Italian · The Games of Life
Colpi di scure
Blows of the Axe
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The wind shakes the rifles and the shepherd-knives of the old shepherd hanging from an enormous holm oak on Monte Albu: it feels like being beneath the sacred oaks of the Druids, hung with fateful weapons, in the forests of primitive Gaul.
IlTheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of ventoventowindvento · noun, masculine, singularsubject of scuotescuoteshakesscuotere · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceitheil · determiner, masculine, pluraldeterminer of fucilifuciliriflesfucile · noun, masculine, pluraldirect object of scuoteeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationletheil · determiner, feminine, pluraldeterminer of leppasleppasknivesleppa · noun, feminine, pluralcoordinated with fuciliLeppa is a Sardinian dialect word for a large shepherd's knife.
delof thedi il · prepositionpreposition marking pastorevecchiooldvecchio · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies pastorepastoreshepherdpastore · noun, masculine, singularmodifies leppaspendentihangingpendere · verb, present, participle, pluralclause modifying leppasdafromda · prepositionpreposition marking elceunanuno · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of elceenormeenormousenorme · adjective, singularmodifies elceelceholm oakelce · noun, masculine, singularcomplement of pendentidiofdi · prepositionpreposition marking MonteMonteMonteMonte · noun, masculine, singularmodifies elceAlbuAlbuAlbu · proper nounmodifies Monteparseemsparere · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentencePar is an apocopated (truncated) form of pare (parere), common in literary Italian.
d’todi · prepositionintroduces the clause of essereesserebeessere · verb, infinitivecopula introducing sotto le querciesottobeneathsotto · prepositionpreposition marking quercieletheil · determiner, feminine, pluraldeterminer of querciesacresacredsacro · adjective, feminine, pluralmodifies querciequercieoaksquercia · noun, feminine, pluralcomplement of sottoQuercie is an older plural spelling of quercia (modern standard: querce).
deiof thedi il · prepositionpreposition marking DruidiDruidiDruidsDruidi · noun, masculine, pluralmodifies quercieornatehungornare · verb, past, participle, feminine, pluralmodifies quercied’withdi · prepositionpreposition marking armiarmiweaponsarma · noun, feminine, pluraloblique complement of ornatefatidichefatefulfatidico · adjective, feminine, pluralmodifies arminellein thein il · prepositionpreposition marking foresteforesteforestsforesta · noun, feminine, plurallocative complement of esseredellaof thedi il · prepositionpreposition marking GalliaGalliaGaulGallia · proper nounmodifies foresteprimitivaprimitiveprimitivo · adjective, feminine, singularmodifies Gallia And the old man too, seated on the roots of the holm oak and intent on carving a strange design onto a horn snuffbox, has a priestly air: he has slanted eyes beneath a broad brow furrowed with dark wrinkles, a great aquiline nose, and a gray-reddish beard whose tips form two thick curls and reach down to his belt.
EdAnde · conjunctionlinks the coordinationanchetooanche · adverbmodifies vecchioiltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of vecchiovecchioold manvecchio · noun, masculine, singularsubject of hasedutoseatedsedere · verb, past, participle, masculine, singularclause modifying vecchiosulleon thesu il · prepositionpreposition marking radiciradicirootsradice · noun, feminine, pluraloblique complement of sedutodell’of thedi il · prepositionpreposition marking elceelceholm oakelce · noun, masculine, singularmodifies radicieande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationintentointentintento · adjective, masculine, singularcoordinated with seduto, modifies vecchioaona · prepositionintroduces the clause of incidereinciderecarvingincidere · verb, infinitiveclause modifying intentounoauno · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of disegnostranostrangestrano · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies disegnodisegnodesigndisegno · noun, masculine, singulardirect object of incideresuontosu · prepositionpreposition marking tabacchieraunaauno · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of tabacchieratabacchierasnuffboxtabacchiera · noun, feminine, singularoblique complement of inciderediofdi · prepositionpreposition marking cornocornohorncorno · noun, masculine, singularmodifies tabacchierahahasavere · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceun’auno · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of ariaariaairaria · noun, feminine, singulardirect object of hasacerdotalepriestlysacerdotale · adjective, singularmodifies ariahahasavere · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceglitheil · determiner, masculine, pluraldeterminer of occhiocchieyesocchio · noun, masculine, pluraldirect object of haobliquislantedobliquo · adjective, masculine, pluralmodifies occhisottobeneathsotto · prepositionpreposition marking frontel’theil · determiner, singulardeterminer of fronteampiabroadampio · adjective, feminine, singularmodifies frontefrontebrowfronte · noun, feminine, singularoblique complement of hasolcatafurrowedsolcare · verb, past, participle, feminine, singularclause modifying frontedawithda · prepositionpreposition marking rugherughewrinklesruga · noun, feminine, pluralagent of solcatascuredarkscuro · adjective, feminine, pluralmodifies rugheunauno · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of nasograngreatgrande · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies nasonasonosenaso · noun, masculine, singulardirect object of haaquilinoaquilineaquilino · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies nasoeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationlatheil · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of barbabarbabeardbarba · noun, feminine, singularcoordinated with nasogrigiograygrigio · adjective, masculine, singular (invariable compound element)modifies barbarossastrareddishrossastro · adjective, feminine, singularmodifies barbaletheil · determiner, feminine, pluraldeterminer of puntecuiwhosecui · determinerrelative possessive referring to barba, depends on puntepuntetipspunta · noun, feminine, pluralsubject of formanoformanoformformare · verb, present, indicative, third-person, pluralverb of the relative clause on barbaduetwodue · numeralquantifies riccioligrossithickgrosso · adjective, masculine, pluralmodifies riccioliricciolicurlsricciolo · noun, masculine, pluraldirect object of formanoeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationglito himlui · pronoun, masculine, singular, dative cliticindirect object of arrivanoDative clitic referring back to the old man; the curls reach down to him.
arrivanoreacharrivare · verb, present, indicative, third-person, pluralcoordinated with formanofinoall the wayfino · adverbpreposition marking cinturaallato thea il · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of cinturacinturabeltcintura · noun, feminine, singularoblique complement of arrivano- 2
The flocks lie in the noonday shade of the rocks, on which wild holm oaks rise and quiver in the wind.
LeTheil · determiner, feminine, pluraldeterminer of greggiegreggieflocksgreggia · noun, feminine, pluralsubject of meriggianomeriggianorest at noonmeriggiare · verb, present, indicative, third-person, pluralmain verb of the sentenceall’in thea il · prepositionpreposition marking ombraombrashadeombra · noun, feminine, singularoblique complement of meriggianodelleof thedi il · prepositionpreposition marking roccieroccierocksroccia · noun, feminine, pluralmodifies ombrasulleon thesu il · prepositionpreposition marking qualiqualiwhichquale · pronoun, pluraloblique complement of sorgonosorgonorisesorgere · verb, present, indicative, third-person, pluralrelative clause on roccieelciholm oakselce · noun, masculine, pluralsubject of sorgonoselvaggiwildselvaggio · adjective, masculine, pluralmodifies elcichewhichche · pronounsubject of fremonofremonoquiverfremere · verb, present, indicative, third-person, pluralrelative clause on elcialin thea il · prepositionpreposition marking ventoventowindvento · noun, masculine, singularoblique complement of fremono Deep in the wood, unbroken blows of the axe are heard, repeated by the echo, and it seems that the whole forest trembles at them.
InInin · prepositionpreposition marking fondofondothe depthsfondo · noun, masculine, singularoblique complement of odonoalof thea il · prepositionpreposition marking boscoboscowoodbosco · noun, masculine, singularmodifies fondos’aresi · pronoun, passive markerpassive particle of odonoPassive si-construction: "s'odono colpi" = "blows are heard."
odonoheardudire · verb, present, indicative, third-person, pluralmain verb of the sentenceininterrottiunbrokenininterrotto · adjective, masculine, pluralmodifies colpicolpiblowscolpo · noun, masculine, pluralsubject of odonodiofdi · prepositionpreposition marking scurescureaxescure · noun, feminine, singularmodifies colpiripetutirepeatedripetere · verb, past, participle, masculine, pluralmodifies colpidall’by theda il · prepositionpreposition marking ecoecoechoeco · noun, feminineagent of ripetutieande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationpareit seemsparere · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularcoordinated with odonochethatche · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of tremituttawholetutto · determiner, feminine, singulardepends on forestalatheil · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of forestaforestaforestforesta · noun, feminine, singularsubject of tremineat themne · pronoun, cliticoblique complement of tremitremitremblestremare · verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singularclausal complement of pare- 3
Crews of charcoal-burners and bark-strippers fell the thousand-year-old trees, and day by day they draw closer to the heart of the forest, to the enormous holm oak beneath which the shepherd has made his home and hung his weapons.
