeedanzi · adverbmodifies spiravaunauno · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of ventoventowindvento · noun, masculine, singularsubject of spiravadiofdi · prepositionpreposition marking levantelevanteeastlevante · noun, masculine, singularmodifies ventochewhichche · pronounsubject of portavaportavacarriedportare · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singularrelative clause on ventoiltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of teporelontanofar-offlontano · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies teporeeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsnervanteenervatingsnervante · adjective, singularcoordinated with lontanoteporewarmthtepore · noun, masculine, singulardirect object of portavadelof thedi il · preposition (contracted)preposition marking desertodesertodesertdeserto · noun, masculine, singularmodifies teporeeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationcomelikecome · prepositionpreposition marking odoreunauno · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of odoreumidodampumido · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies odoreodoresmellodore · noun, masculine, singularcoordinated with teporediofdi · prepositionpreposition marking maremareseamare · noun, masculine, singularmodifies odore It seemed as though beyond the mountains, on whose slopes the cold winter grass grew green, and beyond the valley, where the almond trees, too early in bloom, shook themselves, flinging their petals to the wind as if in spite, white as flakes of snow, a great fire were burning, whose flames could not be seen, but whose heat arrived all the same.
ParevaIt seemedparere · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentencechethatche · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of ardessedibeyonddi · prepositionpart of the idiom di là da, marking montagne"di là da" is a fixed idiom meaning "beyond, on the other side of", not literally "of there".
làtherelà · adverbpart of the idiom di là dadallefrom theda il · prepositionpreposition marking montagnemontagnemountainsmontagna · noun, feminine, pluraloblique complement of ardessesulleon thesu il · prepositionpreposition marking chinecuiwhosecui · determinerdepends on chinechineslopeschina · noun, feminine, pluraloblique complement of verdeggiavaverdeggiavagrew greenverdeggiare · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singularrelative clause on montagnelatheil · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of erbafreddacoldfreddo · adjective, feminine, singularmodifies erbaerbagrasserba · noun, feminine, singularsubject of verdeggiavad’ofdi · prepositionpreposition marking invernoinvernowinterinverno · noun, masculine, singularmodifies erbaeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdibeyonddi · prepositionpart of the idiom di là da, marking vallelàtherelà · adverbpart of the idiom di là dadallafrom theda il · prepositionpreposition marking vallevallevalleyvalle · noun, feminine, singularcoordinated with montagneovewhereove · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of scuotevanoitheil · determiner, masculine, pluraldeterminer of mandorlimandorlialmond treesmandorlo · noun, masculine, pluralsubject of scuotevanotroppotootroppo · adverbmodifies precocementeprecocementeearlyprecocemente · adverbmodifies fioritifioritibloomedfiorire · verb, past participle, masculine, pluralmodifies mandorlisithemselvessi · pronounreflexive particle of scuotevanoscuotevanoshookscuotere · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, pluralrelative clause on vallegettandoflinginggettare · verb, gerundadverbial clause on scuotevanoquasias ifquasi · adverbmodifies dispettoconincon · prepositionpreposition marking dispettodispettospitedispetto · noun, masculine, singularoblique complement of gettandoalto thea il · prepositionpreposition marking ventoventowindvento · noun, masculine, singularoblique complement of gettandoitheil · determiner, masculine, pluraldeterminer of petalipetalipetalspetale · noun, masculine, pluraldirect object of gettandobianchiwhitebianco · adjective, masculine, pluralmodifies petalicomelikecome · prepositionpreposition marking faldefaldeflakesfalda · noun, feminine, pluralmodifies petalidiofdi · prepositionpreposition marking nevenevesnowneve · noun, feminine, singularmodifies faldeardessewere burningardere · verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singularclausal complement of Parevaunauno · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of fuocograngreatgrande · adjective, singularmodifies fuocofuocofirefuoco · noun, masculine, singularsubject of ardessedelof thedi il · prepositionpreposition marking qualequalewhichquale · pronoun, singularrelative pronoun referring to fuoco, modifies fiamme"del quale" = "of which", pointing back to fuoco: "whose flames".
nonnotnon · adverbmodifies scorgesserosiweresi · pronounpassive particle of scorgesseroscorgesseroseenscorgere · verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, pluralrelative clause on fuoco"si scorgessero" is an impersonal passive: "were seen".
letheil · determiner, feminine, pluraldeterminer of fiammefiammeflamesfiamma · noun, feminine, pluralsubject of passive scorgesseromabutma · conjunctionlinks the coordinationarrivassearrivedarrivare · verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singularcoordinated with ardesseiltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of calorecaloreheatcalore · noun, masculine, singularsubject of arrivasseAnd the clouds that appeared over the mountain peaks and rose and spread ceaselessly across the sky seemed made of the smoke of that invisible fire.
EAnde · conjunctionlinks the coordinationletheil · determiner, feminine, pluraldeterminer of nuvolenuvolecloudsnuvola · noun, feminine, pluralsubject of sembravanochethatche · pronounsubject of affacciavanos’themselvessi · pronounreflexive particle of affacciavanoaffacciavanoappearedaffacciarsi · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, pluralrelative clause on nuvolesulleover thesu il · prepositionpreposition marking cimecimepeakscima · noun, feminine, pluraloblique complement of affacciavanodeiof thedi il · prepositionpreposition marking montimontimountainsmonte · noun, masculine, pluralmodifies cimeeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationincessantementeceaselesslyincessantemente · adverbmodifies salivanosalivanorosesalire · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, pluralcoordinated with affacciavanoeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsithemselvessi · pronounreflexive particle of spandevanospandevanospreadspandere · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, pluralcoordinated with salivanosulacross thesu il · prepositionpreposition marking cielocieloskycielo · noun, masculine, singularoblique complement of spandevanosembravanoseemedsembrare · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, pluralmain verb of the sentenceformatemadeformare · verb, past, participle, feminine, pluralpredicate complement of sembravanodalby theda il · prepositionpreposition marking fumofumosmokefumo · noun, masculine, singularagent of formatediofdi · prepositionpreposition marking fuocoquelthatquello · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of fuocofuocofirefuoco · noun, masculine, singularmodifies fumoinvisibileinvisibleinvisibile · adjective, singularmodifies fuocoThe bells were ringing out in festival; the people, made a little strange by the levante, wandered through the streets and houses, thinking of ways to gather together to celebrate Christmas; families exchanged gifts of suckling pigs, of autumn lambs, of meat, of sweets, of dried fruit; the shepherds brought their masters the first milk of the cows, and the mistress of the house sent back to the shepherd the container full of vegetables or something else, taking care never to send it back empty, so as not to wish ill on the livestock.
LeTheil · determiner, feminine, pluraldeterminer of campanecampanebellscampana · noun, feminine, pluralsubject of suonavanosuonavanowere ringingsuonare · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, pluralmain verb of the sentenceaina · prepositionpreposition marking festafestafestivalfesta · noun, feminine, singularoblique complement of suonavano"suonare a festa" is an idiom: bells ringing joyously, in celebration.
latheil · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of gentegentepeoplegente · noun, feminine, singularsubject of giravaresamaderendere · verb, past, participle, feminine, singularparticipial clause modifying genteunauno · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of po’po’littlepoco · adverbmodifies stranastranastrangestrano · adjective, feminine, singularcomplement of resadalby theda il · prepositionpreposition marking levantelevantelevantelevante · noun, singularagent of resagiravawanderedgirare · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceperthroughper · prepositionpreposition marking stradeletheil · determiner, feminine, pluraldeterminer of stradestradestreetsstrada · noun, feminine, pluraloblique complement of giravaeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationperthroughper · prepositionpreposition marking caseletheil · determiner, feminine, pluraldeterminer of casecasehousescasa · noun, feminine, pluralcoordinated with stradeideandodevisingideare · verb, gerundadverbial clause on giravacomehowcome · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of riunirsiriunirsito gatherriunirsi · verb, infinitiveclausal complement of ideandopertoper · prepositionintroduces the clause of festeggiarefesteggiarecelebratefesteggiare · verb, infinitiveadverbial clause on riunirsiiltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of NataleNataleChristmasNatale · proper noundirect object of festeggiareletheil · determiner, feminine, pluraldeterminer of famigliefamigliefamiliesfamiglia · noun, feminine, pluralsubject of scambiavanosieach othersi · pronounreciprocal particle of scambiavanoscambiavanoexchangedscambiare · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, pluralmain verb of the sentenceregaligiftsregalo · noun, masculine, pluraldirect object of scambiavanodiofdi · prepositionpreposition marking porchettiporchettisuckling pigsporchetto · noun, masculine, pluralmodifies regalidiofdi · prepositionpreposition marking agnelliagnellilambsagnello · noun, masculine, pluralcoordinated with porchetti, modifies regaliautunnaliautumnautunnale · adjective, pluralmodifies agnellidiofdi · prepositionpreposition marking carnecarnemeatcarne · noun, feminine, singularcoordinated with agnelli, modifies regalidiofdi · prepositionpreposition marking dolcidolcisweetsdolce · noun, masculine, pluralcoordinated with carnediofdi · prepositionpreposition marking fruttafruttafruitfrutta · noun, feminine, singularcoordinated with dolcisecchedriedsecco · adjective, feminine, pluralmodifies fruttaitheil · determiner, masculine, pluraldeterminer of pastoripastorishepherdspastore · noun, masculine, pluralsubject of recavanorecavanobroughtrecare · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, pluralmain verb of the sentenceaito thea il · prepositionpreposition marking padronipadronimasterspadrone · noun, masculine, pluraloblique complement of recavanoiltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of latteprimofirstprimo · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies lattelattemilklatte · noun, masculine, singulardirect object of recavanodelleof thedi il · prepositionpreposition marking vacchevacchecowsvacca · noun, feminine, pluralmodifies latteeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationlatheil · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of padronapadronamistresspadrona · noun, feminine, singularsubject of rimandavarimandavasent backrimandare · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singularcoordinated with recavanoalto thea il · prepositionpreposition marking pastorepastoreshepherdpastore · noun, masculine, singularoblique complement of rimandavailtheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of recipienterecipientecontainerrecipiente · noun, masculine, singulardirect object of rimandavacolmofullcolmo · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies recipientediofdi · prepositionpreposition marking legumilegumivegetableslegume · noun, masculine, pluraloblique complement of colmoooro · conjunctionlinks the coordinationd’ofdi · prepositionpreposition marking altroaltrosomething elsealtro · pronoun, masculine, singularcoordinated with legumiguardandositaking careguardarsi · verb, gerundadverbial clause on rimandavabenecarefullybene · adverbmodifies guardandosidalfromda il · prepositionpreposition marking rimandarlorimandarlosending it backrimandare · verb, infinitiveoblique complement of guardandosi"rimandarlo" = rimandare + the attached clitic lo ("it").
vuotoemptyvuoto · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies rimandarloperso asper · prepositionintroduces the clause of augurarenonnotnon · adverbmodifies augurareaugurareto wishaugurare · verb, infinitiveadverbial clause on guardandosimaleillmale · adverbmodifies augurarealto thea il · prepositionpreposition marking bestiamebestiamelivestockbestiame · noun, masculine, singularoblique complement of augurare- 11
Predu Tasca, himself a shepherd too, killed his finest suckling pig, gutted it, dyed its skin with its own blood, filled it with asphodel fronds, put it in a basket, and sent it as a gift to his fiancée.
