Ancient Greek · The Ransom of Hector
Ἰλιάδος Υ
Book 20. The Gods Enter Battle
The gods join the battle. Achilles fights Aeneas, who is saved by Poseidon, and drives the Trojans before him.
Tap a line to open its words. The mark beside it plays it.
- 1
Thus they armed beside the curved ships,
Metre
ὣςοἳμὲνπαρὰνηυσὶ‖κορωνίσιθωρήσσοντο
ὣςsoὡς · adverbadverbial to θωρήσσοντοοἳtheyὁ · nominative plural masculine articlemodifies Ἀχαιοίμὲνwhileμέν · particlesentence particleπαρὰbesideπαρά · prepositionprepositionνηυσὶshipsναῦς · dative plural feminine nounadverbial to παρὰκορωνίσιcurvedκορωνίς · dative plural feminine adjectivemodifies νηυσὶθωρήσσοντοarmedθωρήσσω · imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verbmain verb - 2
around you, son of Peleus, insatiate for battle, the Achaeans,
Metre
ἀμφὶσὲΠηλέοςυἱὲ‖μάχηςἀκόρητονἈχαιοί
ἀμφὶaroundἀμφί · prepositionprepositionσὲyouσύ · accusative singular masculine pronounadverbial to ἀμφὶΠηλέοςof PeleusΠηλεύς · genitive singular masculine nounmodifies υἱὲυἱὲsonυἱός · vocative singular masculine noungoverned by an elided headEpic apostrophe turns briefly from narration to address Achilles directly.
μάχηςbattleμάχη · genitive singular feminine nounmodifies ἀκόρητονἀκόρητονinsatiateἀκόρητος · accusative singular masculine adjectivemodifies σὲἈχαιοίAchaeansἈχαιός · nominative plural masculine adjectivesubject of θωρήσσοντο - 3
The Trojans, on the other side, upon a rise of the plain,
ΤρῶεςTrojansΤρώς · nominative plural masculine nounsubjectδbutδέ · particlecoordinating wordαὖθin turnαὖτε · adverbadverbialἑτέρωθενon the other sideἑτέρωθεν · adverbadverbialἐπὶuponἐπί · prepositionprepositionθρωσμῷriseθρωσμός · dative singular masculine nounadverbial to ἐπὶπεδίοιοof the plainπεδίον · genitive singular neuter nounmodifies θρωσμῷ - 4
Zeus commanded Themis to call the gods to council
Metre
ΖεὺςδὲΘέμιστακέλευσε‖θεοὺςἀγορὴνδὲκαλέσσαι
ΖεὺςZeusΖεύς · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of κέλευσεδὲandδέ · particlecoordinating wordΘέμισταThemisθέμις · accusative singular feminine nounsubject of καλέσσαικέλευσεorderedκελεύω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbθεοὺςgodsθεός · accusative plural masculine nounobject of καλέσσαιἀγορὴνto councilἀγορά · accusative singular feminine nounobject of καλέσσαιδὲthereδέ · particleemphasizing particleκαλέσσαιto summonκαλέω · aorist active infinitiveobject of κέλευσε - 5
from the crest of many-folded Olympus; and she went everywhere,
Metre
κρατὸςἀπΟὐλύμποιο‖πολυπτύχουἣἄραπάντῃ
κρατὸςthe crestκράς · genitive singular feminine nounadverbial to ἀπ̓ἀπfromἀπό · prepositionprepositionΟὐλύμποιοOlympusὌλυμπος · genitive singular masculine nounmodifies κρατὸςπολυπτύχουmany-foldedπολύπτυχος · genitive singular masculine adjectivemodifies Οὐλύμποιοἣsheὁ · nominative singular feminine pronounsubject of κέλευσεδandδέ · particlecoordinating wordἄραthenἄρα · particlesentence particleπάντῃeverywhereπάντῃ · adverbadverbial to φοιτήσασα - 6
making her rounds, and bade them come to the house of Zeus.
Metre
φοιτήσασακέλευσε‖Διὸςπρὸςδῶμανέεσθαι
φοιτήσασαmaking her roundsφοιτάω · aorist active participle, nominative singular feminineadverbial to κέλευσεκέλευσεbadeκελεύω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbΔιὸςof ZeusΖεύς · genitive singular masculine nounmodifies δῶμαπρὸςtoπρός · prepositionprepositionδῶμαhouseδῶμα · accusative singular neuter nounobject of πρὸςνέεσθαιto comeνέομαι · present medio-passive infinitiveobject of κέλευσε - 7
Not one of the rivers was absent, except Oceanus,
Metre
οὔτέτιςοὖνποταμῶν‖ἀπέηννόσφὨκεανοῖο
οὔτέnorοὔτε · adverbemphasizing particleτιςoneτις · nominative singular masculine pronounsubject of ἀπέηνοὖνindeedοὖν · particlesentence particleποταμῶνof riversποταμός · genitive plural masculine nounmodifies τ̓ἀπέηνwas absentἄπειμι · imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbνόσφexceptνόσφι · prepositionprepositionHere this word marks an exception and governs the following genitive: all rivers except Oceanus.
ὨκεανοῖοOceanusὨκεανός · genitive singular masculine nounmodifies νόσφ̓ - 8
nor any of the nymphs who dwell in the lovely groves
Metre
οὔτἄρανυμφάων‖αἵἄλσεακαλὰνέμονται
ἄραthenἄρα · particlesentence particleνυμφάωνof the nymphsνύμφη · genitive plural feminine nounmodifies τ̓αἵwhoὅς · nominative plural feminine pronounsubject of νέμονταιτalsoτε · particleemphasizing particleἄλσεαgrovesἄλσος · accusative plural neuter nounobject of καὶκαλὰlovelyκαλός · accusative plural neuter adjectivemodifies ἄλσεανέμονταιdwell inνέμω · present medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verbverb of a clause describing νυμφάων - 9
and the springs of rivers and the grassy meadows.
Metre
καὶπηγὰςποταμῶν‖καὶπίσεαποιήεντα
καὶandκαί · conjunctionsentence particleπηγὰςspringsπηγή · accusative plural feminine nounobject of καὶποταμῶνof riversποταμός · genitive plural masculine nounmodifies πηγὰςκαὶandκαί · conjunctioncoordinating wordπίσεαmeadowsπῖσος · accusative plural neuter nounobject of καὶποιήενταgrassyποιήεις · accusative plural neuter adjectivemodifies πίσεα - 10
When they came to the house of Zeus the cloud-gatherer,
ἐλθόντεςthey arrivedἔρχομαι · aorist active participle, nominative plural masculineadverbial to ἐνίζανονδandδέ · particlecoordinating wordἐςtoεἰς · prepositionprepositionδῶμαhouseδῶμα · accusative singular neuter nounobject of ἐςΔιὸςof ZeusΖεύς · genitive singular masculine nounmodifies δῶμανεφεληγερέταοcloud-gathererνεφεληγερέτα · genitive singular masculine nounmodifies Διὸς - 11
they sat down in the polished colonnades that Hephaestus
Metre
ξεστῇςαἰθούσῃσιν‖ἐνίζανονἃςΔιὶπατρὶ
ξεστῇςpolishedξεστός · dative plural feminine adjectivemodifies αἰθούσῃσιναἰθούσῃσινcolonnadesαἴθουσα · dative plural feminine nounobject of ἐνίζανονἐνίζανονsat downἐνιζάνω · imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verbmain verbἃςwhichὅς · accusative plural feminine pronounobject of ποίησενΔιὶfor ZeusΖεύς · dative singular masculine nounadverbial to ποίησενπατρὶfatherπατήρ · dative singular masculine nounmodifies Διὶ - 12
had made for father Zeus with his skillful mind.
Metre
Ἥφαιστοςποίησεν‖ἰδυίῃσιπραπίδεσσιν
ἭφαιστοςHephaestusἭφαιστος · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of ποίησενποίησενhad madeποιέω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbverb of a clause describing αἰθούσῃσινἰδυίῃσιskillfulοἶδα · perfect active participle, dative plural femininemodifies πραπίδεσσινπραπίδεσσινwith his mindπραπίδες · dative plural feminine nounadverbial to ποίησεν - 13
Thus they were gathered inside the house of Zeus; nor did the Earth-shaker
Metre
ὣςοἳμὲνΔιὸςἔνδον‖ἀγηγέρατοὐδἐνοσίχθων
ὣςsoὡς · adverbadverbial to ἀγηγέρατ̓οἳtheyὁ · nominative plural masculine pronounsubject of ἀγηγέρατ̓μὲνwhileμέν · particlesentence particleΔιὸςof ZeusΖεύς · genitive singular masculine nounadverbial to ἔνδονἔνδονinsideἔνδον · prepositionprepositionἀγηγέρατwere gatheredἀγείρω · pluperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verbmain verbἐνοσίχθωνEarth-shakerἘνοσίχθων · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of νηκούστησε - 14
disobey the goddess, but came from the sea to join them,
Metre
νηκούστησεθεᾶς‖ἀλλἐξἁλὸςἦλθεμεταὐτούς
νηκούστησεdisobeyedνηκουστέω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbθεᾶςthe goddessθεά · genitive singular feminine nounobject of νηκούστησεἀλλbutἀλλά · conjunctioncoordinating wordἐξfromἐκ · prepositionprepositionἁλὸςseaἅλς · genitive singular feminine nounadverbial to ἐξἦλθεcameἔρχομαι · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbμετto joinμετά · prepositionprepositionαὐτούςthemαὐτός · accusative plural masculine adjectiveobject of μετ̓ - 15
and sat in their midst, then asked the purpose of Zeus:
ἷζεsatἵζω · imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbδandδέ · particlesentence particleἄρthenἄρα · particlesentence particleἐνinἐν · prepositionprepositionμέσσοισιtheir midstμέσος · dative plural masculine adjectiveadverbial to ἐνΔιὸςof ZeusΖεύς · genitive singular masculine nounmodifies βουλήνδandδέ · particlecoordinating wordἐξείρετοaskedἐξέρομαι · imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbβουλήνthe purposeβουλή · accusative singular feminine nounobject of ἐξείρετο - 16
"Why, bright-lightning god, have you again called the gods to council?
Metre
τίπταὖτἀργικέραυνε‖θεοὺςἀγορὴνδὲκάλεσσας
τίπτwhyτίπτε · pronounadverbial to κάλεσσαςαὖτagainαὖτε · adverbsentence particleἀργικέραυνεbright-lightning godἀργικέραυνος · vocative singular masculine noungoverned by an elided headθεοὺςgodsθεός · accusative plural masculine nounobject of κάλεσσαςἀγορὴνto councilἀγορά · accusative singular feminine nounobject of κάλεσσαςδὲthereδέ · particleemphasizing particleκάλεσσαςcalledκαλέω · aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verbmain verb - 17
Are you pondering some matter concerning the Trojans and Achaeans?
Metre
ἦτιπερὶΤρώων‖καὶἈχαιῶνμερμηρίζεις
ἦorἦ · adverbsentence particleτιsome matterτις · accusative singular neuter pronounobject of μερμηρίζειςπερὶconcerningπερί · prepositionprepositionΤρώωνof the TrojansΤρώς · genitive plural nounmodifies καὶκαὶandκαί · conjunctioncoordinating wordἈχαιῶνof the AchaeansἈχαιός · genitive plural masculine adjectivemodifies καὶμερμηρίζειςare you ponderingμερμηρίζω · present active indicative, 2nd singular verbmain verb - 18
For now their battle and war blaze very near."
Metre
τῶνγὰρνῦνἄγχιστα‖μάχηπόλεμόςτεδέδηε
τῶνtheirὁ · genitive plural masculine pronounmodifies τεγὰρforγάρ · particlesentence particleνῦνnowνῦν · adverbadverbial to δέδηεἄγχισταvery nearἄγχιστος · accusative plural neuter adjectiveadverbial to δέδηεμάχηbattleμάχη · nominative singular feminine nounsubject of τεπόλεμόςwarπόλεμος · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of τετεandτε · particlecoordinating wordδέδηεblazesδαίω · perfect active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verb - 19
Then Zeus the cloud-gatherer answered him and said:
τὸνhimὁ · accusative singular masculine pronounobject of προσέφηδandδέ · particlecoordinating wordἀπαμειβόμενοςansweringἀπαμείβομαι · present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to προσέφηπροσέφηsaidπρόσφημι · imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbνεφεληγερέταcloud-gathererνεφεληγερέτα · nominative singular masculine nounmodifies ΖεύςA standing Homeric epithet for Zeus, paired with the recurrent answered-and-said speech formula.
ΖεύςZeusΖεύς · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of προσέφη - 20
"You know, Earth-shaker, the purpose within my breast
Metre
ἔγνωςἐννοσίγαιε‖ἐμὴνἐνστήθεσιβουλὴν
ἔγνωςyou knowγιγνώσκω · aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verbmain verbἐννοσίγαιεEarth-shakerἘννοσίγαιος · vocative singular masculine noungoverned by an elided headἐμὴνmyἐμός · accusative singular feminine adjectivemodifies βουλὴνἐνinἐν · prepositionprepositionστήθεσιmy breastστῆθος · dative plural neuter nounmodifies ἐνβουλὴνpurposeβουλή · accusative singular feminine nounobject of ἔγνως - 21
for whose sake I gathered them; though they are dying, they are my concern.
Metre
ὧνἕνεκαξυνάγειρα‖μέλουσίμοιὀλλύμενοίπερ
ὧνwhoseὅς · genitive plural neuter pronounadverbial to ἕνεκαἕνεκαfor the sake ofἕνεκα · prepositionprepositionξυνάγειραI gathered themσυναγείρω · aorist active indicative, 1st singular verbverb of a clause describing βουλὴνμέλουσίare my concernμέλω · present active indicative, 3rd plural verbmain verbμοιto meἐγώ · dative singular masculine pronounobject of μέλουσίὀλλύμενοίthough dyingὄλλυμι · present medio-passive participle, nominative plural masculinemodifiesπερthoughπέρ · particleemphasizing particleThis enclitic gives the participle concessive force: although they are dying.
- 22
Yet I shall remain here upon a fold of Olympus,
Metre
ἀλλἤτοιμὲνἐγὼ‖μενέωπτυχὶΟὐλύμποιο
ἀλλyetἀλλά · adverbsentence particleἤτοιfor my partἤτοι · particlesentence particleμὲνindeedμέν · particlesentence particleἐγὼIἐγώ · nominative singular masculine pronounsubject of μενέωμενέωwill remainμένω · future active indicative, 1st singular verbmain verbπτυχὶupon a foldπτύξ · dative singular feminine nounadverbial to ἥμενοςΟὐλύμποιοOlympusὌλυμπος · genitive singular masculine nounmodifies πτυχὶ - 23
seated, and delight my heart as I watch; but all you others,
Metre
ἥμενοςἔνθὁρόων‖φρένατέρψομαιοἳδὲδὴἄλλοι
ἥμενοςseatedἧμαι · perfect medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to μενέωἔνθthereἔνθα · adverbadverbial to τέρψομαιὁρόωνwatchingὁράω · present active participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to τέρψομαιφρέναmy heartφρήν · accusative singular feminine nounobject of τέρψομαιτέρψομαιI shall delightτέρπω · future middle indicative, 1st singular verbverb of a clause describing πτυχὶοἳyouὁ · nominative plural masculine articlemodifies ἄλλοιδὲbutδέ · particlesentence particleδὴnowδή · particlesentence particleἄλλοιothersἄλλος · nominative plural masculine adjectivesubject of ἔρχεσθ̓ - 24
go, so that you may reach the Trojans and Achaeans,
Metre
ἔρχεσθὄφρἂνἵκησθε‖μετὰΤρῶαςκαὶἈχαιούς
ἔρχεσθgoἔρχομαι · present medio-passive imperative, 2nd plural verbmain verbὄφρso thatὄφρα · conjunctionsubordinating conjunctionἂνmayἄν · particlesentence particleἵκησθεyou may reachἱκνέομαι · aorist medio-passive subjunctive, 2nd plural verbadverbial to ὄφῤμετὰamongμετά · prepositionprepositionΤρῶαςTrojansΤρώς · accusative plural masculine nounobject of καὶκαὶandκαί · conjunctioncoordinating wordἈχαιούςAchaeansἈχαιός · accusative plural masculine adjectiveobject of καὶ - 25
and aid either side according to each god's own mind.
Metre
ἀμφοτέροισιἀρήγεθ‖ὅπῃνόοςἐστὶνἑκάστου
ἀμφοτέροισιeither sideἀμφότερος · dative plural masculine adjectiveobject of ἀρήγεθ̓δandδέ · particlecoordinating wordἀρήγεθgive aidἀρήγω · present active imperative, 2nd plural verbmain verbὅπῃaccording asὅπη · adverbadverbial to ἐστὶννόοςmindνόος · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of ἐστὶνἐστὶνisεἰμί · present active indicative, 3rd singular verbadverbial to ἀρήγεθ̓ἑκάστουof each godἕκαστος · genitive singular masculine adjectivemodifies νόος - 26
For if Achilles fights the Trojans alone,
Metre
εἰγὰρἈχιλλεὺςοἶος‖ἐπὶΤρώεσσιμαχεῖται
εἰifεἰ · conjunctionsubordinating conjunctionγὰρforγάρ · particlesentence particleἈχιλλεὺςAchillesἈχιλλεύς · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of μαχεῖταιοἶοςaloneοἶος · nominative singular masculine adjectivecircumstantial complementἐπὶagainstἐπί · prepositionprepositionΤρώεσσιthe TrojansΤρώς · dative plural masculine nounobject of ἐπὶμαχεῖταιfightsσυμμαχέω · present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verbadverbial to εἰ - 27
they will not hold back the swift son of Peleus even briefly.
Metre
οὐδὲμίνυνθἕξουσι‖ποδώκεαΠηλεΐωνα
μίνυνθonly a momentμίνυνθα · adverbadverbial to ἕξουσιἕξουσιwill hold backἔχω · future active indicative, 3rd plural verbmain verbποδώκεαswift-footedποδώκης · accusative singular masculine adjectivemodifies ΠηλεΐωναΠηλεΐωναson of PeleusΠηλείων · accusative singular masculine nounobject of ἕξουσι - 28
Even before now they would tremble at the sight of him;
Metre
καὶδέτίμινκαὶπρόσθεν‖ὑποτρομέεσκονὁρῶντες
καὶevenκαί · adverbsentence particleδέindeedδέ · particlecoordinating wordτίsomewhatτις · accusative singular neuter pronounadverbial to ὑποτρομέεσκονμινhimμιν · accusative singular masculine pronounobject of ὑποτρομέεσκονκαὶevenκαί · adverbemphasizing particleπρόσθενbeforeπρόσθεν · adverbadverbial to ὑποτρομέεσκονὑποτρομέεσκονwould trembleὑποτρομέω · imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verbmain verbὁρῶντεςon seeing himὁράω · present active participle, nominative plural masculineadverbial to ὑποτρομέεσκον - 29
but now, when he is terribly enraged in spirit for his companion,
Metre
νῦνὅτεδὴκαὶθυμὸν‖ἑταίρουχώεταιαἰνῶς
νῦνnowνῦν · adverbadverbial to δείδωδbutδέ · particlecoordinating wordὅτεwhenὅτε · conjunctionsubordinating conjunctionδὴindeedδή · particleemphasizing particleκαὶalsoκαί · adverbsentence particleθυμὸνin spiritθυμός · accusative singular masculine nounobject of χώεταιἑταίρουfor his companionἑταῖρος · genitive singular masculine nounobject of χώεταιχώεταιis enragedχώομαι · present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verbadverbial to ὅτεαἰνῶςterriblyαἰνός · adverbadverbial to χώεται - 30
I fear he may storm the wall beyond what fate allows."
Metre
δείδωμὴκαὶτεῖχος‖ὑπέρμορονἐξαλαπάξῃ
δείδωI fearδείδω · present active indicative, 1st singular verbmain verbμὴlestμή · conjunctionsubordinating conjunctionAfter a verb of fearing, this introduces the feared outcome with an aorist subjunctive.
καὶevenκαί · adverbemphasizing particleτεῖχοςwallτεῖχος · accusative singular neuter nounobject of ἐξαλαπάξῃὑπέρμορονbeyond fate's decreeὑπέρμορον · adverbadverbial to ἐξαλαπάξῃἐξαλαπάξῃmay sackἐξαλαπάζω · aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verbobject of μὴ - 31
So the son of Cronos spoke, and roused insatiable war.