SquadreCrewssquadra · noun, feminine, pluralsubject of abbattonodiofdi · prepositionpreposition marking carbonaricarbonaricharcoal-burnerscarbonaro · noun, masculine, pluralmodifies Squadreeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdiofdi · prepositionpreposition marking scorziniscorzinibark-strippersscorzino · noun, masculine, pluralcoordinated with carbonariabbattonofellabbattere · verb, present, indicative, third-person, pluralmain verb of the sentenceletheil · determiner, feminine, pluraldeterminer of piantepiantetreespianta · noun, feminine, pluraldirect object of abbattonomillenariethousand-year-oldmillenario · adjective, feminine, pluralmodifies pianteeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdifromdi · prepositionpreposition marking giornogiornodaygiorno · noun, masculine, singularoblique complement of avvicinanoIdiom "di giorno in giorno" = "day by day."
intoin · prepositionpreposition marking giornogiornodaygiorno · noun, masculine, singularoblique complement of avvicinanosithemselvessi · pronoun, reflexive cliticreflexive particle of avvicinanoavvicinanodraw closeravvicinare · verb, present, indicative, third-person, pluralcoordinated with abbattonoalto thea il · prepositionpreposition marking cuorecuoreheartcuore · noun, masculine, singularoblique complement of avvicinanodellaof thedi il · prepositionpreposition marking forestaforestaforestforesta · noun, feminine, singularmodifies cuoreall’to thea il · prepositionpreposition marking elceelceholm oakelce · noun, masculine, singularoblique complement of avvicinanoenormeenormousenorme · adjective, singularmodifies elcesottobeneathsotto · prepositionpreposition marking qualeiltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of qualequalewhichquale · pronoun, singularobject of sotto, referring to elceiltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of pastorepastoreshepherdpastore · noun, masculine, singularsubject of stabilitohahasavere · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularauxiliary of stabilitostabilitomadestabilire · verb, past, participle, masculine, singularrelative clause on elceiltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of domiciliosuohissuo · determiner, masculine, singulardepends on domiciliodomiciliohomedomicilio · noun, masculine, singulardirect object of stabilitoeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationappesehungappendere · verb, past historic (passato remoto), third-person, singularcoordinated with stabilitoletheil · determiner, feminine, pluraldeterminer of armisuehissuo · determiner, feminine, pluraldepends on armiarmiweaponsarma · noun, feminine, pluraldirect object of appese And the tree, wild and strong as a lion, which has swallowed lightning bolts and sheltered outlaws from the fury of the storm, and the old shepherd, from whom the years have not been able to tear the wolf's teeth and the reddish hair, await the new devastators, whose axe is more powerful than the thunderbolt and than time: they await them with the same stoic impassivity with which they await death.
EAnde · conjunctionlinks the coordinationlatheil · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of piantapiantatreepianta · noun, feminine, singularsubject of aspettanoselvaggiawildselvaggio · adjective, feminine, singularmodifies piantaeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfortestrongforte · adjective, singularcoordinated with selvaggiacomeascome · prepositionpreposition marking leoneunauno · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of leoneleonelionleone · noun, masculine, singularobject of come, compares to piantachewhichche · pronounsubject of ingoiatohahasavere · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularauxiliary of ingoiatoingoiatoswallowedingoiare · verb, past, participle, masculine, singularrelative clause on piantaitheil · determiner, masculine, pluraldeterminer of fulminifulminilightning boltsfulmine · noun, masculine, pluraldirect object of ingoiatoeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationprotettoshelteredproteggere · verb, past, participle, masculine, singularcoordinated with ingoiatoitheil · determiner, masculine, pluraldeterminer of banditibanditioutlawsbandito · noun, masculine, pluraldirect object of protettocontrofromcontro · prepositionpreposition marking iral’theil · determiner, singulardeterminer of irairafuryira · noun, feminine, singularoblique complement of protettodell’of thedi il · prepositionpreposition marking uraganouraganostormuragano · noun, masculine, singularmodifies iraeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationiltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of pastorevecchiooldvecchio · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies pastorepastoreshepherdpastore · noun, masculine, singularcoordinated with piantaalfroma il · prepositionpreposition marking quale"Strappare a" idiomatically means "to tear away from," so "al quale" here means "from whom."
qualewhomquale · pronoun, singularoblique complement of strappareglitheil · determiner, masculine, pluraldeterminer of annianniyearsanno · noun, masculine, pluralsubject of strapparenonnotnon · adverbmodifies strapparehannohaveavere · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, pluralauxiliary of strapparepotutobeen ablepotere · auxiliary verb, past, participle, masculine, singularauxiliary of strapparestrapparetearstrappare · verb, infinitiverelative clause on pastoreitheil · determiner, masculine, pluraldeterminer of dentidentiteethdente · noun, masculine, pluraldirect object of strapparedaof ada · prepositionpreposition marking lupolupowolflupo · noun, masculine, singularmodifies dentieande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationitheil · determiner, masculine, pluraldeterminer of pelipelihairpelo · noun, masculine, pluralcoordinated with dentirossiccireddishrossiccio · adjective, masculine, pluralmodifies peliaspettanoawaitaspettare · verb, present, indicative, third-person, pluralmain verb of the sentenceitheil · determiner, masculine, pluraldeterminer of devastatorinuovinewnuovo · adjective, masculine, pluralmodifies devastatoridevastatoridevastatorsdevastatore · noun, masculine, pluraldirect object of aspettanolatheil · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of scurecuiwhosecui · determinerrelative possessive referring to devastatori, depends on scurescureaxescure · noun, feminine, singularsubject of èèisessere · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularcopula linking to potentepiùmorepiù · adverbmodifies potentepotentepowerfulpotente · adjective, singularpredicate adjective of scuredellathan thedi il · prepositionpreposition marking folgorefolgorethunderboltfolgore · noun, feminine, singularoblique complement of potenteeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdelthandi il · prepositionpreposition marking tempotempotimetempo · noun, masculine, singularcoordinated with folgorelithemlui · pronoun, masculine, plural, accusative cliticdirect object of aspettanoaspettanoawaitaspettare · verb, present, indicative, third-person, pluralmain verb of the sentenceconwithcon · prepositionpreposition marking impassibilitàlatheil · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of impassibilitàstoicastoicstoico · adjective, feminine, singularmodifies impassibilitàimpassibilitàimpassivityimpassibilità · noun, feminineoblique complement of aspettanoconwithcon · prepositionpreposition marking cuicuiwhichcui · pronounoblique complement of aspettano, referring to impassibilitàaspettanoawaitaspettare · verb, present, indicative, third-person, pluralrelative clause on impassibilitàlatheil · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of mortemortedeathmorte · noun, feminine, singulardirect object of aspettanoDay by day, hour by hour, the axe blows resound nearer and louder, while the whole forest covers itself with golden flowers and the June wind grows warmer and more fragrant.
Difromdi · prepositionopens the idiom di giorno in giorno, temporal modifier of risuonanoIdiom 'di giorno in giorno' = day by day, mirrored just after by 'd'ora in ora' = hour by hour.
giornodaygiorno · noun, masculine, singularobject of Diintoin · prepositionpreposition marking gíornogíornodaygiorno · noun, masculine, singularobject of in, completes the idiom with giornoPrinted with an accent (gíorno) but the same word as giorno, 'day'.
d’fromdi · prepositionopens the idiom d'ora in oraorahourora · noun, feminine, singularobject of d’intoin · prepositionpreposition marking oraorahourora · noun, feminine, singularobject of in, completes the idiom with oraitheil · determiner, masculine, pluraldeterminer of colpicolpiblowscolpo · noun, masculine, pluralsubject of risuonanodiofdi · prepositionpreposition marking scurescureaxescure · noun, feminine, singularmodifies colpirisuonanoresoundrisuonare · verb, present, indicative, third-person, pluralmain verb of the sentencepiùmorepiù · adverbmodifies vicinivicininearvicino · adjective, masculine, pluralcomplement of risuonanoeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationpiùmorepiù · adverbmodifies fortifortiloudforte · adjective, pluralcoordinated with vicinimentrewhilementre · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of copretuttawholetutto · determiner, feminine, singulardepends on forestalatheil · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of forestaforestaforestforesta · noun, feminine, singularsubject of copresiitselfsi · pronounreflexive clitic with coprecoprecoverscoprire · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularcoordinated with risuonanodiwithdi · prepositionpreposition marking fiorifioriflowersfiore · noun, masculine, pluraloblique complement of copredoratigoldendorato · adjective, masculine, pluralmodifies fiorieande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationiltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of ventoventowindvento · noun, masculine, singularsubject of fadiofdi · prepositionpreposition marking giugnogiugnoJunegiugno · noun, masculine, singularmodifies ventosiitselfsi · pronounreflexive clitic of fa (farsi, 'to become')fagrowsfare · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularcoordinated with coprepiùmorepiù · adverbmodifies caldocaldowarmcaldo · adjective, masculine, singularcomplement of faeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationodorosofragrantodoroso · adjective, masculine, singularcoordinated with caldoNever was the forest more beautiful or more in bloom: perhaps it senses that its last spring has come, and wants to intoxicate itself on its warmth and its fragrances, to forget that death is drawing near.
