The Iliad 1732 Studios

Ancient Greek · The Ransom of Hector

Ἰλιάδος Τ

Book 19. The Renunciation of Wrath

Achilles and Agamemnon make up. Briseis is returned. Achilles arms, and his horse Xanthus tells him he will die.

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  1. 1

    Saffron-robed Dawn rose from the streams of Oceanus

    Metre

    ἨὼςDawnἠώς · nominative singular feminine nounsubject of ὄρνυθ̓
    μὲνindeedμέν · particlesentence particle
    κροκόπεπλοςsaffron-robedκροκόπεπλος · nominative singular feminine adjectivemodifies Ἠὼς
    ἀπfromἀπό · prepositionpreposition
    ὨκεανοῖοOceanusὨκεανός · genitive singular masculine nounmodifies ῥοάων
    ῥοάωνstreamsῥοή · genitive plural feminine nounobject of ἀπ̓
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    to bring light to immortals and mortals alike;

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    and she came to the ships bearing gifts from the god.

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    She found her dear son clinging around Patroclus,

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    weeping shrilly; and many comrades around him

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    were mourning. She stood among them, the shining one among goddesses,

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    she took his hand, and spoke to him, and called him by name:

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    "My child, though we grieve, we must let this man

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    lie, since first he was struck down by the will of the gods.

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    But you, accept the famed armor from Hephaestus,

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    very beautiful, such as no man has ever borne upon his shoulders."

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    So the goddess spoke, and set the armor down

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    before Achilles; and all its cunning work rang aloud.

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    Trembling seized all the Myrmidons, and no one dared

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    look straight at it; they shrank in fear. But Achilles,

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    when he saw it, felt anger sink deeper into him, and his eyes

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    blazed terribly beneath his lids, as though a flame shone out;

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    and he rejoiced to hold the god's glorious gifts in his hands.

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    But when his heart had taken its delight in gazing on the cunning work,

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    at once he addressed his mother with winged words:

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    "My mother, the god has given armor such as it is fitting

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    for immortals to make, not for any mortal man to accomplish.

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    Now I shall arm myself; but I fear terribly

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    that meanwhile, into the valiant son of Menoetius,

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    flies may crawl through the wounds struck by bronze,

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    breed worms, and disfigure the corpse,

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    now that life has been slain out of him, and all his flesh may rot."

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    Then the goddess, silver-footed Thetis, answered him:

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    "My child, do not let these things trouble your mind.

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    I shall try to keep the savage swarms away from him—

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    the flies that devour men slain in battle.

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    Even if he lies here through a full year's course,

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    his flesh will always remain firm, or grow better still.

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    But call the Achaean heroes into assembly,

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    renounce your wrath against Agamemnon, shepherd of the people,

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    arm yourself swiftly for war, and clothe yourself in valor."

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    So she spoke and breathed high courage into him;

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    then into Patroclus she poured ambrosia and red nectar,

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    dripping them through his nostrils, so that his flesh might remain firm.

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    Then godlike Achilles went along the shore of the sea,

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    shouting terribly, and roused the Achaean heroes.

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    Even those who before had always stayed at the ships' gathering—

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    the pilots and those who held the ships' steering oars,

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    and the stewards beside the ships, dispensers of provisions—

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    even they now went to the assembly, because Achilles

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    had appeared after holding back so long from grievous battle.

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    The two came limping, both henchmen of Ares,

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    the steadfast-in-battle son of Tydeus and godlike Odysseus,

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    leaning on their spears, for they still had grievous wounds;

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    and they came and sat down in the foremost place of assembly.

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    Last came Agamemnon, lord of men,

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    bearing his wound; for in the mighty combat

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    Coon, son of Antenor, had stabbed him with a bronze-shod spear.

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    But when all the Achaeans had gathered together,

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    swift-footed Achilles rose among them and spoke:

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    "Son of Atreus, was this, then, better for us both,

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    for you and me, when the two of us, grieving at heart,

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    raged in heart-devouring strife for the sake of a girl?

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    I wish Artemis had killed her beside the ships with an arrow

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    on the day I took her after destroying Lyrnessus.