ὣςsoὡς · adverbadverbial to ἔφατοἔφατοhe spokeφημί · imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbΚρονίδηςson of CronosΚρονίδης · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of ἔφατοπόλεμονwarπόλεμος · accusative singular masculine nounobject of ἔγειρεδandδέ · particlecoordinating wordἀλίαστονinsatiableἀλίαστος · accusative singular masculine adjectivemodifies πόλεμονἔγειρεstirredἐγείρω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verb - 32
The gods went on toward war, divided in their hearts:
Metre
βὰνἴμεναιπόλεμον‖δὲθεοὶδίχαθυμὸνἔχοντες
βὰνthey wentβαίνω · aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verbmain verbδthenδέ · particlecoordinating wordἴμεναιto goεἶμι · present active infinitiveadverbial to βὰνπόλεμονwarπόλεμος · accusative singular masculine nounobject of ἴμεναιδὲtowardδέ · particleemphasizing particleθεοὶgodsθεός · nominative plural masculine nounsubject of βὰνδίχαdividedδίχα · adverbadverbial to ἔχοντεςθυμὸνin heartθυμός · accusative singular masculine nounobject of ἔχοντεςἔχοντεςhavingἔχω · present active participle, nominative plural masculineadverbial to βὰν - 33
Hera went to the gathering by the ships, and Pallas Athena,
Metre
Ἥρημὲνμετἀγῶνα‖νεῶνκαὶΠαλλὰςἈθήνη
ἭρηHeraἭρα · nominative singular feminine nounsubject of ἠδ̓μὲνfor her partμέν · particlesentence particleμετtoμετά · prepositionprepositionἀγῶναthe gatheringἀγών · accusative singular masculine nounobject of μετ̓νεῶνby the shipsναῦς · genitive plural feminine nounmodifies ἀγῶνακαὶandκαί · conjunctionsentence particleΠαλλὰςPallasΠαλλάς · nominative singular feminine nounmodifies ἈθήνηἈθήνηAthenaἈθήνη · nominative singular feminine nounsubject of ἠδ̓ - 34
and Poseidon the earth-holder, and the luck-bringing
Metre
ἠδὲΠοσειδάων‖γαιήοχοςἠδἐριούνης
ἠδὲandἠδέ · conjunctionsentence particleΠοσειδάωνPoseidonΠοσειδεών · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of ἠδ̓γαιήοχοςearth-holderγαιήοχος · nominative singular masculine adjectivemodifies Ποσειδάωνἠδandἠδέ · conjunctioncoordinating wordἐριούνηςluck-bringingἐριούνης · nominative singular masculine nounmodifies Ἑρμείας - 35
Hermes, who surpasses all in shrewd designs;
Metre
Ἑρμείαςὃςἐπὶ‖φρεσὶπευκαλίμῃσικέκασται
ἙρμείαςHermesἙρμῆς · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of ἠδ̓ὃςwhoὅς · nominative singular masculine pronounsubject of κέκασταιἐπὶinἐπί · prepositionemphasizing particleφρεσὶdesignsφρήν · dative plural feminine nounobject of κέκασταιπευκαλίμῃσιshrewdπευκάλιμος · dative plural feminine adjectivemodifies φρεσὶκέκασταιsurpasses allκαίνυμαι · perfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verbverb of a clause describing Ἑρμείας - 36
and Hephaestus went with them, exulting in his strength,
ἭφαιστοςHephaestusἭφαιστος · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of κίεδandδέ · particlesentence particleἅμαwithἅμα · prepositionprepositionτοῖσιamong themὁ · dative plural masculine pronounadverbial to ἅμακίεwentκίω · imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbσθένεϊstrengthσθένος · dative singular neuter nounobject of βλεμεαίνωνβλεμεαίνωνexultingβλεμεαίνω · present active participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to κίε - 37
limping, while his slender legs moved swiftly beneath him.
Metre
χωλεύωνὑπὸδὲ‖κνῆμαιῥώοντοἀραιαί
χωλεύωνlimpingχωλεύω · present active participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to κίεThe present participle highlights Hephaestus limping as he moves.
ὑπὸbeneathὑπό · prepositionadverbial to ῥώοντοδὲandδέ · particlecoordinating wordκνῆμαιlegsκνήμη · nominative plural feminine nounsubject of ῥώοντοῥώοντοmoved swiftlyῥώομαι · imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verbmain verbἀραιαίslenderἀραιός · nominative plural feminine adjectivemodifies κνῆμαι - 38
To the Trojans went Ares of the flashing helm, and with him
ἐςtoεἰς · prepositionprepositionδὲandδέ · particlesentence particleΤρῶαςTrojansΤρώς · accusative plural masculine nounobject of ἐςἌρηςAresἌρης · nominative singular masculine nounsubjectκορυθαίολοςof the flashing helmκορυθαίολος · nominative singular masculine adjectivemodifies Ἄρηςαὐτὰρandἀτάρ · conjunctioncoordinating wordἅμwithἅμα · prepositionprepositionαὐτῷhimαὐτός · dative singular masculine adjectiveadverbial to ἅμ̓ - 39
unshorn-haired Phoebus and Artemis, showerer of arrows,
Metre
Φοῖβοςἀκερσεκόμης‖ἠδἌρτεμιςἰοχέαιρα
ΦοῖβοςPhoebusΦοῖβος · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of τ̓ἀκερσεκόμηςunshorn-hairedἀκερσεκόμης · nominative singular masculine adjectivemodifies Φοῖβοςἠδandἠδέ · conjunctionsentence particleἌρτεμιςArtemisἌρτεμις · nominative singular feminine nounsubject of τ̓ἰοχέαιραshowerer of arrowsἰοχέαιρα · nominative singular feminine nounmodifies Ἄρτεμις - 40
and Leto, Xanthus, and laughter-loving Aphrodite.
ΛητώLetoΛητώ · nominative singular feminine nounsubject of τ̓τεandτε · particlesentence particleΞάνθόςXanthusΞάνθος · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of τ̓τεandτε · particlesentence particleφιλομειδήςlaughter-lovingφιλομμειδής · nominative singular feminine adjectivemodifies Ἀφροδίτητandτε · particlecoordinating wordἈφροδίτηAphroditeἈφροδίτη · nominative singular feminine nounsubject of τ̓ - 41
While the gods remained apart from mortal men,
εἷοςwhileεἷος · conjunctionsubordinating conjunctionμένfor a whileμέν · particlesentence particleῥthenἄρα · particlesentence particleἀπάνευθεapart fromἀπάνευθε · prepositionprepositionθεοὶgodsθεός · nominative plural masculine nounsubject of ἔσανθνητῶνmortalsθνητός · genitive plural masculine adjectivemodifies ἀνδρῶνἔσανwereεἰμί · imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verbadverbial to εἷοςἀνδρῶνmenἀνήρ · genitive plural masculine nounadverbial to ἀπάνευθε - 42
the Achaeans gloried greatly because Achilles
Metre
τεῖοςἈχαιοὶμὲν‖μέγακύδανονοὕνεκἈχιλλεὺς
τεῖοςuntil thenτέως · adverbadverbial to κύδανονἈχαιοὶAchaeansἈχαιός · nominative plural masculine adjectivesubject of κύδανονμὲνindeedμέν · particlesentence particleμέγαgreatlyμέγας · accusative singular neuter adjectiveadverbial to κύδανονκύδανονgloriedκυδάνω · imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verbmain verbοὕνεκbecauseοὕνεκα · conjunctionsubordinating conjunctionἈχιλλεὺςAchillesἈχιλλεύς · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of ἐξεφάνη - 43
had appeared after holding back so long from grievous battle.
Metre
ἐξεφάνηδηρὸν‖δὲμάχηςἐπέπαυτἀλεγεινῆς
ἐξεφάνηhad appearedἐκφαίνω · aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verbadverbial to δὲδηρὸνlongδηρός · accusative singular neuter adjectiveadverbial to ἐπέπαυτ̓δὲandδέ · particlecoordinating wordμάχηςfrom battleμάχη · genitive singular feminine nounobject of ἐπέπαυτ̓ἐπέπαυτholding backπαύω · pluperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verbadverbial to δὲἀλεγεινῆςgrievousἀλεγεινός · genitive singular feminine adjectivemodifies μάχης - 44
but terrible trembling came over every Trojan's limbs,
Metre
Τρῶαςδὲτρόμοςαἰνὸς‖ὑπήλυθεγυῖαἕκαστον
Τρῶαςthe TrojansΤρώς · accusative plural masculine nounobject of ὑπήλυθεδὲandδέ · particlecoordinating wordτρόμοςtremblingτρόμος · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of ὑπήλυθεαἰνὸςdreadfulαἰνός · nominative singular masculine adjectivemodifies τρόμοςὑπήλυθεcame overὑπέρχομαι · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbγυῖαlimbsγυῖον · accusative plural neuter nounobject of ὑπήλυθεἕκαστονevery oneἕκαστος · accusative singular masculine adjectivecircumstantial complement - 45
as they looked in fear upon the swift son of Peleus,
Metre
δειδιόταςὅθὁρῶντο‖ποδώκεαΠηλεΐωνα
δειδιόταςin fearδείδω · perfect active participle, accusative plural masculinecircumstantial complementὅθwhenὅτε · conjunctionsubordinating conjunctionὁρῶντοthey sawὁράω · imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verbadverbial to ὅθ̓ποδώκεαswift-footedποδώκης · accusative singular masculine adjectivemodifies ΠηλεΐωναΠηλεΐωναson of PeleusΠηλείων · accusative singular masculine nounobject of ὁρῶντο - 46
blazing in armor, equal to Ares, bane of mortals.
Metre
τεύχεσιλαμπόμενον‖βροτολοιγῷἶσονἌρηϊ
τεύχεσιarmorτεῦχος · dative plural neuter nounadverbial to λαμπόμενονλαμπόμενονblazingλάμπω · present medio-passive participle, accusative singular masculinecircumstantial complementβροτολοιγῷbane of mortalsβροτολοιγός · dative singular masculine adjectivemodifies Ἄρηϊἶσονequal toἴσος · accusative singular masculine adjectivemodifies ΠηλεΐωναἌρηϊAresἌρης · dative singular masculine nounobject of ἶσον - 47
But when the Olympians entered the throng of men,
Metre
αὐτὰρἐπεὶμεθὅμιλον‖Ὀλύμπιοιἤλυθονἀνδρῶν
αὐτὰρbutἀτάρ · particlesentence particleἐπεὶwhenἐπεί · conjunctionsubordinating conjunctionμεθintoμετά · prepositionprepositionὅμιλονthe throngὅμιλος · accusative singular masculine nounobject of μεθ̓Ὀλύμπιοιthe OlympiansὈλύμπιος · nominative plural masculine adjectivesubject of ἤλυθονἤλυθονenteredἔρχομαι · aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verbadverbial to ἐπεὶἀνδρῶνof menἀνήρ · genitive plural masculine nounmodifies ὅμιλον - 48
mighty Strife, rouser of hosts, arose, and Athena cried aloud,
Metre
ὦρτοἜριςκρατερὴ‖λαοσσόοςαὖεἈθήνη
ὦρτοaroseὄρνυμι · aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbδandδέ · particlesentence particleἜριςStrifeἔρις · nominative singular feminine nounsubject of ὦρτοκρατερὴmightyκρατερός · nominative singular feminine adjectivemodifies Ἔριςλαοσσόοςrouser of hostsλαοσσόος · nominative singular feminine adjectivemodifies Ἔριςαὖεcried outαὔω · imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbδandδέ · particlecoordinating wordἈθήνηAthenaἈθήνη · nominative singular feminine nounsubject of αὖε - 49
standing now beside the dug trench outside the wall,
Metre
στᾶσὁτὲμὲνπαρὰτάφρον‖ὀρυκτὴντείχεοςἐκτός
στᾶσstandingἵστημι · aorist active participle, nominative singular feminineadverbial to ,ὁτὲnowὅτε · adverbadverbial to στᾶσ̓μὲνindeedμέν · particlesentence particleπαρὰbesideπαρά · prepositionprepositionτάφρονtrenchτάφρος · accusative singular feminine nounadverbial to παρὰὀρυκτὴνdugὀρυκτός · accusative singular feminine adjectivemodifies τάφροντείχεοςthe wallτεῖχος · genitive singular neuter nounadverbial to ἐκτόςἐκτόςoutsideἐκτός · prepositionpreposition - 50
now on the thunderous shores, where she shouted far and wide.
Metre
ἄλλοτἐπἀκτάων‖ἐριδούπωνμακρὸνἀΰτει
ἄλλοτnowἄλλοτε · adverbadverbial to ἀΰτειἐπuponἐπί · prepositionprepositionἀκτάωνshoresἀκτή · genitive plural feminine nounadverbial to ἐπ̓ἐριδούπωνloud-crashingἐρίδουπος · genitive plural feminine adjectivemodifies ἀκτάωνμακρὸνfar and wideμακρός · accusative singular neuter adjectiveadverbial to ἀΰτειἀΰτειshe shoutedἀυτέω · imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verbadverbial to , - 51
Ares cried aloud from the other side, like a dark storm,
Metre
αὖεἌρηςἑτέρωθεν‖ἐρεμνῇλαίλαπιἶσος
αὖεcried outαὔω · imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbδandδέ · particlecoordinating wordἌρηςAresἌρης · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of αὖεἑτέρωθενon the other sideἑτέρωθεν · adverbadverbial to αὖεἐρεμνῇdarkἐρεμνός · dative singular feminine adjectivemodifies λαίλαπιλαίλαπιstorm-blastλαῖλαψ · dative singular feminine nounobject of ἶσοςἶσοςequalἴσος · nominative singular masculine adjectivemodifies Ἄρης - 52
shrilly urging the Trojans from the city's highest point,
Metre
ὀξὺκατἀκροτάτης‖πόλιοςΤρώεσσικελεύων
ὀξὺshrillyὀξύς · accusative singular neuter adjectiveadverbial to αὖεκατfromκατά · prepositionprepositionἀκροτάτηςhighestἄκρος · genitive singular feminine superlative adjectivemodifies πόλιοςπόλιοςcityπόλις · genitive singular feminine nounadverbial to κατ̓Τρώεσσιthe TrojansΤρώς · dative plural masculine nounobject of κελεύωνκελεύωνurgingκελεύω · present active participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to αὖε - 53
at other times running beside the Simoeis upon Callicolone.
Metre
ἄλλοτεπὰρΣιμόεντι‖θέωνἐπὶΚαλλικολώνῃ
ἄλλοτεanother timeἄλλοτε · adverbadverbial to θέωνπὰρbesideπαρά · prepositionprepositionΣιμόεντιSimoisΣιμόεις · dative singular masculine nounadverbial to πὰρθέωνrunningθέω · present active participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to αὖεἐπὶuponἐπί · prepositionprepositionΚαλλικολώνῃCallicoloneΚαλλικολώνη · dative singular feminine nounadverbial to ἐπὶ - 54
Thus the blessed gods spurred both armies on
Metre
ὣςτοὺςἀμφοτέρους‖μάκαρεςθεοὶὀτρύνοντες
ὣςsoὡς · adverbadverbial to σύμβαλοντοὺςboth armiesὁ · accusative plural masculine articlemodifies ἀμφοτέρουςἀμφοτέρουςbothἀμφότερος · accusative plural masculine adjectiveobject of σύμβαλονμάκαρεςblessedμάκαρ · nominative plural masculine adjectivemodifies θεοὶθεοὶgodsθεός · nominative plural masculine nounsubject of σύμβαλονὀτρύνοντεςspurring onὀτρύνω · present active participle, nominative plural masculineadverbial to σύμβαλον - 55
and brought them together, unleashing heavy strife among them;
σύμβαλονbrought togetherσυμβάλλω · aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verbmain verbἐνinἐν · prepositionprepositionδandδέ · particlecoordinating wordαὐτοῖςthemαὐτός · dative plural masculine adjectiveadverbial to ἐνἔριδαstrifeἔρις · accusative singular feminine nounobject of ῥήγνυντοῥήγνυντοunleashedῥήγνυμι · imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verbmain verbβαρεῖανheavyβαρύς · accusative singular feminine adjectivemodifies ἔριδα - 56
and terribly thundered the father of men and gods
Metre
δεινὸνδὲβρόντησε‖πατὴρἀνδρῶντεθεῶντε
δεινὸνterriblyδεινός · accusative singular neuter adjectiveadverbial to βρόντησεδὲandδέ · particlecoordinating wordβρόντησεthunderedβροντάω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbπατὴρfatherπατήρ · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of βρόντησεἀνδρῶνof menἀνήρ · genitive plural masculine nounmodifies τετεandτε · particlesentence particleθεῶνof the godsθεός · genitive plural masculine nounmodifies τετεandτε · particlecoordinating word - 57
from high above; and from below Poseidon shook
Metre
ὑψόθεναὐτὰρνέρθε‖Ποσειδάωνἐτίναξε
ὑψόθενfrom aboveὑψόθεν · adverbadverbial to βρόντησεαὐτὰρandἀτάρ · particlesentence particleνέρθεbeneathνέρθε · adverbadverbial to ἐτίναξεΠοσειδάωνPoseidonΠοσειδεών · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of ἐτίναξεἐτίναξεshookτινάσσω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verb - 58
the boundless earth and the steep peaks of the mountains.
Metre
γαῖανἀπειρεσίην‖ὀρέωναἰπεινὰκάρηνα
γαῖανthe earthγαῖα · accusative singular feminine nounobject of τ̓ἀπειρεσίηνboundlessἀπειρέσιος · accusative singular feminine adjectivemodifies γαῖανὀρέωνof mountainsὄρος · genitive plural neuter nounmodifies κάρηνατandτε · particlecoordinating wordαἰπεινὰsteepαἰπεινός · accusative plural neuter adjectivemodifies κάρηνακάρηναpeaksκάρηνον · accusative plural neuter nounobject of τ̓ - 59
All the foothills of many-springed Ida trembled,
πάντεςallπᾶς · nominative plural masculine adjectivemodifies πόδεςδthenδέ · particlecoordinating wordἐσσείοντοtrembledσείω · imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verbmain verbπόδεςfoothillsπούς · nominative plural masculine nounsubject of καὶπολυπίδακοςmany-fountainedπολυπῖδαξ · genitive singular feminine adjectivemodifies ἼδηςἼδηςof IdaἼδη · genitive singular feminine nounmodifies καὶ - 60
and its summits, and the Trojan city, and the Achaeans' ships.
Metre
καὶκορυφαίΤρώων‖τεπόλιςκαὶνῆεςἈχαιῶν
καὶandκαί · conjunctioncoordinating wordκορυφαίsummitsκορυφή · nominative plural feminine nounsubject of καὶΤρώωνof the TrojansΤρώς · genitive plural nounmodifies πόλιςτεandτε · particlesentence particleπόλιςcityπόλις · nominative singular feminine nounsubject of καὶκαὶandκαί · conjunctioncoordinating wordνῆεςshipsναῦς · nominative plural feminine nounsubject of καὶἈχαιῶνof the AchaeansἈχαιός · genitive plural masculine adjectivemodifies νῆες - 61
Below, Hades, lord of the dead, was afraid,
ἔδεισενwas afraidδείδω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbδandδέ · particlesentence particleὑπένερθενbeneathὑπένερθε · adverbadverbial to ἔδεισενἄναξlordἄναξ · nominative singular masculine nounmodifies Ἀϊδωνεύςἐνέρωνthose belowἔνεροι · genitive plural masculine nounmodifies ἄναξἈϊδωνεύςHadesἈιδωνεύς · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of ἔδεισεν - 62
and in fear sprang from his throne and cried aloud, lest above him
Metre
δείσαςἐκθρόνουἆλτο‖καὶἴαχεμήοἱὕπερθε
δείσαςfearingδείδω · aorist active participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to καὶδandδέ · particlecoordinating wordἐκfromἐκ · prepositionprepositionθρόνουhis throneθρόνος · genitive singular masculine nounadverbial to ἐκἆλτοleaptἅλλομαι · aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbκαὶandκαί · conjunctioncoordinating wordἴαχεcried outἰάχω · imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbμήlestμή · conjunctionsubordinating conjunctionοἱhimἕ · dative singular masculine pronounadverbial to ὕπερθεὕπερθεaboveὕπερθεν · prepositionpreposition - 63
Poseidon the earth-shaker should split the ground open,
Metre
γαῖανἀναρρήξειε‖Ποσειδάωνἐνοσίχθων
γαῖανthe groundγαῖα · accusative singular feminine nounobject of ἀναρρήξειεἀναρρήξειεshould split openἀναρρήγνυμι · aorist active optative, 3rd singular verbadverbial to δὲThe optative presents Hades fearfully imagining what Poseidon might do.
ΠοσειδάωνPoseidonΠοσειδεών · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of ἀναρρήξειεἐνοσίχθωνEarth-shakerἘνοσίχθων · nominative singular masculine nounmodifies Ποσειδάων - 64
and the houses be revealed to mortals and immortals,
Metre
οἰκίαδὲθνητοῖσι‖καὶἀθανάτοισιφανείη
οἰκίαthe housesοἰκίον · nominative plural neuter nounsubject of φανείηδὲandδέ · particlecoordinating wordθνητοῖσιmortalsθνητός · dative plural masculine adjectiveobject of καὶκαὶandκαί · conjunctioncoordinating wordἀθανάτοισιimmortalsἀθάνατος · dative plural masculine adjectiveobject of καὶφανείηbe revealedφαίνω · aorist passive optative, 3rd singular verbadverbial to δὲ - 65
dread and dank, which even the gods themselves abhor;
Metre
σμερδαλέεὐρώεντα‖τάτεστυγέουσιθεοίπερ
σμερδαλέdreadσμερδαλέος · nominative plural neuter adjectivemodifies οἰκίαεὐρώενταdankεὐρώεις · nominative plural neuter adjectivemodifies οἰκίατάwhichὁ · accusative plural neuter pronounobject of στυγέουσιτεandτε · particlesentence particleστυγέουσιabhorστυγέω · present active indicative, 3rd plural verbverb of a clause describing οἰκίαθεοίgodsθεός · nominative plural masculine nounsubject of στυγέουσιπερevenπέρ · particleemphasizing particle - 66
so great a din arose as the gods met one another in strife.