Mainevermai · adverbmodifies bellalatheil · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of forestaforestaforestforesta · noun, feminine, singularsubject of fufuwasessere · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, third-person, singularcopula linking to bellapiùmorepiù · adverbmodifies bellabellabeautifulbello · adjective, feminine, singularpredicate complement of fueande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfioritabloomingfiorito · adjective, feminine, singularcoordinated with bellaforseperhapsforse · adverbmodifies sentesentesensessentire · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentencegiuntaarrivedgiungere · verb, past, participle, feminine, singularsecondary predicate on primavera, object of sente'sente giunta la sua primavera' = senses that her spring has come; giunta is a participle agreeing with primavera, not a noun subject.
latheil · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of primaverasuaitssuo · determiner, feminine, singulardepends on primaveraultimalastultimo · adjective, feminine, singularmodifies primaveraprimaveraspringprimavera · noun, feminine, singulardirect object of senteeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationvuolewantsvolere · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularauxiliary of inebbriarsiinebbriarsiintoxicate itselfinebbriarsi · verb, infinitiveinfinitive complement of vuoledeiondi il · prepositionpreposition marking teporisuoiitssuo · determiner, masculine, pluraldepends on teporiteporiwarmthtepore · noun, masculine, pluraloblique complement of inebbriarsieande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdelleondi il · prepositionpreposition marking fragranzesueitssuo · determiner, feminine, pluraldepends on fragranzefragranzefragrancesfragranza · noun, feminine, pluralcoordinated with teporipertoper · prepositionintroduces the clause of dimenticaredimenticareforgetdimenticare · verb, infinitiveadverbial clause on inebbriarsichethatche · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of avanzalatheil · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of mortemortedeathmorte · noun, feminine, singularsubject of avanzasiitselfsi · pronounreflexive clitic with avanzaavanzadraws nearavanzare · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularclausal complement of dimenticare- 4
It seems that the young holm oaks rising on the rocks have climbed up there to escape the imminent ruin, and when the wind passes they tremble with anguish, and when the sea-green evening comes down, and the moon falls like a pearl onto the purple velvet of the horizon, the young trees rattle their dry leaves and seem to weep.
Sembraseemssembrare · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentencechethatche · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of arrampicatiitheil · determiner, masculine, pluraldeterminer of elcigiovaniyounggiovane · adjective, pluralmodifies elcielciholm oakselce · noun, feminine, pluralsubject of arrampicatisorgentirisingsorgere · verb, present, participle, pluralparticipial clause modifying elcisulleon thesu il · prepositionpreposition marking roccieroccierocksroccia · noun, feminine, pluraloblique complement of sorgentisithemselvessi · pronounreflexive clitic of arrampicati (arrampicarsi)sianohaveessere · auxiliary verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, pluralauxiliary of arrampicatiarrampicaticlimbedarrampicare · verb, past, participle, masculine, pluralclausal complement of Sembralassùup therelassù · adverbmodifies arrampicatipertoper · prepositionintroduces the clause of sfuggiresfuggireescapesfuggire · verb, infinitiveadverbial clause on arrampicatiall’thea il · prepositionpreposition marking rovinaimminenteimminentimminente · adjective, singularmodifies rovinarovinaruinrovina · noun, feminine, singularoblique complement of sfuggireeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationquandowhenquando · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of passailtheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of ventoventowindvento · noun, masculine, singularsubject of passapassapassespassare · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularadverbial clause on tremanotremanotrembletremare · verb, present, indicative, third-person, pluralcoordinated with arrampicatid’withdi · prepositionpreposition marking angosciaangosciaanguishangoscia · noun, feminine, singularoblique complement of tremanoeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationquandowhenquando · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of discendelatheil · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of seraseraeveningsera · noun, feminine, singularsubject of discendeglaucasea-greenglauco · adjective, feminine, singularmodifies seraglauca is an adjective agreeing with sera, not a noun.
discendecomes downdiscendere · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularverb of the quando-clause (sera discende)discende is the verb of this clause ('the evening comes down'), not an adjective on glauca.
eande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationlatheil · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of lunalunamoonluna · noun, feminine, singularsubject of cadecadefallscadere · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularverb of the coordinate clause introduced by ecomelikecome · prepositionpreposition marking perlaunaauno · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of perlaperlapearlperla · noun, feminine, singularoblique complement of cadesulonto thesu il · prepositionpreposition marking vellutovellutovelvetvelluto · noun, masculine, singularmodifies perlapurpureopurplepurpureo · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies vellutodell’of thedi il · prepositionpreposition marking orizzonteorizzontehorizonorizzonte · noun, masculine, singularmodifies vellutoletheil · determiner, feminine, pluraldeterminer of piantegiovaniyounggiovane · adjective, pluralmodifies piantepiantetreespianta · noun, feminine, pluralsubject of sbattonosbattonorattlesbattere · verb, present, indicative, third-person, pluralcoordinated with Sembraletheil · determiner, feminine, pluraldeterminer of fogliefoglieleavesfoglia · noun, feminine, pluraldirect object of sbattonosecchedrysecco · adjective, feminine, pluralmodifies foglieeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationpareseemparere · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularcoordinated with sbattonochethatche · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of pianganopianganoweeppiangere · verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, pluralclausal complement of pare - 5
Uncle Cosma carves onto the snuffbox two heroic deeds of his youth: two deeds equally epic to him, whose memory has filled his whole life and still stirs him like the echo of a war march.
ZioUnclezio · noun, masculine, singulartitle of Cosma, subject of incideCosmaCosmaCosma · proper noundepends on Zioincidecarvesincidere · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentencesullaonto thesu il · prepositionpreposition marking tabacchieratabacchierasnuffboxtabacchiera · noun, feminine, singularoblique complement of incideduetwodue · numeralquantifies fattifattideedsfatto · noun, masculine, pluraldirect object of incideeroiciheroiceroico · adjective, masculine, pluralmodifies fattidellaofdi il · prepositionpreposition marking gioventùsuahissuo · determiner, feminine, singulardepends on gioventùgioventùyouthgioventù · noun, femininemodifies fattiduetwodue · numeralquantifies fattifattideedsfatto · noun, masculine, pluralin apposition to fatti (w7)pertoper · prepositionpreposition marking luiluihimlui · pronoun, masculine, singularobject of peregualmenteequallyegualmente · adverbmodifies epiciepiciepicepico · adjective, masculine, pluralmodifies fatti (w13)eande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationiltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of ricordocuiwhosecui · determinerdepends on ricordoricordomemoryricordo · noun, masculine, singularsubject of riempitohahasavere · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularauxiliary of riempitoriempitofilledriempire · verb, past, participle, masculine, singularverb of the relative clause, coordinated with animatuttawholetutto · determiner, feminine, singulardepends on vitalatheil · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of vitasuahissuo · determiner, feminine, singulardepends on vitavitalifevita · noun, feminine, singulardirect object of riempitoedande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationancorastillancora · adverbmodifies animalohimlo · pronoun, direct object, masculine, singulardirect object of animaanimastirsanimare · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularcoordinated with riempitoanima here is the verb 'animare' (stirs him), not the noun 'soul'.
comelikecome · prepositionpreposition marking ecol’theil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of ecoecoechoeco · noun, singularoblique complement of animad’ofdi · prepositionpreposition marking marciaunaauno · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of marciamarciamarchmarcia · noun, feminine, singularmodifies ecoguerrierawarguerriero · adjective, feminine, singularmodifies marcia On one side of the snuffbox one can make out a man wrestling with a fellow man and throwing him down: on the other, a man facing and stabbing a fierce wild boar.
Daonda · prepositionpreposition marking parteunaoneuno · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of partepartesideparte · noun, feminine, singularoblique complement of distinguedellaofdi il · prepositionpreposition marking tabacchieratabacchierasnuffboxtabacchiera · noun, feminine, singularmodifies partesionesi · pronounimpersonal clitic with distinguedistinguemakes outdistinguere · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceunauno · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of uomouomomanuomo · noun, masculine, singularsubject of distinguechewhoche · pronounsubject of lottalottawrestleslottare · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularrelative clause on uomoconwithcon · prepositionpreposition marking simileunauno · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of similesuohissuo · determiner, masculine, singulardepends on similesimilefellow mansimile · adjective, singularoblique complement of lottaeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationlohimlo · pronoun, direct object, masculine, singulardirect object of atterraatterrathrows downatterrare · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularcoordinated with lottaatterra here is the verb 'atterrare' (throws him down), not a noun.
dall’onda il · prepositionpreposition marking altraaltraotheraltro · pronoun, feminine, singularobject of dall’, elliptical for l'altra parteunauno · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of uomouomomanuomo · noun, masculine, singularhead of the phrasechewhoche · pronounsubject of affrontaaffrontafacesaffrontare · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularrelative clause on uomoeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationpugnalastabspugnalare · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularcoordinated with affrontaunauno · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of cinghialeferocefierceferoce · adjective, singularmodifies cinghialecinghialewild boarcinghiale · noun, masculine, singulardirect object of pugnalaTo Uncle Cosma the two deeds, of which he was the hero, carry equal worth: and the ancient holm oak watches the old artist's work with the same solemnity with which it witnessed the reality of the deeds now immortalized on the horn snuffbox.