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    Then not so many Achaeans would have bitten the boundless earth

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    beneath our enemies' hands while I held back in wrath.

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    For Hector and the Trojans it was the better course; but the Achaeans,

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    I think, will long remember the strife between you and me.

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    But let us leave those things accomplished, though we grieve,

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    mastering the dear heart in our breasts by force.

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    Now I put an end to my anger; I must not

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    rage without cease forever. Come, quickly

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    rouse the long-haired Achaeans to war,

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    so that I may yet go against the Trojans and test them,

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    whether they still wish to sleep beside the ships. But I think one of them

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    will gladly bend his knee to rest, if he escapes

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    from destructive war beneath our spear."

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    So he spoke, and the well-greaved Achaeans rejoiced

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    because the great-hearted son of Peleus had renounced his wrath.

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    Then among them spoke Agamemnon, lord of men:

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    from where he sat, without rising in their midst:

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    "Friends, hero Danaans, henchmen of Ares,

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    it is right to listen when a man stands to speak, and it is not fitting

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    to interrupt him; it is hard even for one who knows his craft.

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    In the great clamor of men, how could anyone hear

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    or speak? Even a clear-voiced orator is hindered.

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    I shall explain myself to the son of Peleus; but you others,

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    pay heed, Argives, and each understand my words well.

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    Often the Achaeans have spoken this charge to me

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    and reproached me; but I am not to blame.

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    It was Zeus and Fate and the Erinys who walks in darkness,

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    who in assembly cast savage delusion into my mind

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    on the day I myself took Achilles' prize from him.

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    But what could I have done? A god brings all things to fulfillment.

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    Ate is the eldest daughter of Zeus, who blinds everyone,

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    accursed. Her feet are delicate; for she does not tread

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    upon the ground, but walks over the heads of men,

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    bringing them harm; and at one time or another she ensnares each one.

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    For once, indeed, Zeus too was blinded, though they say he is greatest

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    of gods and men; yet even him

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    Hera, though a woman, deceived through her cunning

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    on the day when the mighty Heracles

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    was to be born of Alcmene in well-crowned Thebes.

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    Then Zeus spoke boastfully among all the gods:

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    "Hear me, all you gods and all you goddesses,

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    that I may speak what the heart in my breast commands.

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    Today Eileithyia, bringer of labor pains, shall bring a man into the light

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    who shall rule over all those dwelling around him,

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    of the race of men who spring from my blood."

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    Then queenly Hera, planning deception, addressed him:

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    "You will prove false and never bring your word to fulfillment.

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    Come now, Olympian, swear me a mighty oath:

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    that the man who on this very day

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    falls between a woman's feet shall rule over all those dwelling around him,

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    of the men who belong to the blood of your lineage."

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    So she spoke. Zeus did not perceive her cunning,

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    but swore the mighty oath, and afterward was blinded greatly,

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    while Hera darted away and left the ridge of Olympus.

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    Swiftly she reached Achaean Argos, where she knew

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    the strong wife of Sthenelus, son of Perseus.

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    She was pregnant with a dear son, and the seventh month had come;

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    Hera brought him out into the light though he was born before his term,

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    but stopped Alcmene's labor and held back the Eileithyiae.

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    Then she herself brought the news and addressed Zeus, son of Cronos:

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    "Father Zeus of the bright lightning, I shall set a word in your mind:

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    already a noble man has been born who shall rule the Argives—

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    Eurystheus, son of Sthenelus, son of Perseus,

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    your own lineage. It is not unfit for him to rule the Argives."

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    So she spoke, and sharp grief struck him deep in the heart.

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    At once he seized Ate by her glossy-haired head,

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    angry in his heart, and swore a mighty oath

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    that never again to Olympus and starry heaven

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    would Ate return, she who blinds everyone.

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    So he spoke and hurled her from starry heaven,

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    whirling her in his hand; and swiftly she reached the works of men.

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    He would always groan over her whenever he saw his dear son

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    bearing the shameful burden of the labors imposed by Eurystheus.

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    So too with me: whenever great Hector of the flashing helm

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    kept killing Argives beside the ships' sterns,

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    I could not forget Ate, by whom I was first blinded.