Metre
τόσσοςἄρακτύποςὦρτο‖θεῶνἔριδιξυνιόντων
τόσσοςso hugeτόσος · nominative singular masculine adjectivemodifies κτύποςἄραthenἄρα · particlesentence particleκτύποςa dinκτύπος · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of ὦρτοὦρτοaroseὄρνυμι · aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbθεῶνof the godsθεός · genitive plural masculine nounmodifies κτύποςἔριδιstrifeἔρις · dative singular feminine nounadverbial to ξυνιόντωνξυνιόντωνmeeting one anotherσύνειμι · present active participle, genitive plural masculinecircumstantial complement - 67
For against lord Poseidon
Metre
ἤτοιμὲνγὰρἔναντα‖Ποσειδάωνοςἄνακτος
ἤτοιnowἤτοι · particlesentence particleμὲνindeedμέν · particlesentence particleγὰρforγάρ · particlesentence particleἔνανταagainstἔναντα · prepositionprepositionΠοσειδάωνοςPoseidonΠοσειδεών · genitive singular masculine nounobject of ἔνανταἄνακτοςlordἄναξ · genitive singular masculine nounmodifies Ποσειδάωνος - 68
stood Phoebus Apollo, holding his winged arrows;
Metre
ἵστατἈπόλλωνΦοῖβος‖ἔχωνἰὰπτερόεντα
ἵστατstoodἵστημι · imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbἈπόλλωνApolloἈπόλλων · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of ἵστατ̓ΦοῖβοςPhoebusΦοῖβος · nominative singular masculine nounmodifies Ἀπόλλωνἔχωνholdingἔχω · present active participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to ἵστατ̓ἰὰarrowsἰός · accusative plural neuter nounobject of ἔχωνπτερόενταwingedπτερόεις · accusative plural neuter adjectivemodifies ἰὰ - 69
against Enyalius stood the goddess, bright-eyed Athena;
Metre
ἄνταἘνυαλίοιο‖θεὰγλαυκῶπιςἈθήνη
ἄνταfacingἄντα · prepositionprepositionδandδέ · particlecoordinating wordἘνυαλίοιοof EnyaliosἘνυάλιος · genitive singular masculine nounobject of ἄνταθεὰgoddessθεά · nominative singular feminine nounmodifies Ἀθήνηγλαυκῶπιςbright-eyedγλαυκῶπις · nominative singular feminine adjectivemodifies ἈθήνηἈθήνηAthenaἈθήνη · nominative singular feminine nounsubject - 70
against Hera stood loud-sounding
Metre
Ἥρῃἀντέστη‖χρυσηλάκατοςκελαδεινὴ
ἭρῃHera῞ἥρα · dative singular feminine nounobject of ἀντέστηδandδέ · particlecoordinating wordἀντέστηstood againstἀνθίστημι · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbχρυσηλάκατοςof golden arrowsχρυσηλάκατος · nominative singular feminine adjectivemodifies Ἄρτεμιςκελαδεινὴloud-soundingκελαδεινός · nominative singular feminine adjectivemodifies Ἄρτεμις - 71
Artemis of the golden arrows, showerer of arrows, sister of the far-shooter;
Metre
Ἄρτεμιςἰοχέαιρα‖κασιγνήτηἑκάτοιο
ἌρτεμιςArtemisἌρτεμις · nominative singular feminine nounsubject of ἀντέστηἰοχέαιραshowerer of arrowsἰοχέαιρα · nominative singular feminine nounmodifies Ἄρτεμιςκασιγνήτηsisterκασιγνήτη · nominative singular feminine nounmodifies Ἄρτεμιςἑκάτοιοof the far-shooterἕκατος · genitive singular masculine nounmodifies κασιγνήτη - 72
against Leto stood Hermes, the strong luck-bringer;
ΛητοῖLetoΛητώ · dative singular feminine nounobject of ἀντέστηδandδέ · particlesentence particleἀντέστηstood againstἀνθίστημι · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbσῶκοςstrongσῶκος · nominative singular masculine nounmodifies Ἑρμῆςἐριούνιοςluck-bringingἐριούνιος · nominative singular masculine nounmodifies ἙρμῆςἙρμῆςHermesἙρμῆς · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of ἀντέστη - 73
and against Hephaestus stood the great deep-swirling river,
Metre
ἄνταἄρἩφαίστοιο‖μέγαςποταμὸςβαθυδίνης
ἄνταfacingἄντα · prepositionprepositionδandδέ · particlecoordinating wordἄρthenἄρα · particlesentence particleἩφαίστοιοof HephaestusἭφαιστος · genitive singular masculine nounobject of ἄνταμέγαςgreatμέγας · nominative singular masculine adjectivemodifies ποταμὸςποταμὸςriverποταμός · nominative singular masculine nounsubjectβαθυδίνηςdeep-swirlingβαθυδίνης · nominative singular masculine adjectivemodifies ποταμὸς - 74
whom the gods call Xanthus, and mortals Scamander.
ὃνwhomὅς · accusative singular masculine pronounobject of δὲΞάνθονXanthusΞάνθος · accusative singular masculine nouncomplement of καλέουσικαλέουσιcallκαλέω · present active indicative, 3rd plural verbverb of a clause describing δὲThe gods call this river Xanthus; mortals call the same river Scamander.
θεοίgodsθεός · nominative plural masculine nounsubject of καλέουσιἄνδρεςmenἀνήρ · nominative plural masculine nounsubjectδὲandδέ · particlecoordinating wordΣκάμανδρονScamanderΣκάμανδρος · accusative singular masculine nouncomplement - 75
So the gods went against the gods; but Achilles
Metre
ὣςοἳμὲνθεοὶἄντα‖θεῶνἴσαναὐτὰρἈχιλλεὺς
ὣςsoὡς · adverbadverbial to ἴσανοἳtheyὁ · nominative plural masculine articlemodifies θεοὶμὲνindeedμέν · particlesentence particleθεοὶgodsθεός · nominative plural masculine nounsubject of ἴσανἄνταagainstἄντα · prepositionprepositionθεῶνof the godsθεός · genitive plural masculine nounobject of ἄνταἴσανwentεἶμι · imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verbmain verbαὐτὰρbutἀτάρ · particlesentence particleἈχιλλεὺςAchillesἈχιλλεύς · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of λιλαίετο - 76
longed above all to plunge into the throng against Hector,
Metre
Ἕκτοροςἄνταμάλιστα‖λιλαίετοδῦναιὅμιλον
ἝκτοροςHectorἝκτωρ · genitive singular masculine nounadverbial to ἄνταἄνταagainstἄντα · prepositionprepositionμάλισταmost of allμάλιστα · adverbemphasizing particleλιλαίετοlongedλιλαίομαι · imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbδῦναιto enterδύω · aorist active infinitiveobject of λιλαίετοὅμιλονthe throngὅμιλος · accusative singular masculine nounobject of δῦναι - 77
Priam's son; for Hector above all Achilles' heart urged him
Πριαμίδεωthe son of PriamΠριαμίδης · genitive singular masculine nounmodifies Ἕκτοροςτοῦhisὁ · genitive singular masculine pronounmodifies αἵματοςγάρforγάρ · particlesentence particleῥαindeedἄρα · particlesentence particleμάλιστάabove allμάλιστα · adverbadverbial to τοῦἑhimἕ · accusative singular masculine pronounsubject of ἆσαιθυμὸςAchilles’ heartθυμός · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of ἀνώγειἀνώγειurgedἄνωγα · present active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verb - 78
to glut Ares with blood, the steadfast shield-bearing warrior.
Metre
αἵματοςἆσαιἌρηα‖ταλαύρινονπολεμιστήν
αἵματοςbloodαἷμα · genitive singular neuter nounobject of ἆσαιἆσαιto glutἄω · aorist active infinitiveobject of ἀνώγειἌρηαAresἌρης · accusative singular masculine nounobject of ἆσαιταλαύρινονsteadfast shield-bearingταλαύρινος · accusative singular masculine adjectivemodifies πολεμιστήνπολεμιστήνwarriorπολεμιστής · accusative singular masculine nounmodifies Ἄρηα - 79
But Apollo, rouser of hosts, drove Aeneas straight
Metre
Αἰνείανἰθὺς‖λαοσσόοςὦρσενἈπόλλων
ΑἰνείανAeneasΑἰνείας · accusative singular masculine nounobject of ὦρσενδbutδέ · particlesentence particleἰθὺςstraightἰθύς · adverbadverbial to ὦρσενλαοσσόοςrouser of hostsλαοσσόος · nominative singular masculine adjectivemodifies Ἀπόλλωνὦρσενdroveὄρνυμι · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbἈπόλλωνApolloἈπόλλων · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of ὦρσεν - 80
against the son of Peleus and poured brave strength into him;
Metre
ἀντίαΠηλεΐωνος‖ἐνῆκεδέοἱμένοςἠΰ
ἀντίαagainstἀντία · prepositionprepositionΠηλεΐωνοςof Peleus’s sonΠηλείων · genitive singular masculine nounobject of ἀντίαἐνῆκεpoured inἐνίημι · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbδέandδέ · particlecoordinating wordοἱinto himἕ · dative singular masculine pronounobject of ἐνῆκεμένοςstrengthμένος · accusative singular neuter nounobject of ἐνῆκεἠΰbraveἐύς · accusative singular neuter adjectivemodifies μένος - 81
he made his voice like that of Lycaon, son of Priam.
Metre
υἱέϊδὲΠριάμοιο‖Λυκάονιεἴσατοφωνήν
υἱέϊsonυἱός · dative singular masculine nounmodifies Λυκάονιδὲandδέ · particlecoordinating wordΠριάμοιοof PriamΠρίαμος · genitive singular masculine nounmodifies υἱέϊΛυκάονιLycaonΛυκάων · dative singular masculine nounobject of εἴσατοεἴσατοmade likeεἴδομαι · aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbφωνήνvoiceφωνή · accusative singular feminine nounobject of εἴσατο - 82
In his likeness Apollo, son of Zeus, addressed Aeneas:
Metre
τῷμινἐεισάμενος‖προσέφηΔιὸςυἱὸςἈπόλλων
τῷin his likenessὁ · dative singular masculine pronounobject of ἐεισάμενοςμινhimμιν · accusative singular masculine pronounobject of προσέφηἐεισάμενοςdisguising himselfεἴδομαι · aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to προσέφηApollo takes Lycaon's likeness and voice, but Apollo remains the speaker.
προσέφηsaidπρόσφημι · imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbΔιὸςof ZeusΖεύς · genitive singular masculine nounmodifies υἱὸςυἱὸςsonυἱός · nominative singular masculine nounmodifies ἈπόλλωνἈπόλλωνApolloἈπόλλων · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of προσέφη - 83
"Aeneas, counselor of the Trojans, where are the boasts
Metre
ΑἰνείαΤρώων‖βουληφόρεποῦτοιἀπειλαὶ
ΑἰνείαAeneasΑἰνείας · vocative singular masculine noungoverned by an elided headΤρώωνof the TrojansΤρώς · genitive plural nounmodifies βουληφόρεβουληφόρεcounselorβουληφόρος · vocative singular masculine adjectivemodifies Αἰνείαποῦwhereποῦ · adverbadverbialτοιyourσύ · dative singular masculine pronounmodifies ἀπειλαὶἀπειλαὶboastsἀπειλή · nominative plural feminine nounsubject - 84
you pledged before the Trojan kings as you drank your wine,
Metre
ἃςΤρώωνβασιλεῦσιν‖ὑπίσχεοοἰνοποτάζων
ἃςwhichὅς · accusative plural feminine pronounobject of ὑπίσχεοΤρώωνof the TrojansΤρώς · genitive plural nounmodifies βασιλεῦσινβασιλεῦσινto the kingsβασιλεύς · dative plural masculine nounobject of ὑπίσχεοὑπίσχεοpromisedὑπίσχομαι · aorist middle indicative, 2nd singular verbverb of a clause describing ἀπειλαὶοἰνοποτάζωνdrinking wineοἰνοποτάζω · present active participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to ὑπίσχεο - 85
that you would fight Achilles, son of Peleus, face to face?"
Πηλεΐδεωof Peleus’ sonΠηλείδης · genitive singular masculine nounmodifies ἈχιλῆοςἈχιλῆοςAchillesἈχιλλεύς · genitive singular masculine nounobject of ἐναντίβιονἐναντίβιονface to faceἐναντίβιος · accusative singular neuter adjectiveadverbial to πολεμίξεινπολεμίξεινto fightπολεμίζω · future active infinitivemodifies ἀπειλαὶ - 86
Then Aeneas answered him and said:
τὸνhimὁ · accusative singular masculine pronounobject of προσέειπεδandδέ · particlecoordinating wordαὖτthenαὖτε · adverbadverbial to προσέειπεΑἰνείαςAeneasΑἰνείας · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of προσέειπεἀπαμειβόμενοςansweringἀπαμείβομαι · present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to προσέειπεπροσέειπεsaidπροσεῖπον · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verb - 87
"Son of Priam, why do you command me, though I am unwilling,
Metre
Πριαμίδητίμεταῦτα‖καὶοὐκἐθέλοντακελεύεις
Πριαμίδηson of PriamΠριαμίδης · vocative singular masculine noungoverned by an elided headτίwhyτίς · accusative singular neuter pronounadverbial to κελεύειςμεmeἐγώ · accusative singular masculine pronounsubject of μάχεσθαιταῦταthese thingsοὗτος · accusative plural neuter adjectiveobjectκαὶthoughκαί · adverbemphasizing particleοὐκnotοὐ · adverbemphasizing particleἐθέλονταwillingἐθέλω · present active participle, accusative singular masculinecircumstantial complementκελεύειςdo you commandκελεύω · present active indicative, 2nd singular verbmain verb - 88
to fight face to face with the high-hearted son of Peleus?
Metre
ἀντίαΠηλεΐωνος‖ὑπερθύμοιομάχεσθαι
ἀντίαfacingἀντίος · accusative plural neuter adjectiveprepositionΠηλεΐωνοςof Peleus’s sonΠηλείων · genitive singular masculine nounobject of ἀντίαὑπερθύμοιοgreat-heartedὑπέρθυμος · genitive singular masculine adjectivemodifies Πηλεΐωνοςμάχεσθαιto fightμάχομαι · present medio-passive infinitiveobject - 89
This will not be the first time I have stood against
Metre
οὐμὲνγὰρνῦνπρῶτα‖ποδώκεοςἄντἈχιλῆος
οὐnotοὐ · adverbemphasizing particleμὲνindeedμέν · particlesentence particleγὰρforγάρ · particlesentence particleνῦνnowνῦν · adverbadverbial to στήσομαιπρῶταfirstπρῶτος · accusative plural neuter adjectiveadverbial to στήσομαιποδώκεοςswift-footedποδώκης · genitive singular masculine adjectivemodifies Ἀχιλῆοςἄντagainstἄντα · prepositionprepositionἈχιλῆοςAchillesἈχιλλεύς · genitive singular masculine nounobject of ἄντ̓ - 90
swift-footed Achilles; once before he routed me with his spear
Metre
στήσομαιἀλλἤδη‖μεκαὶἄλλοτεδουρὶφόβησεν
στήσομαιI shall standἵστημι · future middle indicative, 1st singular verbmain verbἀλλbutἀλλά · conjunctioncoordinating wordἤδηalreadyἤδη · adverbadverbial to φόβησενμεmeἐγώ · accusative singular masculine pronounobject of φόβησενκαὶalsoκαί · adverbemphasizing particleἄλλοτεbeforeἄλλοτε · adverbadverbial to φόβησενδουρὶspearδόρυ · dative singular neuter nounadverbial to φόβησενφόβησενroutedφοβέω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verb - 91
down from Ida, when he came against our cattle
Metre
ἐξἼδηςὅτεβουσὶν‖ἐπήλυθενἡμετέρῃσι
ἐξfromἐκ · prepositionprepositionἼδηςof IdaἼδη · genitive singular feminine nounadverbial to ἐξὅτεwhenὅτε · conjunctionsubordinating conjunctionβουσὶνour cattleβοῦς · dative plural feminine nounobject of ἐπήλυθενἐπήλυθενhe came againstἐπέρχομαι · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbadverbial to δὲἡμετέρῃσιourἡμέτερος · dative plural feminine adjectivemodifies βουσὶν - 92
and sacked Lyrnessus and Pedasus. But Zeus
Metre
πέρσεδὲΛυρνησσὸν‖καὶΠήδασοναὐτὰρἐμὲΖεὺς
πέρσεsackedπέρθω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbadverbial to δὲδὲandδέ · particlecoordinating wordΛυρνησσὸνLyrnessusΛυρνησσός · accusative singular masculine nounobject of καὶκαὶandκαί · conjunctioncoordinating wordΠήδασονPedasusΠήδασος · accusative singular masculine nounobject of καὶαὐτὰρbutἀτάρ · particlesentence particleἐμὲmeἐγώ · accusative singular masculine pronounobject of εἰρύσαθ̓ΖεὺςZeusΖεύς · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of εἰρύσαθ̓ - 93
rescued me, rousing strength in me and speed in my knees.
Metre
εἰρύσαθὅςμοιἐπῶρσε‖μένοςλαιψηράτεγοῦνα
εἰρύσαθrescued meἐρύω · aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbὅςheὅς · nominative singular masculine pronounsubject of ἐπῶρσεμοιto meἐγώ · dative singular masculine pronounadverbial to ἐπῶρσεἐπῶρσεrousedἐπόρνυμι · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbverb of a clause describing Ζεὺςμένοςstrengthμένος · accusative singular neuter nounobject of τελαιψηράswiftλαιψηρός · accusative plural neuter adjectivemodifies γοῦνατεandτε · particlecoordinating wordγοῦναin my kneesγόνυ · accusative plural neuter nounobject of τε - 94
Otherwise I would have fallen beneath the hands of Achilles and Athena,
Metre
ἦἐδάμηνὑπὸχερσὶν‖ἈχιλλῆοςκαὶἈθήνης
ἦotherwiseἦ · adverbsentence particleκwouldἄν · particlesentence particleἐδάμηνI would have fallenδαμάζω · aorist passive indicative, 1st singular verbmain verbὑπὸbeneathὑπό · prepositionprepositionχερσὶνhandsχείρ · dative plural feminine nounobject of ὑπὸἈχιλλῆοςAchillesἈχιλλεύς · genitive singular masculine nounmodifies καὶκαὶandκαί · conjunctioncoordinating wordἈθήνηςAthena'sἈθήνη · genitive singular feminine nounmodifies καὶ - 95
who went before him, cast light ahead, and urged him
Metre
ἥοἱπρόσθενἰοῦσα‖τίθειφάοςἠδἐκέλευεν
ἥwhoὅς · nominative singular feminine pronounsubject of ἠδ̓οἱfor himἕ · dative singular masculine pronounadverbial to πρόσθενπρόσθενbeforeπρόσθεν · prepositionprepositionἰοῦσαgoingεἶμι · present active participle, nominative singular feminineadverbial to τίθειτίθειcastτίθημι · imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verbverb of a clause describing ἠδ̓φάοςlightφάος · accusative singular neuter nounobject of τίθειἠδandἠδέ · conjunctioncoordinating wordἐκέλευενurged himκελεύω · imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verbverb of a clause describing ἠδ̓ - 96
to kill Leleges and Trojans with his bronze spear.
Metre
ἔγχεϊχαλκείῳ‖ΛέλεγαςκαὶΤρῶαςἐναίρειν
ἔγχεϊwith his spearἔγχος · dative singular neuter nounadverbial to ἐναίρεινχαλκείῳof bronzeχάλκειος · dative singular neuter adjectivemodifies ἔγχεϊΛέλεγαςLelegesΛέλεγες · accusative plural masculine nounobject of καὶκαὶandκαί · conjunctioncoordinating wordΤρῶαςTrojansΤρώς · accusative plural masculine nounobject of καὶἐναίρεινto slayἐναίρω · present active infinitiveobject of ἐκέλευεν - 97
So no man can stand and fight against Achilles,
Metre
τὼοὐκἔστἈχιλῆος‖ἐναντίονἄνδραμάχεσθαι
τὼthereforeτῷ · adverbsentence particleοὐκnotοὐ · adverbemphasizing particleἔστcan anyεἰμί · present active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbἈχιλῆοςAchillesἈχιλλεύς · genitive singular masculine nounobject of μάχεσθαιἐναντίονagainstἐναντίον · adverbprepositionἄνδραmanἀνήρ · accusative singular masculine nounsubject of μάχεσθαιμάχεσθαιto fightμάχομαι · present medio-passive infinitivesubject of ἔστ̓ - 98
for always some one god is near to ward death from him.
Metre
αἰεὶγὰρπάραεἷς‖γεθεῶνὃςλοιγὸνἀμύνει
αἰεὶalwaysἀεί · adverbadverbial to πάραγὰρforγάρ · particlesentence particleπάραis nearπάρειμι · present active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbεἷςoneεἷς · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of πάραγεsomeγε · particleemphasizing particleθεῶνof the godsθεός · genitive plural masculine nounmodifies εἷςὃςwhoὅς · nominative singular masculine pronounsubject of ἀμύνειλοιγὸνruinλοιγός · accusative singular masculine nounobject of ἀμύνειἀμύνειwards offἀμύνω · present active indicative, 3rd singular verbverb of a clause describing εἷς - 99
Besides, his missile flies straight and does not cease
Metre
καὶἄλλωςτοῦἰθὺ‖βέλοςπέτετοὐδἀπολήγει
καὶbesidesκαί · adverbemphasizing particleδindeedδέ · particlesentence particleἄλλωςotherwiseἄλλως · adverbadverbial to πέτετ̓τοῦhisὁ · genitive singular masculine pronounmodifies βέλοςγindeedγε · particleemphasizing particleἰθὺstraightἰθύς · nominative singular neuter adjectivecircumstantial complementβέλοςshaftβέλος · nominative singular neuter nounsubject of πέτετ̓πέτετfliesπέτομαι · present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbἀπολήγειdies awayἀπολήγω · present active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verb - 100
before it passes through a mortal man's flesh. But if a god
Metre
πρὶνχροὸςἀνδρομέοιο‖διελθέμενεἰδὲθεόςπερ
πρὶνbeforeπρίν · conjunctionsubordinating conjunctionχροὸςfleshχρώς · genitive singular masculine nounobject of διελθέμενἀνδρομέοιοhumanἀνδρόμεος · genitive singular masculine adjectivemodifies χροὸςδιελθέμενpasses throughδιέρχομαι · aorist active infinitiveadverbial to πρὶνεἰifεἰ · conjunctionsubordinating conjunctionδὲbutδέ · particlecoordinating wordθεόςa godθεός · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of τείνειενπερevenπέρ · particleemphasizing particle - 101
should stretch the issue of war level between us, he would not
ἶσονlevelἴσος · accusative singular neuter adjectiveadverbial to τείνειεντείνειενshould stretchτείνω · aorist active optative, 3rd singular verbadverbial to εἰπολέμουwarπόλεμος · genitive singular masculine nounmodifies τέλοςτέλοςthe issueτέλος · accusative singular neuter nounobject of τείνειενοὔnotοὐ · adverbemphasizing particleκεwouldἄν · particlesentence particleμάλαveryμάλα · adverbemphasizing particleῥέαeasilyῥέα · adverbadverbial to νικήσεἰ - 102
defeat me with ease, not even if he boasts that he is all bronze."