PerToper · prepositionintroduces the phrase 'zio Cosma', modifying hannozioUnclezio · noun, masculine, singulartitle modifying CosmaCosmaCosmaCosma · proper nounobject of Peritheil · determiner, masculine, pluraldeterminer of fattiduetwodue · numeralquantifies fattifattideedsfatto · noun, masculine, pluralsubject of hannodeiofdi il · prepositionpreposition marking qualiqualiwhichquale · relative pronoun, pluralobject of dei, refers back to fattiegliheegli · pronoun, masculine, singularsubject of fufuwasessere · verb, simple past (passato remoto), indicative, third-person, singularcopula linking egli to eroel’theil · determiner, singulardeterminer of eroeeroeheroeroe · noun, masculine, singularpredicate complement of fuhannohaveavere · verb, present, indicative, third-person, pluralmain verb of the sentenceegualeequaleguale · adjective, singularmodifies valorevaloreworthvalore · noun, masculine, singulardirect object of hannoeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationl’theil · determiner, singulardeterminer of elceanticoancientantico · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies elceelceholm oakelce · noun, masculine, singularsubject of guardaguardawatchesguardare · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceiltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of lavorolavoroworklavoro · noun, masculine, singulardirect object of guardadelof thedi il · prepositionpreposition marking artistavecchiooldvecchio · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies artistaartistaartistartista · noun, singularmodifies lavoroconwithcon · prepositionpreposition marking solennitàlatheil · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of solennitàstessasamestesso · adjective, feminine, singularmodifies solennitàsolennitàsolemnitysolennità · noun, feminineoblique complement of guardaconwithcon · prepositionpreposition marking qualelatheil · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of qualequalewhichquale · relative pronoun, singularoblique complement of assistè, refers to solennitàassistèwitnessedassistere · verb, simple past (passato remoto), indicative, third-person, singularrelative clause verb on solennità, subject elceallato thea il · prepositionpreposition marking realtàrealtàrealityrealtà · noun, feminineoblique complement of assistèdeiof thedi il · prepositionpreposition marking fattifattideedsfatto · noun, masculine, pluralmodifies realtàimmortalatiimmortalizedimmortalare · verb, past participle, masculine, plural (used adjectivally)clause modifying fattisullaon thesu il · prepositionpreposition marking tabacchieratabacchierasnuffboxtabacchiera · noun, feminine, singularoblique complement of immortalatidiofdi · prepositionpreposition marking cornocornohorncorno · noun, masculine, singularmodifies tabacchiera- 6
But someone comes to interrupt the old shepherd's tragic solitude.
MaButma · conjunctionlinks the coordinationqualcunosomeonequalcuno · pronoun, masculine, singularsubject of vienevienecomesvenire · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceadtoa · prepositionintroduces the clause of interrompereinterrompereinterruptinterrompere · verb, infinitivecomplement of vienelatheil · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of solitudinetragicatragictragico · adjective, feminine, singularmodifies solitudinesolitudinesolitudesolitudine · noun, feminine, singulardirect object of interromperedelof thedi il · prepositionpreposition marking pastorevecchiooldvecchio · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies pastorepastoreshepherdpastore · noun, masculine, singularmodifies solitudine A young Swiss charcoal-burner, tall and quick, with a smiling face like that of a child who has painted himself up as a joke, comes forward whistling an air from La Traviata, and from a distance shows the old shepherd a black bottle.
UnAuno · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of carbonaiogiovaneyounggiovane · adjective, singularmodifies carbonaiocarbonaiocharcoal-burnercarbonaio · noun, masculine, singularsubject of avanzasvizzeroSwisssvizzero · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies carbonaioaltotallalto · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies carbonaioeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsveltoquicksvelto · adjective, masculine, singularcoordinated with altocolwith thecon il · prepositionpreposition marking visovisofaceviso · noun, masculine, singularmodifies carbonaiosorridentesmilingsorridente · adjective, singularmodifies visocomelikecome · prepositionpreposition marking quelloquellothatquello · pronoun, masculine, singularmodifies viso, stands for 'the face'diofdi · prepositionpreposition marking bimbounauno · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of bimbobimbochildbimbo · noun, masculine, singularmodifies quellotintosipainted himselftingersi · verb, past participle, masculine, singular, reflexiveclause modifying bimbotintosi = tinto (from tingere) + reflexive si, 'having painted/dyed himself'.
perasper · prepositionpreposition marking ischerzoischerzojokescherzo · noun, masculine, singularoblique complement of tintosiischerzo is the older prosthetic-i spelling of scherzo, used after per.
si(reflexive)si · reflexive pronounreflexive pronoun of avanzaavanzaadvancesavanzare · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentencefischiandowhistlingfischiare · verb, gerundadverbial clause on avanzaun’anuno · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of ariaariaairaria · noun, feminine, singulardirect object of fischiandodellafrom thedi il · prepositionpreposition marking TraviataTraviataTraviataTraviata · proper nounmodifies ariaeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdafromda · prepositionpreposition marking lontanolontanoafarlontano · adverboblique complement of mostramostrashowsmostrare · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularcoordinated with avanzaalto thea il · prepositionpreposition marking pastorevecchiooldvecchio · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies pastorepastoreshepherdpastore · noun, masculine, singularindirect object of mostraunaauno · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of bottigliabottigliabottlebottiglia · noun, feminine, singulardirect object of mostranerablacknero · adjective, feminine, singularmodifies bottiglia- 7
Uncle Cosma lifts his face, looks at the young man with contempt, and with his finger raised answers: "No!"
ZioUnclezio · noun, masculine, singularsubject of sollevaCosmaCosmaCosma · proper noundepends on Ziosollevaliftssollevare · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceiltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of voltovoltofacevolto · noun, masculine, singulardirect object of sollevaguardalooks atguardare · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularcoordinated with sollevailtheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of giovinegiovineyoung mangiovane · noun, masculine, singulardirect object of guardagiovine is the older spelling of giovane.
conwithcon · prepositionpreposition marking disprezzodisprezzocontemptdisprezzo · noun, masculine, singularoblique complement of guardaeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationcolwith thecon il · prepositionpreposition marking ditoditofingerdito · noun, masculine, singularoblique complement of rispondesollevatoraisedsollevato · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies ditorispondeanswersrispondere · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularcoordinated with sollevaNoNono · interjectionhead of the phrase - 8
But the young man comes forward all the same.
MaButma · conjunctionlinks the coordinationiltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of giovinegiovineyoung mangiovane · noun, masculine, singularsubject of avanzagiovine is the older spelling of giovane.
s’(reflexive)si · reflexive pronounreflexive pronoun of avanzaavanzaadvancesavanzare · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceegualmenteall the sameegualmente · adverbmodifies avanza - 9
"I said noooo!" shouts the old man.
Hohaveavere · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singularauxiliary of dettodettosaiddire · verb, past participle, masculine, singularmain verb of the sentencedi(particle)di · prepositionpreposition marking nooonooonono · adverboblique complement of dettonooo is 'no' elongated for shouted emphasis.
gridashoutsgridare · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceiltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of vecchiovecchioold manvecchio · noun, masculine, singularsubject of grida "You'll get no milk from me, as sure as Saint Francis is true!"
LatteMilklatte · noun, masculine, singulartopicalized direct object of prendi, resumed by nedafromda · prepositionpreposition marking memememe · pronoun, singularoblique complement of prendinonnotnon · adverbmodifies prendineof itne · partitive pronounpartitive pronoun referring to Latte, object of prendiprendigetprendere · verb, present, indicative, second-person, singularmain verb of the sentencecomeascome · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of veroèisessere · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularcopula linking Francesco to veroverotruevero · adjective, masculine, singularadverbial clause on prendiSanSaintSan · proper nounmodifies FrancescoFrancescoFrancisFrancesco · proper nounsubject of èDrink yourself a little gunpowder dissolved in kerosene, if you're thirsty.
Bevitidrink yourselfbere · verb, imperative, second-person, singular, with reflexive clitic timain verb of the sentenceunauno · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of po’po’littlepoco · noun, masculine, singular (elliptical quantifier)direct object of Bevitidiofdi · prepositionpreposition marking polverepolverepowderpolvere · noun, feminine, singularmodifies po’daforda · prepositionpreposition marking sparosparofiringsparo · noun, masculine, singularmodifies polverescioltadissolvedsciogliere · verb, past participle, feminine, singularmodifies polverenelin thein il · prepositionpreposition marking petroliopetroliokerosenepetrolio · noun, masculine, singularoblique complement of scioltaseifse · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of haihaihaveavere · verb, present, indicative, second-person, singularverb of the conditional clause, modifies Bevitisetethirstsete · noun, feminine, singulardirect object of haiAnd go to the devil, you and whoever brought you here.
EAnde · conjunctionlinks the coordinationvagoandare · verb, imperative, second-person, singularmain verb of the sentencealto thea il · prepositionpreposition marking diavolodiavolodevildiavolo · noun, masculine, singularoblique complement of vatuyoutu · pronoun, singularsubject of vaeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationchiwhoeverchi · pronouncoordinated with tutiyouti · pronoun, singulardirect object of trasportatohahasavere · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularauxiliary of trasportatotrasportatobroughttrasportare · verb, past participle, masculine, singularrelative clause on chiquiherequi · adverbmodifies trasportato- 10
The young man understands nothing of Uncle Cosma's rough dialect; he smiles and, still holding out the bottle, sits down beside the old man.
IlTheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of giovanegiovaneyoung mangiovane · noun, masculine, singularsubject of capiscenonnotnon · adverbmodifies capiscecapisceunderstandscapire · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentencenientenothingniente · pronoun, masculine, singulardirect object of capiscedelof thedi il · prepositionpreposition marking dialettodialettodialectdialetto · noun, masculine, singularmodifies nienteruderoughrude · adjective, singularmodifies dialettodiofdi · prepositionpreposition marking zioziounclezio · noun, masculine, singularmodifies dialettoCosmaCosmaCosma · proper nounmodifies ziosorridesmilessorridere · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsemprestillsempre · adverbmodifies mostrandomostrandoholding outmostrare · verb, gerundadverbial clause on mettelatheil · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of bottigliabottigliabottlebottiglia · noun, feminine, singulardirect object of mostrandosihimselfsi · reflexive pronounreflexive pronoun of mettemetteputsmettere · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularcoordinated with sorrideatoa · prepositionintroduces the clause of sederesederesitsedere · verb, infinitivecomplement of mettepressobesidepresso · prepositionpreposition marking vecchioiltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of vecchiovecchioold manvecchio · noun, masculine, singularoblique complement of sedere - 11
"Milk?" he asks, in a somewhat guttural voice.
LatteMilklatte · noun, masculine, singularhead of the phrasechiedeaskschiedere · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceconincon · prepositionpreposition marking vocevocevoicevoce · noun, feminine, singularoblique complement of chiedeunauno · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of po’po’a bitpoco · adverbmodifies gutturalegutturalegutturalgutturale · adjective, singularmodifies voce - 12
"A rifle shot, if you want one?"
UnAuno · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of colpocolposhotcolpo · noun, masculine, singularhead of the phrasediofdi · prepositionpreposition marking fucilefucileriflefucile · noun, masculine, singularmodifies colposeifse · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of vuoiloitlo · pronoun, masculine, singulardirect object of vuoivuoiwantvolere · verb, present, indicative, second-person, singularconditional clause modifying the implied offer of colpo Who are you, filth?…
ChiWhochi · interrogative pronounpredicate complement of seiseiareessere · verb, present, indicative, second-person, singularcopula linking tu to Chituyoutu · pronoun, singularsubject of seiimmondezzafilthimmondezza · noun, feminine, singularvocative, addressing tuAre you a man? Uncle Cosma asks with lordly contempt.
SeiAreessere · verb, present, indicative, second-person, singularcopula linking tu to uomounauno · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of uomouomomanuomo · noun, masculine, singularpredicate complement of Seituyoutu · pronoun, singularsubject of Seichiedeaskschiedere · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceziounclezio · noun, masculine, singularsubject of chiedeCosmaCosmaCosma · proper nounmodifies zioconwithcon · prepositionpreposition marking disprezzosovranolordlysovrano · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies disprezzodisprezzocontemptdisprezzo · noun, masculine, singularoblique complement of chiede"You have blue eyes, and feet and hands like cradles: yes, in holy truth, the cork cradles hung with horsehair cords from the rafters of the houses of Onanì are smaller than your hands."
TuYoutu · pronoun, singularsubject of haihaihaveavere · verb, present, indicative, second-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceglitheil · determiner, masculine, pluraldeterminer of occhiocchieyesocchio · noun, masculine, pluraldirect object of haiazzurriblueazzurro · adjective, masculine, pluralmodifies occhiitheil · determiner, masculine, pluraldeterminer of piedipiedifeetpiede · noun, masculine, pluralcoordinated with occhi as object of haieande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationletheil · determiner, feminine, pluraldeterminer of manimanihandsmano · noun, feminine, pluralcoordinated with occhi as object of haichethatche · pronounsubject of sembrano, referring to piedi e manisembranoseem likesembrare · verb, present, indicative, third-person, pluralrelative clause on piedi e manicullecradlesculla · noun, feminine, pluraldirect object of sembranosìyessì · interjectiondiscourse markerininin · prepositionpart of fixed phrase 'in verità' modifying the clauseveritàtruthverità · noun, feminineobject of in, fixed phrase 'in verità'santaholysanto · adjective, feminine, singularmodifies veritàletheil · determiner, feminine, pluraldeterminer of cullecullecradlesculla · noun, feminine, pluralsubject of sonodiofdi · prepositionpreposition marking sugherosugherocorksughero · noun, masculine, singularmodifies culleappesehungappendere · adjective (past participle), feminine, pluralmodifies culleconwithcon · prepositionpreposition marking cordecordecordscorda · noun, feminine, pluraloblique complement of appesediofdi · prepositionpreposition marking pelopelohorsehairpelo · noun, masculine, singularmodifies cordeallefrom thea il · prepositionpreposition marking travitravirafterstrave · noun, feminine, pluraloblique complement of appesedelleof thedi il · prepositionpreposition marking casecasehousescasa · noun, feminine, pluralmodifies travidiofdi · prepositionpreposition marking OnanìOnanìOnanìOnanì · proper nounmodifies casesonoareessere · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, pluralcopula linking to piccolepiùmorepiù · adverbmodifies piccolepiccolesmallerpiccolo · adjective, feminine, pluralpredicate complement of sonodellethan thedi il · prepositioncomparative preposition marking manitueyourtuo · determiner, feminine, pluraldepends on manimanihandsmano · noun, feminine, pluraloblique complement of piccoleYes, go on and look at this snuffbox: it's made of horn, yes, of horn.
SìYessì · interjectiondiscourse markerguardalookguardare · verb, present, imperative, second-person, singularmain verb of the sentencepurego aheadpure · adverbmodifies guardaquestathisquesto · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of tabacchieratabacchierasnuffboxtabacchiera · noun, feminine, singulardirect object of guardaèisessere · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularcopula linking to cornodiofdi · prepositionpreposition marking cornocornohorncorno · noun, masculine, singularhead of the phrasesìyessì · interjectiondiscourse markerdiofdi · prepositionpreposition marking cornocornohorncorno · noun, masculine, singularcoordinated with cornoDo you know what horn is, what horns are?
TuYoutu · pronoun, singularsubject of saisaiknowsapere · verb, present, indicative, second-person, singularmain verb of the sentencecosawhatcosa · pronoun, singulardirect object of saisiaisessere · auxiliary verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singularcopula linking to cornoiltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of cornocornohorncorno · noun, masculine, singularclausal complement of sailetheil · determiner, feminine, pluraldeterminer of cornacornahornscorno · noun, feminine, pluralcoordinated with cornoCorna is the irregular feminine plural of corno ('horn') when referring to animal horns.
Do you have a wife?
Haihaveavere · verb, present, indicative, second-person, singularmain verb of the sentencemogliewifemoglie · noun, feminine, singulardirect object of Hai- 13
"What?"
CosaWhatcosa · pronoun, singularhead of the phrase - 14
"What is your name?"
Comehowcome · interrogative adverbmodifies chiami'Come ti chiami' literally 'how do you call yourself' = 'what is your name'.
tiyourselfti · pronoun, reflexive, singulardirect object of chiamichiamicallchiamare · verb, present, indicative, second-person, singularmain verb of the sentence - 15
"What?"
CosaWhatcosa · pronoun, singularhead of the phrase - 16
"He understands nothing at all!" shouts Uncle Cosma, laughing.
Nonnotnon · adverbmodifies capiscecapisceunderstandscapire · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the quoted clausenientenothingniente · pronoun, masculine, singulardirect object of capiscegridashoutsgridare · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the narration clausezioUnclezio · noun, masculine, singularsubject of gridaCosmaCosmaCosma · proper nounmodifies zioridendolaughingridere · verb, gerundadverbial clause on grida "And these are men?"
EAnde · conjunctionlinks the coordinationquestithesequesto · pronoun, masculine, pluralsubject of sonosonoareessere · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, pluralcopula linking to uominiuominimenuomo · noun, masculine, pluralhead of the phraseDo you have a wife?
Avetehaveavere · verb, present, indicative, second-person, pluralmain verb of the sentencevoiyouvoi · pronoun, pluralsubject of Avetemoglierawifemoglie · noun, feminine, singulardirect object of AveteMogliera is a regional/archaic form of moglie ('wife') used in the old man's speech.
- 17
"No," answers the young man, and smiles with his bright eyes sparkling.
NoNono · interjectiondiscourse markerrispondeanswersrispondere · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceiltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of giovinegiovineyoung mangiovane · noun, masculine, singularsubject of rispondeGiovine is an older literary form of giovane ('young man').
eande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsorridesmilessorridere · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularcoordinated with rispondeconwithcon · prepositionpreposition marking occhiglitheil · determiner, masculine, pluraldeterminer of occhiocchieyesocchio · noun, masculine, pluraloblique complement of sorridechiaribrightchiaro · adjective, masculine, pluralmodifies occhiscintillantisparklingscintillante · adjective, masculine, pluralmodifies occhi "And do you have daughters?"
EAnde · conjunctionlinks the coordinationvoiyouvoi · pronoun, pluralsubject of aveteavetehaveavere · verb, present, indicative, second-person, pluralmain verb of the sentencefigliuoledaughtersfigliuola · noun, feminine, pluraldirect object of avete- 18
"Yes, but they're not for you: only, if you like, they could spin you a rope to hang you."