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    But since I was blinded and Zeus took away my wits,

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    I wish to make amends again and give boundless ransom.

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    Rise up for battle, and rouse the other warriors.

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    I shall provide all these gifts—as many as, after coming

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    to your huts yesterday, godlike Odysseus promised you.

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    If you wish, wait, though eager for battle,

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    and my attendants shall take the gifts from beside my ship

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    and bring them, so you may see that what I give will please you."

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    Then swift-footed Achilles answered him and said:

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    "Son of Atreus, most glorious, Agamemnon, lord of men,

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    as for the gifts, provide them if you wish, as is fitting,

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    or keep them with you. But now let us remember battle

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    with all speed; we must not stand here dealing in evasions

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    or waste time, for a great work remains unfinished:

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    that someone may once more see Achilles among the foremost,

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    destroying the Trojan ranks with his bronze spear.

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    With this in mind, let each of you fight his man."

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    Then Odysseus of many wiles answered him and said:

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    "Not so, brave though you are, godlike Achilles—

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    do not rouse the sons of the Achaeans fasting toward Ilion

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    to fight the Trojans, since the time will not be short

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    for the battle-din once the ranks of men first meet

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    and a god breathes fury into both sides.

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    Instead, command the Achaeans beside the swift ships to fortify themselves

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    with food and wine, for therein lie strength and valor.

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    For no man through the whole day until the sun goes down,

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    fasting for want of food, can fight face to face.

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    Even if his heart desires to wage war,

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    his limbs secretly grow heavy, and there overtake him

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    thirst and hunger, and his knees fail as he goes.

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    But the man who has taken his fill of wine and food

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    can fight hostile men all day long;

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    the heart in his breast is bold, and his limbs

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    do not tire before he has driven every enemy from battle.

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    Come then, disperse the army and command them to make

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    their meal ready. And let Agamemnon, lord of men, carry the gifts

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    into the middle of the assembly, so that all the Achaeans

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    may see them with their eyes, and your heart may be warmed.

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    Let him stand among the Argives and swear you an oath

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    that he never entered her bed nor coupled with her,

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    as is the custom, lord, between men and women.

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    And let the heart in your own breast be gracious.

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    Then let him make amends to you with a feast in his huts,

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    a rich one, so that you lack nothing of your due.

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    And you, son of Atreus, will afterward be more just toward another

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    as well. There is no cause for blame when a king

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    makes amends to a man when he was the first to grow angry."

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    Then Agamemnon, lord of men, addressed him in turn:

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    "I rejoice to hear your words, son of Laertes,

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    for you have gone through and set out everything in due measure.

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    These things I am willing to swear; my heart commands it,

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    and I shall not swear falsely before a god. But Achilles

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    must wait here meanwhile, though eager for battle,

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    and all you others wait together, until the gifts

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    come from my hut and we cut the faithful oath-sacrifices.

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    To you yourself I lay this charge and give this command:

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    choose young men, the best of all the Achaeans,

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    to bring from beside my ship the gifts that yesterday

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    we promised to give Achilles, and to bring the women too.

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    And let Talthybius quickly range through the Achaeans' broad host

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    and make ready a boar to cut in sacrifice to Zeus and Helios."

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    Then swift-footed Achilles answered him and said:

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    "Son of Atreus, most glorious, Agamemnon, lord of men,

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    at another time you two should attend to these things more fittingly,

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    whenever there comes some breathing-space from war

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    and the fury within my breast is not so great.

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    But now those men lie hacked apart, all slain by

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    Hector, son of Priam, when Zeus granted him glory;

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    and you two urge the men to eat. No—my command

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    would now be for the sons of the Achaeans to fight,

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    fasting and without food, and then, when the sun goes down,

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    to prepare a great supper, once we have avenged the outrage.

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    Before then, nothing could pass down my throat—

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    neither drink nor food—while my comrade lies dead,

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    hacked apart by sharp bronze inside my hut,

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    lying turned toward the doorway, while around him his comrades

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    mourn. So none of these matters has any place in my mind,

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    but only slaughter and blood and the grievous groan of men."