PreduPreduPredu · proper nounsubject of ammazzòTascaTascaTasca · proper noundepends on Preduanch’alsoanche · adverbmodifies egliegliheegli · pronoun, masculine, singularappositive subject, refers to Predu"anch’egli pastore" is a parenthetical aside: "himself, too, a shepherd".
pastoreshepherdpastore · noun, masculine, singularpredicate complement of egli, in apposition to Preduammazzòkilledammazzare · verb, past, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceiltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of porchettosuohissuo · determiner, masculine, singulardepends on porchettopiùmostpiù · adverbmodifies belbelfinebello · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies porchettoporchettosuckling pigporchetto · noun, masculine, singulardirect object of ammazzòloitlo · pronoun, masculine, singulardirect object of sventròsventròguttedsventrare · verb, past, indicative, third-person, singularcoordinated with ammazzògliitsgli · pronoun, masculine, singularindirect object of tinsetinsedyedtingere · verb, past, indicative, third-person, singularcoordinated with ammazzòcolwith thecon il · prepositionpreposition marking sanguesanguebloodsangue · noun, masculine, singularoblique complement of tinselatheil · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of cotennacotennaskincotenna · noun, feminine, singulardirect object of tinseloitlo · pronoun, masculine, singulardirect object of riempìriempìfilledriempire · verb, past, indicative, third-person, singularcoordinated with ammazzòdiwithdi · prepositionpreposition marking frondefrondefrondsfronda · noun, feminine, pluraloblique complement of riempìd’ofdi · prepositionpreposition marking asfodeloasfodeloasphodelasfodelo · noun, masculine, singularmodifies frondeloitlo · pronoun, masculine, singulardirect object of misemiseputmettere · verb, past, indicative, third-person, singularcoordinated with ammazzòininin · prepositionpreposition marking canestrounauno · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of canestrocanestrobasketcanestro · noun, masculine, singularoblique complement of miseeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationloitlo · pronoun, masculine, singulardirect object of mandòmandòsentmandare · verb, past, indicative, third-person, singularcoordinated with ammazzòinasin · prepositionpreposition marking regaloregalogiftregalo · noun, masculine, singularoblique complement of mandòallato thea il · prepositionpreposition marking fidanzatafidanzatafiancéefidanzata · noun, feminine, singularoblique complement of mandò And the fiancée gave a silver crown to the woman who brought the gift, and inside the basket she placed a sweet of almonds and honey.
Eande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationlatheil · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of fidanzatafidanzatafiancéefidanzato · noun, feminine, singularsubject of diedediedegavedare · verb, past, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceunoauno · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of scudoscudocrownscudo · noun, masculine, singulardirect object of diedescudo here is a silver coin (a "crown"), not a shield.
d’ofdi · prepositionpreposition marking argentoargentosilverargento · noun, masculine, singularmodifies scudoallato thea il · prepositionpreposition marking portatriceportatricebearerportatore · noun, feminine, singularoblique complement of diededelof thedi il · prepositionpreposition marking regaloregalogiftregalo · noun, masculine, singularmodifies portatriceeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdentroinsidedentro · prepositionpreposition marking canestroiltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of canestrocanestrobasketcanestro · noun, masculine, singularoblique complement of misemiseplacedmettere · verb, past, indicative, third-person, singularcoordinated with diedeunauno · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of dolcedolcesweetdolce · noun, masculine, singulardirect object of misediofdi · prepositionpreposition marking mandorlemandorlealmondsmandorla · noun, feminine, pluralmodifies dolceeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationmielehoneymiele · noun, masculine, singularcoordinated with mandorle- 12
Toward evening the fiancé came to the Frau house and pressed the girl's hand.
Versotowardverso · prepositionpreposition marking seraseraeveningsera · noun, feminine, singularoblique complement of venneiltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of fidanzatofidanzatofiancéfidanzato · noun, masculine, singularsubject of vennevennecamevenire · verb, past, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceintoin · prepositionpreposition marking casacasahousecasa · noun, feminine, singularoblique complement of venneFrauFrauFrau · proper nounmodifies casaeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationstrinsepressedstringere · verb, past, indicative, third-person, singularcoordinated with vennelatheil · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of manomanohandmano · noun, feminine, singulardirect object of strinsedellaof thedi il · prepositionpreposition marking fanciullafanciullagirlfanciulla · noun, feminine, singularmodifies mano She blushed, laughed with pleasure, withdrew her hand: and in her hand, still warm from the loving clasp, she found a gold coin.
Ellasheella · pronoun, feminine, singularsubject of arrossìarrossìblushedarrossire · verb, past, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceriselaughedridere · verb, past, indicative, third-person, singularcoordinated with arrossìdiwithdi · prepositionpreposition marking piacerepiacerepleasurepiacere · noun, masculine, singularoblique complement of riseritiròwithdrewritirare · verb, past, indicative, third-person, singularcoordinated with arrossìlatheil · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of manomanohandmano · noun, feminine, singulardirect object of ritiròeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationnellain thein il · prepositionpreposition marking manomanohandmano · noun, feminine, singularoblique complement of trovòcaldawarmcaldo · adjective, feminine, singularmodifies manoperfromper · prepositionpreposition marking strettalatheil · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of strettastrettaclaspstretta · noun, feminine, singularobject of preposition peramorosalovingamoroso · adjective, feminine, singularmodifies strettatrovòfoundtrovare · verb, past, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceunaauno · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of monetamonetacoinmoneta · noun, feminine, singulardirect object of trovòd’ofdi · prepositionpreposition marking oroorogoldoro · noun, masculine, singularmodifies moneta- 13
At once she went around the house, secretly showing everyone Predu's fine gift.
Subitoat oncesubito · adverbmodifies andòandòwentandare · verb, past, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceinaroundin · prepositionpreposition marking girogiroroundgiro · noun, masculine, singularoblique complement of andòperthroughper · prepositionpreposition marking casalatheil · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of casacasahousecasa · noun, feminine, singularoblique complement of andòmostrandoshowingmostrare · verb, gerundadverbial clause on andòsegretamentesecretlysegretamente · adverbmodifies mostrandoatoa · prepositionpreposition marking tuttituttieveryonetutto · determiner, masculine, pluralindirect object of mostrandoiltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of regalobelfinebello · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies regaloregalogiftregalo · noun, masculine, singulardirect object of mostrandodiofdi · prepositionpreposition marking PreduPreduPreduPredu · proper nounmodifies regalo - 14
Outside the bells rang out merrily, and the levante carried their metallic sound through the mild, damp evening.
Fuorioutsidefuori · adverbmodifies suonavanoletheil · determiner, feminine, pluraldeterminer of campanecampanebellscampana · noun, feminine, pluralsubject of suonavanosuonavanorangsuonare · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, pluralmain verb of the sentencelietamentemerrilylietamente · adverbmodifies suonavanoedande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationiltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of levantelevantelevantelevante · noun, masculine, singularsubject of spandevanetheirne · pronoungenitive pronoun referring to campane, modifies suonospandevacarriedspandere · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singularcoordinated with suonavanoiltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of suonosuonosoundsuono · noun, masculine, singulardirect object of spandevametallicometallicmetallico · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies suonoperthroughper · prepositionpreposition marking seralatheil · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of seraseraeveningsera · noun, feminine, singularoblique complement of spandevatiepidamildtiepido · adjective, feminine, singularmodifies seraedande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationumidadampumido · adjective, feminine, singularcoordinated with tiepida Pietro wore his fine, still medieval costume — the doublet of deep blue velvet and the short black cloak of orbace and finely quilted velvet; and he had a leather belt worked with embroidery and buttons of filigreed gold.
PietroPietroPietro · proper nounsubject of vestivavestivaworevestire · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceiltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of costumesuohissuo · determiner, masculine, singulardepends on costumebelfinebello · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies costumecostumecostumecostume · noun, masculine, singulardirect object of vestivaancorastillancora · adverbmodifies medioevalemedioevalemedievalmedioevale · adjective, singularmodifies costumedalwithda il · prepositionpreposition marking giustacuoregiustacuoredoubletgiustacuore · noun, masculine, singularoblique complement of medioevalediofdi · prepositionpreposition marking vellutovellutovelvetvelluto · noun, masculine, singularmodifies giustacuoreturchinodeep blueturchino · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies vellutoedande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationiltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of cappottocortoshortcorto · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies cappottocappottocloakcappotto · noun, masculine, singularcoordinated with giustacuoreneroblacknero · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies cappottod’ofdi · prepositionpreposition marking orbaceorbaceorbaceorbace · noun, masculine, singularmodifies cappottoOrbace is coarse Sardinian homespun wool cloth, kept untranslated.
eande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdiofdi · prepositionpreposition marking vellutovellutovelvetvelluto · noun, masculine, singularcoordinated with orbacefinementefinelyfinemente · adverbmodifies trapuntatotrapuntatoquiltedtrapuntare · verb, past, participle, masculine, singularclause modifying vellutoeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationavevahadavere · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentencelatheil · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of cinturacinturabeltcintura · noun, feminine, singulardirect object of avevadiofdi · prepositionpreposition marking cuoiocuoioleathercuoio · noun, masculine, singularmodifies cinturaawitha · prepositionpreposition marking ricamiricamiembroideryricamo · noun, masculine, pluralmodifies cuoioeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationitheil · determiner, masculine, pluraldeterminer of bottonibottonibuttonsbottone · noun, masculine, pluralcoordinated with cinturad’ofdi · prepositionpreposition marking oroorogoldoro · noun, masculine, singularmodifies bottonifilogranatifiligreedfilogranato · adjective, masculine, pluralmodifies bottoni- 15
His long black hair fell over his ears, carefully combed and oiled with olive oil; and since he had already drunk wine and anisette, his dark eyes glittered and his red lips burned within his thick black beard.
Itheil · determiner, masculine, pluraldeterminer of capellilunghilonglungo · adjective, masculine, pluralmodifies capellicapellihaircapello · noun, masculine, pluralsubject of ricadevanoneriblacknero · adjective, masculine, pluralmodifies capelliglihislo · pronoun, masculine, singularindirect object of ricadevanoDative gli renders as a possessive in idiomatic English ("his ears").
ricadevanofellricadere · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, pluralmain verb of the sentencesulleover thesu il · prepositionpreposition marking orecchieorecchieearsorecchia · noun, feminine, pluraloblique complement of ricadevanobenwellbene · adverbmodifies pettinatipettinaticombedpettinare · verb, past, participle, masculine, pluralcoordinated with ricadevanoedande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationuntioiledungere · verb, past, participle, masculine, pluralcoordinated with pettinaticonwithcon · prepositionpreposition marking oliooliooilolio · noun, masculine, singularoblique complement of untid’ofdi · prepositionpreposition marking ulivoulivooliveulivo · noun, masculine, singularmodifies olioeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsiccomesincesiccome · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of bevutoavevahadavere · auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singularauxiliary of bevutogiàalreadygià · adverbmodifies bevutobevutodrunkbere · verb, past, participle, masculine, singularadverbial clause on brillavanovinowinevino · noun, masculine, singulardirect object of bevutoedande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationaniceanisetteanice · noun, masculine, singularcoordinated with vinoitheil · determiner, masculine, pluraldeterminer of occhisuoihissuo · determiner, masculine, pluraldepends on occhiocchieyesocchio · noun, masculine, pluralsubject of brillavanoneridarknero · adjective, masculine, pluralmodifies occhibrillavanoglitteredbrillare · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, pluralmain verb of the sentenceeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationletheil · determiner, feminine, pluraldeterminer of labbrasuehissuo · determiner, feminine, pluraldepends on labbralabbralipslabbra · noun, feminine, pluralsubject of ardevanorosseredrosso · adjective, feminine, pluralmodifies labbraardevanoburnedardere · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, pluralcoordinated with brillavanotrawithintra · prepositionpreposition marking barbalatheil · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of barbafoltathickfolto · adjective, feminine, singularmodifies barbabarbabeardbarba · noun, feminine, singularoblique complement of ardevanonerablacknero · adjective, feminine, singularmodifies barba He was handsome and fresh as a rustic god.
Erawasessere · auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singularcopula linking to bellobellohandsomebello · adjective, masculine, singularhead of the phraseeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfrescofreshfresco · adjective, masculine, singularcoordinated with bellocomeascome · prepositionpreposition marking Diounauno · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of DioDiogoddio · noun, masculine, singularobject of preposition come, compared to bellocampestrerusticcampestre · adjective, singularmodifies Dio- 16
— Good evening, — he said, sitting down beside his father-in-law, before the hearth where a holm-oak log was burning.