SìYessì · interjectiondiscourse markermabutma · conjunctionlinks the coordinationnonnotnon · adverbmodifies fannofannoarefare · verb, present, indicative, third-person, pluralmain verb of the sentence'Fare per' = 'to be suited/right for'.
perforper · prepositionpreposition marking teteyoute · pronoun, singularoblique complement of fannosoltantoonlysoltanto · adverbmodifies filareseifse · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of vuoituyoutu · pronoun, singularsubject of vuoivuoilikevolere · verb, present, indicative, second-person, singularadverbial clause on filarepossonocouldpotere · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, pluralauxiliary of filarefilarespinfilare · verb, infinitivemain verb of the sentenceunaauno · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of cordacordaropecorda · noun, feminine, singulardirect object of filarepertoper · prepositionintroduces the clause of appiccartiappiccartihang youappiccare · verb, infinitive, with attached clitic pronoun 'ti'adverbial clause on filareThe clitic '-ti' ('you') is attached to the infinitive appiccare ('to hang').
- 19
"What?"
CosaWhatcosa · pronoun, singularhead of the phrase Father Cosma, I know your daughters.
BabboFatherbabbo · noun, masculine, singularvocative, head of the phraseCosmaCosmaCosma · proper nounin apposition to BabboioIio · pronoun, singularsubject of conoscoconoscoknowconoscere · verb, present, indicative, first-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceletheil · determiner, feminine, pluraldeterminer of figliuolevostreyourvostro · determiner, feminine, pluraldepends on figliuolefigliuoledaughtersfigliuola · noun, feminine, pluraldirect object of conoscoI saw them dancing, on Sunday, in the church square.
Lethemle · pronoun, feminine, pluraldirect object of vistehohaveavere · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singularauxiliary of vistevisteseenvedere · verb, past, participle, feminine, pluralmain verb of the sentenceatoa · prepositionintroduces the clause of ballareballaredanceballare · verb, infinitivecomplement of vistedomenicaSundaydomenica · noun, feminine, singularmodifies ballarenellain thein il · prepositionpreposition marking piazzapiazzasquarepiazza · noun, feminine, singularoblique complement of ballaredellaof thedi il · prepositionpreposition marking chiesachiesachurchchiesa · noun, feminine, singularmodifies piazza- 20
This time it's the old man's turn to shout:
QuestaThisquesto · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of voltavoltatimevolta · noun, feminine, singularoblique complement of toccatoccaistoccare · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentencealto thea il · prepositionpreposition marking vecchiovecchioold manvecchio · noun, masculine, singularoblique complement of toccagridareto shoutgridare · verb, infinitivecomplement of tocca - 21
"What?"
CosaWhatcosa · pronoun, singularhead of the phrase What?
CosaWhatcosa · pronoun, singularhead of the phraseWhat do you know, you louse, cat-eyes, horned foreigner?
CosaWhatcosa · pronoun, singulardirect object of conosciconosciknowconoscere · verb, present, indicative, second-person, singularmain verb of the sentencetuyoutu · pronoun, singularsubject of conoscipidocchiosolousepidocchioso · adjective, masculine, singularvocative, in apposition to tuocchieyesocchio · noun, masculine, pluralvocative, in apposition to tudiofdi · prepositionpreposition marking gattogattocatgatto · noun, masculine, singularmodifies occhiforestiereforeignerforestiero · noun, masculine, singularvocative, in apposition to tucornutohornedcornuto · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies forestiereIf you dare call me Father Cosma again I'll club you, as sure as Saint Francis is true.
SeIfse · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of chiamarmiosidareosare · verb, present, indicative, second-person, singularauxiliary of chiamarmichiamarmicall mechiamare · verb, infinitive, with attached clitic pronoun 'mi'complement of osiancoraagainancora · adverbmodifies chiamarmibabboFatherbabbo · noun, masculine, singularpredicate complement of chiamarmiCosmaCosmaCosma · proper nounin apposition to babbotiyouti · pronoun, singulardirect object of bastonobastonoclubbastonare · verb, present, indicative, first-person, singularmain verb of the sentencecomeascome · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of veroèisessere · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularcopula linking to veroverotruevero · adjective, masculine, singularoath clause modifying bastonoSanSaintSan · proper noun, titletitle, modifies FrancescoFrancescoFrancisFrancesco · proper nounsubject of è- 22
The young man goes on smiling, tapping his nails on the bottle.
IlTheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of giovanegiovaneyoung mangiovane · noun, masculine, singularsubject of continuacontinuagoes oncontinuare · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceatoa · prepositionintroduces the clause of sorrideresorrideresmilesorridere · verb, infinitivecomplement of continuabattendotappingbattere · verb, gerundadverbial clause on sorridereletheil · determiner, feminine, pluraldeterminer of unghieunghienailsunghia · noun, feminine, pluraldirect object of battendosullaon thesu il · prepositionpreposition marking bottigliabottigliabottlebottiglia · noun, feminine, singularmodifies unghie Deep in the forest the wind can be heard shivering sadly: the blows of the axes arrive distinct.
Ininin · prepositionpart of fixed phrase 'in fondo a'fondodepthsfondo · noun, masculine, singularoblique complement of ode, fixed phrase 'in fondo a'allaof thea il · prepositionpreposition marking forestaforestaforestforesta · noun, feminine, singularmodifies fondos’issi · pronoun, reflexive/passivepassive marker with odeodeheardudire · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceiltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of ventoventowindvento · noun, masculine, singularsubject of odefremereshiveringfremere · verb, infinitiveinfinitive complement of odeconwithcon · prepositionpreposition marking tristezzatristezzasadnesstristezza · noun, feminine, singularoblique complement of fremereitheil · determiner, masculine, pluraldeterminer of colpicolpiblowscolpo · noun, masculine, pluralsubject of arrivanodelleof thedi il · prepositionpreposition marking scuriscuriaxesscure · noun, feminine, pluralmodifies colpiarrivanoarrivearrivare · verb, present, indicative, third-person, pluralmain verb of the sentencedistintidistinctdistinto · adjective, masculine, pluralpredicate complement of arrivano- 23
"Ah," says Uncle Cosma, "you're getting closer, you're getting closer, sons of the devil!"
AhAhah · interjectiondiscourse markerdicesaysdire · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the narration clausezioUnclezio · noun, masculine, singularsubject of diceCosmaCosmaCosma · proper nounmodifies zioviyourselvesvi · pronoun, reflexive, pluralreflexive marker with avvicinateavvicinateare getting closeravvicinarsi · verb, present, indicative, second-person, pluralmain verb of the sentenceviyourselvesvi · pronoun, reflexive, pluralreflexive marker with avvicinateavvicinateare getting closeravvicinarsi · verb, present, indicative, second-person, pluralcoordinated with avvicinatefiglisonsfiglio · noun, masculine, pluralvocative, in apposition to videlof thedi il · prepositionpreposition marking diavolodiavolodevildiavolo · noun, masculine, singularmodifies figli - 24
"Well then," he shouts, turning to the young man, "will you cut down everything?"
EbbeneWell thenebbene · interjectiondiscourse markergridashoutsgridare · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentencerivoltoturningrivolgere · verb, past, participle, masculine, singularadverbial clause on gridaalto thea il · prepositionpreposition marking giovinegiovineyoung mangiovane · noun, masculine, singularoblique complement of rivoltoGiovine is an older literary form of giovane ('young man').
taglieretewill cuttagliare · verb, future, indicative, second-person, pluralmain verb of the sentencetuttoeverythingtutto · pronoun, masculine, singulardirect object of taglierete - 25
"What?"
CosaWhatcosa · pronoun, singularhead of the phrase - 26
"Like this!" — he makes the motion of cutting.
CosìLike thiscosì · adverbmodifies fafamakesfare · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceattomotionatto · noun, masculine, singulardirect object of fadiofdi · prepositionintroduces the clause of tagliaretagliarecuttingtagliare · verb, infinitiveclause modifying atto "Everything?"
TuttoEverythingtutto · pronoun, masculine, singularhead of the phrase- 27
"Everything."
TuttoEverythingtutto · pronoun, masculine, singularhead of the phrase - 28
"This one too?" asks the old man, touching the trunk of the holm oak.
QuestoThis onequesto · pronoun, masculine, singularhead of the elliptical phrase, modified by ancheanchetooanche · adverbmodifies Questochiedeaskschiedere · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceiltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of vecchiovecchioold manvecchio · noun, masculine, singularsubject of chiedetoccandotouchingtoccare · verb, gerundadverbial clause on chiedeiltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of troncotroncotrunktronco · noun, masculine, singulardirect object of toccandodell’of thedi il · prepositionpreposition marking elceelceholm oakelce · noun, feminine, singularmodifies tronco - 29
"Yes."
SìYessì · interjectionhead of the phrase - 30
"Get out!" Uncle Cosma then howls, "get out at once, lousy soul."
VatteneGet outandarsene · verb, present, imperative, second-person, singular, reflexivemain verb of the sentenceurlahowlsurlare · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceallorathenallora · adverbmodifies urlaziounclezio · noun, masculine, singularsubject of urlaCosmaCosmaCosma · proper nounmodifies ziovatteneget outandarsene · verb, present, imperative, second-person, singular, reflexiveparallel imperative to Vatteneviaawayvia · adverbmodifies vattenesubitoat oncesubito · adverbmodifies vatteneanimasoulanima · noun, feminine, singularvocative addresspidocchiosalousypidocchioso · adjective, feminine, singularmodifies anima Get out or I'll kill you, I'll crush you like a lizard.