Metre
νικήσειοὐδεἰ‖παγχάλκεοςεὔχεταιεἶναι
νικήσειwould defeat meνικάω · aorist active optative, 3rd singular verbmain verbεἰifεἰ · conjunctionsubordinating conjunctionπαγχάλκεοςall-bronzeπαγχάλκεος · nominative singular masculine adjectivepredicate nounεὔχεταιboastsεὔχομαι · present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verbadverbial to εἰεἶναιto beεἰμί · present active infinitiveobject of εὔχεται - 103
Then lord Apollo, son of Zeus, answered him:
τὸνhimὁ · accusative singular masculine pronounobject of προσέειπενδandδέ · particlecoordinating wordαὖτεin turnαὖτε · adverbadverbial to προσέειπενπροσέειπενaddressedπροσεῖπον · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbἄναξlordἄναξ · nominative singular masculine nounmodifies ἈπόλλωνΔιὸςof ZeusΖεύς · genitive singular masculine nounmodifies υἱὸςυἱὸςsonυἱός · nominative singular masculine nounmodifies ἈπόλλωνἈπόλλωνApolloἈπόλλων · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of προσέειπεν - 104
"Hero, come, pray in your turn to the everlasting gods.
Metre
ἥρωςἀλλἄγεκαὶ‖σὺθεοῖςαἰειγενέτῃσιν
ἥρωςheroἥρως · vocative singular masculine noungoverned by an elided headἀλλcomeἀλλά · adverbsentence particleἄγεcomeἄγε · adverbsentence particleκαὶyou tooκαί · adverbemphasizing particleσὺyouσύ · nominative singular masculine pronounsubject of εὔχεοθεοῖςto godsθεός · dative plural masculine nounobject of εὔχεοαἰειγενέτῃσινwho live foreverαἰειγενέτης · dative plural masculine adjectivemodifies θεοῖς - 105
For they say that you were born from Aphrodite, daughter of Zeus,
Metre
εὔχεοκαὶδὲσέφασι‖ΔιὸςκούρηςἈφροδίτης
εὔχεοprayεὔχομαι · present medio-passive imperative, 2nd singular verbmain verbκαὶforκαί · adverbemphasizing particleδὲindeedδέ · particlesentence particleσέyouσύ · accusative singular masculine pronounsubject of ἐκγεγάμενφασιthey sayφημί · present active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbΔιὸςof ZeusΖεύς · genitive singular masculine nounmodifies κούρηςκούρηςdaughterκόρη · genitive singular feminine nounmodifies ἈφροδίτηςἈφροδίτηςof AphroditeἈφροδίτη · genitive singular feminine nounobject of ἐκγεγάμεν - 106
while that man comes from a goddess of lower rank:
Metre
ἐκγεγάμενκεῖνος‖δὲχερείονοςἐκθεοῦἐστίν
ἐκγεγάμενwere bornἐκγίγνομαι · perfect active infinitiveobject of φασικεῖνοςthat manκεῖνος · nominative singular masculine pronounsubject of ἐστίνδὲandδέ · particlecoordinating wordχερείονοςlower rankχερείων · genitive singular masculine adjectivemodifies θεοῦἐκfromἐκ · prepositionprepositionθεοῦa deityθεός · genitive singular masculine nounpredicate nounἐστίνisεἰμί · present active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verb - 107
the one is Zeus's daughter; the other's father is the old man of the sea.
Metre
ἣμὲνγὰρΔιόςἐσθ‖ἣἐξἁλίοιογέροντος
ἣsheὁ · nominative singular feminine pronounsubject of ἐσθ̓μὲνindeedμέν · particlesentence particleγὰρforγάρ · particlesentence particleΔιόςof ZeusΖεύς · genitive singular masculine nounpredicate nounἐσθis daughterεἰμί · present active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbἣthe otherὁ · nominative singular feminine pronounsubjectδandδέ · particlecoordinating wordἐξfromἐκ · prepositionprepositionἁλίοιοthe seaἅλιος · genitive singular masculine adjectivemodifies γέροντοςγέροντοςold manγέρων · genitive singular masculine nounpredicate noun - 108
Come, bear your unyielding bronze straight at him, and do not let him
Metre
ἀλλἰθὺςφέρεχαλκὸν‖ἀτειρέαμηδέσεπάμπαν
ἀλλcomeἀλλά · adverbsentence particleἰθὺςstraightἰθύς · adverbadverbial to φέρεφέρεbearφέρω · present active imperative, 2nd singular verbmain verbχαλκὸνbronzeχαλκός · accusative singular masculine nounobject of φέρεἀτειρέαunyieldingἀτειρής · accusative singular masculine adjectivemodifies χαλκὸνσεyouσύ · accusative singular masculine pronounobject of ἀποτρεπέτωπάμπανat allπάμπαν · adverbadverbial to ἀποτρεπέτω - 109
turn you away with grievous words and threats."
Metre
λευγαλέοιςἐπέεσσιν‖ἀποτρεπέτωκαὶἀρειῇ
λευγαλέοιςgrievousλευγαλέος · dative plural neuter adjectivemodifies ἐπέεσσινἐπέεσσινwordsἔπος · dative plural neuter nounadverbial to καὶἀποτρεπέτωturn awayἀποτρέπω · present active imperative, 3rd singular verbmain verbκαὶandκαί · conjunctioncoordinating wordἀρειῇthreatἀρειή · dative singular feminine nounadverbial to καὶ - 110
So speaking, he breathed great might into the shepherd of the people.
Metre
ὣςεἰπὼνἔμπνευσε‖μένοςμέγαποιμένιλαῶν
ὣςsoὡς · adverbadverbial to εἰπὼνεἰπὼνspeakingεἶπον · aorist active participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to ἔμπνευσεἔμπνευσεbreathedἐμπνέω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbμένοςstrengthμένος · accusative singular neuter nounobject of ἔμπνευσεμέγαgreatμέγας · accusative singular neuter adjectivemodifies μένοςποιμένιthe shepherdποιμήν · dative singular masculine nounobject of ἔμπνευσελαῶνof the peopleλαός · genitive plural masculine nounmodifies ποιμένι - 111
And he strode out through the front ranks, helmed in gleaming bronze.
Metre
βῆδὲδιὰπρομάχων‖κεκορυθμένοςαἴθοπιχαλκῷ
βῆwentβαίνω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbδὲandδέ · particlecoordinating wordδιὰthroughδιά · prepositionprepositionπρομάχωνfront ranksπρόμαχος · genitive plural masculine adjectiveadverbial to διὰκεκορυθμένοςhelmedκορύσσω · perfect medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to βῆαἴθοπιgleamingαἴθοψ · dative singular masculine adjectivemodifies χαλκῷχαλκῷbronzeχαλκός · dative singular masculine nounobject of κεκορυθμένος - 112
Nor did Anchises' son escape the notice of white-armed Hera
Metre
οὐδἔλαθἈγχίσαο‖πάϊςλευκώλενονἭρην
ἔλαθescaped noticeλανθάνω · imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbἈγχίσαοsonἈγχίσης · genitive singular masculine nounmodifies πάϊςπάϊςsonπαῖς · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of ἔλαθ̓λευκώλενονwhite-armedλευκώλενος · accusative singular feminine adjectivemodifies ἭρηνἭρηνHeraἭρα · accusative singular feminine nounobject of ἔλαθ̓ - 113
as he went against the son of Peleus through the mass of men.
Metre
ἀντίαΠηλεΐωνος‖ἰὼνἀνὰοὐλαμὸνἀνδρῶν
ἀντίαagainstἀντίος · accusative plural neuter adjectiveprepositionΠηλεΐωνοςof Peleus’s sonΠηλείων · genitive singular masculine nounobject of ἀντίαἰὼνgoingεἶμι · present active participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to ἔλαθ̓ἀνὰthroughἀνά · prepositionprepositionοὐλαμὸνthrongοὐλαμός · accusative singular masculine nounadverbial to ἀνὰἀνδρῶνof menἀνήρ · genitive plural masculine nounmodifies οὐλαμὸν - 114
She gathered the gods together and spoke among them:
Metre
ἣἄμυδιςστήσασα‖θεοὺςμετὰμῦθονἔειπε
ἣsheὁ · nominative singular feminine pronounsubject of ἔειπεδandδέ · particlecoordinating wordἄμυδιςtogetherἄμυδις · adverbadverbial to στήσασαστήσασαgatheringἵστημι · aorist active participle, nominative singular feminineadverbial to ἔειπεθεοὺςgodsθεός · accusative plural masculine nounobject of στήσασαμετὰamongμετά · prepositionemphasizing particleμῦθονwordμῦθος · accusative singular masculine nounobject of ἔειπεἔειπεspokeεἶπον · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verb - 115
"You two, Poseidon and Athena, consider now
Metre
φράζεσθονδὴσφῶϊ‖ΠοσείδαονκαὶἈθήνη
φράζεσθονconsiderφράζω · present medio-passive imperative, 2nd dual verbmain verbδὴnowδή · particlesentence particleσφῶϊyou twoσύ · vocative dual masculine pronoungoverned by an elided headΠοσείδαονPoseidonΠοσειδῶν · vocative singular masculine noungoverned by an elided headκαὶandκαί · conjunctioncoordinating wordἈθήνηAthenaἈθήνη · vocative singular feminine noungoverned by an elided head - 116
in your hearts how these deeds shall turn out.
Metre
ἐνφρεσὶνὑμετέρῃσιν‖ὅπωςἔσταιτάδεἔργα
ἐνinἐν · prepositionprepositionφρεσὶνyour heartsφρήν · dative plural feminine nounadverbial to ἐνὑμετέρῃσινyourὑμέτερος · dative plural feminine adjectivemodifies φρεσὶνὅπωςhowὅπως · adverbadverbial to ἔσταιἔσταιshall beεἰμί · future middle indicative, 3rd singular verbobject of φράζεσθοντάδεtheseὅδε · nominative plural neuter pronounmodifies ἔργαἔργαdeedsἔργον · nominative plural neuter nounsubject of ἔσται - 117
Here Aeneas has gone, helmed in gleaming bronze,
Metre
Αἰνείαςὅδἔβη‖κεκορυθμένοςαἴθοπιχαλκῷ
ΑἰνείαςAeneasΑἰνείας · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of ἔβηὅδthis manὅδε · nominative singular masculine pronouncircumstantial complementἔβηhas goneβαίνω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbκεκορυθμένοςhelmedκορύσσω · perfect medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to ἔβηαἴθοπιgleamingαἴθοψ · dative singular masculine adjectivemodifies χαλκῷχαλκῷbronzeχαλκός · dative singular masculine nounobject of κεκορυθμένος - 118
against the son of Peleus, and Phoebus Apollo sent him on.
Metre
ἀντίαΠηλεΐωνος‖ἀνῆκεδὲΦοῖβοςἈπόλλων
ἀντίαagainstἀντίος · accusative plural neuter adjectiveprepositionΠηλεΐωνοςof Peleus’s sonΠηλείων · genitive singular masculine nounobject of ἀντίαἀνῆκεsent him onἀνίημι · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbδὲandδέ · particlecoordinating wordΦοῖβοςPhoebusΦοῖβος · nominative singular masculine nounmodifies ἈπόλλωνἈπόλλωνApolloἈπόλλων · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of ἀνῆκε - 119
Come, let us turn him back from there ourselves,
Metre
ἀλλἄγεθἡμεῖςπέρ‖μινἀποτρωπῶμενὀπίσσω
ἀλλcomeἀλλά · adverbsentence particleἄγεθcomeἄγε · adverbsentence particleἡμεῖςweἐγώ · nominative plural masculine pronounsubject of ἀποτρωπῶμενπέρourselvesπέρ · particleemphasizing particleμινhimμιν · accusative singular masculine pronounobject of ἀποτρωπῶμενἀποτρωπῶμενturn awayἀποτρωπάω · present active subjunctive, 1st plural verbmain verbὀπίσσωbackὀπίσω · adverbadverbial to ἀποτρωπῶμεν - 120
or else let one of us stand beside Achilles
Metre
αὐτόθενἤτιςἔπειτα‖καὶἡμείωνἈχιλῆϊ
αὐτόθενfrom thereαὐτόθεν · adverbadverbial to ἀποτρωπῶμενἤorἤ · conjunctionsentence particleτιςoneτις · nominative singular masculine pronounsubject of παρσταίηἔπειταthenἔπειτα · adverbadverbial to παρσταίηκαὶalsoκαί · adverbemphasizing particleἡμείωνusἐγώ · genitive plural masculine pronounmodifies τιςἈχιλῆϊAchillesἈχιλλεύς · dative singular masculine nounobject of παρσταίη - 121
and give him great strength, so that he may lack nothing in his heart,
Metre
παρσταίηδοίη‖δὲκράτοςμέγαμηδέτιθυμῷ
παρσταίηmay stand besideπαρίστημι · aorist active optative, 3rd singular verbmain verbδοίηmay giveδίδωμι · aorist active optative, 3rd singular verbmain verbδὲandδέ · particlesentence particleκράτοςpowerκράτος · accusative singular neuter nounobject of δοίημέγαgreatμέγας · accusative singular neuter adjectivemodifies κράτοςτιanythingτις · accusative singular neuter pronounadverbial to δευέσθωθυμῷheartθυμός · dative singular masculine nounadverbial to δευέσθω - 122
and he may know that the best of the immortals love him,
Metre
δευέσθωἵναεἰδῇ‖ὅμινφιλέουσινἄριστοι
δευέσθωmay he lackδεύω · present medio-passive imperative, 3rd singular verbmain verbἵναso thatἵνα · conjunctionsubordinating conjunctionεἰδῇmay knowοἶδα · perfect active subjunctive, 3rd singular verbadverbial to ἵναὅthatὁ · accusative singular neuter pronounsubordinating conjunctionμινhimμιν · accusative singular masculine pronounobject of φιλέουσινφιλέουσινloveφιλέω · present active indicative, 3rd plural verbobject of δ̓ἄριστοιbestἄριστος · nominative plural masculine adjectivesubject of φιλέουσιν - 123
while those who until now have defended the Trojans
Metre
ἀθανάτωνοἳαὖτ‖ἀνεμώλιοιοἳτὸπάροςπερ
ἀθανάτωνof immortalsἀθάνατος · genitive plural masculine adjectivemodifies ἄριστοιοἳthoseὁ · nominative plural masculine pronounsubjectδandδέ · particlecoordinating wordαὖτin turnαὖτε · adverbsentence particleἀνεμώλιοιare mere windἀνεμώλιος · nominative plural masculine adjectivepredicate nounοἳwhoὅς · nominative plural masculine pronounsubject of ἀμύνουσιντὸthe timeὁ · accusative singular neuter articlemodifies πάροςπάροςbeforeπάρος · adverbadverbial to ἀμύνουσινπερevenπέρ · particleemphasizing particle - 124
from war and battle are nothing but wind.
Metre
Τρωσὶνἀμύνουσιν‖πόλεμονκαὶδηϊοτῆτα
Τρωσὶνthe TrojansΤρώς · dative plural masculine nounobject of ἀμύνουσινἀμύνουσινdefend fromἀμύνω · present active indicative, 3rd plural verbverb of a clause describing οἳπόλεμονwarπόλεμος · accusative singular masculine nounobject of καὶκαὶandκαί · conjunctioncoordinating wordδηϊοτῆταbattle strifeδηιοτής · accusative singular feminine nounobject of καὶ - 125
We have all come down from Olympus to meet
πάντεςallπᾶς · nominative plural masculine adjectivesubject of κατήλθομενδindeedδέ · particlecoordinating wordΟὐλύμποιοOlympusὌλυμπος · genitive singular masculine nounadverbial to κατήλθομενκατήλθομενhave come downκατέρχομαι · aorist active indicative, 1st plural verbmain verbἀντιόωντεςmeetἀντιάω · present active participle, nominative plural masculineadverbial to κατήλθομεν - 126
this battle, so that he may suffer nothing among the Trojans
Metre
τῆσδεμάχηςἵναμή‖τιμετὰΤρώεσσιπάθῃσι
τῆσδεthisὅδε · genitive singular feminine pronounmodifies μάχηςμάχηςbattleμάχη · genitive singular feminine nounobject of ἀντιόωντεςἵναso thatἵνα · conjunctionsubordinating conjunctionμήmay notμή · adverbemphasizing particleτιanythingτις · accusative singular neuter pronounobject of πάθῃσιμετὰamongμετά · prepositionprepositionΤρώεσσιthe TrojansΤρώς · dative plural masculine nounadverbial to μετὰπάθῃσιmay sufferπάσχω · aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verbadverbial to ἵνα - 127
today. Later he shall suffer all that Fate
Metre
σήμερονὕστεροναὖτε‖τὰπείσεταιἅσσάοἱαἶσα
σήμερονtodayσήμερον · adverbadverbial to πάθῃσιὕστερονlaterὕστερος · accusative singular neuter adjectiveadverbial to πείσεταιαὖτεin turnαὖτε · adverbsentence particleτὰall thatὁ · accusative plural neuter pronounobject of πείσεταιπείσεταιhe shall sufferπάσχω · future middle indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbἅσσάwhateverὅστις · accusative plural neuter pronounobject of ἐπένησεοἱfor himἕ · dative singular masculine pronounobject of ἐπένησεαἶσαfateΑἶσα · nominative singular feminine nounsubject of ἐπένησε - 128
spun into his thread at birth, when his mother bore him.
Metre
γιγνομένῳἐπένησε‖λίνῳὅτεμιντέκεμήτηρ
γιγνομένῳat his birthγίγνομαι · present medio-passive participle, dative singular masculinecircumstantial complementἐπένησεspun intoἐπινέω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbverb of a clause describing τὰλίνῳhis threadλίνος · dative singular masculine nounadverbial to ἐπένησεὅτεwhenὅτε · adverbsubordinating conjunctionμινhimμιν · accusative singular masculine pronounobject of τέκετέκεboreτίκτω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbadverbial to ὅτεμήτηρmotherμήτηρ · nominative singular feminine nounsubject of τέκε - 129
But if Achilles does not learn this from the voice of the gods,
Metre
εἰἈχιλεὺςοὐταῦτα‖θεῶνἐκπεύσεταιὀμφῆς
εἰifεἰ · conjunctionsubordinating conjunctionδbutδέ · particlecoordinating wordἈχιλεὺςAchillesἈχιλλεύς · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of πεύσεταιοὐnotοὐ · adverbemphasizing particleταῦταthese thingsοὗτος · accusative plural neuter adjectiveobject of πεύσεταιθεῶνof the godsθεός · genitive plural masculine nounmodifies ὀμφῆςἐκfromἐκ · prepositionprepositionπεύσεταιwill learnπυνθάνομαι · future middle indicative, 3rd singular verbadverbial to εἰὀμφῆςvoiceὀμφή · genitive singular feminine nounadverbial to ἐκ - 130
he will be afraid when some god comes against him
Metre
δείσετἔπειθὅτεκέν‖τιςἐναντίβιονθεὸςἔλθῃ
δείσετhe will fearδείδω · future middle indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbἔπειθthenἔπειτα · adverbadverbial to δείσετ̓ὅτεwhenὅτε · adverbsubordinating conjunctionκένmayἄν · particlesentence particleτιςsomeτις · nominative singular masculine pronounmodifies θεὸςἐναντίβιονagainst himἐναντίβιος · accusative singular neuter adjectiveadverbial to ἔλθῃθεὸςa godθεός · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of ἔλθῃἔλθῃcomesἔρχομαι · aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verbadverbial to ὅτε - 131
in battle; terrible are gods when they appear in manifest form."
Metre
ἐνπολέμῳχαλεποὶ‖δὲθεοὶφαίνεσθαιἐναργεῖς
ἐνinἐν · prepositionprepositionπολέμῳbattleπόλεμος · dative singular masculine nounadverbial to ἐνχαλεποὶharshχαλεπός · nominative plural masculine adjectivepredicate nounδὲindeedδέ · particlecoordinating wordθεοὶgodsθεός · nominative plural masculine nounsubjectφαίνεσθαιwhen they appearφαίνω · present medio-passive infinitiveadverbialἐναργεῖςplain to seeἐναργής · nominative plural masculine adjectivecircumstantial complement - 132
Then Poseidon the earth-shaker answered her:
Metre
τὴνἠμείβετἔπειτα‖Ποσειδάωνἐνοσίχθων
τὴνherὁ · accusative singular feminine pronounobject of ἠμείβετ̓δandδέ · particlecoordinating wordἠμείβετansweredἀμείβω · imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbἔπειταthenἔπειτα · adverbadverbial to ἠμείβετ̓ΠοσειδάωνPoseidonΠοσειδεών · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of ἠμείβετ̓ἐνοσίχθωνEarth-shakerἘνοσίχθων · nominative singular masculine nounmodifies Ποσειδάων - 133
"Hera, do not rage beyond reason; there is no need.