Bonasgoodbonas · adjective, feminine, pluralmodifies tardas"Bonas tardas" is Sardinian dialect for "buonasera" (good evening/afternoon), used as a greeting.
tardaseveningtardas · noun, feminine, pluralhead of the greeting phrasedissesaiddire · verb, past, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentencesedendosisitting downsedersi · verb, gerundclausal complement of dissevicinobesidevicino · prepositionpreposition marking suoceroalthea il · prepositionpreposition marking suocerosuocerofather-in-lawsuocero · noun, masculine, singularoblique complement of sedendosidavantibeforedavanti · prepositionpreposition marking focolarealthea il · prepositionpreposition marking focolarefocolarehearthfocolare · noun, masculine, singularoblique complement of sedendosiovewhereove · adverbmodifies ardevaardevawas burningardere · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singularrelative clause on focolareunauno · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of troncotroncologtronco · noun, masculine, singulardirect object of ardevad’ofdi · prepositionpreposition marking elceelceholm-oakelce · noun, masculine, singularmodifies tronco — May the Lord grant you a hundred Christmases.
Iltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of SignoreSignoreLordSignore · proper nounsubject of concedaviyouvi · pronounindirect object of concedaconcedagrantconcedere · verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentencecentoa hundredcento · numeralquantifies NataliNataliChristmasesNatale · noun, masculine, pluraldirect object of concedaHow are you getting on?
Comehowcome · adverbmodifies passateveyouvi · pronounreflexive/dative pronoun with passate, idiom passarselalaitla · pronoun, feminine, singulardirect object pronoun with passate, idiom passarsela"Passarsela" (ve la passate) is an idiom meaning "to get along/manage"; la has no separate referent.
passateare getting onpassare · verb, present, indicative, second-person, pluralhead of the phrase- 17
— Like the old vultures who have lost their talons, — answered the proud farmer, who was beginning to grow old.
ComeLikecome · prepositionpreposition marking avvoltoiitheil · determiner, masculine, pluraldeterminer of avvoltoivecchioldvecchio · adjective, masculine, pluralmodifies avvoltoiavvoltoivulturesavvoltoio · noun, masculine, pluraloblique complement of risposechewhoche · pronounsubject of perdutohanhaveavere · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, pluralauxiliary of perdutoperdutolostperdere · verb, past, participle, masculine, singularrelative clause on avvoltoiglitheil · determiner, masculine, pluraldeterminer of artigliartiglitalonsartiglio · noun, masculine, pluraldirect object of perdutorisposeansweredrispondere · verb, past, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceiltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of contadinofieroproudfiero · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies contadinocontadinofarmercontadino · noun, masculine, singularsubject of risposechewhoche · pronounsubject of cominciavacominciavawas beginningcominciare · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singularrelative clause on contadinoadtoa · prepositionintroduces the clause of invecchiareinvecchiaregrow oldinvecchiare · verb, infinitivecomplement of cominciava And he recited those famous verses:
EAnde · conjunctionlinks the coordinationrecitòrecitedrecitare · verb, past, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentencequeithosequello · determiner, masculine, pluraldeterminer of versiversiversesverso · noun, masculine, pluraldirect object of recitòfamosifamousfamoso · adjective, masculine, pluralmodifies versi- 18
When a man grows old he is no longer good….
S’thesu · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of omineA Sardinian proverb quoted in dialect: 's'' is the elided form of the Sardinian article 'su'.
ominemanomine · noun, masculine, singularsubject of the main verb est (bonu)candowhencando · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the adverbial clause (est bezzu)estisessere · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularcopula in the clause introduced by candobezzuoldbezzu · adjective, masculine, singularpredicate adjective of est (cando clause)nonotno · adverbmodifies the second estestisessere · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentencebonugoodbonu · adjective, masculine, singularpredicate adjective of the main est - 19
It was then that the legend about those born on Christmas Eve came up.
FuIt wasessere · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceallorathenallora · adverbmodifies Fuchethatche · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of parlòsiwassi · pronoun, passive markerpassive particle of parlòPassive si-construction: "si parlò" = "was talked (of)".
parlòtalkedparlare · verb, past, indicative, third-person, singularclausal complement of Fudellaof thedi il · prepositionpreposition marking leggendaleggendalegendleggenda · noun, feminine, singularoblique complement of parlòsuiabout thesu il · prepositionpreposition marking natinatithose bornnato · noun, masculine, pluraloblique complement of leggendalatheil · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of seraseraeveningsera · noun, feminine, singularoblique complement of natidiofdi · prepositionpreposition marking NataleNataleChristmasNatale · proper nounmodifies sera"la sera di Natale" = Christmas Eve.
- 20
— We'll go to Mass, — said uncle Diddinu, — when we get back we'll have a fine supper and afterward we'll sing, then!
AndremoWe'll goandare · verb, future, indicative, first-person, pluralmain verb of the sentenceallatoa il · prepositionpreposition marking messamessaMassmessa · noun, feminine, singularoblique complement of Andremodissesaiddire · verb, past, indicative, third-person, singularparallel clause to Andremoziounclezio · noun, masculine, singularsubject of disseDiddinuDiddinuDiddinu · proper nounsubject of dissealat thea il · prepositionpreposition marking ritornoritornoreturnritorno · noun, masculine, singularoblique complement of faremofaremowe'll havefare · verb, future, indicative, first-person, pluralparallel clause to Andremounaauno · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of cenabellafinebello · adjective, feminine, singularmodifies cenacenasuppercena · noun, feminine, singulardirect object of faremoeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdopoafterwarddopo · adverbmodifies canteremocanteremowe'll singcantare · verb, future, indicative, first-person, pluralcoordinated with faremodunquethendunque · adverbmodifies Andremo - 21
— Even before, if you like.
AncheEvenanche · adverbmodifies primaprimabeforeprima · adverbhead of the phraseseifse · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of voletevoleteyou likevolere · verb, present, indicative, second-person, pluraladverbial clause on prima - 22
— Not before!
PrimaBeforeprima · adverbmodifies nononotno · adverbhead of the phrase — said uncle Diddinu, striking his stick on the hearthstone.
dissesaiddire · verb, past, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceziounclezio · noun, masculine, singularsubject of disseDiddinuDiddinuDiddinu · proper nounsubject of dissebattendostrikingbattere · verb, gerundadverbial clause on disseiltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of bastonebastonestickbastone · noun, masculine, singulardirect object of battendosullaon thesu il · prepositionpreposition marking pietrapietrastonepietra · noun, feminine, singularoblique complement of battendodelof thedi il · prepositionpreposition marking focolarefocolarehearthfocolare · noun, masculine, singularmodifies pietra— As long as the Holy Vigil lasts it must be respected: Our Lady suffers the pains of childbirth and we must neither sing nor eat meat.
FinchèAs long asfinché · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of dura'Finchè' is an older spelling of the modern 'finché'.
duralastsdurare · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularadverbial clause on bisognalatheil · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of VigiliaSantaHolysanto · adjective, feminine, singularmodifies VigiliaVigiliaVigilvigilia · noun, feminine, singularsubject of durabisognait is necessarybisognare · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentencerispettarlato respect itrispettare la · verb, infinitiveclausal complement of bisognaNostraOurnostro · determiner, possessive, feminine, singularmodifies SignoraSignoraLadySignora · noun, feminine, singularsubject of soffresoffresufferssoffrire · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceitheil · determiner, masculine, pluraldeterminer of doloridoloripainsdolore · noun, masculine, pluraldirect object of soffredelof thedi il · prepositionpreposition marking partopartochildbirthparto · noun, masculine, singularmodifies dolorieande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationnoiwenoi · pronoun, pluralsubject of dobbiamononnotnon · adverbmodifies dobbiamodobbiamomustdovere · verb, present, indicative, first-person, pluralcoordinated with soffrenèneitherné · conjunctionlinks the coordinationcantaresingcantare · verb, infinitivecoordinated with dobbiamonènorné · conjunctionlinks the coordinationmangiareatmangiare · verb, infinitivecoordinated with dobbiamocarnemeatcarne · noun, feminine, singulardirect object of mangiarOh, good evening, Mattia Portolu!
OhOhoh · interjectiondiscourse markerbuonagoodbuono · adjective, feminine, singularmodifies nottenotteeveningnotte · noun, feminine, singularhead of the greeting phraseMattiaMattiaMattia · proper nounvocative addressPortoluPortoluPortolu · proper noundepends on Mattiasit down there and tell me who else is coming.
sieditisit downsedersi · verb, imperative, second-person, singular, reflexivemain verb of the sentencelìtherelì · adverbmodifies sieditieande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdimmitell medire · verb, imperative, second-person, singularcoordinated with sieditichiwhochi · pronounsubject of verràaltrielsealtro · pronoun, masculine, pluralmodifies chiverràis comingvenire · verb, future, indicative, third-person, singularclausal complement of dimmiMaria Franzisca, something to drink!
MariaMariaMaria · proper nounhead of the phraseFranziscaFranziscaFranzisca · proper noundepends on Mariadatoda · prepositionintroduces the clause of bereIdiom "da bere" = "something to drink".
beredrinkbere · verb, infinitiveclause modifying MariaBring something to drink for these little lambs.
PortaBringportare · verb, imperative, second-person, singularmain verb of the sentencedatoda · prepositionintroduces the clause of bereberedrinkbere · verb, infinitiveclause modifying Portaatoa · prepositionpreposition marking agnelliquestithesequesto · determiner, masculine, pluraldeterminer of agnellipiccolilittlepiccolo · adjective, masculine, pluralmodifies agnelliagnellilambsagnello · noun, masculine, pluraloblique complement of Porta- 23
The girl poured the drink and, bending before her fiancé to hand him the glass, sparkling like a ruby, she made him drunk with a glance and an ardent smile.
LaTheil · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of fanciullafanciullagirlfanciulla · noun, feminine, singularsubject of versòversòpouredversare · verb, past, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentencedatoda · prepositionintroduces the clause of bereIdiom "da bere" = "something to drink".
beredrinkbere · verb, infinitivecomplement of versòeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationchinandosibendingchinarsi · verb, gerund, reflexivecoordinated with versòdavantiin front ofdavanti · prepositionpreposition marking fidanzatoalthea il · prepositionpreposition marking fidanzatofidanzatofiancéfidanzato · noun, masculine, singularoblique complement of chinandosipertoper · prepositionintroduces the clause of porgergliporgerglihand himporgere gli · verb, infinitiveadverbial clause on chinandosiiltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of bicchierebicchiereglassbicchiere · noun, masculine, singulardirect object of porgergliscintillantesparklingscintillante · adjective, singularmodifies bicchierecomelikecome · prepositionpreposition marking rubinounauno · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of rubinorubinorubyrubino · noun, masculine, singularoblique complement of scintillantelohimlo · pronoun, direct object, masculine, singular, third-persondirect object of inebbriòinebbriòintoxicatedinebriare · verb, past, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceconwithcon · prepositionpreposition marking sguardounoauno · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of sguardosguardoglancesguardo · noun, masculine, singularoblique complement of inebbriòeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationunauno · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of sorrisosorrisosmilesorriso · noun, masculine, singularcoordinated with sguardoardenteardentardente · adjective, singularmodifies sorriso Meanwhile the newcomer was naming the friends who were still to arrive.
IntantoMeanwhileintanto · adverbmodifies nominavailtheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of nuovonuovonewnuovo · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies venutovenutonewcomervenuto · noun, masculine, singularsubject of nominavanominavawas namingnominare · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceglitheil · determiner, masculine, pluraldeterminer of amiciamicifriendsamico · noun, masculine, pluraldirect object of nominavachewhoche · pronounsubject of sopraggiungeredovevanowere todovere · auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, pluralauxiliary of sopraggiungeresopraggiungerearrivesopraggiungere · verb, infinitiverelative clause on amici- 24
The women were already bustling about preparing supper, around the hearth that stood in the center of the kitchen, marked on the floor by four strips of stone.