VatteneGet outandarsene · verb, present, imperative, second-person, singular, reflexivemain verb of the sentenceooro · conjunctionlinks the coordinationtiyouti · pronoun, singulardirect object of ammazzoammazzokillammazzare · verb, present, indicative, first-person, singularcoordinated with Vattenetiyouti · pronoun, singulardirect object of schiaccioschiacciocrushschiacciare · verb, present, indicative, first-person, singularcoordinated with ammazzocomelikecome · prepositionpreposition marking lucertolaunaauno · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of lucertolalucertolalizardlucertola · noun, feminine, singularoblique complement of schiaccio- 31
"What?"
CosaWhatcosa · pronounhead of the phrase The young man no longer smiles, and leaps to his feet, troubled by the old man's savage cry.
IlTheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of giovinegiovineyoung mangiovine · noun, masculine, singularsubject of sorridenonnotnon · adverbmodifies sorride, paired with piùsorridesmilessorridere · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentencepiùanymorepiù · adverbmodifies sorride, paired with noneande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationbalzaleapsbalzare · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularcoordinated with sorrideintoin · prepositionpreposition marking piedipiedifeetpiede · noun, masculine, pluraloblique complement of balzaimpensieritotroubledimpensierito · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies giovinedalby theda il · prepositionpreposition marking gridogridocrygrido · noun, masculine, singularoblique complement of impensieritoselvaggiosavageselvaggio · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies gridodelof thedi il · prepositionpreposition marking vecchiovecchioold manvecchio · noun, masculine, singularmodifies grido- 32
"Are you afraid of me?" Uncle Cosma goes on howling.
TuYoutu · pronoun, singularsubject of haihaihaveavere · verb, present, indicative, second-person, singularmain verb of the sentencepaurafearpaura · noun, feminine, singulardirect object of haidiofdi · prepositionpreposition marking memememe · pronoun, singularoblique complement of pauracontinuagoes oncontinuare · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceatoa · prepositionintroduces the clause of urlareurlarehowlingurlare · verb, infinitivecomplement of continuaziounclezio · noun, masculine, singularsubject of continuaCosmaCosmaCosma · proper nounmodifies zio "Are you afraid of my eyes?"
TuYoutu · pronoun, singularsubject of haihaihaveavere · verb, present, indicative, second-person, singularmain verb of the sentencepaurafearpaura · noun, feminine, singulardirect object of haideiof thedi il · prepositionpreposition marking occhimieimymio · determiner, masculine, pluraldepends on occhiocchieyesocchio · noun, masculine, pluraloblique complement of pauraYoung man made of fennel-stalk, little statue carved out of a prickly-pear leaf!
GiovineYoung mangiovine · noun, masculine, singularhead of the phrasediofdi · prepositionpreposition marking ferulaferulafennel-stalkferula · noun, feminine, singularmodifies Giovinestatuettalittle statuestatuetta · noun, feminine, singularin apposition to Giovineintagliatacarvedintagliare · verb, past, participle, feminine, singularclause modifying statuettanellain thein il · prepositionpreposition marking fogliafoglialeaffoglia · noun, feminine, singularoblique complement of intagliatadelof thedi il · prepositionpreposition marking ficoficoprickly-pearfico · noun, masculine, singularmodifies foglia"fico d'India" (Indian fig) is the prickly-pear cactus, matching the translation's "prickly-pear" leaf.
d’ofdi · prepositionpreposition marking IndiaIndiaIndiaIndia · proper nounmodifies ficoAnd is it you who comes to flush out the old vulture?
EAnde · conjunctionlinks the coordinationseiisessere · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, second-person, singularmain verb of the sentencetuyoutu · pronoun, singularsubject of seichewhoche · pronounsubject of vienivienicomesvenire · verb, present, indicative, second-person, singularrelative clause on tuatoa · prepositionintroduces the clause of snidaresnidareflush outsnidare · verb, infinitivecomplement of vieniiltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of avvoltoiovecchiooldvecchio · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies avvoltoioavvoltoiovultureavvoltoio · noun, masculine, singulardirect object of snidareBut I'll gouge your eyes out.
MaButma · conjunctionlinks the coordinationioIio · pronoun, singularsubject of caveròtiyourti · pronoun, singulardative of possession with caveròcaveròwill gougecavare · verb, future, indicative, first-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceglitheil · determiner, masculine, pluraldeterminer of occhiocchieyesocchio · noun, masculine, pluraldirect object of caverò"Get out!" he goes on.
VatteneGet outandarsene · verb, present, imperative, second-person, singular, reflexivemain verb of the sentenceriprendegoes onriprendere · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentence"Won't you move?"
Nonnotnon · adverbmodifies muovitiyourselfti · pronoun, singular, reflexivereflexive pronoun of muovimuovimovemuoversi · verb, present, indicative, second-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceListen, do you see this image, on the snuffbox?
SentiListensentire · verb, present, indicative, second-person, singularmain verb of the sentencevediseevedere · verb, present, indicative, second-person, singularcoordinated with Sentiquestathisquesto · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of immagineimmagineimageimmagine · noun, feminine, singulardirect object of vedisullaon thesu il · prepositionpreposition marking tabacchieratabacchierasnuffboxtabacchiera · noun, feminine, singularoblique complement of vedi- 33
"What?"
CosaWhatcosa · pronounhead of the phrase - 34
"Now I'll give you the thing."
OraNowora · adverbmodifies dòtiyouti · pronoun, singularindirect object of dòdògivedare · verb, present, indicative, first-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceioIio · pronoun, singularsubject of dòlatheil · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of cosacosathingcosa · noun, feminine, singulardirect object of dò - 35
Uncle Cosma rises and comes close to the young man, holding the snuffbox right under his eyes.
ZioUnclezio · noun, masculine, singularsubject of alzaCosmaCosmaCosma · proper noundepends on Ziosihimselfsi · pronoun, reflexivereflexive pronoun of alzaalzarisesalzarsi · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsihimselfsi · pronoun, reflexivereflexive pronoun of avvicinaavvicinacomes closeavvicinarsi · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularcoordinated with alzaalto thea il · prepositionpreposition marking giovinegiovineyoung mangiovine · noun, masculine, singularoblique complement of avvicinamettendogliputtingmettere · verb, gerund, with attached indirect-object clitic "gli"adverbial clause on avvicinasottoundersotto · prepositionpreposition marking occhiglitheil · determiner, masculine, pluraldeterminer of occhiocchieyesocchio · noun, masculine, pluraloblique complement of mettendoglilatheil · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of tabacchieratabacchierasnuffboxtabacchiera · noun, feminine, singulardirect object of mettendogli - 36
"See," he says, "this is a man I killed."
VediSeevedere · verb, present, indicative, second-person, singularmain verb of the sentencedicehe saysdire · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularparenthetical, interrupts the quotationquestothisquesto · pronoun, masculine, singularsubject of èèisessere · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularcopula linking to uomounauno · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of uomouomomanuomo · noun, masculine, singularpredicate complement of èchethatche · pronoundirect object of ammacciatoioIio · pronoun, singularsubject of ammacciatohohaveavere · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singularauxiliary of ammacciatoammacciatokilledammazzare · verb, past, participle, masculine, singularrelative clause on uomo"ammacciato" is a dialectal spelling of "ammazzato" (killed).
Understand?
CapisciUnderstandcapire · verb, present, indicative, second-person, singularmain verb of the sentence- 37
"Yes," the young man nods, fixing on the snuffbox his gentle, rather frightened eyes.
SìYessì · interjectiondiscourse markeraccennanodsaccennare · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceiltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of giovinegiovineyoung mangiovine · noun, masculine, singularsubject of accennafissandofixingfissare · verb, gerundadverbial clause on accennasullaon thesu il · prepositionpreposition marking tabacchieratabacchierasnuffboxtabacchiera · noun, feminine, singularoblique complement of fissandoitheil · determiner, masculine, pluraldeterminer of occhidolcigentledolce · adjective, masculine, pluralmodifies occhiocchieyesocchio · noun, masculine, pluraldirect object of fissandounauno · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of po’, idiom "un po'"po’bitpo’ · adverbmodifies spauritispauritifrightenedspaurito · adjective, masculine, pluralmodifies occhi - 38
"Well then, just as I killed this Christian, so I'll kill you and your companions when you come to cut down here."
EbbeneWell thenebbene · interjectiondiscourse marker introducing the sentencecomeascome · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of ammacciatohohaveavere · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singularauxiliary of ammacciatoammacciatokilledammazzare · verb, past, participle, masculine, singularverb of the come-clause"ammacciato" is a dialectal spelling of "ammazzato" (killed).
questothisquesto · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of cristianocristianoChristiancristiano · noun, masculine, singulardirect object of ammacciatocosìsocosì · adverbmodifies ammaccieròammaccieròwill killammazzare · verb, future, indicative, first-person, singularmain verb of the sentence"ammaccierò" is a dialectal spelling of "ammazzerò" (I will kill).
teyoute · pronoun, singulardirect object of ammaccieròeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationitheil · determiner, masculine, pluraldeterminer of compagnituoiyourtuo · determiner, masculine, pluraldepends on compagnicompagnicompanionscompagno · noun, masculine, pluralcoordinated with tequandowhenquando · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of verreteverretecomevenire · verb, future, indicative, second-person, pluraladverbial clause on ammaccieròatoa · prepositionintroduces the clause of tagliaretagliarecuttagliare · verb, infinitivecomplement of verretequiherequi · adverbmodifies tagliare Have you understood?