Metre
Ἥρημὴχαλέπαινε‖παρἐκνόονοὐδέτίσεχρή
ἭρηHeraἭρα · vocative singular feminine noungoverned by an elided headμὴdo notμή · particleemphasizing particleχαλέπαινεrageχαλεπαίνω · present active imperative, 2nd singular verbmain verbπαρbeyondπαρά · prepositionemphasizing particleἐκoutἐκ · prepositionprepositionνόονmindνόος · accusative singular masculine nounadverbial to ἐκτίanythingτις · accusative singular neuter pronounadverbial to χρήσεyouσύ · accusative singular feminine pronounsubjectχρήmustχρή · present active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verb - 134
I would not wish to drive the other gods together in strife
Metre
οὐκἂνἔγωγἐθέλοιμι‖θεοὺςἔριδιξυνελάσσαι
οὐκnotοὐ · adverbemphasizing particleἂνwouldἄν · particlesentence particleἔγωγIἐγώ · nominative singular masculine pronounsubject of ἐθέλοιμιἐθέλοιμιwould wishἐθέλω · present active optative, 1st singular verbmain verbθεοὺςgodsθεός · accusative plural masculine nounsubject of ξυνελάσσαιἔριδιstrifeἔρις · dative singular feminine nounadverbial to ξυνελάσσαιξυνελάσσαιdrive togetherσυνελαύνω · aorist active infinitiveobject of ἐθέλοιμι - 135
against us, since we are far stronger.
ἡμέαςusἐγώ · accusative plural masculine pronounobject of ξυνελάσσαιτοὺςtheὁ · accusative plural masculine articlemodifies ἄλλουςἄλλουςothersἄλλος · accusative plural masculine adjectivemodifies ἡμέαςἐπεὶsinceἐπεί · conjunctionsubordinating conjunctionἦtrulyἦ · adverbsentence particleπολὺfarπολύς · accusative singular neuter adjectiveemphasizing particleφέρτεροίmightierφέρτατος · nominative plural masculine adjectivepredicate nounεἰμενwe areεἰμί · present active indicative, 1st plural verbadverbial to ἐπεὶ - 136
Instead, let us go and sit
Metre
ἀλλἡμεῖςμὲνἔπειτα‖καθεζώμεσθακιόντες
ἀλλbutἀλλά · adverbsentence particleἡμεῖςweἐγώ · nominative plural masculine pronounsubject of καθεζώμεσθαμὲνindeedμέν · particlesentence particleἔπειταthenἔπειτα · adverbsentence particleκαθεζώμεσθαlet us sitκαθέζομαι · present medio-passive subjunctive, 1st plural verbmain verbκιόντεςgoingκίω · aorist active participle, nominative plural masculineadverbial to καθεζώμεσθα - 137
off the trodden way at a lookout; war shall concern men.
ἐκfromἐκ · prepositionprepositionπάτουthe trodden wayπάτος · genitive singular masculine nounadverbial to ἐκἐςtoεἰς · prepositionprepositionσκοπιήνa lookoutσκοπιά · accusative singular feminine nounobject of ἐςπόλεμοςwarπόλεμος · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of μελήσειδandδέ · particlecoordinating wordἄνδρεσσιmenἀνήρ · dative plural masculine nounobject of μελήσειμελήσειwill concernμέλω · future active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verb - 138
But if Ares or Phoebus Apollo begins the battle,
Metre
εἰδέἌρηςἄρχωσι‖μάχηςἢΦοῖβοςἈπόλλων
εἰifεἰ · conjunctionsubordinating conjunctionδέbutδέ · particlecoordinating wordκshouldἄν · particlesentence particleἌρηςAresἌρης · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of ἢἄρχωσιbeginἄρχω · present active subjunctive, 3rd plural verbadverbial to ἢμάχηςbattleμάχη · genitive singular feminine nounobject of ἄρχωσιἢorἤ · conjunctioncoordinating wordΦοῖβοςPhoebusΦοῖβος · nominative singular masculine nounmodifies ἈπόλλωνἈπόλλωνApolloἈπόλλων · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of ἢ - 139
or if they hold Achilles back and do not let him fight,
Metre
ἢἈχιλῆἴσχωσι‖καὶοὐκεἰῶσιμάχεσθαι
ἢorἤ · conjunctioncoordinating wordἈχιλῆAchillesἈχιλλεύς · accusative singular masculine nounobject of ἴσχωσιἴσχωσιhold backἴσχω · present active subjunctive, 3rd plural verbadverbial to καὶκαὶandκαί · conjunctioncoordinating wordοὐκnotοὐ · adverbemphasizing particleεἰῶσιlet himἐάω · present active subjunctive, 3rd plural verbadverbial to καὶμάχεσθαιto fightμάχομαι · present medio-passive infinitiveobject of εἰῶσι - 140
then at once among us too a quarrel will arise
Metre
αὐτίκἔπειτακαὶἄμμι‖παραὐτόθινεῖκοςὀρεῖται
αὐτίκat onceαὐτίκα · adverbadverbial to ὀρεῖταιἔπειταthenἔπειτα · adverbadverbial to ὀρεῖταικαὶtooκαί · adverbemphasizing particleἄμμιamong usἐγώ · dative plural masculine pronounadverbial to ὀρεῖταιπαρonπαρά · prepositionprepositionαὐτόθιthat very spotαὐτόθι · adverbadverbial to παῤνεῖκοςa quarrelνεῖκος · nominative singular neuter nounsubject of ὀρεῖταιὀρεῖταιwill ariseὄρνυμι · future middle indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verb - 141
over battle on that very spot. Once parted, I think they will very quickly
Metre
φυλόπιδοςμάλαὦκα‖διακρινθένταςὀΐω
φυλόπιδοςof battleφύλοπις · genitive singular feminine nounmodifies νεῖκοςμάλαveryμάλα · adverbemphasizing particleδandδέ · particlecoordinating wordὦκαquicklyὦκα · adverbadverbial to διακρινθένταςδιακρινθένταςpartedδιακρίνω · aorist passive participle, accusative plural masculineadverbial to ἴμενὀΐωI thinkοἴομαι · present active indicative, 1st singular verbmain verb - 142
go back to Olympus among the gathering of the other gods,
Metre
ἂψἴμενΟὔλυμπον‖δὲθεῶνμεθὁμήγυρινἄλλων
ἂψbackἄψ · adverbadverbial to ἴμενἴμενto goεἶμι · present active infinitiveobject of ὀΐωΟὔλυμπονOlympusὌλυμπος · accusative singular masculine nounobject of ἴμενδὲtoδέ · particleemphasizing particleθεῶνof the godsθεός · genitive plural masculine nounmodifies ὁμήγυρινμεθamongμετά · prepositionprepositionὁμήγυρινgatheringὁμήγυρις · accusative singular feminine nounobject of μεθ̓ἄλλωνof other godsἄλλος · genitive plural masculine adjectivemodifies θεῶν - 143
subdued by force beneath our hands."
Metre
ἡμετέρῃςὑπὸχερσὶν‖ἀναγκαίηφιδαμέντας
ἡμετέρῃςourἡμέτερος · dative plural feminine adjectivemodifies χερσὶνὑπὸbeneathὑπό · prepositionprepositionχερσὶνhandsχείρ · dative plural feminine nounobject of ὑπὸἀναγκαίηφιby forceἀνάγκη · dative plural feminine nounadverbial to δαμένταςδαμένταςsubduedδαμάζω · aorist passive participle, accusative plural masculineadverbial to ἴμεν - 144
So dark-haired Poseidon spoke and led the way
Metre
ὣςἄραφωνήσας‖ἡγήσατοκυανοχαίτης
ὣςsoὡς · adverbadverbial to φωνήσαςἄραthenἄρα · particlesentence particleφωνήσαςhaving spokenφωνέω · aorist active participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to ἡγήσατοἡγήσατοledἡγέομαι · aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbκυανοχαίτηςdark-hairedκυανοχαίτης · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of ἡγήσατο - 145
to the high wall built around divine Heracles,
τεῖχοςwallτεῖχος · accusative singular neuter nounobject of ἐςἐςtoεἰς · prepositionprepositionἀμφίχυτονbuilt aroundἀμφίχυτος · accusative singular neuter adjectivemodifies τεῖχοςἩρακλῆοςof HeraclesἩρακλέης · genitive singular masculine nounmodifies τεῖχοςθείοιοdivineθεῖος · genitive singular masculine adjectivemodifies Ἡρακλῆος - 146
which the Trojans and Pallas Athena had made for him
Metre
ὑψηλόντόῥάοἱ‖ΤρῶεςκαὶΠαλλὰςἈθήνη
ὑψηλόνhighὑψηλός · accusative singular neuter adjectivemodifies τεῖχοςτόwhichὁ · accusative singular neuter pronounobject of ποίεονῥάindeedἄρα · particleemphasizing particleοἱfor himἕ · dative singular masculine pronounobject of ποίεονΤρῶεςTrojansΤρώς · nominative plural masculine nounsubject of καὶκαὶandκαί · conjunctioncoordinating wordΠαλλὰςPallasΠαλλάς · nominative singular feminine nounmodifies ἈθήνηἈθήνηAthenaἈθήνη · nominative singular feminine nounsubject of καὶ - 147
so that he might escape the sea-monster and find shelter
Metre
ποίεονὄφρατὸκῆτος‖ὑπεκπροφυγὼνἀλέαιτο
ποίεονhad madeποιέω · imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verbverb of a clause describing τεῖχοςὄφραso thatὄφρα · conjunctionsubordinating conjunctionτὸtheὁ · accusative singular neuter articlemodifies κῆτοςκῆτοςsea-monsterκῆτος · accusative singular neuter nounobject of ἀλέαιτοὑπεκπροφυγὼνescaping awayὑπεκπροφεύγω · aorist active participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to ἀλέαιτοἀλέαιτοmight find shelterἀλέω · aorist middle optative, 3rd singular verbadverbial to ὄφραThe optative belongs to a past-purpose clause: the wall was built so Heracles might escape.
- 148
whenever it drove him from the shore toward the plain.
Metre
ὁππότεμινσεύαιτο‖ἀπἠϊόνοςπεδίονδέ
ὁππότεwheneverὁπότε · adverbadverbial to σεύαιτομινhimμιν · accusative singular masculine pronounobject of σεύαιτοσεύαιτοmight driveσεύω · aorist middle optative, 3rd singular verbadverbial to ἀλέαιτοἀπfromἀπό · prepositionprepositionἠϊόνοςshoreἠιών · genitive singular feminine nounadverbial to ἀπ̓πεδίονplainπεδίον · accusative singular neuter nounobject of σεύαιτοδέtowardδέ · particleemphasizing particle - 149
There Poseidon and the other gods sat down,
Metre
ἔνθαΠοσειδάων‖κατἄρἕζετοκαὶθεοὶἄλλοι
ἔνθαthereἔνθα · adverbadverbial to ἕζετοΠοσειδάωνPoseidonΠοσειδεών · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of καὶκατdownκατά · prepositionemphasizing particleἄρthenἄρα · particlesentence particleἕζετοsatἕζομαι · aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbκαὶandκαί · conjunctioncoordinating wordθεοὶgodsθεός · nominative plural masculine nounsubject of καὶἄλλοιthe othersἄλλος · nominative plural masculine adjectivemodifies θεοὶ - 150
and around their shoulders they drew an unbreakable cloud.
Metre
ἀμφὶἄρἄρρηκτον‖νεφέληνὤμοισινἕσαντο
ἀμφὶaroundἀμφί · prepositionprepositionδandδέ · particlecoordinating wordἄρthenἄρα · particlesentence particleἄρρηκτονunbreakableἄρρηκτος · accusative singular feminine adjectivemodifies νεφέληννεφέληνcloudνεφέλη · accusative singular feminine nounobject of ἕσαντοὤμοισινshouldersὦμος · dative plural masculine nounadverbial to ἀμφὶἕσαντοdrew around themselvesἕννυμι · aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verbmain verb - 151
The others sat opposite them on the brows of Callicolone,
Metre
οἳἑτέρωσεκαθῖζον‖ἐπὀφρύσιΚαλλικολώνης
οἳthe othersὁ · nominative plural masculine pronounsubject of καθῖζονδbutδέ · particlecoordinating wordἑτέρωσεoppositeἑτέρωσε · adverbmodifies οἳκαθῖζονsat downκαθίζω · imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verbmain verbἐπuponἐπί · prepositionprepositionὀφρύσιbrowsὀφρύς · dative plural feminine nounadverbial to ἐπ̓ΚαλλικολώνηςCallicoloneΚαλλικολώνη · genitive singular feminine nounmodifies ὀφρύσι - 152
around you, archer Phoebus, and Ares, sacker of cities.
Metre
ἀμφὶσὲἤϊεΦοῖβε‖καὶἌρηαπτολίπορθον
ἀμφὶaroundἀμφί · prepositionprepositionσὲyouσύ · accusative singular masculine pronounadverbial to καὶἤϊεarcherἤιος · vocative singular masculine nounmodifies ΦοῖβεΦοῖβεPhoebusΦοῖβος · vocative singular masculine noungoverned by an elided headκαὶandκαί · conjunctioncoordinating wordἌρηαAresἌρης · accusative singular masculine nounadverbial to καὶπτολίπορθονsacker of citiesπτολίπορθος · accusative singular masculine adjectivemodifies Ἄρηα - 153
So the two sides sat apart, each planning
ὣςsoὡς · adverbadverbial to καθήατοοἳtheyὁ · nominative plural masculine pronounsubject of καθήατομένindeedμέν · particlesentence particleῥthenἄρα · particlesentence particleἑκάτερθεon either sideἑκάτερθε · adverbadverbial to καθήατοκαθήατοthey satκάθημαι · pluperfect middle indicative, 3rd plural verbmain verbThis pluperfect-form verb has present-state force: they sat there.
μητιόωντεςare planningμητιάω · present active participle, nominative plural masculineadverbial to καθήατο - 154
their counsels; both shrank from beginning grievous war,
Metre
βουλάςἀρχέμεναι‖δὲδυσηλεγέοςπολέμοιο
βουλάςcounselsβουλή · accusative plural feminine nounobject of μητιόωντεςἀρχέμεναιto beginἄρχω · present active infinitiveobject of ὄκνεονδὲbutδέ · particlesentence particleδυσηλεγέοςgrievousδυσηλεγής · genitive singular masculine adjectivemodifies πολέμοιοπολέμοιοwarπόλεμος · genitive singular masculine nounobject of ἀρχέμεναι - 155
while Zeus, seated high above, urged them on.
Metre
ὄκνεονἀμφότεροι‖Ζεὺςἥμενοςὕψικέλευε
ὄκνεονshrankὀκνέω · imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verbmain verbἀμφότεροιbothἀμφότερος · nominative plural masculine adjectivesubject of ὄκνεονΖεὺςZeusΖεύς · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of κέλευεδwhileδέ · particlecoordinating wordἥμενοςseatedἧμαι · perfect medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to κέλευεὕψιhighὕψι · adverbadverbial to ἥμενοςκέλευεurgedκελεύω · imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verb - 156
The whole plain was filled with them and gleamed with bronze,
Metre
τῶνἅπανἐπλήσθη‖πεδίονκαὶλάμπετοχαλκῷ
τῶνwith themὁ · genitive plural masculine articlemodifies ἠδ̓δandδέ · particlesentence particleἅπανallἅπας · nominative singular neuter adjectivemodifies πεδίονἐπλήσθηfilledπίμπλημι · aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbπεδίονthe plainπεδίον · nominative singular neuter nounsubject of καὶκαὶandκαί · conjunctioncoordinating wordλάμπετοshoneλάμπω · imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbχαλκῷwith bronzeχαλκοῦς · dative singular masculine nounadverbial to λάμπετο - 157
with men and horses; the earth rattled beneath their feet
Metre
ἀνδρῶνἠδἵππων‖κάρκαιρεδὲγαῖαπόδεσσιν
ἀνδρῶνof menἀνήρ · genitive plural masculine nounobject of ἠδ̓ἠδandἠδέ · conjunctioncoordinating wordἵππωνof horsesἵππος · genitive plural masculine nounobject of ἠδ̓κάρκαιρεrattledκαρκαίρω · imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbδὲandδέ · particlecoordinating wordγαῖαearthγαῖα · nominative singular feminine nounsubject of κάρκαιρεπόδεσσινbeneath their feetπούς · dative plural masculine nounadverbial to κάρκαιρε - 158
as they surged together. Two men, outstanding above all,
Metre
ὀρνυμένωνἄμυδις‖δύοἀνέρεςἔξοχἄριστοι
ὀρνυμένωνas they surgedὄρνυμι · present medio-passive participle, genitive plural masculinemodifies πόδεσσινἄμυδιςtogetherἄμυδις · adverbadverbial to ὀρνυμένωνδύοtwoδύο · numeralmodifies ἀνέρεςδthenδέ · particlecoordinating wordἀνέρεςmenἀνήρ · nominative plural masculine nounsubjectἔξοχoutstandinglyἔξοχος · accusative plural neuter adjectiveadverbial to ἄριστοιἄριστοιbest of allἄριστος · nominative plural masculine adjectivemodifies ἀνέρες - 159
met between the two armies, both eager to fight,
Metre
ἐςμέσονἀμφοτέρων‖συνίτηνμεμαῶτεμάχεσθαι
ἐςtoεἰς · prepositionprepositionμέσονthe middleμέσος · accusative singular neuter adjectiveobject of ἐςἀμφοτέρωνof bothἀμφότερος · genitive plural masculine adjectivemodifies μέσονσυνίτηνmetσύνειμι · imperfect active indicative, 3rd dual verbmain verbA dual verb precisely marks the two warriors coming together.
μεμαῶτεeagerμέμαα · perfect active participle, nominative dual masculineadverbial to συνίτηνμάχεσθαιto fightμάχομαι · present medio-passive infinitiveobject of μεμαῶτε - 160
Aeneas, son of Anchises, and godlike Achilles.
ΑἰνείαςAeneasΑἰνείας · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of καὶτandτε · particlesentence particleἈγχισιάδηςson of AnchisesἈγχισιάδης · nominative singular masculine nounmodifies Αἰνείαςκαὶandκαί · conjunctioncoordinating wordδῖοςgodlikeδῖος · nominative singular masculine adjectivemodifies ἈχιλλεύςἈχιλλεύςAchillesἈχιλλεύς · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of καὶ - 161
Aeneas came on first, uttering threats,
Metre
Αἰνείαςδὲπρῶτος‖ἀπειλήσαςἐβεβήκει
ΑἰνείαςAeneasΑἰνείας · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of ἐβεβήκειδὲandδέ · particlecoordinating wordπρῶτοςfirstπρῶτος · nominative singular masculine adjectivecircumstantial complementἀπειλήσαςuttering threatsἀπειλέω · aorist active participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to ἐβεβήκειἐβεβήκειhad come onβαίνω · pluperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verb - 162
nodding beneath his heavy helmet; he held his battle-shield
Metre
νευστάζωνκόρυθι‖βριαρῇἀτὰρἀσπίδαθοῦριν
νευστάζωνnoddingνευστάζω · present active participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to ἐβεβήκεικόρυθιhelmetκόρυς · dative singular feminine nounobject of νευστάζωνβριαρῇheavyβριαρός · dative singular feminine adjectivemodifies κόρυθιἀτὰρbutἀτάρ · particlesentence particleἀσπίδαshieldἀσπίς · accusative singular feminine nounobject of ἔχεθοῦρινbattle-shieldθοῦρις · accusative singular feminine adjectivemodifies ἀσπίδα - 163
before his chest and brandished his bronze spear.