LeTheil · determiner, feminine, pluraldeterminer of donnedonnewomendonna · noun, feminine, pluralsubject of affaccendavanos’themselvessi · pronoun, reflexive cliticreflexive particle of affaccendavanoaffaccendavanowere bustling aboutaffaccendarsi · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, pluralmain verb of the sentencegiàalreadygià · adverbmodifies affaccendavanopertoper · prepositionintroduces the clause of preparareprepararepreparepreparare · verb, infinitiveadverbial clause on affaccendavanolatheil · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of cenacenasuppercena · noun, feminine, singulardirect object of preparareintornoaroundintorno · prepositionpreposition marking focolarealthea il · prepositionpreposition marking focolarefocolarehearthfocolare · noun, masculine, singularoblique complement of affaccendavanochethatche · pronounsubject of stavastavastoodstare · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singularrelative clause on focolarenelin thein il · prepositionpreposition marking centrocentrocentercentro · noun, masculine, singularoblique complement of stavadellaof thedi il · prepositionpreposition marking cucinacucinakitchencucina · noun, feminine, singularmodifies centrosegnatomarkedsegnare · verb, past, participle, masculine, singularmodifies focolaresulon thesu il · prepositionpreposition marking pavimentopavimentofloorpavimento · noun, masculine, singularoblique complement of segnatodabyda · prepositionpreposition marking listequattrofourquattro · numeralquantifies listelistestripslista · noun, feminine, pluraloblique complement of segnatodiofdi · prepositionpreposition marking pietrapietrastonepietra · noun, feminine, singularmodifies liste On one side sat the men; on the other the women were cooking: on a long spit was already skewered half the suckling pig given by Predu Tasca; and a light, fragrant smoke of cooking food spread through the kitchen.
DaOnda · prepositionpreposition marking parteunaoneuno · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of partepartesideparte · noun, feminine, singularoblique complement of sedevanosedevanosatsedere · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, pluralmain verb of the sentenceglitheil · determiner, masculine, pluraldeterminer of uominiuominimenuomo · noun, masculine, pluralsubject of sedevanodall’on theda il · prepositionpreposition marking partealtraotheraltro · adjective, feminine, singularmodifies partepartesideparte · noun, feminine, singularoblique complement of cucinavanoletheil · determiner, feminine, pluraldeterminer of donnedonnewomendonna · noun, feminine, pluralsubject of cucinavanocucinavanowere cookingcucinare · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, pluralmain verb of the sentenceinonin · prepositionpreposition marking spiedounauno · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of spiedolungolonglungo · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies spiedospiedospitspiedo · noun, masculine, singularoblique complement of infilatastavawasstare · auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singularauxiliary of infilatagiàalreadygià · adverbmodifies infilatainfilataskeweredinfilare · verb, past, participle, feminine, singularmain verb of the sentencelatheil · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of metàmetàhalfmetà · noun, femininesubject of passive infilatadelof thedi il · prepositionpreposition marking porchettoporchettosuckling pigporchetto · noun, masculine, singularmodifies metàregalatogivenregalare · verb, past, participle, masculine, singularclause modifying porchettodabyda · prepositionpreposition marking PreduPreduPreduPredu · proper nounagent of regalatoTascaTascaTasca · proper noundepends on Predueande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationunauno · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of fumoleggerolightleggero · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies fumofumosmokefumo · noun, masculine, singularsubject of spandevaodorosofragrantodoroso · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies fumodiofdi · prepositionpreposition marking vivandevivandefoodvivanda · noun, feminine, pluralmodifies fumosiitselfsi · pronounexpletive with spandevaMediopassive si: 'si spandeva' means simply 'spread' (intransitive).
spandevaspreadspandere · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceperthroughper · prepositionpreposition marking cucinalatheil · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of cucinacucinakitchencucina · noun, feminine, singularoblique complement of spandevaTwo other old relatives came, two brothers who had never wished to marry, so as not to divide their inheritance; they looked like two patriarchs, with long curly hair falling over their flowing white beards; then came a young blind man who felt and brushed the walls with a slender oleander cane.
Vennerocamevenire · verb, past, indicative, third-person, pluralmain verb of the sentencealtriotheraltro · determiner, masculine, pluraldeterminer of parentiduetwodue · numeralquantifies parentivecchioldvecchio · adjective, masculine, pluralmodifies parentiparentirelativesparente · noun, pluralsubject of Venneroduetwodue · numeralquantifies fratellifratellibrothersfratello · noun, masculine, pluralin apposition to parentichewhoche · pronounsubject of volutinonnotnon · adverbmodifies volutisithemselvessi · pronounexpletive with ammogliareeranohadessere · auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, pluralauxiliary of volutimaievermai · adverbmodifies volutivolutiwantedvolere · verb, past, participle, masculine, pluralrelative clause on fratelliammogliareto marryammogliare · verb, infinitiveinfinitive complement of volutiperso asper · prepositionintroduces the clause of dividerenonnotnon · adverbmodifies divideredivideredividedividere · verb, infinitivepurpose clause on ammogliareiltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of patrimoniolorotheirloro · determinerdepends on patrimoniopatrimonioinheritancepatrimonio · noun, masculine, singulardirect object of divideresembravanolooked likesembrare · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, pluralmain verb of the sentenceduetwodue · numeralquantifies patriarchipatriarchipatriarchspatriarco · noun, masculine, pluraldirect object of sembravanoconwithcon · prepositionpreposition marking capellicapellihaircapello · noun, masculine, pluraloblique complement of sembravanolunghilonglungo · adjective, masculine, pluralmodifies capelliriccioluticurlyriccioluto · adjective, masculine, pluralmodifies capelliricadentifallingricadere · verb, present, participle, pluralclause modifying capellisullaoversu il · prepositionpreposition marking barbaprolissaflowingprolisso · adjective, feminine, singularmodifies barbabarbabeardbarba · noun, feminine, singularoblique complement of ricadentibiancawhitebianco · adjective, feminine, singularmodifies barbapoithenpoi · adverbmodifies vennevennecamevenire · verb, past, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceunauno · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of giovinegiovineyoung mangiovane · noun, singularsubject of venne'Giovine' is an older poetic form of 'giovane' ('young man'), not a distinct word.
ciecoblindcieco · adjective, singularmodifies giovinechewhoche · pronounsubject of palpavapalpavafeltpalpare · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singularrelative clause on giovineeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsfioravabrushedsfiorare · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singularcoordinated with palpavaitheil · determiner, masculine, pluraldeterminer of murimuriwallsmuro · noun, masculine, pluraldirect object of sfioravaconwithcon · prepositionpreposition marking bastoneunauno · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of bastonesottileslendersottile · adjective, singularmodifies bastonebastonecanebastone · noun, masculine, singularoblique complement of sfioravadiofdi · prepositionpreposition marking oleandrooleandrooleanderoleandro · noun, masculine, singularmodifies bastone- 25
One of the old brothers took Maria Franzisca by the waist, pushed her toward her fiancé, and said:
UnoOneuno · pronoun, masculine, singularsubject of presedeiof thedi il · prepositionpreposition marking fratellivecchioldvecchio · adjective, masculine, pluralmodifies fratellifratellibrothersfratello · noun, masculine, pluralmodifies Unopresetookprendere · verb, past, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceMariaMariaMaria · proper noundirect object of preseFranziscaFranziscaFranzisca · proper noundepends on Mariaperbyper · prepositionpreposition marking vitalatheil · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of vitavitawaistvita · noun, feminine, singularoblique complement of preselaherla · pronoun, feminine, singulardirect object of spinsespinsepushedspingere · verb, past, indicative, third-person, singularcoordinated with preseversotowardverso · prepositionpreposition marking fidanzatoiltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of fidanzatofidanzatofiancéfidanzato · noun, masculine, singularoblique complement of spinseeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdissesaiddire · verb, past, indicative, third-person, singularcoordinated with prese - 26
— What are you doing, little lambs of my heart?
Chewhatche · pronoundirect object of fatefateare doingfare · verb, present, indicative, second-person, pluralmain verb of the sentenceagnellinilittle lambsagnellino · noun, masculine, pluralvocative addressdelofdi il · prepositionpreposition marking cuoremiomymio · determiner, masculine, singulardepends on cuorecuoreheartcuore · noun, masculine, singularmodifies agnellini Why do you stay as far apart as the stars?
Perchèwhyperché · adverbmodifies statestatestaystare · verb, present, indicative, second-person, pluralmain verb of the sentencecosìsocosì · adverbmodifies lontanilontanifar apartlontano · adjective, masculine, pluralpredicate complement of statecomeascome · prepositionpreposition marking stelleletheil · determiner, feminine, pluraldeterminer of stellestellestarsstella · noun, feminine, pluraloblique complement of lontaniHold each other's hands, then, embrace….
Teneteviholdtenersi · verb, present, imperative, second-person, pluralmain verb of the sentence'Tenetevi' = 'tenete' (imperative) + 'vi' ('yourselves' plural), from reflexive 'tenersi'.
dunquethendunque · adverbmodifies Teneteviperbyper · prepositionpreposition marking manomanohandmano · noun, feminine, singularoblique complement of Teneteviabbracciateviembraceabbracciarsi · verb, present, imperative, second-person, pluralcoordinated with Tenetevi- 27
The two young people looked at each other ardently; but uncle Diddinu raised his thundering voice:
Itheil · determiner, masculine, pluraldeterminer of giovaniduetwodue · numeralquantifies giovanigiovaniyoung peoplegiovane · noun, pluralsubject of guardaronosieach othersi · pronounexpletive with guardaronoguardaronolooked atguardare · verb, past, indicative, third-person, pluralmain verb of the sentenceardentementeardentlyardentemente · adverbmodifies guardaronomabutma · conjunctionlinks the coordinationziounclezio · noun, masculine, singularsubject of alzòDiddinuDiddinuDiddinu · proper nounmodifies zioalzòraisedalzare · verb, past, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentencelatheil · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of vocevocevoicevoce · noun, feminine, singulardirect object of alzòtonantethunderingtonante · adjective, singularmodifies voce - 28
— Old ram, leave them in peace: they have no need of your advice.
Vecchiooldvecchio · adjective, masculine, singularvocative, modifies arietearieteramariete · noun, masculine, singularvocative head, modified by Vecchiolascialileave themlasciare · verb, present, imperative, second-person, singularmain verb of the sentence'Lasciali' = 'lascia' (imperative) + 'li' ('them').
ininin · prepositionpreposition marking pacepacepeacepace · noun, feminine, singularoblique complement of lascialiessitheyesso · pronoun, masculine, pluralsubject of hannononnotnon · adverbmodifies hannohannohaveavere · verb, present, indicative, third-person, pluralmain verb of the sentencebisognoneedbisogno · noun, masculine, singulardirect object of hannodeiofdi il · prepositionpreposition marking consiglituoiyourtuo · determiner, masculine, pluraldepends on consigliconsigliadviceconsiglio · noun, masculine, pluralmodifies bisogno - 29
— I know, and none of yours either!
Loitlo · pronoun, masculine, singulardirect object of sosoknowsapere · verb, present, indicative, first-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationneppurenot evenneppure · adverbmodifies tuoideiofdi il · prepositionpreposition marking tuoituoiyourstuo · pronoun, masculine, pluralelliptical complement, parallel to consigli They'll find a way well enough to advise each other! — answered the old man.
Essitheyesso · pronoun, masculine, pluralsubject of troverannotroverannowill findtrovare · verb, future, indicative, third-person, pluralmain verb of the sentencebenewellbene · adverbmodifies troverannoiltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of modomodowaymodo · noun, masculine, singulardirect object of troverannoditodi · prepositionintroduces the clause of consigliarsiconsigliarsiadvise each otherconsigliarsi · verb, infinitiveclause modifying modofraamongfra · prepositionpreposition marking lorolorothemselvesloro · pronoun, pluraloblique complement of consigliarsirisposeansweredrispondere · verb, past, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceiltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of vecchiovecchioold manvecchio · noun, masculine, singularsubject of rispose- 30
— If that were so, — said the farmer, — I would have to drive that young man off the way one drives off wasps.