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    Then Odysseus of many wiles answered him and said:

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    "Achilles, son of Peleus, far greatest of the Achaeans,

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    you are stronger than I and better by no small measure

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    with the spear; but in counsel I would surpass you

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    by far, since I was born before you and know more.

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    So let your heart endure my words.

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    Men quickly take their fill of the battle-din,

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    where bronze has strewn the greatest quantity of stalks upon the ground,

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    but the harvest is smallest, when Zeus tilts the scales

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    Zeus, who is made the steward of war for men.

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    The Achaeans cannot mourn a corpse with the belly;

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    for all through the days too many men fall thick and fast—

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    when could anyone draw breath from the toil?

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    No, we must bury whoever dies,

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    holding a pitiless heart after mourning him for one day;

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    but all of us who are left alive from hateful war

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    must remember drink and food, so that with still greater force

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    we may fight hostile men without ceasing, ever,

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    clothing our bodies in unyielding bronze. Let no one

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    hold back awaiting another summons of the army;

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    for this summons will bring evil to whoever is left behind

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    at the Argive ships; but gathered together, rushing forward, we

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    are rousing sharp Ares against the horse-taming Trojans."

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    So he spoke, and chose the sons of glorious Nestor,

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    Meges, son of Phyleus, Thoas, and Meriones,

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    Lycomedes, son of Creon, and Melanippus;

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    and they set out for the shelter of Agamemnon, son of Atreus.

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    At once the word was spoken and the deed accomplished:

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    from the shelter they carried seven tripods, which he had promised him,

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    twenty gleaming cauldrons, and twelve horses,

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    and quickly led out seven women skilled in blameless handiwork,

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    and as the eighth, fair-cheeked Briseis.

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    Odysseus weighed out all ten talents of gold

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    and led the way, while other young Achaeans carried the gifts.

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    They set them down in the midst of the assembly, and Agamemnon

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    rose; and Talthybius, whose voice was like a god's,

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    stood beside the shepherd of the people, holding a boar in his hands.

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    And the son of Atreus, drawing with his hands the knife

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    that always hung beside the great sheath of his sword,

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    first cut hairs from the boar, then raised his hands to Zeus

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    and prayed; and all the Argives sat there in silence,

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    in due order, listening to their king.

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    He prayed, looked up into the broad sky, and said:

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    "Now let Zeus be witness first, highest and best of the gods,

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    and Earth and Sun and the Erinyes, who beneath the earth

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    punish any mortal who swears a false oath:

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    never did I lay a hand upon the girl Briseis,

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    neither seeking occasion for her bed nor for anything else,

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    but she remained untouched within my shelters.

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    If any of this is falsely sworn, may the gods give me pains,

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    many indeed—all they give a man who sins against them by his oath."

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    He spoke, and cut the boar's throat with pitiless bronze.

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    Talthybius whirled it and cast it into the great gulf

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    of the gray sea as food for fish; but Achilles

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    rose and addressed the war-loving Argives:

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    "Father Zeus, great are the delusions you give to men.

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    Otherwise the son of Atreus could never have roused the spirit

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    within my breast so utterly, nor could he have taken the girl

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    from me against my will, beyond all resistance; but somewhere Zeus

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    must have wished death to come upon many Achaeans.

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    Now go to your meal, so that we may join battle."

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    So he spoke, and quickly dissolved the assembly.

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    They scattered, each man to his own ship,

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    while the great-hearted Myrmidons took charge of the gifts

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    and carried them to the ship of godlike Achilles.

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    They set the gifts in the shelters and seated the women,

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    and noble attendants drove the horses into the herd.

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    Then Briseis, like golden Aphrodite,

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    when she saw Patroclus torn by the sharp bronze,

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    flung herself upon him and wailed shrilly, and with her hands tore

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    her breast, her tender neck, and her lovely face.

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    Weeping, the woman like the goddesses said:

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    "Patroclus, dearest by far to my wretched heart,

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    I left you alive when I went from this shelter,

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    but now on my return I find you dead, marshal of the people.

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    So evil after evil comes to meet me always.