AveteHaveavere · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, second-person, pluralauxiliary of comprisocomprisounderstoodcomprendere · verb, past, participle, masculine, singularmain verb of the sentence"compriso" is a dialectal spelling of "compreso" (understood).
And tell it to them.
EAnde · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdillotell itdire · verb, imperative, second-person, singular, with attached direct-object clitic "lo"main verb of the sentenceatoa · prepositionpreposition marking lorolorothemloro · pronoun, pluraloblique complement of dilloAnd get out right now, or else trouble!
EAnde · conjunctionlinks the coordinationvatteneget outandarsene · verb, present, imperative, second-person, singular, reflexivemain verb of the sentenceviaawayvia · adverbmodifies vattenesubitoat oncesubito · adverbmodifies vatteneoranowora · adverbmodifies vattenealtrimentior elsealtrimenti · adverbmodifies guaiguaitroubleguaio · noun, masculine, pluralhead of an elliptical exclamation, modified by altrimenti- 39
The young man has understood perfectly and goes away, head bowed, smiling to himself.
IlTheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of giovinegiovineyoung mangiovine · noun, masculine, singularsubject of capitohahasavere · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularauxiliary of capitoperfettamenteperfectlyperfettamente · adverbmodifies capitocapitounderstoodcapire · verb, past, participle, masculine, singularmain verb of the sentenceeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationvagoesandare · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularcoordinated with capitoviaawayvia · adverbmodifies vaawitha · prepositionpreposition marking capo, idiom "a capo chino"capoheadcapo · noun, masculine, singularoblique complement of vachinobowedchino · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies caposorridendosmilingsorridere · verb, gerundadverbial clause on vafratofra · prepositionpreposition marking sèsèhimselfsè · pronounoblique complement of sorridendo He thinks of the old man's pretty daughters, one of whom, white and slender as a lily, smiled at him with her large, tempting black eyes.
EgliHeegli · pronoun, masculine, singularsubject of pensapensathinkspensare · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentencealleof thea il · prepositionpreposition marking figliuolegrazioseprettygrazioso · adjective, feminine, pluralmodifies figliuolefigliuoledaughtersfigliuola · noun, feminine, pluraloblique complement of pensadelof thedi il · prepositionpreposition marking vecchiovecchioold manvecchio · noun, masculine, singularmodifies figliuoleunaoneuno · pronoun, feminine, singularsubject of sorrisodelleof thedi il · prepositionpreposition marking qualiqualiwhomquale · pronoun, pluralmodifies unabiancawhitebianco · adjective, feminine, singularmodifies unaeande · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsottileslendersottile · adjective, singularcoordinated with biancacomeascome · prepositionpreposition marking gigliounauno · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of gigliogigliolilygiglio · noun, masculine, singularoblique complement of sottileglihimgli · pronoun, masculine, singularindirect object of sorrisohahasavere · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularauxiliary of sorrisosorrisosmiledsorridere · verb, past, participle, masculine, singularmain verb of the relative clause on unacoiwith thecon il · prepositionpreposition marking occhigrandilargegrande · adjective, pluralmodifies occhiocchieyesocchio · noun, masculine, pluraloblique complement of sorrisoneriblacknero · adjective, masculine, pluralmodifies occhitentatoritemptingtentatore · adjective, masculine, pluralmodifies occhi- 40
"I'd marry her," he thinks, "but the old man is a wolf."
IoIio · pronoun, singularsubject of sposereilaherla · pronoun, feminine, singulardirect object of sposereisposereiwould marrysposare · verb, conditional, first-person, singularmain verb of the sentencepensahe thinkspensare · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularparenthetical, interrupts the quotationmabutma · conjunctionlinks the coordinationiltheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of vecchiovecchioold manvecchio · noun, masculine, singularsubject of èèisessere · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularcopula linking to lupounauno · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of lupolupowolflupo · noun, masculine, singularpredicate complement of è But he's likeable.
PeròButperò · adverbmodifies the whole clauseèisessere · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularcopula linking to simpaticosimpaticolikeablesimpatico · adjective, masculine, singularpredicate complement of èWho knows!
ChissàWho knowschissà · interjectionhead of the phrase- 41
"Father Cosma," he shouts, turning back, "many greetings to your daughter."
BabboFatherbabbo · noun, masculine, singularvocative head, addressed to CosmaCosmaCosmaCosma · proper nounin apposition to Babbogridashoutsgridare · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentencevoltandositurning backvoltarsi · verb, gerund, reflexiveadverbial clause on gridatantimanytanto · determiner, masculine, pluraldeterminer of salutisalutigreetingssaluto · noun, masculine, pluralhead of the exclamationatoa · prepositionpreposition marking figliavostrayourvostro · determiner, feminine, singulardepends on figliafigliadaughterfiglia · noun, feminine, singularobject of a, recipient of saluti - 42
"Wait, you horned little goat, wait!"
AspettaWaitaspettare · verb, imperative, second-person, singularmain verb of the sentencecaprettolittle goatcapretto · noun, masculine, singularvocative addresscornutohornedcornuto · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies caprettoaspettawaitaspettare · verb, imperative, second-person, singularrepeated, parallel to Aspetta The old man makes a feline leap, snatches a rifle down from the holm oak, while the young man flees, laughing like a child.
IlTheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of vecchiovecchioold manvecchio · noun, masculine, singularsubject of fafamakesfare · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceunauno · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of saltosaltoleapsalto · noun, masculine, singulardirect object of fafelinofelinefelino · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies saltostaccasnatchesstaccare · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularcoordinated with faunauno · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of fucilefucileriflefucile · noun, masculine, singulardirect object of staccadall’from theda il · prepositionpreposition marking elceelceholm oakelce · noun, feminine, singularoblique complement of staccamentrewhilementre · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of scappailtheil · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of giovinegiovineyoung mangiovine · noun, masculine, singularsubject of scappascappafleesscappare · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the mentre-clauseridendolaughingridere · verb, gerundadverbial clause on scappainfantilmentelike a childinfantilmente · adverbmodifies ridendo- 43
"It's not worth it!" says Uncle Cosma, shaking his head with contempt.
Nonnotnon · adverbmodifies valeneof itne · pronounpronominal complement of valeIdiomatic "non ne vale la pena" = "it isn't worth it"; ne refers back to the thing under discussion.
valeis worthvalere · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentencelatheil · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of penapenatroublepena · noun, feminine, singularsubject of valedicesaysdire · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the reporting clausezioUnclezio · noun, masculine, singularsubject of diceCosmaCosmaCosma · proper nounmodifies ziocrollandoshakingcrollare · verb, gerundadverbial clause on dicelatheil · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of testatestaheadtesta · noun, feminine, singulardirect object of crollandoconwithcon · prepositionpreposition marking disprezzodisprezzocontemptdisprezzo · noun, masculine, singularoblique complement of crollando "Those are not men."
QuelliThosequello · pronoun, masculine, pluralsubject of sonononnotnon · adverbmodifies sonosonoareessere · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, pluralcopula linking to uominiuominimenuomo · noun, masculine, pluralpredicate noun of sonoNow they'll be afraid to come near.
OraNowora · adverbmodifies avrannoavrannowill haveavere · verb, future, indicative, third-person, pluralmain verb of the sentencepaurafearpaura · noun, feminine, singulardirect object of avrannoditodi · prepositionintroduces the clause of avvicinarsiavvicinarsicome nearavvicinarsi · verb, infinitive, reflexiveclause modifying paura- 44
And he goes back to carving the snuffbox.
EAnde · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsihimselfsi · pronoun, reflexivedepends on rimettePart of the reflexive verb rimettersi a ("to go back to doing"); the pronoun has no separate word in the smooth translation.
rimettegoes backrimettersi · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceatoa · prepositionintroduces the clause of intagliareintagliarecarvingintagliare · verb, infinitivecomplement of rimettelatheil · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of tabacchieratabacchierasnuffboxtabacchiera · noun, feminine, singulardirect object of intagliare The blows of the axes, echoed back, seem to repeat:
ITheil · determiner, masculine, pluraldeterminer of colpicolpiblowscolpo · noun, masculine, pluralsubject of pardelleof thedi il · prepositionpreposition marking scuriscuriaxesscure · noun, feminine, pluralmodifies colpireplicatiechoed backreplicare · verb, past, participle, masculine, pluralclause modifying colpidall’by theda il · prepositionpreposition marking eco, agent of replicatiecoechoeco · noun, feminine, singularagent of replicatiparseemparere · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentence"Par" is a literary elision of "pare" (parere, "to seem").
chethatche · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the complement clause of parripetanorepeatripetere · verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, pluralclausal complement of par- 45
"We're coming, we're coming."
VeniamoWe're comingvenire · verb, present, indicative, first-person, pluralmain verb of the sentenceveniamowe're comingvenire · verb, present, indicative, first-person, pluralrepeated, parallel to Veniamo
The particulars
- The text
- I giuochi della vita, Grazia Deledda. The Games of Life.
- Translation
- Public-domain Italian (Deledda, d. 1936; collection published 1905). English translation © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC.
- Words
- Every word of the text, by letter.
- Data
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