Seifse · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the conditional clause modifying dovreiciòthatciò · pronoun, masculine, singularsubject of fossefossewereessere · auxiliary verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singularcopula linking to ciòdissesaiddire · verb, past, indicative, third-person, singularparenthetical main verb (reporting clause)iltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of contadinocontadinofarmercontadino · noun, masculine, singularsubject of disseioIio · pronoun, singularsubject of dovreidovreiwould have todovere · auxiliary verb, present, conditional, first-person, singularauxiliary of scacciarescacciaredrive offscacciare · verb, infinitivemain verb of the sentencequelthatquello · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of giovanegiovaneyoung mangiovane · noun, singulardirect object of scacciarecomeascome · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of scaccianosionesi · pronounexpletive with scaccianoscaccianodrives offscacciare · verb, present, indicative, third-person, pluraladverbial clause on scacciareletheil · determiner, feminine, pluraldeterminer of vespevespewaspsvespa · noun, feminine, pluralsubject of scacciano Something to drink, Maria Franzisca!
Datoda · prepositionintroduces the clause of bereberedrinkbere · verb, infinitivehead of the elliptical exclamation ('something to drink')MariaMariaMaria · proper nounvocative addressFranziscaFranziscaFranzisca · proper noundepends on Maria- 31
The girl drew herself, a little mortified, from the old man's arms, and Predu said, adjusting his cap and smiling:
Latheil · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of fanciullafanciullagirlfanciulla · noun, feminine, singularsubject of tolsesiherselfsi · pronounexpletive with tolsetolsedrewtogliere · verb, past, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceunauno · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of po’po’littlepo’ · adverbmodifies mortificatamortificatamortifiedmortificare · adjective, feminine, singularcomplement of tolsedallefrom theda il · prepositionpreposition marking bracciabracciaarmsbraccio · noun, feminine, pluraloblique complement of tolsedelof thedi il · prepositionpreposition marking vecchiovecchioold manvecchio · noun, masculine, singularmodifies bracciaeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationPreduPreduPredu · proper nounsubject of dissedissesaiddire · verb, past, indicative, third-person, singularcoordinated with tolseaccomodandosiadjustingaccomodarsi · verb, gerundadverbial clause on disselatheil · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of berrettaberrettacapberretta · noun, feminine, singulardirect object of accomodandosieande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsorridendosmilingsorridere · verb, gerundcoordinated with accomodandosi - 32
— Well!
BeneWellbene · adverbhead of the phrase One can't sing or eat, nor anything else….
Cantaresingcantare · verb, infinitivemain verb of the sentenceeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationmangiareeatmangiare · verb, infinitivecoordinated with Cantarenonnotnon · adverbmodifies puòsionesi · pronounexpletive with puòpuòcanpotere · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentence, governs Cantare/mangiarenènornè · conjunctionlinks the coordinationaltroanything elsealtro · pronoun, masculine, singularelliptical complement, parallel to Cantare/mangiareBut can one drink?
MaButma · conjunctionlinks the coordinationberedrinkbere · verb, infinitivemain verb of the sentencesìyessì · adverbmodifies bere- 33
— Everything is allowed, because God is great, — murmured the blind man, seated beside the fiancé.
Siissi · pronoun, impersonal/passiveimpersonal marker with puòpuòallowedpotere · verb, modal, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentence (impersonal si)tuttoeverythingtutto · pronoun, masculine, singulardirect object of puòperchèbecauseperché · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the causal clause (Dio è grande)older spelling of perché.
DioGodDio · proper nounsubject of èèisessere · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularcopula linking to grandegrandegreatgrande · adjective, singularpredicate adjective of èmormoròmurmuredmormorare · verb, past, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceiltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of ciecociecoblind mancieco · noun, masculine, singularsubject of mormoròsedutoseatedsedere · verb, past, participle, masculine, singularmodifies ciecoaccantobesideaccanto · adverbpreposition marking fidanzatoalthea il · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of fidanzatofidanzatofiancéfidanzato · noun, masculine, singularobject of accanto al — Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace to men of good will.
GloriaGlorygloria · noun, feminine, singularhead of the phraseatoa · prepositionpreposition marking DioDioGodDio · proper nounobject of preposition aininin · prepositionpreposition marking cielocieloheavencielo · noun, masculine, singularmodifies Gloria a Dioeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationpacepeacepace · noun, feminine, singularcoordinated with Gloriainonin · prepositionpreposition marking terraterraearthterra · noun, feminine, singularmodifies paceaglitoa il · prepositionpreposition marking uominiuominimenuomo · noun, masculine, pluralmodifies pacediofdi · prepositionpreposition marking volontàbuonagoodbuono · adjective, feminine, singularmodifies volontàvolontàwillvolontà · noun, femininemodifies uomini- 34
And they drank, and how!
EAnde · conjunctionlinks the coordinationbevetterodrankbere · verb, past, indicative, third-person, pluralmain verb of the sentenceeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationcomehowcome · adverbexclamatory adverb intensifying bevettero Only Pietro barely wet his lips on the rim of the glass.
SoloOnlysolo · adverbmodifies PietroPietroPietroPietro · proper nounsubject of bagnavabagnavawetbagnare · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceappenabarelyappena · adverbmodifies bagnavaletheil · determiner, feminine, pluraldeterminer of labbralabbralipslabbro · noun, feminine, pluraldirect object of bagnavasull’onsu il · prepositionpreposition marking orloorlorimorlo · noun, masculine, singularoblique complement of bagnavadelof thedi il · prepositionpreposition marking bicchierebicchiereglassbicchiere · noun, masculine, singularmodifies orloOutside the bells were ringing; shouts and songs could be heard drifting on the wind.
FuoriOutsidefuori · adverbmodifies suonavanoletheil · determiner, feminine, pluraldeterminer of campanecampanebellscampana · noun, feminine, pluralsubject of suonavanosuonavanowere ringingsuonare · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, pluralmain verb of the sentences’weresi · pronoun, impersonal/passivepassive marker with udivanoudivanoheardudire · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, pluralmain verb of the sentencegridashoutsgrido · noun, feminine, pluralsubject of udivanogrida is the irregular feminine plural of the masculine noun il grido.
eande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationcanzonisongscanzone · noun, feminine, pluralcoordinated with gridaerraredriftingerrare · verb, infinitivecomplement of udivanocolwith thecon il · prepositionpreposition marking ventoventowindvento · noun, masculine, singularoblique complement of errareToward eleven everyone rose to go to midnight Mass; in the house there remained only the very old grandmother, who in her youth had heard it said that the dead return on Christmas night to visit the houses of their kin.
VersoTowardverso · prepositionpreposition marking undiciletheil · determiner, feminine, pluraldeterminer of undiciundicielevenundici · numeralobject of Verso, time expression on alzaronotuttieveryonetutto · pronoun, masculine, pluralsubject of alzaronosithemselvessi · pronoun, reflexivereflexive pronoun of alzaronoalzaronorosealzare · verb, past, indicative, third-person, pluralmain verb of the sentencepertoper · prepositionintroduces the purpose clause of recarsirecarsigorecarsi · verb, infinitive, reflexivepurpose clause on alzaronoallato thea il · prepositionpreposition marking messamessaMassmessa · noun, feminine, singularoblique complement of recarsidiofdi · prepositionpreposition marking mezzanottemezzanottemidnightmezzanotte · noun, feminine, singularmodifies messaininin · prepositionpreposition marking casacasahousecasa · noun, feminine, singularoblique complement of rimaserimaseremainedrimanere · verb, past, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentencesoloonlysolo · adverbmodifies avalatheil · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of avavecchissimavery oldvecchio · adjective, feminine, singular, superlative absolutemodifies avaavagrandmotherava · noun, feminine, singularsubject of rimaseava is an old, literary word for grandmother (nonna).
latheil · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of qualequalewhoquale · pronoun, singularsubject of uditoininin · prepositionpreposition marking gioventùgioventùyouthgioventù · noun, feminine, singularoblique complement of aveva uditoavevahadavere · auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singularauxiliary of uditouditoheardudire · verb, past, participle, masculine, singularrelative clause on avadiresaydire · verb, infinitiveclausal complement of uditochethatche · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of tornanoitheil · determiner, masculine, pluraldeterminer of mortimortideadmorto · noun, masculine, pluralsubject of tornanotornanoreturntornare · verb, present, indicative, third-person, pluralclausal complement of direlatheil · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of nottenottenightnotte · noun, feminine, singulartime expression modifying tornanodiofdi · prepositionpreposition marking NataleNataleChristmasNatale · proper nounmodifies notteatoa · prepositionintroduces the purpose clause of visitarevisitarevisitvisitare · verb, infinitivecomplement of tornanoletheil · determiner, feminine, pluraldeterminer of casecasehousescasa · noun, feminine, pluraldirect object of visitaredeiof thedi il · prepositionpreposition marking parentiparentirelativesparente · noun, pluralmodifies caseSo she practiced an old rite: she prepared a plate of food and a jug of wine for the dead.
EllaSheella · pronoun, feminine, singularsubject of praticavaquindisoquindi · adverbmodifies praticavapraticavapracticedpraticare · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceunanuno · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of ritoanticooldantico · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies ritoritoriterito · noun, masculine, singulardirect object of praticavapreparavapreparedpreparare · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceunauno · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of piattopiattoplatepiatto · noun, masculine, singulardirect object of preparavadiofdi · prepositionpreposition marking vivandevivandefoodvivanda · noun, feminine, pluralmodifies piattoedande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationunauno · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of boccaleboccalejugboccale · noun, masculine, singularcoordinated with piattodiofdi · prepositionpreposition marking vinovinowinevino · noun, masculine, singularmodifies boccalepeifor theper i · prepositionpreposition marking mortipei = per i (archaic/literary contraction).
mortideadmorto · noun, masculine, pluraloblique complement of preparavaThat night too, as soon as she was alone she rose, took the wine and the food, and set them on an outside stairway that climbed from the courtyard to the upper rooms of the house.
Anchetooanche · adverbmodifies nottequellathatquello · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of nottenottenightnotte · noun, feminine, singulartime expression modifying alzòappenaas soon asappena · adverbintroduces the temporal clause of fufuwasessere · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, third-person, singularcopula linking to solasolaalonesolo · adjective, feminine, singularpredicate of fu, clause modifies alzòsiherselfsi · pronoun, reflexivereflexive pronoun of alzòalzòrosealzare · verb, past, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentencepresetookprendere · verb, past, indicative, third-person, singularcoordinated with alzòiltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of vinovinowinevino · noun, masculine, singulardirect object of preseeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationletheil · determiner, feminine, pluraldeterminer of vivandevivandefoodvivanda · noun, feminine, pluralcoordinated with vinoeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationlethemlo · pronoun, feminine, plural, cliticdirect object of deposedeposesetdeporre · verb, past, indicative, third-person, singularcoordinated with preseinonin · prepositionpreposition marking scalettaunaauno · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of scalettascalettastairwayscaletta · noun, feminine, singularoblique complement of deposeesternaoutsideesterno · adjective, feminine, singularmodifies scalettachethatche · pronounsubject of salivasalivaclimbedsalire · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singularrelative clause on scalettadalfrom theda il · prepositionpreposition marking cortilecortilecourtyardcortile · noun, masculine, singularoblique complement of salivaalleto thea il · prepositionpreposition marking stanzestanzeroomsstanza · noun, feminine, pluraloblique complement of salivasuperioriuppersuperiore · adjective, pluralmodifies stanzedellaof thedi il · prepositionpreposition marking casacasahousecasa · noun, feminine, singularmodifies stanze- 35
A poor neighbor, who knew the old woman's belief and her rite, jumped over the boundary wall and emptied the food and the wine.
UnAuno · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of vicinovicinoneighborvicino · noun, masculine, singularsubject of saltòpoveropoorpovero · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies vicinochewhoche · pronounsubject of conoscevaconoscevaknewconoscere · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singularrelative clause on vicinolatheil · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of credenzacredenzabeliefcredenza · noun, feminine, singulardirect object of conoscevaeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationiltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of ritoritoriterito · noun, masculine, singularcoordinated with credenzadellaof thedi il · prepositionpreposition marking vecchiavecchiaold womanvecchia · noun, feminine, singularmodifies ritosaltòjumpedsaltare · verb, past, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceiltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of muromurowallmuro · noun, masculine, singulardirect object of saltòdiofdi · prepositionpreposition marking cintacintaboundarycinta · noun, feminine, singularmodifies muroeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationvuotòemptiedvuotare · verb, past, indicative, third-person, singularcoordinated with saltòletheil · determiner, feminine, pluraldeterminer of vivandevivandefoodvivanda · noun, feminine, pluraldirect object of vuotòedande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationiltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of vinovinowinevino · noun, masculine, singularcoordinated with vivande - 36
As soon as they returned from Mass, young and old cheerfully sat down to supper.