Metre
πρόσθενἔχεστέρνοιο‖τίνασσεδὲχάλκεονἔγχος
πρόσθενbeforeπρόσθεν · prepositionprepositionἔχεheldἔχω · imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbστέρνοιοhis chestστέρνον · genitive singular neuter nounadverbial to πρόσθεντίνασσεbrandishedτινάσσω · imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbδὲandδέ · particlecoordinating wordχάλκεονbronzeχάλκεος · accusative singular neuter adjectivemodifies ἔγχοςἔγχοςspearἔγχος · accusative singular neuter nounobject of τίνασσε - 164
From the other side the son of Peleus sprang against him like a lion,
Metre
Πηλεΐδηςἑτέρωθεν‖ἐναντίονὦρτολέωνὣς
Πηλεΐδηςson of PeleusΠηλείδης · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of ὦρτοδandδέ · particlecoordinating wordἑτέρωθενon the other sideἑτέρωθεν · adverbadverbial to ὦρτοἐναντίονagainst himἐναντίον · adverbadverbial to ὦρτοὦρτοsprangὄρνυμι · aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbλέωνa lionλέων · nominative singular masculine nounsubjectὣςlikeὡς · adverbadverbial - 165
a ravager whom men are eager to kill,
Metre
σίντηςὅντεκαὶἄνδρες‖ἀποκτάμεναιμεμάασιν
σίντηςa ravagerσίντης · nominative singular masculine adjectivemodifies λέωνὅνwhomὅς · accusative singular masculine pronounobject of ἀποκτάμεναιτεtypicallyτε · particleemphasizing particleκαὶevenκαί · adverbsentence particleἄνδρεςmenἀνήρ · nominative plural masculine nounsubjectἀποκτάμεναιto killἀποκτείνω · aorist active infinitiveobject of μεμάασινμεμάασινthey are eagerμέμαα · perfect active indicative, 3rd plural verbverb of a clause describing λέων - 166
the whole district gathered against him. At first he goes on, scorning them,
Metre
ἀγρόμενοιπᾶςδῆμος‖ὃδὲπρῶτονμὲνἀτίζων
ἀγρόμενοιgatheredἀγείρω · aorist middle participle, nominative plural masculinemodifies δῆμοςπᾶςallπᾶς · nominative singular masculine adjectivemodifies δῆμοςδῆμοςdistrictδῆμος · nominative singular masculine nounsubjectὃheὁ · nominative singular masculine pronounsubject of ἔρχεταιδὲbutδέ · particlesentence particleπρῶτονfirstπρῶτος · accusative singular neuter adjectiveadverbial to ἔρχεταιμὲνindeedμέν · particlesentence particleἀτίζωνscorning themἀτίζω · present active participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to ἔρχεται - 167
but when one of the warlike young men
Metre
ἔρχεταιἀλλὅτεκέν‖τιςἀρηϊθόωναἰζηῶν
ἔρχεταιhe goes onἔρχομαι · present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbἀλλbutἀλλά · conjunctioncoordinating wordὅτεwhenὅτε · conjunctionsubordinating conjunctionκένmayἄν · particlesentence particleτιςoneτις · nominative singular masculine pronounsubject of βάλῃἀρηϊθόωνwarlikeἀρηίθοος · genitive plural masculine adjectivemodifies αἰζηῶναἰζηῶνyoung menαἰζηός · genitive plural masculine adjectivemodifies τις - 168
strikes him with a spear, he crouches with jaws agape, and foam gathers
Metre
δουρὶβάλῃἐάλη‖τεχανώνπερίἀφρὸςὀδόντας
δουρὶwith a spearδόρυ · dative singular neuter nounadverbial to βάλῃβάλῃstrikes himβάλλω · aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verbadverbial to ὅτεἐάληhe crouchesεἴλω · aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbτεthenτε · particlesentence particleχανώνjaws agapeχάσκω · aorist active participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to ἐάληπερίaroundπερί · prepositionprepositionτandτε · particlesentence particleἀφρὸςfoamἀφρός · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of γίγνεταιὀδόνταςhis teethὀδούς · accusative plural masculine nounadverbial to περί - 169
about his teeth, while within his heart his valiant spirit groans;
Metre
γίγνεταιἐνδέτέοἱ‖κραδίῃστένειἄλκιμονἦτορ
γίγνεταιgathersγίγνομαι · present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbἐνinἐν · prepositionprepositionδέandδέ · particlesentence particleτέandτε · particlesentence particleοἱhimἕ · dative singular masculine pronounmodifies κραδίῃκραδίῃheartκαρδία · dative singular feminine nounadverbial to ἐνστένειgroansστένω · present active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbἄλκιμονvaliantἄλκιμος · nominative singular neuter adjectivemodifies ἦτορἦτορheartἦτορ · nominative singular neuter nounsubject of στένει - 170
with his tail he lashes his ribs and hips on either side,
Metre
οὐρῇδὲπλευράς‖τεκαὶἰσχίαἀμφοτέρωθεν
οὐρῇwith his tailοὐρά · dative singular feminine nounadverbial to μαστίεταιδὲandδέ · particlesentence particleπλευράςribsπλευρά · accusative plural feminine nounobject of καὶτεandτε · particlesentence particleκαὶandκαί · conjunctioncoordinating wordἰσχίαhaunchesἰσχίον · accusative plural neuter nounobject of καὶἀμφοτέρωθενon either sideἀμφοτέρωθεν · adverbadverbial to μαστίεται - 171
and drives himself on to fight;
Metre
μαστίεταιἑὲαὐτὸν‖ἐποτρύνειμαχέσασθαι
μαστίεταιlashesμαστίω · present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbἑὲhimἕ · accusative singular masculine pronounobject of ἐποτρύνειδandδέ · particlesentence particleαὐτὸνhimselfαὐτός · accusative singular masculine adjectivecircumstantial complementἐποτρύνειurgesἐποτρύνω · present active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbμαχέσασθαιto fightμάχομαι · aorist middle infinitiveobject of ἐποτρύνει - 172
glaring, he charges straight ahead in fury, to see whether he kills
Metre
γλαυκιόωνἰθὺς‖φέρεταιμένειἤντιναπέφνῃ
γλαυκιόωνglaringγλαυκιάω · present active participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to φέρεταιδandδέ · particlecoordinating wordἰθὺςstraightἰθύς · adverbadverbial to φέρεταιφέρεταιchargesφέρω · present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbμένειin furyμένος · dative singular neuter nounadverbial to φέρεταιἤνifἐάν · conjunctionsubordinating conjunctionτιναsomeoneτις · accusative singular masculine pronounobject of πέφνῃπέφνῃhe killsθείνω · aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verbadverbial to ἢ - 173
one of the men or himself dies among the foremost throng.
Metre
ἀνδρῶνἢαὐτὸς‖φθίεταιπρώτῳἐνὁμίλῳ
ἀνδρῶνof menἀνήρ · genitive plural masculine nounmodifies τιναἢorἤ · conjunctioncoordinating wordαὐτὸςhimselfαὐτός · nominative singular masculine adjectivecircumstantial complementφθίεταιdiesφθίω · present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verbadverbial to ἢπρώτῳforemostπρῶτος · dative singular masculine adjectivemodifies ὁμίλῳἐνinἐν · prepositionprepositionὁμίλῳthrongὅμιλος · dative singular masculine nounadverbial to ἐν - 174
So did his might and proud spirit urge Achilles
ὣςsoὡς · adverbadverbial to ὄτρυνεἈχιλῆAchillesἈχιλλεύς · accusative singular masculine nounobject of ὄτρυνεὄτρυνεurgedὀτρύνω · imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbμένοςstrengthμένος · nominative singular neuter nounsubject of καὶκαὶandκαί · conjunctioncoordinating wordθυμὸςheartθυμός · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of καὶἀγήνωρproudἀγήνωρ · nominative singular masculine adjectivemodifies θυμὸς - 175
to go against great-hearted Aeneas.
Metre
ἀντίονἐλθέμεναι‖μεγαλήτοροςΑἰνείαο
ἀντίονagainstἀντίος · accusative singular neuter adjectiveprepositionἐλθέμεναιto goἔρχομαι · aorist active infinitiveobject of ὄτρυνεμεγαλήτοροςgreat-heartedμεγαλήτωρ · genitive singular masculine adjectivemodifies ΑἰνείαοΑἰνείαοAeneasΑἰνείας · genitive singular masculine nounobject of ἀντίον - 176
Now when they had come near, advancing on one another,
Metre
οἳὅτεδὴσχεδὸνἦσαν‖ἐπἀλλήλοισινἰόντες
οἳtheyὁ · nominative plural masculine pronounsubject of ἦσανδandδέ · particlecoordinating wordὅτεwhenὅτε · conjunctionsubordinating conjunctionδὴindeedδή · particleemphasizing particleσχεδὸνnearσχεδόν · adverbadverbial to ἦσανἦσανwereεἰμί · imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verbadverbial to ὅτεἐπuponἐπί · prepositionprepositionἀλλήλοισινone anotherἀλλήλων · dative plural masculine adjectiveobject of ἐπ̓ἰόντεςadvancingεἶμι · present active participle, nominative plural masculineadverbial to ἦσαν - 177
swift-footed godlike Achilles spoke to him first:
Metre
τὸνπρότεροςπροσέειπε‖ποδάρκηςδῖοςἈχιλλεύς
τὸνhimὁ · accusative singular masculine pronounobject of προσέειπεπρότεροςfirstπρότερος · nominative singular masculine adjectivecircumstantial complementπροσέειπεaddressedπροσεῖπον · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbποδάρκηςswift-footedποδαρκής · nominative singular masculine adjectivemodifies Ἀχιλλεύςδῖοςgodlikeδῖος · nominative singular masculine adjectivemodifies ἈχιλλεύςἈχιλλεύςAchillesἈχιλλεύς · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of προσέειπε - 178
"Aeneas, why have you come so far out from the crowded ranks
ΑἰνείαAeneasΑἰνείας · vocative singular masculine noungoverned by an elided headτίwhyτίς · accusative singular neuter pronounadverbial to ἔστηςσὺyouσύ · nominative singular masculine pronounsubject of ἔστηςτόσσονso farτόσος · accusative singular neuter adjectiveobject of ἐπελθὼνὁμίλουthe throngὅμιλος · genitive singular masculine nounmodifies τόσσονπολλὸνvery farπολύς · accusative singular neuter adjectivemodifies τόσσονἐπελθὼνhaving advancedἐπέρχομαι · aorist active participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to ἔστης - 179
and taken your stand? Does your heart command you to fight me,
Metre
ἔστηςἦσέγεθυμὸς‖ἐμοὶμαχέσασθαιἀνώγει
ἔστηςhave you stoodἵστημι · aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verbmain verbἦis it thatἦ · adverbsentence particleσέyouσύ · accusative singular masculine pronounsubject of μαχέσασθαιγεindeedγε · particleemphasizing particleθυμὸςheartθυμός · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of ἀνώγειἐμοὶto meἐγώ · dative singular masculine pronounobject of μαχέσασθαιμαχέσασθαιto fightμάχομαι · aorist middle infinitiveobject of ἀνώγειἀνώγειcommandsἄνωγα · present active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verb - 180
in hope of ruling the horse-taming Trojans
Metre
ἐλπόμενονΤρώεσσιν‖ἀνάξεινἱπποδάμοισι
ἐλπόμενονhopingἔλπω · present medio-passive participle, accusative singular masculineadverbial to μαχέσασθαιΤρώεσσινthe TrojansΤρώς · dative plural masculine nounadverbial to ἀνάξεινἀνάξεινto ruleἀνάσσω · future active infinitiveobject of ἐλπόμενονἱπποδάμοισιhorse-tamingἱππόδαμος · dative plural masculine adjectivemodifies Τρώεσσιν - 181
with Priam's honor? Yet even if you should kill me,
Metre
τιμῆςτῆςΠριάμου‖ἀτὰρεἴκενἔμἐξεναρίξῃς
τιμῆςhonorτιμή · genitive singular feminine nounobject of ἀνάξειντῆςtheὁ · genitive singular feminine articlemodifies τιμῆςΠριάμουof PriamΠρίαμος · genitive singular masculine nounmodifies τιμῆςἀτὰρbutἀτάρ · particlesentence particleεἴifεἰ · conjunctionsubordinating conjunctionκενwouldἄν · particlesentence particleἔμmeἐγώ · accusative singular masculine pronounobject of ἐξεναρίξῃςἐξεναρίξῃςyou should killἐξεναρίζω · aorist active subjunctive, 2nd singular verbadverbial to εἴ - 182
Priam will not for that place a prize of honor in your hand.
Metre
οὔτοιτοὔνεκάγε‖Πρίαμοςγέραςἐνχερὶθήσει
οὔnotοὐ · adverbemphasizing particleτοιyouσύ · dative singular masculine pronounadverbial to θήσειτοὔνεκάthereforeτοὔνεκα · adverbadverbial to θήσειγεindeedγε · particleemphasizing particleΠρίαμοςPriamΠρίαμος · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of θήσειγέραςprizeγέρας · accusative singular neuter nounobject of θήσειἐνinἐν · prepositionprepositionχερὶhandχείρ · dative singular feminine nounobject of ἐνθήσειwill setτίθημι · future active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verb - 183
He has sons, and he is steadfast, not witless.
Metre
εἰσὶνγάροἱπαῖδες‖ὃἔμπεδοςοὐδἀεσίφρων
εἰσὶνareεἰμί · present active indicative, 3rd plural verbmain verbγάρforγάρ · particlesentence particleοἱhimἕ · dative singular masculine pronounpredicate nounπαῖδεςsonsπαῖς · nominative plural masculine nounsubject of εἰσὶνὃheὁ · nominative singular masculine pronounsubjectδandδέ · particlecoordinating wordἔμπεδοςsteadfastἔμπεδος · nominative singular masculine adjectivepredicate nounἀεσίφρωνwitlessἀεσίφρων · nominative singular masculine adjectivepredicate noun - 184
Or have the Trojans marked off for you a choice demesne beyond all others,
Metre
ἦνύτίτοιΤρῶες‖τέμενοςτάμονἔξοχονἄλλων
ἦorἤ · conjunctioncoordinating wordνύthenνῦν · adverbsentence particleτίsomeτις · accusative singular neuter pronounadverbial to τάμοντοιyouσύ · dative singular masculine pronounobject of τάμονΤρῶεςTrojansΤρώς · nominative plural masculine nounsubject of τάμοντέμενοςestateτέμενος · accusative singular neuter nounobject of τάμοντάμονallottedτέμνω · aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verbmain verbἔξοχονfar beyondἔξοχος · accusative singular neuter adjectivemodifies τέμενοςἄλλωνthan othersἄλλος · genitive plural neuter adjectiveadverbial to ἔξοχον - 185
fair with orchard and plowland, for you to possess,
Metre
καλὸνφυταλιῆς‖καὶἀρούρηςὄφρανέμηαι
καλὸνfineκαλός · accusative singular neuter adjectivemodifies τέμενοςφυταλιῆςorchard groundφυταλιά · genitive singular feminine nounmodifies καὶκαὶandκαί · conjunctioncoordinating wordἀρούρηςplowlandἄρουρα · genitive singular feminine nounmodifies καὶὄφραso thatὄφρα · conjunctionsubordinating conjunctionνέμηαιyou may possessνέμω · present medio-passive subjunctive, 2nd singular verbadverbial to ὄφρα - 186
if you kill me? But I think you will find that hard to do.
Metre
αἴκενἐμὲκτείνῃς‖χαλεπῶςδέἔολπατὸῥέξειν
αἴifεἰ · conjunctionsubordinating conjunctionκενwouldἄν · particlesentence particleἐμὲmeἐγώ · accusative singular masculine pronounobject of κτείνῃςκτείνῃςyou killκτείνω · aorist active subjunctive, 2nd singular verbadverbial to αἴχαλεπῶςwith difficultyχαλεπός · adverbadverbial to ῥέξεινδέandδέ · particlecoordinating wordσyouσύ · accusative singular masculine pronounsubject of ῥέξεινἔολπαi expectἔλπω · perfect active indicative, 1st singular verbmain verbτὸthisὁ · accusative singular neuter pronounobject of ῥέξεινῥέξεινto doῥέζω · future active infinitiveobject of ἔολπα - 187
I say that once before I made you flee from my spear.
Metre
ἤδημὲνσέγέφημι‖καὶἄλλοτεδουρὶφοβῆσαι
ἤδηalreadyἤδη · adverbadverbial to φοβῆσαιμὲνindeedμέν · particlesentence particleσέyouσύ · accusative singular masculine pronounobject of φοβῆσαιγέindeedγε · particleemphasizing particleφημιi sayφημί · present active indicative, 1st singular verbmain verbκαὶalsoκαί · adverbemphasizing particleἄλλοτεanother timeἄλλοτε · adverbadverbial to φοβῆσαιδουρὶspearδόρυ · dative singular neuter nounadverbial to φοβῆσαιφοβῆσαιmade fleeφοβέω · aorist active infinitiveobject of φημι - 188
Do you not remember when I found you alone, away from the cattle,
ἦtrulyἦ · adverbsentence particleοὐnotοὐ · adverbemphasizing particleμέμνῃrememberμιμνήσκω · perfect medio-passive indicative, 2nd singular verbmain verbὅτεwhenὅτε · conjunctionsubordinating conjunctionπέρindeedπέρ · particleemphasizing particleσεyouσύ · accusative singular masculine pronounobject of σεῦαβοῶνof oxenβοῦς · genitive plural masculine nounadverbial to ἄποἄποfromἀπό · prepositionprepositionμοῦνονaloneμόνος · accusative singular masculine adjectivepredicate nounἐόνταbeingεἰμί · present active participle, accusative singular masculinecircumstantial complement - 189
and drove you down the mountains of Ida on my swift feet,
σεῦαdroveσεύω · aorist active indicative, 1st singular verbobject of ὅτεκατdownκατά · prepositionprepositionἸδαίωνof IdaἸδαῖος · genitive plural neuter adjectivemodifies ὀρέωνὀρέωνmountainsὄρος · genitive plural neuter nounadverbial to κατ̓ταχέεσσιswiftταχύς · dative plural masculine adjectivemodifies πόδεσσιπόδεσσιfeetπούς · dative plural masculine nounadverbial to σεῦα - 190
at full speed? You never once turned back as you fled.
Metre
καρπαλίμωςτότεοὔ‖τιμετατροπαλίζεοφεύγων
καρπαλίμωςswiftlyκαρπάλιμος · adverbadverbial to σεῦατότεthenτότε · adverbadverbial to μετατροπαλίζεοδandδέ · particlecoordinating wordοὔnotοὐ · adverbemphasizing particleτιat allτις · accusative singular neuter pronounadverbial to μετατροπαλίζεομετατροπαλίζεοturned backμετατροπαλίζομαι · imperfect medio-passive indicative, 2nd singular verbmain verbφεύγωνfleeingφεύγω · present active participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to μετατροπαλίζεο - 191
From there you escaped to Lyrnessus; but I
ἔνθενfrom thereἔνθεν · adverbadverbial to ὑπέκφυγεςδandδέ · particlecoordinating wordἐςtoεἰς · prepositionprepositionΛυρνησσὸνLyrnessusΛυρνησσός · accusative singular masculine nounobject of ἐςὑπέκφυγεςescapedὑπεκφεύγω · aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verbmain verbαὐτὰρbutἀτάρ · particlesentence particleἐγὼiἐγώ · nominative singular masculine pronounsubject of πέρσατὴνherὁ · accusative singular feminine pronounobject of πέρσα - 192
pursued you and sacked it with Athena and father Zeus,
Metre
πέρσαμεθορμηθεὶς‖σὺνἈθήνῃκαὶΔιὶπατρί
πέρσαsackedπέρθω · aorist active indicative, 1st singular verbmain verbμεθορμηθεὶςhaving pursuedμεθορμάομαι · aorist passive participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to πέρσασὺνwithσύν · prepositionprepositionἈθήνῃAthenaἈθήνη · dative singular feminine nounadverbial to καὶκαὶandκαί · conjunctioncoordinating wordΔιὶZeusΖεύς · dative singular masculine nounadverbial to καὶπατρίfatherπατήρ · dative singular masculine nounmodifies Διὶ - 193
and I led away its captive women, robbing them of the day of freedom;
Metre
ληϊάδαςδὲγυναῖκας‖ἐλεύθερονἦμαρἀπούρας
ληϊάδαςcaptiveληιάς · accusative plural feminine adjectivemodifies γυναῖκαςδὲandδέ · particlecoordinating wordγυναῖκαςwomenγυνή · accusative plural feminine nounobject of ἦγονἐλεύθερονof freedomἐλεύθερος · accusative singular neuter adjectivemodifies ἦμαρἦμαρdayἦμαρ · accusative singular neuter nounobject of ἀπούραςἀπούραςstripping awayἀπαυράω · aorist active participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to ἦγον - 194
but Zeus and the other gods saved you.
Metre
ἦγονἀτὰρσὲΖεὺς‖ἐρρύσατοκαὶθεοὶἄλλοι
ἦγονledἄγω · imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verbmain verbἀτὰρbutἀτάρ · particlesentence particleσὲyouσύ · accusative singular masculine pronounobject of ἐρρύσατοΖεὺςZeusΖεύς · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of καὶἐρρύσατοrescuedῥύομαι · aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbκαὶandκαί · conjunctioncoordinating wordθεοὶgodsθεός · nominative plural masculine nounsubject of καὶἄλλοιotherἄλλος · nominative plural masculine adjectivemodifies θεοὶ - 195
Yet I do not think they will save you now, as you
Metre
ἀλλοὐνῦνἐρύεσθαι‖ὀΐομαιὡςἐνὶθυμῷ
ἀλλbutἀλλά · adverbsentence particleοὐnotοὐ · adverbemphasizing particleνῦνnowνῦν · adverbadverbial to ἐρύεσθαιἐρύεσθαιwill saveἐρύω · future middle infinitiveobject of ὀΐομαιὀΐομαιi thinkοἴομαι · present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verbmain verbὡςasὡς · adverbadverbial to βάλλεαιἐνὶinἐν · prepositionprepositionθυμῷheartθυμός · dative singular masculine nounobject of ἐνὶ - 196
imagine in your heart. No, I advise you to withdraw
Metre
βάλλεαιἀλλάἔγωγ‖ἀναχωρήσαντακελεύω
βάλλεαιyou imagineβάλλω · present medio-passive indicative, 2nd singular verbadverbial to ἐρύεσθαιἀλλάbutἀλλά · adverbsentence particleσyouσύ · accusative singular masculine pronounsubject of ἰέναιἔγωγiἐγώ · nominative singular masculine pronounsubject of κελεύωἀναχωρήσανταdrawing backἀναχωρέω · aorist active participle, accusative singular masculineadverbial to ἰέναικελεύωi urgeκελεύω · present active indicative, 1st singular verbmain verb - 197
into the throng, and not stand face to face with me,
Metre
ἐςπληθὺνἰέναι‖μηδἀντίοςἵστασἐμεῖο
ἐςtoεἰς · prepositionprepositionπληθὺνthe throngπληθύς · accusative singular feminine nounobject of ἐςἰέναιto goεἶμι · present active infinitiveobject of κελεύωἀντίοςfacingἀντίος · nominative singular masculine adjectivecircumstantial complementἵστασstandἵστημι · present medio-passive indicative, 2nd singular verbmain verbἐμεῖοmeἐγώ · genitive singular masculine pronounobject of ἀντίος - 198
before you suffer harm; even a fool learns once the deed is done."