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    The man to whom my father and queenly mother gave me

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    I saw before our city, torn by the sharp bronze,

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    and my three brothers, whom one mother bore with me,

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    my own kin, all met their day of doom.

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    Yet you would not let me weep when swift Achilles

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    killed my husband and sacked the city of godlike Mynes;

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    instead you said that you would make me

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    the wedded wife of godlike Achilles and take me in the ships

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    to Phthia, and hold a wedding feast among the Myrmidons.

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    Therefore I mourn you without ceasing, dead and always gentle."

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    So she spoke, weeping, and the women groaned around her,

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    using Patroclus as their pretext, but each for her own griefs.

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    Around Achilles the elders of the Achaeans gathered,

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    begging him to dine, but groaning, he refused:

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    "I beg you, if any of my dear companions will heed me,

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    do not urge me before then to satisfy my heart

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    with food or drink, since terrible grief has come upon me.

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    Until the sun goes down I will wait and endure."

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    So speaking, he sent the other kings away,

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    but the two sons of Atreus remained, and godlike Odysseus,

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    Nestor and Idomeneus and Phoenix, the old horseman,

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    seeking earnestly to comfort the deeply grieving man; but in his heart

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    he found no comfort—not until he should enter the mouth of bloodstained war.

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    Remembering, he heaved a deep sigh and said:

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    "Ah, once you too, ill-fated one, dearest of my companions,

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    would set a savory dinner ready for me yourself in the shelter,

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    swiftly and eagerly, whenever the Achaeans hastened

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    to bring war of many tears upon the horse-taming Trojans.

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    But now you lie mangled, while my heart

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    fasts from drink and food, though both are here within,

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    in longing for you. Nothing worse than this could befall me,

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    not even if I learned that my father had died,

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    who now in Phthia surely sheds tender tears

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    for want of such a son, while I in a foreign land

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    fight the Trojans for the sake of hateful Helen;

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    or of my dear son, who is being reared for me on Scyros,

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    if godlike Neoptolemus is still alive.

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    Before now the heart within my breast had hoped

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    that I alone would perish far from horse-pasturing Argos,

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    here in Troy, but that you would return to Phthia,

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    so that in a swift black ship you might bring my boy

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    from Scyros and show him everything:

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    my possessions, my servants, and my great high-roofed house.

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    For by now I suppose that Peleus has either wholly

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    died, or still lives a little while, weighed down

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    by hateful age and forever awaiting from me

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    the woeful news, when he hears that I am dead."

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    So he spoke, weeping, and the elders groaned around him,

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    each remembering what he had left behind in his halls.

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    The son of Cronos saw them mourning and pitied them,

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    and at once addressed Athena with winged words:

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    "My child, you have utterly abandoned your own man.

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    Does Achilles no longer concern your heart at all?

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    There he sits before the high-horned ships,

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    mourning his dear companion; the others now

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    have gone to their meal, but he is fasting and has tasted nothing.

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    Go, then, and drip nectar and lovely ambrosia

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    into his breast, so that hunger may not come upon him."

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    So speaking, he spurred on Athena, who was eager already,

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    and like a falcon, long-winged and clear-voiced,

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    she darted down from heaven through the upper air. Meanwhile the Achaeans

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    at once armed throughout the camp; and she, for Achilles,

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    dripped nectar and lovely ambrosia within his breast,

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    so that joyless hunger might not reach his knees;

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    then she went to the close-built house of her mighty father,

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    while the men poured out away from the swift ships.

  357. 357

    As when thick snowflakes fly from Zeus,

  358. 358

    cold beneath the blast of clear-sky-born Boreas,

  359. 359

    so then thick and brightly gleaming helmets

  360. 360

    streamed from the ships, and bossed shields,

  361. 361

    strong-plated corselets, and ash-wood spears.

  362. 362

    The gleam reached heaven, and all the earth around laughed

  363. 363

    under the bronze's flash; beneath the men's feet a clamor rose,

  364. 364

    and in their midst godlike Achilles armed himself.

  365. 365

    His teeth gnashed, and his two eyes

  366. 366

    blazed like a flare of fire, while into his heart

  367. 367

    entered unbearable grief; raging against the Trojans,

  368. 368

    he put on the god's gifts, which Hephaestus had labored to make.