AppenaAs soon asappena · adverbmodifies ritornatiritornatireturnedritornare · verb, past, participle, masculine, pluraladverbial clause on miserodallafromda il · prepositionpreposition marking messamessaMassmessa · noun, feminine, singularoblique complement of ritornatigiovaniyounggiovane · noun, pluralsubject of miseroeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationvecchioldvecchio · adjective, masculine, pluralcoordinated with giovanisithemselvessi · pronoun, reflexivereflexive pronoun of miseromiserosat downmettere · verb, past, indicative, third-person, pluralmain verb of the sentencemettersi a + infinitive means to set about/start doing something; rendered idiomatically as sat down to.
allegramentecheerfullyallegramente · adverbmodifies miseroatoa · prepositionintroduces the clause of cenarecenarehave suppercenare · verb, infinitivecomplement of misero Long sacks of woolen cloth were spread out on the ground, and on these the linen cloths spun at home: inside large yellow and red earthenware bowls steamed the macaroni made by the women, and on wooden trenchers the perfectly roasted suckling pig was skillfully carved by Pietro.
Furonowereessere · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, third-person, pluralpassive auxiliary of spiegatispiegatispread outspiegare · verb, past, participle, masculine, pluralmain verb of the sentenceperonper · prepositionpreposition marking terraterragroundterra · noun, feminine, singularoblique complement of spiegatilunghilonglungo · adjective, masculine, pluralmodifies sacchisacchisackssacco · noun, masculine, pluralsubject of passive spiegatidiofdi · prepositionpreposition marking pannilanopannilanowoolen clothpannilano · noun, masculine, singularmodifies sacchieande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsuonsu · prepositionpreposition marking questiquestithesequesto · pronoun, masculine, pluraldepends on tovaglieletheil · determiner, feminine, pluraldeterminer of tovaglietovaglieclothstovaglia · noun, feminine, pluralsubject of an elided spiegate, parallel to sacchidiofdi · prepositionpreposition marking linolinolinenlino · noun, masculine, singularmodifies tovagliefilatespunfilare · verb, past, participle, feminine, pluralclause modifying tovaglieinatin · prepositionpreposition marking casacasahomecasa · noun, feminine, singularoblique complement of filateentroinsideentro · prepositionpreposition marking recipientigrandilargegrande · adjective, pluralmodifies recipientirecipientibowlsrecipiente · noun, masculine, pluraloblique complement of fumaronodiofdi · prepositionpreposition marking cretacretaearthenwarecreta · noun, feminine, singularmodifies recipientigiallayellowgiallo · adjective, feminine, singularmodifies cretaeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationrossaredrosso · adjective, feminine, singularcoordinated with giallafumaronosteamedfumare · verb, past, indicative, third-person, pluralmain verb of the sentenceitheil · determiner, masculine, pluraldeterminer of maccheronimaccheronimacaronimaccherone · noun, masculine, pluralsubject of fumaronofattimadefare · verb, past, participle, masculine, pluralclause modifying maccheronidalleby theda il · prepositionpreposition marking donnedonnewomendonna · noun, feminine, pluralagent of fattieande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationneion thein il · prepositionpreposition marking taglieritaglieritrencherstagliere · noun, masculine, pluraloblique complement of tagliatodiofdi · prepositionpreposition marking legnolegnowoodlegno · noun, masculine, singularmodifies taglierifuwasessere · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, third-person, singularpassive auxiliary of tagliatoabilmenteskillfullyabilmente · adverbmodifies tagliatotagliatocarvedtagliare · verb, past, participle, masculine, singularmain verb of the clause, passive with fudabyda · prepositionpreposition marking PietroPietroPietroPietro · proper nounagent of tagliatoiltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of porchettoporchettosuckling pigporchetto · noun, masculine, singularsubject of passive tagliatoarrostitoroastedarrostire · verb, past, participle, masculine, singularclause modifying porchettoatoa · prepositionpreposition marking puntinopuntinoa turnpuntino · noun, masculine, singularoblique complement of arrostitoIdiom 'a puntino' = 'perfectly, just right' (as of cooking).
- 37
Everyone ate seated on the ground, on mats and sacks; a powerful flame crackled on the hearth, casting reddish glimmers over the figures of the guests; it looked like a scene out of Homer.
TuttiEveryonetutto · pronoun, masculine, pluralsubject of mangiavanomangiavanoatemangiare · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, pluralmain verb of the sentencesedutiseatedsedere · verb, past, participle, masculine, pluralclause modifying mangiavanoperonper · prepositionpreposition marking terraterragroundterra · noun, feminine, singularoblique complement of sedutisuonsu · prepositionpreposition marking stuoiestuoiematsstuoia · noun, feminine, pluraloblique complement of sedutieande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsacchisackssacco · noun, masculine, pluralcoordinated with stuoieunaauno · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of fiammafiammaflamefiamma · noun, feminine, singularsubject of cigolavapotentepowerfulpotente · adjective, singularmodifies fiammacigolavacrackledcigolare · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentencesulon thesu il · prepositionpreposition marking focolarefocolarehearthfocolare · noun, masculine, singularoblique complement of cigolavaspandendocastingspandere · verb, gerundcoordinated with cigolavachiaroriglimmerschiarore · noun, masculine, pluraldirect object of spandendorossastrireddishrossastro · adjective, masculine, pluralmodifies chiarorisulleover thesu il · prepositionpreposition marking figurefigurefiguresfigura · noun, feminine, pluraloblique complement of spandendodegliof thedi il · prepositionpreposition marking invitatiinvitatiguestsinvitato · noun, masculine, pluralmodifies figuresembravalooked likesembrare · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceunauno · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of quadroquadroscenequadro · noun, masculine, singulardirect object of sembravaomericoHomericomerico · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies quadro And how much they drank!
EAnde · conjunctionlinks the coordinationquantohow muchquanto · adverbmodifies bevettesitheysi · pronounimpersonal/passive particle of bevettebevettedrankbere · verb, past, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentence- 38
After supper the women, by the master's strict will, had to withdraw; the men sat or lay down around the hearth and began to sing.
DopoAfterdopo · prepositionpreposition marking cenacenasuppercena · noun, feminine, singularmodifies donneletheil · determiner, feminine, pluraldeterminer of donnedonnewomendonna · noun, feminine, pluralsubject of ritirarsiperbyper · prepositionpreposition marking volereiltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of volererigidostrictrigido · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies volerevolerewillvolere · noun (nominalized infinitive), masculine, singularobject of per, modifies dovettero ritirarsidelof thedi il · prepositionpreposition marking padronepadronemasterpadrone · noun, masculine, singularmodifies voleredovetterohad todovere · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, third-person, pluralauxiliary of ritirarsiritirarsiwithdrawritirarsi · verb, infinitive, reflexivemain verb of the sentenceglitheil · determiner, masculine, pluraldeterminer of uominiuominimenuomo · noun, masculine, pluralsubject of sedetterosedetterosatsedere · verb, past, indicative, third-person, pluralmain verb of the sentenceooro · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsithemselvessi · pronounreflexive particle of sdraiaronosdraiaronolay downsdraiarsi · verb, past, indicative, third-person, pluralcoordinated with sedetteroattornoaroundattorno · adverbpreposition marking focolarealthea il · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of focolarefocolarehearthfocolare · noun, masculine, singularoblique complement of sdraiaronoeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationcominciaronobegancominciare · verb, past, indicative, third-person, pluralcoordinated with sedetteroatoa · prepositionintroduces the clause of cantarecantaresingcantare · verb, infinitivecomplement of cominciarono They were all flushed to their ears, their eyes languid yet bright.
Eranowereessere · auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, pluralcopula linking to rossituttialltutto · pronoun, masculine, pluralsubject of rossirossiflushedrosso · adjective, masculine, pluralhead of the phrasefinevenfino · adverbpreposition marking orecchiesulleto thesu il · prepositionpreposition marking orecchieorecchieearsorecchia · noun, feminine, pluraloblique complement of rossiconwithcon · prepositionpreposition marking occhiglitheil · determiner, masculine, pluraldeterminer of occhiocchieyesocchio · noun, masculine, pluraloblique complement of rossilanguidilanguidlanguido · adjective, masculine, pluralmodifies occhieppuryeteppur · adverbmodifies lucentilucentibrightlucente · adjective, pluralmodifies occhiThe old farmer opened the contest.
IlTheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of contadinovecchiooldvecchio · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies contadinocontadinofarmercontadino · noun, masculine, singularsubject of cominciòcominciòopenedcominciare · verb, past, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentencelatheil · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of garagaracontestgara · noun, feminine, singulardirect object of cominciò- 39
— So then, — sang the old man, — what do you say, my son-in-law: is it better to be reduced to seven ounces of contemptible dust, or to find our body intact on the day of the Last Judgment? and so on, and so on.
DunqueSo thendunque · adverbmodifies cantavacantavasangcantare · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceiltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of vecchiovecchioold manvecchio · noun, masculine, singularsubject of cantavacosawhatcosa · noun, feminine, singularsubject of dicidicido you saydire · verb, present, indicative, second-person, singularverb of the quoted question, addressed to generogeneroson-in-lawgenero · noun, masculine, singularvocative addressee of dicimiomymio · determiner, masculine, singularmodifies generoèisessere · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularcopula linking to megliomegliobettermeglio · adverbhead of the phraseesserto beessere · auxiliary verb, infinitiveauxiliary of ridottiridottireducedridurre · verb, past, participle, masculine, pluraldepends on meglioatoa · prepositionpreposition marking onciesettesevensette · numeralquantifies oncieoncieouncesoncia · noun, feminine, pluraloblique complement of ridottidiofdi · prepositionpreposition marking polverepolveredustpolvere · noun, feminine, singularmodifies onciespregevolecontemptiblespregevole · adjective, singularmodifies polvereooro · conjunctionlinks the coordinationritrovarefindritrovare · verb, infinitivecoordinated with ridottiintattointactintatto · adjective, masculine, singularcomplement of ritrovareiltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of corponostroournostro · determiner, masculine, singulardepends on corpocorpobodycorpo · noun, masculine, singulardirect object of ritrovarenelon thein il · prepositionpreposition marking giornogiornodaygiorno · noun, masculine, singularoblique complement of ritrovaredelof thedi il · prepositionpreposition marking giudiziogiudizioJudgmentgiudizio · noun, masculine, singularmodifies giornouniversaleuniversaluniversale · adjective, singularmodifies giudizio'giudizio universale' is the set Italian phrase for 'Last Judgment,' literally 'universal judgment.'
ecc.and so oneccetera · abbreviationtrailing et-cetera markerecc.and so oneccetera · abbreviationrepeated, coordinated with the previous ecc. - 40
Pietro adjusted his cap and answered.
PietroPietroPietro · proper nounsubject of accomodòs’hissi · pronounreflexive dative particle of accomodòaccomodòadjustedaccomodare · verb, past, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentencelatheil · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of berrettaberrettacapberretta · noun, feminine, singulardirect object of accomodòeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationrisposeansweredrispondere · verb, past, indicative, third-person, singularcoordinated with accomodò - 41
— The subject is funereal — he sang, — let's think of other things: let's sing of love, of pleasure, sas Venus hermosas (the beautiful Venuses)…. cheerful and graceful things, in short.
L’Theil · determiner, singulardeterminer of argomentoargomentosubjectargomento · noun, masculine, singularsubject of funebreèisessere · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularcopula linking to funebrefunebrefunerealfunebre · adjective, singularhead of the phrasecantòhe sangcantare · verb, past, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the narrator's frame clause (he sang)pensiamolet's thinkpensare · verb, present, indicative, first-person, pluralmain verb of hortative clauseadofa · prepositionpreposition marking cosealtreotheraltro · determiner, feminine, pluraldeterminer of cosecosethingscosa · noun, feminine, pluraloblique complement of pensiamocantiamolet's singcantare · verb, present, indicative, first-person, pluralmain verb of the sentencel’theil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of amoreamoreloveamore · noun, masculine, singulardirect object of cantiamoiltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of piacerepiacerepleasurepiacere · noun, masculine, singularcoordinated with amoresasthesas · article (Sardinian), feminine, pluralforeign determiner of Venus, coordinated with amore/piacere as object of cantiamoSardinian (Logudorese) 'sas' = 'the'; the phrase 'sas Venus hermosas' is glossed by the author right after in Italian, 'le Veneri belle.'