Metre
πρίντικακὸνπαθέειν‖ῥεχθὲνδέτενήπιοςἔγνω
πρίνbeforeπρίν · conjunctionsubordinating conjunctionτιanythingτις · accusative singular neuter pronounobject of παθέεινκακὸνevilκακός · accusative singular neuter adjectivemodifies τιπαθέεινto sufferπάσχω · aorist active infinitiveadverbial to πρίνῥεχθὲνonce doneῥέζω · aorist passive participle, accusative singular neuterobject of ἔγνωδέandδέ · particlecoordinating wordτεevenτε · particleadverbial to ἔγνωνήπιοςfoolνήπιος · nominative singular masculine adjectivesubject of ἔγνωἔγνωlearnsγιγνώσκω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verb - 199
Then Aeneas answered him and spoke:
τὸνhimὁ · accusative singular masculine pronounobject of ἀπαμείβετοδandδέ · particlecoordinating wordαὖτin turnαὖτε · adverbadverbial to ἀπαμείβετοΑἰνείαςAeneasΑἰνείας · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of τεἀπαμείβετοansweredἀπαμείβομαι · imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbφώνησένspokeφωνέω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbτεandτε · particlecoordinating word - 200
"Son of Peleus, do not expect with words, as though I were a child,
Πηλεΐδηson of PeleusΠηλείδης · vocative singular masculine noungoverned by an elided headμὴnotμή · particleemphasizing particleδὴindeedδή · particlesentence particleἐπέεσσίwordsἔπος · dative plural neuter nounadverbial to δειδίξεσθαιμεmeἐγώ · accusative singular masculine pronounobject of δειδίξεσθαινηπύτιονlittle childνηπύτιος · accusative singular masculine nounobjectὣςlikeὡς · adverbadverbial - 201
to frighten me, since I myself know well
Metre
ἔλπεοδειδίξεσθαι‖ἐπεὶσάφαοἶδακαὶαὐτὸς
ἔλπεοexpectἔλπω · present medio-passive imperative, 2nd singular verbmain verbδειδίξεσθαιfrightenδειδίσσομαι · future middle infinitiveobject of ἔλπεοἐπεὶsinceἐπεί · conjunctionsubordinating conjunctionσάφαclearlyσάφα · adverbadverbial to οἶδαοἶδαi knowοἶδα · perfect active indicative, 1st singular verbadverbial to ἐπεὶκαὶalsoκαί · adverbemphasizing particleαὐτὸςmyselfαὐτός · nominative singular masculine adjectivecircumstantial complement - 202
both taunts and overbearing words to speak.
Metre
ἠμὲνκερτομίας‖ἠδαἴσυλαμυθήσασθαι
ἠμὲνbothἠμέν · conjunctionsentence particleκερτομίαςtauntsκερτομία · accusative plural feminine nounobject of ἠδ̓ἠδandἠδέ · conjunctioncoordinating wordαἴσυλαoverbearingαἴσυλος · accusative plural neuter adjectiveobject of ἠδ̓μυθήσασθαιto speakμυθέομαι · aorist medio-passive infinitiveobject of οἶδα - 203
We know each other's lineage, and we know each other's parents,
ἴδμενknowοἶδα · perfect active indicative, 1st plural verbmain verbδandδέ · particlesentence particleἀλλήλωνone anotherἀλλήλων · genitive plural masculine adjectivemodifies γενεήνγενεήνlineageγενεά · accusative singular feminine nounobject of ἴδμενἴδμενknowοἶδα · perfect active indicative, 1st plural verbmain verbδὲandδέ · particlecoordinating wordτοκῆαςparentsτοκεύς · accusative plural masculine nounobject of ἴδμεν - 204
hearing the reports of mortal men told long before;
πρόκλυτlong-heardπρόκλυτος · accusative plural neuter adjectivemodifies ἔπεαἀκούοντεςhearingἀκούω · present active participle, nominative plural masculineadverbial to ἴδμενἔπεαwordsἔπος · accusative plural neuter nounobject of ἀκούοντεςθνητῶνmortalθνητός · genitive plural masculine adjectivemodifies ἀνθρώπωνἀνθρώπωνmenἄνθρωπος · genitive plural masculine nounmodifies ἔπεα - 205
but by sight you have never seen mine, nor have I seen yours.
Metre
ὄψειοὔτἄρπω‖σὺἐμοὺςἴδεςοὔτἄρἐγὼσούς
ὄψειby sightὄψις · dative singular feminine nounadverbial to τ̓δbutδέ · particlesentence particleἄρthenἄρα · particlesentence particleπωyetπω · particleadverbial to ἴδεςσὺyouσύ · nominative singular masculine pronounsubject of ἴδεςἐμοὺςmineἐμός · accusative plural masculine adjectiveobject of ἴδεςἴδεςhave seenεἶδον · aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verbmain verbἄρthenἄρα · particlesentence particleἐγὼiἐγώ · nominative singular masculine pronounsubjectσούςyoursσός · accusative plural masculine adjectiveobject - 206
They say that you are the offspring of blameless Peleus,
Metre
φασὶσὲμὲνΠηλῆος‖ἀμύμονοςἔκγονονεἶναι
φασὶthey sayφημί · present active indicative, 3rd plural verbmain verbσὲyouσύ · accusative singular masculine pronounsubject of εἶναιμὲνindeedμέν · particlesentence particleΠηλῆοςof PeleusΠηλεύς · genitive singular masculine nounmodifies ἔκγονονἀμύμονοςblamelessἀμύμων · genitive singular masculine adjectivemodifies Πηλῆοςἔκγονονdescendantἔκγονος · accusative singular masculine adjectivepredicate nounεἶναιto beεἰμί · present active infinitiveobject of φασὶ - 207
and that your mother is Thetis, fair-tressed daughter of the sea;
μητρὸςmotherμήτηρ · genitive singular feminine nouncircumstantial complementδandδέ · particlecoordinating wordἐκfromἐκ · prepositionprepositionΘέτιδοςThetisΘέτις · genitive singular feminine nounpredicate nounκαλλιπλοκάμουfair-tressedκαλλιπλόκαμος · genitive singular feminine adjectivemodifies Θέτιδοςἁλοσύδνηςsea-bornʽἁλοσύδνη · genitive singular feminine nounmodifies Θέτιδος - 208
while I claim to have been born the son of great-hearted Anchises,
Metre
αὐτὰρἐγὼνυἱὸς‖μεγαλήτοροςἈγχίσαο
αὐτὰρbutἀτάρ · particlesentence particleἐγὼνiἐγώ · nominative singular masculine pronounsubject of εὔχομαιυἱὸςsonυἱός · nominative singular masculine nounpredicate nounμεγαλήτοροςgreat-heartedμεγαλήτωρ · genitive singular masculine adjectivemodifies ἈγχίσαοἈγχίσαοof AnchisesἈγχίσης · genitive singular masculine nounmodifies υἱὸς - 209
and my mother is Aphrodite.
Metre
εὔχομαιἐκγεγάμεν‖μήτηρδέμοίἐστἈφροδίτη
εὔχομαιi claimεὔχομαι · present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verbmain verbἐκγεγάμενto have been bornἐκγίγνομαι · perfect active infinitiveobject of εὔχομαιμήτηρmotherμήτηρ · nominative singular feminine nounsubject of ἐστ̓δέandδέ · particlecoordinating wordμοίto meἐγώ · dative singular masculine pronounmodifies μήτηρἐστisεἰμί · present active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbἈφροδίτηAphroditeἈφροδίτη · nominative singular feminine nounpredicate noun - 210
Of these parents, one pair will mourn a dear son
Metre
τῶνδὴνῦνἕτεροί‖γεφίλονπαῖδακλαύσονται
τῶνof theseὁ · genitive plural masculine pronounmodifies ἕτεροίδὴindeedδή · particlesentence particleνῦνnowνῦν · adverbadverbial to κλαύσονταιἕτεροίone pairἕτερος · nominative plural masculine adjectivesubject of κλαύσονταιγεindeedγε · particleemphasizing particleφίλονdearφίλος · accusative singular masculine adjectivemodifies παῖδαπαῖδαsonπαῖς · accusative singular masculine nounobject of κλαύσονταικλαύσονταιwill mournκλαίω · future middle indicative, 3rd plural verbmain verb - 211
today; for I do not think that with childish words alone
Metre
σήμερονοὐγάρφημ‖ἐπέεσσίγενηπυτίοισιν
σήμερονtodayσήμερον · adverbadverbial to κλαύσονταιοὐnotοὐ · adverbemphasizing particleγάρforγάρ · particlesentence particleφημi sayφημί · present active indicative, 1st singular verbmain verbἐπέεσσίwordsἔπος · dative plural neuter nounadverbial to διακρινθέντεγεindeedγε · particleemphasizing particleνηπυτίοισινchildishνηπύτιος · dative plural neuter adjectivemodifies ἐπέεσσί - 212
we shall part here and come away from battle.
Metre
ὧδεδιακρινθέντε‖μάχηςἐξαπονέεσθαι
ὧδεhereὧδε · adverbadverbial to διακρινθέντεδιακρινθέντεhaving partedδιακρίνω · aorist passive participle, accusative dual masculineadverbial to ἐξαπονέεσθαιμάχηςbattleμάχη · genitive singular feminine nounobject of ἐξαπονέεσθαιἐξαπονέεσθαιdepart fromἐξαπονέομαι · present medio-passive infinitiveobject of φημ̓ - 213
But if you wish to learn this too, so that you may know well
Metre
εἰἐθέλειςκαὶταῦτα‖δαήμεναιὄφρἐῢεἰδῇς
εἰifεἰ · conjunctionsubordinating conjunctionδandδέ · particlesentence particleἐθέλειςyou wishἐθέλω · present active indicative, 2nd singular verbadverbial to εἰκαὶalsoκαί · adverbemphasizing particleταῦταthese thingsοὗτος · accusative plural neuter adjectiveobject of δαήμεναιδαήμεναιto learnδάω · aorist active infinitivemain verbὄφρso thatὄφρα · conjunctionsubordinating conjunctionἐῢwellεὖ · adverbadverbial to εἰδῇςεἰδῇςknowοἶδα · perfect active subjunctive, 2nd singular verbadverbial to ὄφῤ - 214
our lineage, which many men know:
Metre
ἡμετέρηνγενεήν‖πολλοὶδέμινἄνδρεςἴσασι
ἡμετέρηνourἡμέτερος · accusative singular feminine adjectivemodifies γενεήνγενεήνlineageγενεά · accusative singular feminine nounobject of εἰδῇςπολλοὶmanyπολύς · nominative plural masculine adjectivemodifies ἄνδρεςδέandδέ · particlecoordinating wordμινitμιν · accusative singular feminine pronounobject of ἴσασιἄνδρεςmenἀνήρ · nominative plural masculine nounsubject of ἴσασιἴσασιknowοἶδα · perfect active indicative, 3rd plural verbmain verb - 215
Zeus the cloud-gatherer first fathered Dardanus,
ΔάρδανονDardanusΔάρδανος · accusative singular masculine nounobject of τέκετοαὖin turnαὖ · adverbsentence particleπρῶτονfirstπρῶτος · accusative singular neuter adjectiveadverbial to τέκετοτέκετοbegotτίκτω · aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbνεφεληγερέταcloud-gathererνεφεληγερέτα · nominative singular masculine nounmodifies ΖεύςΖεύςZeusΖεύς · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of τέκετο - 216
and Dardanus founded Dardania, since sacred Ilion had not yet
Metre
κτίσσεδὲΔαρδανίην‖ἐπεὶοὔπωἼλιοςἱρὴ
κτίσσεfoundedκτίζω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbδὲandδέ · particlecoordinating wordΔαρδανίηνDardaniaΔαρδανία · accusative singular feminine nounobject of κτίσσεἐπεὶsinceἐπεί · conjunctionsubordinating conjunctionοὔnotοὐ · adverbemphasizing particleπωyetπω · particleadverbial to πεπόλιστοἼλιοςIlionἼλιος · nominative singular feminine nounsubject of πεπόλιστοἱρὴsacredἱρός · nominative singular feminine adjectivemodifies Ἴλιος - 217
been built on the plain as a city of mortal men;
Metre
ἐνπεδίῳπεπόλιστο‖πόλιςμερόπωνἀνθρώπων
ἐνinἐν · prepositionprepositionπεδίῳplainπεδίον · dative singular neuter nounadverbial to ἐνπεπόλιστοhad been builtπολίζω · pluperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verbadverbial to ἀλλ̓πόλιςcityπόλις · nominative singular feminine nouncircumstantial complementμερόπωνmortalμέροψ · genitive plural masculine adjectivemodifies ἀνθρώπωνἀνθρώπωνmenἄνθρωπος · genitive plural masculine nounmodifies πόλις - 218
they still dwelt on the lower slopes of many-springed Ida.
ἀλλbutἀλλά · conjunctioncoordinating wordἔθstillἔτι · adverbadverbial to ᾤκεονὑπωρείαςlower slopesὑπώρεια · accusative plural feminine nounobject of ᾤκεονᾤκεονdweltοἰκέω · imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verbadverbial to ἀλλ̓πολυπίδακοςmany-fountainedπολυπῖδαξ · genitive singular feminine adjectivemodifies ἼδηςἼδηςof IdaἼδη · genitive singular feminine nounmodifies ὑπωρείας - 219
Dardanus in turn fathered a son, King Erichthonius,
Metre
Δάρδανοςαὖτέκεθυἱὸν‖Ἐριχθόνιονβασιλῆα
ΔάρδανοςDardanusΔάρδανος · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of τέκεθ̓αὖin turnαὖ · adverbsentence particleτέκεθbegotτίκτω · aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbυἱὸνsonυἱός · accusative singular masculine nounmodifies ἘριχθόνιονἘριχθόνιονErichthoniusἘριχθόνιος · accusative singular masculine nounobject of τέκεθ̓βασιλῆαthe kingβασιλεύς · accusative singular masculine nounmodifies Ἐριχθόνιον - 220
who became the wealthiest of mortal men.
ὃςwhoὅς · nominative singular masculine pronounsubject of γένετοδὴindeedδή · particleemphasizing particleἀφνειότατοςwealthiestἀφνειός · nominative singular masculine superlative adjectivepredicate nounγένετοbecameγίγνομαι · aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verbverb of a clause describing Ἐριχθόνιονθνητῶνmortalθνητός · genitive plural masculine adjectivemodifies ἀνθρώπωνἀνθρώπωνmenἄνθρωπος · genitive plural masculine nounmodifies ἀφνειότατος - 221
His three thousand mares grazed through the marsh,
Metre
τοῦτρισχίλιαιἵπποι‖ἕλοςκάταβουκολέοντο
τοῦhisὁ · genitive singular masculine pronounmodifies ἵπποιτρισχίλιαιthree thousandτρισχίλιοι · nominative plural feminine adjectivemodifies ἵπποιἵπποιmaresἵππος · nominative plural feminine nounsubject of βουκολέοντοἕλοςmarshἕλος · accusative singular neuter nounadverbial to κάτακάταthroughκατά · prepositionprepositionβουκολέοντοgrazedβουκολέω · imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verbmain verb - 222
females glorying in their tender foals.
Metre
θήλειαιπώλοισιν‖ἀγαλλόμεναιἀταλῇσι
θήλειαιfemaleθῆλυς · nominative plural feminine adjectivemodifies ἵπποιπώλοισινfoalsπῶλος · dative plural feminine nounobject of ἀγαλλόμεναιἀγαλλόμεναιgloryingἀγάλλω · present medio-passive participle, nominative plural feminineadverbial to βουκολέοντοἀταλῇσιwith tender foalsἀταλός · dative plural feminine adjectivemodifies πώλοισιν - 223
Boreas fell in love with them as they grazed,
Metre
τάωνκαὶΒορέης‖ἠράσσατοβοσκομενάων
τάωνof themὁ · genitive plural feminine pronounobject of ἠράσσατοκαὶalsoκαί · adverbsentence particleΒορέηςBoreasΒορέας · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of ἠράσσατοἠράσσατοdesiredἔραμαι · aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbβοσκομενάωνgrazingβόσκω · present medio-passive participle, genitive plural femininecircumstantial complement - 224
and taking the likeness of a dark-maned stallion, he lay with them;
Metre
ἵππῳεἰσάμενος‖παρελέξατοκυανοχαίτῃ
ἵππῳas a stallionἵππος · dative singular masculine nounobject of εἰσάμενοςδandδέ · particlecoordinating wordεἰσάμενοςtaking the likenessεἴδομαι · aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to παρελέξατοπαρελέξατοmatedπαραλέγω · aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbκυανοχαίτῃdark-manedκυανοχαίτης · dative singular masculine adjectivemodifies ἵππῳ - 225
they conceived and bore twelve foals.
Metre
αἳὑποκυσάμεναι‖ἔτεκονδυοκαίδεκαπώλους
αἳtheyὁ · nominative plural feminine pronounsubject of ἔτεκονδandδέ · particlecoordinating wordὑποκυσάμεναιhaving conceivedὑποκύομαι · aorist middle participle, nominative plural feminineadverbial to ἔτεκονἔτεκονboreτίκτω · aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verbmain verbδυοκαίδεκαtwelveδυοκαίδεκα · numeralmodifies πώλουςπώλουςfoalsπῶλος · accusative plural feminine nounobject of ἔτεκον - 226
Whenever they bounded over the grain-giving field,
Metre
αἳὅτεμὲνσκιρτῷεν‖ἐπὶζείδωρονἄρουραν
αἳtheyὁ · nominative plural feminine pronounsubject of δὲδandδέ · particlecoordinating wordὅτεwhenὅτε · adverbsubordinating conjunctionμὲνindeedμέν · particlesentence particleσκιρτῷενboundedσκιρτάω · present active optative, 3rd plural verbadverbial to ὅτεἐπὶuponἐπί · prepositionprepositionζείδωρονgrain-givingζείδωρος · accusative singular feminine adjectivemodifies ἄρουρανἄρουρανa fieldἄρουρα · accusative singular feminine nounadverbial to ἐπὶ - 227
they ran upon the tips of the ears of grain and did not break them;
Metre
ἄκρονἐπἀνθερίκων‖καρπὸνθέονοὐδὲκατέκλων
ἄκρονon the tipsἄκρος · accusative singular masculine adjectivemodifies καρπὸνἐπuponἐπί · prepositionprepositionἀνθερίκωνgrain stalksἀνθέρικος · genitive plural masculine nounmodifies καρπὸνκαρπὸνcropκαρπός · accusative singular masculine nounadverbial to ἐπ̓θέονranθέω · imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verbmain verbκατέκλωνthey brokeκατακλάω · imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verbmain verb - 228
and whenever they bounded over the broad back of the sea,
Metre
ἀλλὅτεδὴσκιρτῷεν‖ἐπεὐρέανῶταθαλάσσης
ἀλλbutἀλλά · adverbsentence particleὅτεwhenὅτε · conjunctionsubordinating conjunctionδὴindeedδή · particleemphasizing particleσκιρτῷενboundedσκιρτάω · present active optative, 3rd plural verbadverbial to ὅτεἐπuponἐπί · prepositionprepositionεὐρέαbroadεὐρύς · accusative plural neuter adjectivemodifies νῶτανῶταbackνῶτον · accusative plural neuter nounadverbial to ἐπ̓θαλάσσηςof the seaθάλασσα · genitive singular feminine nounmodifies νῶτα - 229
they would run upon the crest of the gray sea's breaking wave.
Metre
ἄκρονἐπὶῥηγμῖνος‖ἁλὸςπολιοῖοθέεσκον
ἄκρονcrestἄκρος · accusative singular neuter adjectiveadverbial to ἐπὶἐπὶuponἐπί · prepositionprepositionῥηγμῖνοςbreaking waveῥηγμίν · genitive singular masculine nounmodifies ἄκρονἁλὸςseaἅλς · genitive singular masculine nounmodifies ῥηγμῖνοςπολιοῖοof a grayπολιός · genitive singular masculine adjectivemodifies ἁλὸςθέεσκονwould runθέω · imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verbmain verb - 230
Erichthonius fathered Tros, king of the Trojans;
Metre
ΤρῶαἘριχθόνιος‖τέκετοΤρώεσσινἄνακτα
ΤρῶαTrosΤρώς · accusative singular masculine nounobject of τέκετοδandδέ · particlecoordinating wordἘριχθόνιοςErichthoniusἘριχθόνιος · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of τέκετοτέκετοbegotτίκτω · aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbΤρώεσσινthe TrojansΤρώς · dative plural masculine nounadverbial to ἄνακταἄνακταlordἄναξ · accusative singular masculine nounmodifies Τρῶα - 231
and from Tros in turn three blameless sons were born,
ΤρωὸςTrosΤρώς · genitive singular masculine nounobject of ἐξεγένοντοδandδέ · particlecoordinating wordαὖin turnαὖ · adverbsentence particleτρεῖςthreeτρεῖς · numeralmodifies παῖδεςπαῖδεςsonsπαῖς · nominative plural masculine nounsubjectἀμύμονεςblamelessἀμύμων · nominative plural masculine adjectivemodifies παῖδεςἐξεγένοντοwere bornἐκγίγνομαι · aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verbmain verb - 232
Ilus and Assaracus and godlike Ganymede,
ἾλόςIlusἾλος · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of καὶτandτε · particlesentence particleἈσσάρακόςAssaracusἈσσάρακος · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of καὶτεandτε · particlesentence particleκαὶandκαί · conjunctioncoordinating wordἀντίθεοςgodlikeἀντίθεος · nominative singular masculine adjectivemodifies ΓανυμήδηςΓανυμήδηςGanymedeΓανυμήδης · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of καὶ - 233
who became the most beautiful of mortal men.
Metre
ὃςδὴκάλλιστος‖γένετοθνητῶνἀνθρώπων
ὃςwhoὅς · nominative singular masculine pronounsubject of γένετοδὴindeedδή · particleemphasizing particleκάλλιστοςloveliestκαλός · nominative singular masculine adjectivepredicate nounγένετοbecameγίγνομαι · aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verbverb of a clause describing Γανυμήδηςθνητῶνmortalθνητός · genitive plural masculine adjectivemodifies ἀνθρώπωνἀνθρώπωνmenἄνθρωπος · genitive plural masculine nounmodifies κάλλιστος - 234
The gods snatched him away to pour wine for Zeus,
Metre
τὸνκαὶἀνηρείψαντο‖θεοὶΔιὶοἰνοχοεύειν
τὸνhimὁ · accusative singular masculine pronounobject of ἀνηρείψαντοκαὶalsoκαί · adverbemphasizing particleἀνηρείψαντοsnatched awayἀνερείπομαι · aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verbmain verbθεοὶgodsθεός · nominative plural masculine nounsubject of ἀνηρείψαντοΔιὶZeusΖεύς · dative singular masculine nounobject of οἰνοχοεύεινοἰνοχοεύεινto pour wineοἰνοχοεύω · present active infinitiveadverbial to ἀνηρείψαντο - 235
because of his beauty, so that he might dwell among the immortals.