  369. 369

    First he set greaves about his shins,

  370. 370

    fine ones, fitted with silver ankle-pieces;

  371. 371

    and next he put on about his chest the corselet

  372. 372

    and about his shoulders he slung his silver-studded sword;

  373. 373

    of bronze; then he took up the great and sturdy shield,

  374. 374

    and from it a gleam shone far off, like the moon.

  375. 375

    As when from the sea a light appears to sailors,

  376. 376

    from a burning fire that blazes high in the mountains

  377. 377

    at a lonely steading, while storms carry them against their will

  378. 378

    over the fish-filled sea, far from their friends;

  379. 379

    so the gleam from Achilles' shield reached the upper air,

  380. 380

    the lovely, cunning work; and lifting the helmet

  381. 381

    he set the massive thing upon his head; it shone like a star,

  382. 382

    the horsehair-plumed helmet, and around it streamed the hairs

  383. 383

    of gold that Hephaestus had set thick about the crest.

  384. 384

    Then godlike Achilles tried himself in his armor,

  385. 385

    to see whether it fitted him and his glorious limbs moved freely;

  386. 386

    the armor became like wings for him and lifted the shepherd of the people.

  387. 387

    Then from its rack he drew his father's spear,

  388. 388

    heavy, great, and stout; no other Achaean could

  389. 389

    brandish it, but Achilles alone knew how to wield

  390. 390

    the Pelian ash spear that Chiron gave his dear father

  391. 391

    from Pelion's summit, to be death for heroes.

  392. 392

    Automedon and Alcimus tended the horses

  393. 393

    and yoked them; they put the fine neck-straps about them, set the bits

  394. 394

    between their jaws, and drew the reins backward

  395. 395

    toward the well-jointed chariot. Then the shining whip,

  396. 396

    well made, he took in hand and sprang up behind the horses—

  397. 397

    Automedon; behind him mounted Achilles, armed for war,

  398. 398

    his armor flashing like Hyperion the Sun,

  399. 399

    and terribly he called to his father's horses:

  400. 400

    "Xanthus and Balius, far-famed children of Podarge,

  401. 401

    take better thought this time to save your driver

  402. 402

    and bring him back to the Danaan throng when we have our fill of battle;

  403. 403

    do not leave him there dead, as you left Patroclus."

  404. 404

    Then from beneath the yoke the swift-footed horse answered him,

  405. 405

    Xanthus; at once he bowed his head, and all his mane

  406. 406

    streamed from the yoke-strap beside the yoke and reached the ground.

  407. 407

    The white-armed goddess Hera gave him speech:

  408. 408

    "Yes, mighty Achilles, we will still save you now,

  409. 409

    but your day of doom is near; and we are not

  410. 410

    to blame, but a great god and mighty Fate.

  411. 411

    Nor was it through our slowness or our slackness

  412. 412

    that the Trojans stripped the armor from Patroclus' shoulders;

  413. 413

    but the best of the gods, whom lovely-haired Leto bore,

  414. 414

    killed him among the front ranks and gave Hector glory.

  415. 415

    We two could run abreast with the breath of Zephyrus,

  416. 416

    which they say is the swiftest; but for you yourself

  417. 417

    you are fated to be brought down by force, by a god and a man."

  418. 418

    As he spoke, the Erinyes stopped his voice.

  419. 419

    Greatly troubled, swift-footed Achilles answered him:

  420. 420

    "Xanthus, why prophesy my death? You have no need.

  421. 421

    I know well myself that it is my fate to perish here,

  422. 422

    far from my dear father and mother; but even so

  423. 423

    I will not cease until I have driven the Trojans to their fill of war."

  424. 424

    He spoke, and shouting among the front ranks drove the single-hoofed horses.

The particulars

The text
Ἰλιάς, Homer. The Ransom of Hector.
Translation
Public-domain Greek (Homer, ancient; text via the Perseus Digital Library). English translation © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC.
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Digital narration in reconstructed pronunciation, shaped to the hexameter.
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Two whoopie pies and a pine. An inside joke.