VenusVenusesVenus · noun (Sardinian/Latin), pluralhead noun of the foreign phrase, coordinated with amore/piacerehermosasbeautifulhermosas · adjective (Sardinian/Spanish), feminine, pluralmodifies Venusletheil · determiner, feminine, pluraldeterminer of VeneriVeneriVenusesVenere · noun, feminine, pluralappositive Italian gloss of sas Venus hermosasbellebeautifulbello · adjective, feminine, pluralmodifies Veneriinfinein shortinfine · adverbmodifies cosecosethingscosa · noun, feminine, pluralhead of the phraselietecheerfullieto · adjective, feminine, pluralmodifies coseeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationgraziosegracefulgrazioso · adjective, feminine, pluralcoordinated with liete - 42
Everyone, except the farmer, applauded the pagan stanza; but the old poet grew irritated and said, in verse, that his opponent did not wish to answer, because he did not feel capable of dealing with so lofty a subject.
TuttiEveryonetutto · pronoun, masculine, pluralsubject of applaudironotranneexcepttranne · prepositionpreposition marking contadinoiltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of contadinocontadinofarmercontadino · noun, masculine, singularoblique complement of applaudironoapplaudironoapplaudedapplaudire · verb, past, indicative, third-person, pluralmain verb of the sentencelatheil · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of strofastrofastanzastrofa · noun, feminine, singulardirect object of applaudironopaganapaganpagano · adjective, feminine, singularmodifies strofamabutma · conjunctionlinks the coordinationiltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of poetavecchiooldvecchio · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies poetapoetapoetpoeta · noun, masculine, singularsubject of stizzìsihimselfsi · pronounexpletive with stizzìstizzìgrew irritatedstizzirsi · verb, past, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdissesaiddire · verb, past, indicative, third-person, singularcoordinated with stizzìininin · prepositionpreposition marking versiversiverseverso · noun, masculine, pluraloblique complement of dissechethatche · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of rispondereiltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of contradditoresuohissuo · determiner, masculine, singulardepends on contradditorecontradditoreopponentcontradditore · noun, masculine, singularsubject of risponderenonnotnon · adverbmodifies volevavolevawishedvolere · auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singularauxiliary of rispondererispondereto answerrispondere · verb, infinitiveclausal complement of disseperchèbecauseperché · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of sentivanonnotnon · adverbmodifies sentivasihimselfsi · pronoundepends on sentivasentivafeltsentire · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singularadverbial clause on risponderecapacecapablecapace · adjective, singularcomplement of sentivadiofdi · prepositionintroduces the clause of trattaretrattaredealing withtrattare · verb, infinitiveadverbial clause on capacel’theil · determiner, singulardeterminer of argomentoaltissimovery loftyalto · adjective, masculine, singular, absmodifies argomentoargomentosubjectargomento · noun, masculine, singulardirect object of trattare - 43
Then Predu once more adjusted his cap and answered, still in Sardinian verse:
AlloraThenallora · adverbmodifies tornòPreduPreduPredu · proper nounsubject of tornòtornòwent back totornare · verb, past, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentencetornare a + infinitive = to do (something) again.
adtoa · prepositionintroduces the clause of accomodarsiaccomodarsiadjustingaccomodare si · verb, infinitivecomplement of tornòlahisil · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of berrettaberrettacapberretta · noun, feminine, singulardirect object of accomodarsieande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationrisposeansweredrispondere · verb, past, indicative, third-person, singularcoordinated with tornòsemprestillsempre · adverbmodifies versiininin · prepositionpreposition marking versiversiverseverso · noun, masculine, pluraloblique complement of risposesardiSardiniansardo · adjective, masculine, pluralmodifies versi - 44
“Well then, since you wish it, I'll answer you; I don't like the subject because it's sad, I would rather not think of death, precisely on this night of joy and life, but since you desire it, I tell you: it matters nothing at all to me whether our body remains intact or dissolves.
EbbeneWell thenebbene · interjectiondiscourse markergiacchèsincegiacché · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of voletevoleteyou wishvolere · verb, present, indicative, second-person, pluraladverbial clause on rispondoviyouvi · pronoun, pluralindirect object of rispondorispondoI'll answerrispondere · verb, present, indicative, first-person, singularmain verb of the sentencel’theil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of argomentoargomentosubjectargomento · noun, masculine, singularsubject of piacenonnotnon · adverbmodifies piacemito memi · pronoun, singularindirect object of piacepiaceis pleasingpiacere · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceperchèbecauseperché · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of tristeèisessere · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularcopula linking to tristetristesadtriste · adjective, singularpredicate complement of ènonnotnon · adverbmodifies vorreivorreiwould rathervolere · auxiliary verb, present, conditional, first-person, singularauxiliary of pensarepensarethinkpensare · verb, infinitiveinfinitive complement of vorreiallaofa il · prepositionpreposition marking mortemortedeathmorte · noun, feminine, singularoblique complement of pensaregiustopreciselygiusto · adverbmodifies notteinonin · prepositionpreposition marking nottequestathisquesto · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of nottenottenightnotte · noun, feminine, singulartemporal complement of vorreidiofdi · prepositionpreposition marking gioiagioiajoygioia · noun, feminine, singularmodifies notteeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdiofdi · prepositionpreposition marking vitavitalifevita · noun, feminine, singularcoordinated with gioiamabutma · conjunctionlinks the coordinationgiacchèsincegiacché · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of desiderateloitlo · pronoun, masculine, singulardirect object of desideratedesiderateyou desiredesiderare · verb, present, indicative, second-person, pluraladverbial clause on dicoviyouvi · pronoun, pluralindirect object of dicodicoI telldire · verb, present, indicative, first-person, singularmain verb of the sentencenonnotnon · adverbmodifies importam’to memi · pronoun, singularindirect object of importaimportamattersimportare · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceproprioat allproprio · adverbmodifies importanientenothingniente · pronoun, singulardirect object of importachethatche · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of restiiltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of corponostroournostro · determiner, masculine, singulardepends on corpocorpobodycorpo · noun, masculine, singularsubject of restirestiremainsrestare · verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singularclause complement of niente, introduced by cheintattointactintatto · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies restiooro · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsi(particle)si · pronounreflexive particle of dissolvadissolvadissolvesdissolversi · verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singularcoordinated with resti What are we, once dead?
CheWhatche · pronoun, interrogativepredicate complement of siamosiamoareessere · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, pluralcopula linking to Chenoiwenoi · pronoun, pluralsubject of siamodopoafterdopo · prepositionpreposition marking mortimortideadmorto · noun, masculine, pluralcomplement of dopoNothing.
NienteNothingniente · pronoun, singularhead of the phraseWhat matters is that the body be healthy and vigorous during life, in order to work and enjoy…. nothing else!”
Importamattersimportare · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentencechethatche · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of siailtheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of corpocorpobodycorpo · noun, masculine, singularsubject of siasiabeessere · auxiliary verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singularcopula linking to sanosanohealthysano · adjective, masculine, singularpredicate complement of siaeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationvigorosovigorousvigoroso · adjective, masculine, singularcoordinated with sanoduranteduringdurante · prepositionpreposition marking vitalatheil · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of vitavitalifevita · noun, feminine, singularoblique complement of siaperin order toper · prepositionintroduces the clause of lavorarelavorareworklavorare · verb, infinitivepurpose clause modifying siaeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationgodereenjoygodere · verb, infinitivecoordinated with lavorarenull’nothingnulla · pronoun, singularhead of the phrasealtroelsealtro · pronoun, masculine, singularmodifies null’- 45
The farmer replied.
IlTheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of contadinocontadinofarmercontadino · noun, masculine, singularsubject of replicòreplicòrepliedreplicare · verb, past, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentence Pietro kept striking the same note of the pleasures and joys of life: the two old brothers applauded him; even the blind man gave signs of approval.
PietroPietroPietro · proper nounsubject of ribattevaribattevakept strikingribattere · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentencesemprealwayssempre · adverbmodifies ribattevailtheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of tastotastonotetasto · noun, masculine, singulardirect object of ribattevadeiof thedi il · prepositionpreposition marking piaceripiaceripleasurespiacere · noun, masculine, pluralmodifies tastoeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdelleof thedi il · prepositionpreposition marking gioiegioiejoysgioia · noun, feminine, pluralcoordinated with piaceridellaofdi il · prepositionpreposition marking vitavitalifevita · noun, feminine, singularmodifies gioieitheil · determiner, masculine, pluraldeterminer of fratelliduetwodue · numeralquantifies fratellivecchioldvecchio · adjective, masculine, pluralmodifies fratellifratellibrothersfratello · noun, masculine, pluralsubject of applaudivanol’himlo · pronoun, singulardirect object of applaudivanoapplaudivanoapplaudedapplaudire · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, pluralmain verb of the sentenceancheevenanche · adverbmodifies ciecoiltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of ciecociecoblind mancieco · noun, masculine, singularsubject of davadavagavedare · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentencesegnisignssegno · noun, masculine, pluraldirect object of davad’ofdi · prepositionpreposition marking approvazioneapprovazioneapprovalapprovazione · noun, feminine, singularmodifies segniThe farmer pretended to grow angry, but deep down he was pleased that his son-in-law was proving himself a good poet.
IlTheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of contadinocontadinofarmercontadino · noun, masculine, singularsubject of fingevafingevapretendedfingere · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceditodi · prepositionintroduces the clause of arrabbiarsiarrabbiarsigrow angryarrabbiarsi · verb, infinitivecomplement of fingevamabutma · conjunctionlinks the coordinationindeepin · prepositionpreposition marking fondofondodownfondo · noun, masculine, singularoblique complement of contento"in fondo" is an idiom meaning "deep down / at bottom".
erawasessere · auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singularcopula linking to contentocontentopleasedcontento · adjective, masculine, singularcoordinated with fingevachethatche · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of rivelassesuohissuo · determiner, masculine, singulardepends on generogeneroson-in-lawgenero · noun, masculine, singularsubject of rivelassesi(particle)si · pronounreflexive particle of rivelasserivelassewas provingrivelarsi · verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singularclausal complement of contentounauno · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of poetabuongoodbuono · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies poetapoetapoetpoeta · noun, masculine, singularcomplement of rivelasseAh, he would carry on the family's traditional glory!
EhAheh · interjectiondiscourse markeravrebbewouldavere · auxiliary verb, present, conditional, third-person, singularauxiliary of continuatocontinuatocarry oncontinuare · verb, past, participle, masculine, singularmain verb of the sentencelatheil · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of gloriagloriaglorygloria · noun, feminine, singulardirect object of continuatotradizionaletraditionaltradizionale · adjective, singularmodifies gloriadellaof thedi il · prepositionpreposition marking famigliafamigliafamilyfamiglia · noun, feminine, singularmodifies gloria- 46
But while he tried to demonstrate the vanity of the body's pleasures, uncle Diddinu kept drinking and urging others to drink.
MaButma · conjunctionlinks the coordinationmentrewhilementre · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of cercavacercavahe triedcercare · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singularadverbial clause on bevevaditodi · prepositionintroduces the clause of dimostraredimostraredemonstratedimostrare · verb, infinitivecomplement of cercavalatheil · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of vanitàvanitàvanityvanità · noun, femininedirect object of dimostraredeiof thedi il · prepositionpreposition marking piaceripiaceripleasurespiacere · noun, masculine, pluralmodifies vanitàdelof thedi il · prepositionpreposition marking corpocorpobodycorpo · noun, masculine, singularmodifies piaceriziounclezio · noun, masculine, singularmodifies DiddinuDiddinuDiddinuDiddinu · proper nounsubject of bevevabevevakept drinkingbere · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceedande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationincitavaurged othersincitare · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singularcoordinated with bevevaatoa · prepositionintroduces the clause of bereberedrinkbere · verb, infinitivecomplement of incitava Toward three in the morning everyone was drunk; only the blind man, a formidable drinker, and Pietro, who had drunk little, kept their clarity of mind.
VersoTowardverso · prepositionpreposition marking treletheil · determiner, feminine, pluraldeterminer of tretrethreetre · numeralquantifies mezzanottedopoafterdopo · prepositionpreposition marking mezzanottemezzanottemidnightmezzanotte · noun, feminine, singularoblique complement of ubbriachituttieveryonetutto · pronoun, masculine, pluralsubject of ubbriachieranowereessere · auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, pluralcopula linking to ubbriachiubbriachidrunkubriaco · adjective, masculine, pluralhead of the phraseOlder doubled-consonant spelling of "ubriaco".
soloonlysolo · adverbmodifies ciecoiltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of ciecociecoblind mancieco · noun, masculine, singularsubject of conservavanoformidabileformidableformidabile · adjective, singularmodifies bevitorebevitoredrinkerbevitore · noun, masculine, singularcoordinated with ciecoeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationPietroPietroPietro · proper nouncoordinated with ciecochewhoche · pronounsubject of avevaavevahadavere · auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singularauxiliary of bevutobevutodrunkbere · verb, past, participle, masculine, singularrelative clause on Pietropocolittlepoco · adverbmodifies bevutoconservavanokeptconservare · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, pluralmain verb of the sentencelatheil · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of luciditàlorotheirloro · determinerdepends on luciditàluciditàclaritylucidità · noun, femininedirect object of conservavanodiofdi · prepositionpreposition marking mentementemindmente · noun, feminine, singularmodifies lucidità- 47
Pietro, though, had grown drunk on his own singing, and as the hour wore on, he trembled with joy remembering a promise from Maria Franzisca.
PietroPietroPietro · proper nounsubject of inebbriatoperòthoughperò · adverbmodifies inebbriatos’(particle)si · pronounreflexive particle of inebbriatoerahadessere · auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singularauxiliary of inebbriatoinebbriatogrown drunkinebbriarsi · verb, past, participle, masculine, singularmain verb of the sentencedelondi il · prepositionpreposition marking cantosuohissuo · determiner, masculine, singulardepends on cantocantosingingcanto · noun, masculine, singularoblique complement of inebbriatoedande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationaasa · prepositionforms idiom "a misura che" with misuramisurameasuremisura · noun, feminine, singularforms idiom with a, introduces the clause of passava"a misura che" = "as / in proportion as".
chethatche · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of passaval’theil · determiner, singulardeterminer of oraorahourora · noun, feminine, singularsubject of passavapassavawore onpassare · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singulartemporal clause modifying fremevafremevatrembledfremere · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb, coordinated with inebbriatodiwithdi · prepositionpreposition marking gioiagioiajoygioia · noun, feminine, singularoblique complement of fremevaricordandorememberingricordare · verb, gerundadverbial clause on fremevaunaauno · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of promessapromessapromisepromessa · noun, feminine, singulardirect object of ricordandodifromdi · prepositionpreposition marking MariaMariaMariaMaria · proper nounmodifies promessaFranziscaFranziscaFranzisca · proper noundepends on Maria Little by little the singers' voices grew faint; the old man began to slur his words; the young man pretended to be overcome with sleep.
Abya · prepositionpreposition marking poco (idiom a poco a poco)pocolittlepoco · adverbfirst poco of the idiom a poco a poco, modifies affievolìabya · prepositionpreposition marking poco (idiom a poco a poco)pocolittlepoco · adverbsecond poco of the idiom a poco a poco, modifies affievolìlatheil · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of vocevocevoicevoce · noun, feminine, singularsubject of affievolìdeiof thedi il · prepositionpreposition marking cantoricantorisingerscantore · noun, masculine, pluralmodifies vocesiitselfsi · pronounreflexive marker with affievolìAffievolirsi is an inherently reflexive verb (to grow faint); si has no separate literal meaning here.
affievolìgrew faintaffievolire · verb, past, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceiltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of vecchiovecchioold manvecchio · noun, masculine, singularsubject of cominciòcominciòbegancominciare · verb, past, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceatoa · prepositionintroduces the clause of balbettarebalbettareslur his wordsbalbettare · verb, infinitivecomplement of cominciòiltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of giovanegiovaneyoung mangiovane · noun, masculine, singularsubject of finsefinsepretendedfingere · verb, past, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceditodi · prepositionintroduces the clause of caderecaderebe overcomecadere · verb, infinitivecomplement of finseCadere dal sonno is idiomatic for being overwhelmed by sleepiness.
dalfromda il · prepositionpreposition marking sonnosonnosleepsonno · noun, masculine, singularoblique complement of cadereIn the end they all dropped off to sleep; only the blind man remained seated, gnawing at the rough knob of his stick.
Finironoended upfinire · verb, past, indicative, third-person, pluralmain verb of the sentencetuttialltutto · pronoun, masculine, pluralsubject of Finironocoll’bycon il · prepositionpreposition marking assopirsiassopirsidozing offassopirsi · verb, infinitiveobject of the preposition coll’soloonlysolo · adverbmodifies ciecoiltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of ciecociecoblind mancieco · noun, masculine, singularsubject of rimaserimaseremainedrimanere · verb, past, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentencesedutoseatedseduto · adjective, masculine, singularcomplement of rimaserosicchiandognawingrosicchiare · verb, gerundadverbial clause on rimaseiltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of pomorozzoroughrozzo · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies pomopomoknobpomo · noun, masculine, singulardirect object of rosicchiandodelof thedi il · prepositionpreposition marking bastonesuohissuo · determiner, masculine, singulardepends on bastonebastonestickbastone · noun, masculine, singularmodifies pomo- 48
Suddenly the rooster crowed in the courtyard.
Adata · prepositionpreposition marking tratto (idiom ad un tratto)unauno · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of trattotrattostroketratto · noun, masculine, singularoblique complement of cantò (idiom ad un tratto)Ad un tratto is a set phrase meaning 'suddenly'.
iltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of gallogalloroostergallo · noun, masculine, singularsubject of cantòcantòcrowedcantare · verb, past, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentencenelin thein il · prepositionpreposition marking cortilecortilecourtyardcortile · noun, masculine, singularoblique complement of cantò - 49
Pietro opened his eyes and looked at the blind man.
PietroPietroPietro · proper nounsubject of aprìaprìopenedaprire · verb, past, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceglihisil · determiner, masculine, pluraldeterminer of occhiocchieyesocchio · noun, masculine, pluraldirect object of aprìeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationguardòlooked atguardare · verb, past, indicative, third-person, singularcoordinated with aprìiltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of ciecociecoblind mancieco · noun, masculine, singulardirect object of guardò - 50
— He can't see me, — he thought, rising cautiously; — and he went out into the courtyard.
EgliHeegli · pronoun, masculine, singularsubject of vedenonnotnon · adverbmodifies vedemimemi · pronoun, singulardirect object of vedevedeseesvedere · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularverb of the quoted clause, reported by pensòpensòthoughtpensare · verb, past, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentencealzandosirisingalzarsi · verb, gerundgerund clause modifying pensòcautamentecautiouslycautamente · adverbmodifies alzandosiedande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationuscìwent outuscire · verb, past, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentencenelinto thein il · prepositionpreposition marking cortilecortilecourtyardcortile · noun, masculine, singularoblique complement of uscì - 51
Maria Franzisca, who was silently coming down the outside stairway, fell into his arms.
MariaMariaMaria · proper nounsubject of caddeFranziscaFranziscaFranzisca · proper noundepends on Mariachewhoche · pronounsubject of scendevascendevawas coming downscendere · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singularrelative clause on Mariasilenziosamentesilentlysilenziosamente · adverbmodifies scendevalatheil · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of scalettascalettastairwayscaletta · noun, feminine, singulardirect object of scendevaesternaoutsideesterno · adjective, feminine, singularmodifies scalettaglihimgli · pronoun, masculine, singularindirect object of caddecaddefellcadere · verb, past, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentencefraintofra · prepositionpreposition marking braccialetheil · determiner, feminine, pluraldeterminer of bracciabracciaarmsbraccio · noun, feminine, pluraloblique complement of cadde - 52
The blind man was perfectly aware that someone had gone outside, and thought it must be Pietro; but he did not stir; instead he murmured: — Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace to men of good will.
IlTheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of ciecociecoblind mancieco · noun, masculine, singularsubject of accorses’itselfsi · pronounreflexive marker with accorseAccorgersi is an inherently reflexive verb (to notice/realize); si has no separate literal meaning here.
accorsebecame awareaccorgersi · verb, past, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentencebenissimoperfectlybene · adverbmodifies accorsechethatche · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of uscitoqualcunosomeonequalcuno · pronoun, masculine, singularsubject of uscitoerahadessere · auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singularauxiliary of uscitouscitogone outuscire · verb, past, participle, masculine, singularclausal complement of accorsefuorioutsidefuori · adverbmodifies uscitoeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationpensòthoughtpensare · verb, past, indicative, third-person, singularcoordinated with accorsechethatche · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of Pietrofossewasessere · auxiliary verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singularcopula linking to PietroPietroPietroPietro · proper nounclausal complement of pensòmabutma · conjunctionlinks the coordinationnonnotnon · adverbmodifies mossesiitselfsi · pronounreflexive marker with mossemossestirredmuoversi · verb, past, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceanziinsteadanzi · adverbmodifies mormoròmormoròmurmuredmormorare · verb, past, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceGloriaGlorygloria · noun, feminine, singularhead of the phraseatoa · prepositionpreposition marking DioDioGodDio · proper nounmodifies Gloriaininin · prepositionpreposition marking cielocieloheavencielo · noun, masculine, singularmodifies GloriaCielo literally means heaven; rendered here with the traditional liturgical phrase 'in the highest' (Gloria in excelsis).
eande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationpacepeacepace · noun, feminine, singularcoordinated with Gloriainonin · prepositionpreposition marking terraterraearthterra · noun, feminine, singularmodifies paceaglito thea il · prepositionpreposition marking uominiuominimenuomo · noun, masculine, pluralmodifies pacediofdi · prepositionpreposition marking volontàbuonagoodbuono · adjective, feminine, singularmodifies volontàvolontàwillvolontà · noun, femininemodifies uomini - 53
Outside, the moon ran behind the diaphanous clouds, and in the silvery night the levante wind carried the smell of the sea and the warmth of the desert.
FuoriOutsidefuori · adverbmodifies correvalatheil · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of lunalunamoonluna · noun, feminine, singularsubject of correvacorrevarancorrere · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentencedietrobehinddietro · prepositionpreposition marking nuvoleletheil · determiner, feminine, pluraldeterminer of nuvolenuvolecloudsnuvola · noun, feminine, pluraloblique complement of correvadiafanediaphanousdiafano · adjective, feminine, pluralmodifies nuvoleeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationnellain thein il · prepositionpreposition marking nottenottenightnotte · noun, feminine, singularoblique complement of portavaargenteasilveryargenteo · adjective, feminine, singularmodifies notteiltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of ventoventowindvento · noun, masculine, singularsubject of portavadiofdi · prepositionpreposition marking levantelevantelevantelevante · noun, masculine, singularmodifies ventoportavacarriedportare · verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singularcoordinated with correval‘odorethe smellodore · noun, masculine, singulardirect object of portavadelof thedi il · prepositionpreposition marking maremareseamare · noun, masculine, singularmodifies l‘odoreeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationiltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of teporeteporewarmthtepore · noun, masculine, singularcoordinated with l‘odoredelof thedi il · prepositionpreposition marking desertodesertodesertdeserto · noun, masculine, singularmodifies tepore - 54
(1900–1905).
- 55
The end.
finethe endfine · noun, feminine, singularhead of the phrase
The particulars
- The text
- I giuochi della vita, Grazia Deledda. The Games of Life.
- Translation
- Public-domain Italian (Deledda, d. 1936; collection published 1905). English translation © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC.
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- Every word of the text, by letter.
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