Metre
κάλλεοςεἵνεκαοἷο‖ἵνἀθανάτοισιμετείη
κάλλεοςbeautyκάλλος · genitive singular neuter nounadverbial to εἵνεκαεἵνεκαfor the sake ofἕνεκα · prepositionprepositionοἷοhis ownἑός · genitive singular masculine adjectivemodifies κάλλεοςἵνso thatἵνα · conjunctionsubordinating conjunctionἀθανάτοισιimmortalsἀθάνατος · dative plural masculine adjectiveobject of μετείημετείηmight dwellμέτειμι · present active optative, 3rd singular verbadverbial to ἵν̓ - 236
Ilus in turn fathered a blameless son, Laomedon;
ἾλοςIlusἾλος · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of τέκεθ̓δandδέ · particlecoordinating wordαὖin turnαὖ · adverbsentence particleτέκεθbegotτίκτω · aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbυἱὸνsonυἱός · accusative singular masculine nounmodifies Λαομέδονταἀμύμοναblamelessἀμύμων · accusative singular masculine adjectivemodifies ΛαομέδονταΛαομέδονταLaomedonΛαομέδων · accusative singular masculine nounobject of τέκεθ̓ - 237
and Laomedon fathered Tithonus and Priam,
Metre
ΛαομέδωνἄραΤιθωνὸν‖τέκετοΠρίαμόντε
ΛαομέδωνLaomedonΛαομέδων · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of τέκετοδandδέ · particlecoordinating wordἄραthenἄρα · particlesentence particleΤιθωνὸνTithonusΤιθωνός · accusative singular masculine nounobject of τ̓τέκετοbegotτίκτω · aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbΠρίαμόνPriamΠρίαμος · accusative singular masculine nounobject of τ̓τεandτε · particlesentence particle - 238
and Lampus and Clytius and Hicetaon, scion of Ares
ΛάμπόνLampusΛάμπος · accusative singular masculine nounobject of τ̓τεandτε · particlesentence particleΚλυτίονClytiusΚλυτίος · accusative singular masculine nounobject of τ̓θandτε · particlesentence particleἹκετάονάHicetaonἹκετάων · accusative singular masculine nounobject of τ̓τandτε · particlecoordinating wordὄζονscionὄζος · accusative singular masculine nounmodifies ἹκετάονάἌρηοςof AresἌρης · genitive singular masculine nounmodifies ὄζον - 239
Assaracus fathered Capys, and Capys fathered his son Anchises;
Metre
ἈσσάρακοςδὲΚάπυν‖ὃἄρἈγχίσηντέκεπαῖδα
ἈσσάρακοςAssaracusἈσσάρακος · nominative singular masculine nounsubjectδὲandδέ · particlesentence particleΚάπυνCapysΚάπυς · accusative singular masculine nounobjectὃheὁ · nominative singular masculine pronounsubject of τέκεδandδέ · particlecoordinating wordἄρthenἄρα · particlesentence particleἈγχίσηνAnchises̓ἀγχίσης · accusative singular masculine nounobject of τέκετέκεfatheredτίκτω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbπαῖδαsonπαῖς · accusative singular masculine nounmodifies Ἀγχίσην - 240
Anchises fathered me, while Priam fathered godlike Hector.
αὐτὰρbutἀτάρ · conjunctionsentence particleἔμmeἐγώ · accusative singular masculine pronounobjectἈγχίσηςAnchisesἈγχίσης · nominative singular masculine nounsubjectΠρίαμοςPriamΠρίαμος · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of ἔτεχ̓δandδέ · particlecoordinating wordἔτεχboreτίκτω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbἝκτοραHectorἝκτωρ · accusative singular masculine nounobject of ἔτεχ̓δῖονgodlikeδῖος · accusative singular masculine adjectivemodifies Ἕκτορα - 241
From this lineage and blood I claim to come.
Metre
ταύτηςτοιγενεῆς‖τεκαὶαἵματοςεὔχομαιεἶναι
ταύτηςthisοὗτος · genitive singular feminine adjectivemodifies γενεῆςτοιindeedτοι · particlesentence particleγενεῆςlineageγενεά · genitive singular feminine nounpredicate nounτεandτε · particlesentence particleκαὶandκαί · conjunctioncoordinating wordαἵματοςbloodαἷμα · genitive singular neuter nounpredicate nounεὔχομαιi claimεὔχομαι · present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verbmain verbεἶναιto beεἰμί · present active infinitiveobject of εὔχομαι - 242
Zeus increases a man's valor and diminishes it
ΖεὺςZeusΖεύς · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of τεδandδέ · particlecoordinating wordἀρετὴνvalorἀρετή · accusative singular feminine nounobject of τεἄνδρεσσινmenἀνήρ · dative plural masculine nounobject of τεὀφέλλειincreasesὀφέλλω · present active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbτεandτε · particlesentence particleμινύθειdiminishesμινύθω · present active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbτεandτε · particlecoordinating word - 243
as he chooses, for he is the strongest of all.
ὅππωςhoweverὅπως · conjunctionsubordinating conjunctionκενwouldἄν · particlesentence particleἐθέλῃσινhe choosesἐθέλω · present active subjunctive, 3rd singular verbadverbial to ὅππωςὃheὁ · nominative singular masculine pronounsubjectγὰρforγάρ · particlesentence particleκάρτιστοςstrongestκράτιστος · nominative singular masculine adjectivepredicate nounἁπάντωνof allἅπας · genitive plural masculine adjectivemodifies κάρτιστος - 244
But come, let us no longer talk thus like children
Metre
ἀλλἄγεμηκέτιταῦτα‖λεγώμεθανηπύτιοιὣς
ἀλλbutἀλλά · adverbsentence particleἄγεcomeἄγε · adverbsentence particleμηκέτιno longerμηκέτι · adverbadverbial to λεγώμεθαταῦταthese thingsοὗτος · accusative plural neuter adjectiveobject of λεγώμεθαλεγώμεθαlet us speakλέγω · present medio-passive subjunctive, 1st plural verbmain verbνηπύτιοιchildrenνηπύτιος · nominative plural masculine nounsubjectὣςlikeὡς · adverbadverbial - 245
as we stand in the midst of murderous battle.
Metre
ἑσταότἐνμέσσῃ‖ὑσμίνῃδηϊοτῆτος
ἑσταότstandingἵστημι · perfect active participle, nominative dual masculineadverbial to λεγώμεθαἐνinἐν · prepositionprepositionμέσσῃmidstμέσος · dative singular feminine adjectivemodifies ὑσμίνῃὑσμίνῃbattleὑσμίνη · dative singular feminine nounadverbial to ἐνδηϊοτῆτοςdeadly strifeδηιοτής · genitive singular feminine nounmodifies ὑσμίνῃ - 246
Both of us can utter insults,
Metre
ἔστιγὰρἀμφοτέροισιν‖ὀνείδεαμυθήσασθαι
ἔστιisεἰμί · present active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbγὰρforγάρ · particlesentence particleἀμφοτέροισινbothἀμφότερος · dative plural masculine adjectiveadverbial to ἔστιὀνείδεαreproachesὄνειδος · nominative plural neuter nounsubject of ἔστιμυθήσασθαιto tellμυθέομαι · aorist medio-passive infinitivemodifies ὀνείδεα - 247
so very many that a hundred-benched ship could not bear the load.
Metre
πολλὰμάλοὐδἂννηῦς‖ἑκατόζυγοςἄχθοςἄροιτο
πολλὰmanyπολύς · nominative plural neuter adjectivemodifies ὀνείδεαμάλveryμάλα · adverbemphasizing particleἂνwouldἄν · particlesentence particleνηῦςshipναῦς · nominative singular feminine nounsubject of ἄροιτοἑκατόζυγοςhundred-benchedἑκατόζυγος · nominative singular feminine adjectivemodifies νηῦςἄχθοςweightἄχθος · accusative singular neuter nounobject of ἄροιτοἄροιτοcould carryαἴρω · aorist middle optative, 3rd singular verbmain verb - 248
A mortal's tongue is twisting, and within it are many words
στρεπτὴtwistingστρεπτός · nominative singular feminine adjectivepredicate nounδὲandδέ · particlesentence particleγλῶσσtongueγλῶσσα · nominative singular feminine nounsubject of ἐστὶἐστὶisεἰμί · present active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbβροτῶνof mortalsβροτός · genitive plural masculine nounmodifies γλῶσσ̓πολέεςmanyπολύς · nominative plural masculine adjectivemodifies μῦθοιδandδέ · particlesentence particleἔνιwithin areἔνειμι · present active indicative, 3rd plural verbmain verbμῦθοιwordsμῦθος · nominative plural masculine nounsubject of ἔνι - 249
of every kind, and the range of speech runs far both this way and that.
Metre
παντοῖοιἐπέων‖δὲπολὺςνομὸςἔνθακαὶἔνθα
παντοῖοιeveryπαντοῖος · nominative plural masculine adjectivemodifies μῦθοιἐπέωνwordsἔπος · genitive plural neuter nounmodifies νομὸςδὲandδέ · particlecoordinating wordπολὺςgreatπολύς · nominative singular masculine adjectivemodifies νομὸςνομὸςrangeνομός · nominative singular masculine nounsubjectἔνθαthis wayἔνθα · adverbadverbial to καὶκαὶandκαί · conjunctioncoordinating wordἔνθαthat wayἔνθα · adverbadverbial to καὶ - 250
Whatever word you speak, such a word you may hear in answer.
ὁπποῖόνwhateverὁποῖος · accusative singular neuter adjectivemodifies ἔποςκwouldἄν · particlesentence particleεἴπῃσθαyou speakεἶπον · aorist active subjunctive, 2nd singular verbadverbial to τοῖόνἔποςwordἔπος · accusative singular neuter nounobject of εἴπῃσθατοῖόνsuchτοῖος · accusative singular neuter adjectiveobject of ἐπακούσαιςκwouldἄν · particlesentence particleἐπακούσαιςyou may hearἐπακούω · aorist active optative, 2nd singular verbmain verb - 251
But why must the two of us hurl quarrels and abuse
Metre
ἀλλὰτίἢἔριδας‖καὶνείκεανῶϊνἀνάγκη
ἀλλὰbutἀλλά · adverbsentence particleτίwhyτίς · accusative singular neuter pronounadverbialἢthenἤ · conjunctionsentence particleἔριδαςquarrelsἔρις · accusative plural feminine nounobject of καὶκαὶandκαί · conjunctioncoordinating wordνείκεαabuseνεῖκος · accusative plural neuter nounobject of καὶνῶϊνfor us twoἐγώ · dative dual masculine pronounadverbialἀνάγκηmustἀνάγκη · nominative singular feminine nounsubject - 252
at each other face-to-face like women
Metre
νεικεῖνἀλλήλοισιν‖ἐναντίονὥςτεγυναῖκας
νεικεῖνhurl abuseνεικέω · present active infinitivemodifies ἀνάγκηἀλλήλοισινone anotherἀλλήλων · dative plural masculine adjectiveobject of ἐναντίονἐναντίονface-to-faceἐναντίος · accusative singular neuter adjectiveprepositionὥςlikeὡς · adverbadverbialτεasτε · particleemphasizing particleγυναῖκαςwomenγυνή · accusative plural feminine nounsubject - 253
who, angered over a heart-devouring quarrel,
Metre
αἵτεχολωσάμεναι‖ἔριδοςπέριθυμοβόροιο
αἵwhoὅς · nominative plural feminine pronounsubject of νεικεῦσ̓τεandτε · particleemphasizing particleχολωσάμεναιin their angerχολόω · aorist middle participle, nominative plural feminineadverbial to νεικεῦσ̓ἔριδοςstrifeἔρις · genitive singular feminine nounadverbial to πέριπέριoverπερί · prepositionprepositionθυμοβόροιοheart-devouringθυμοβόρος · genitive singular feminine adjectivemodifies ἔριδος - 254
go into the middle of the street and trade abuse,
Metre
νεικεῦσἀλλήλῃσι‖μέσηνἐςἄγυιανἰοῦσαι
νεικεῦσtrade abuseνεικέω · present active indicative, 3rd plural verbverb of a clause describing γυναῖκαςἀλλήλῃσιone anotherἀλλήλων · dative plural feminine adjectiveobject of νεικεῦσ̓μέσηνmiddleμέσος · accusative singular feminine adjectivemodifies ἄγυιανἐςtoεἰς · prepositionprepositionἄγυιανstreetἀγυιά · accusative singular feminine nounobject of ἐςἰοῦσαιgoingεἶμι · present active participle, nominative plural feminineadverbial to νεικεῦσ̓ - 255
much of it true and much not, as anger bids them?
Metre
πόλλἐτεάτεκαὶοὐκί‖χόλοςδέτεκαὶτὰκελεύει
πόλλmany thingsπολύς · accusative plural neuter adjectiveobject of νεικεῦσ̓ἐτεάtrueἐτεός · accusative plural neuter adjectivemodifies καὶτεandτε · particlesentence particleκαὶandκαί · conjunctioncoordinating wordοὐκίfalseοὐ · adverbemphasizing particleχόλοςangerχόλος · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of κελεύειδέandδέ · particlecoordinating wordτεandτε · particlesentence particleκαὶalsoκαί · adverbemphasizing particleτὰthese thingsὁ · accusative plural neuter pronounobject of κελεύεικελεύειbidsκελεύω · present active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verb - 256
You will not turn me from valor with words, eager as I am,
Metre
ἀλκῆςοὔἐπέεσσιν‖ἀποτρέψειςμεμαῶτα
ἀλκῆςvalorἀλκή · genitive singular feminine nounobject of ἀποτρέψειςδandδέ · particlecoordinating wordοὔnotοὐ · adverbemphasizing particleμmeἐγώ · accusative singular masculine pronounobject of ἀποτρέψειςἐπέεσσινwordsἔπος · dative plural neuter nounadverbial to ἀποτρέψειςἀποτρέψειςturn awayἀποτρέπω · future active indicative, 2nd singular verbmain verbμεμαῶταthough eagerμέμαα · perfect active participle, accusative singular masculinecircumstantial complement - 257
before we fight face-to-face with bronze. Come then, quickly,
Metre
πρὶνχαλκῷμαχέσασθαι‖ἐναντίονἀλλἄγεθᾶσσον
πρὶνbeforeπρίν · conjunctionsubordinating conjunctionχαλκῷbronzeχαλκός · dative singular masculine nounadverbial to μαχέσασθαιμαχέσασθαιto fightμάχομαι · aorist middle infinitiveadverbial to πρὶνἐναντίονface-to-faceἐναντίον · adverbadverbial to μαχέσασθαιἀλλbutἀλλά · adverbsentence particleἄγεcomeἄγε · adverbsentence particleθᾶσσονquicklyταχύς · accusative singular neuter comparative adjectiveadverbial to γευσόμεθ̓ - 258
let us taste one another with bronze-shod spears."
Metre
γευσόμεθἀλλήλων‖χαλκήρεσινἐγχείῃσιν
γευσόμεθlet us tasteγεύω · aorist middle subjunctive, 1st plural verbmain verbἀλλήλωνone anotherἀλλήλων · genitive plural masculine adjectiveobject of γευσόμεθ̓χαλκήρεσινbronze-shodχαλκήρης · dative plural feminine adjectivemodifies ἐγχείῃσινἐγχείῃσινspearsἐγχείη · dative plural feminine nounadverbial to γευσόμεθ̓ - 259
So he spoke and drove his mighty spear at the dread shield,
Metre
ἦῥακαὶἐνδεινῷ‖σάκειἤλασενὄβριμονἔγχος
ἦso he spokeἠμί · imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbῥαthenἄρα · particlesentence particleκαὶandκαί · conjunctioncoordinating wordἐνatἐν · prepositionprepositionδεινῷterribleδεινός · dative singular neuter adjectivemodifies σάκεισάκειshieldσάκος · dative singular neuter nounobject of ἐνἤλασενdroveἐλαύνω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbὄβριμονmightyὄβριμος · accusative singular neuter adjectivemodifies ἔγχοςἔγχοςspearἔγχος · accusative singular neuter nounobject of ἤλασεν - 260
terrible to behold; loudly the shield groaned around the spearpoint.
Metre
σμερδαλέῳμέγαἀμφὶ‖σάκοςμύκεδουρὸςἀκωκῇ
σμερδαλέῳterribleσμερδαλέος · dative singular neuter adjectivemodifies σάκειμέγαloudlyμέγας · accusative singular neuter adjectiveadverbial to μύκεδandδέ · particlecoordinating wordἀμφὶaroundἀμφί · prepositionprepositionσάκοςshieldσάκος · nominative singular neuter nounsubject of μύκεμύκεgroanedμυκάομαι · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbδουρὸςspearδόρυ · genitive singular neuter nounmodifies ἀκωκῇἀκωκῇpointἀκωκή · dative singular feminine nounadverbial to ἀμφὶ - 261
The son of Peleus held the shield away from himself with his stout hand,
Πηλεΐδηςson of PeleusΠηλείδης · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of ἔσχετοδὲandδέ · particlecoordinating wordσάκοςshieldσάκος · accusative singular neuter nounobject of ἔσχετομὲνindeedμέν · particlesentence particleἀπὸaway fromἀπό · prepositionprepositionἕοhimselfἕ · genitive singular masculine pronounadverbial to ἀπὸχειρὶwith his handχείρ · dative singular feminine nounadverbial to ἔσχετοπαχείῃstoutπαχύς · dative singular feminine adjectivemodifies χειρὶ - 262
afraid; for he thought the long-shadowed spear
Metre
ἔσχετοταρβήσας‖φάτογὰρδολιχόσκιονἔγχος
ἔσχετοheld awayἔχω · aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbταρβήσαςafraidταρβέω · aorist active participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to ἔσχετοφάτοhe thoughtφημί · aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbγὰρforγάρ · particlesentence particleδολιχόσκιονlong-shadowedδολιχόσκιος · accusative singular neuter adjectivemodifies ἔγχοςἔγχοςspearἔγχος · accusative singular neuter nounsubject of διελεύσεσθαι - 263
of great-hearted Aeneas would pass easily through it,
ῥέαeasilyῥέα · adverbadverbial to διελεύσεσθαιδιελεύσεσθαιwould pass throughδιέρχομαι · future middle infinitiveobject of φάτομεγαλήτοροςgreat-heartedμεγαλήτωρ · genitive singular masculine adjectivemodifies ΑἰνείαοΑἰνείαοof AeneasΑἰνείας · genitive singular masculine nounmodifies ἔγχος - 264
fool that he was, nor did he know in mind and heart
Metre
νήπιοςοὐδἐνόησε‖κατὰφρένακαὶκατὰθυμὸν
νήπιοςfoolνήπιος · nominative singular masculine adjectivecircumstantial complementἐνόησεunderstoodνοέω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbκατὰinκατά · prepositionprepositionφρέναmindφρήν · accusative singular feminine nounadverbial to κατὰκαὶandκαί · conjunctioncoordinating wordκατὰinκατά · prepositionprepositionθυμὸνheartθυμός · accusative singular masculine nounadverbial to κατὰ - 265
that the glorious gifts of gods are not easily
Metre
ὡςοὐῥηΐδιἐστὶ‖θεῶνἐρικυδέαδῶρα
ὡςthatὡς · conjunctionsubordinating conjunctionοὐnotοὐ · adverbemphasizing particleῥηΐδιeasilyῥᾴδιος · nominative plural neuter adjectivepredicate nounἐστὶareεἰμί · present active indicative, 3rd singular verbobject of ὡςθεῶνof the godsθεός · genitive plural masculine nounmodifies δῶραἐρικυδέαgloriousἐρικυδής · accusative plural neuter adjectivemodifies δῶραδῶραgiftsδῶρον · accusative plural neuter nounsubject of δ̓ - 266
subdued by mortal men, nor do they yield.
Metre
ἀνδράσιγεθνητοῖσι‖δαμήμεναιοὐδὑποείκειν
ἀνδράσιmenἀνήρ · dative plural masculine nounadverbial to δαμήμεναιγεindeedγε · particleemphasizing particleθνητοῖσιmortalsθνητός · dative plural masculine adjectivemodifies ἀνδράσιδαμήμεναιto be subduedδαμάζω · aorist passive infinitivesubject of δ̓ὑποείκεινto yieldὑπείκω · present active infinitivesubject of δ̓ - 267
Not even then did the mighty spear of warlike Aeneas
Metre
οὐδὲτότΑἰνείαο‖δαΐφρονοςὄβριμονἔγχος
τότthenτότε · adverbadverbial to ῥῆξεΑἰνείαοAeneasΑἰνείας · genitive singular masculine nounmodifies ἔγχοςδαΐφρονοςwarlikeδαίφρων · genitive singular masculine adjectivemodifies Αἰνείαοὄβριμονmightyὄβριμος · nominative singular neuter adjectivemodifies ἔγχοςἔγχοςspearἔγχος · nominative singular neuter nounsubject of ῥῆξε - 268
break the shield; the gold held it back, the god's gift.
Metre
ῥῆξεσάκοςχρυσὸς‖γὰρἐρύκακεδῶραθεοῖο
ῥῆξεbrokeῥήγνυμι · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbσάκοςshieldσάκος · accusative singular neuter nounobject of ῥῆξεχρυσὸςgoldχρυσός · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of ,γὰρforγάρ · particlesentence particleἐρύκακεheld backἐρύκω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbδῶραgiftsδῶρον · nominative plural neuter nounsubject of ,θεοῖοof the godθεός · genitive singular masculine nounmodifies δῶρα - 269
It drove through two folds, but three were still beyond them,
Metre
ἀλλὰδύωμὲνἔλασσε‖διὰπτύχαςαἳἄρἔτιτρεῖς
ἀλλὰbutἀλλά · adverbsentence particleδύωtwoδύο · numeralmodifies πτύχαςμὲνindeedμέν · particlesentence particleἔλασσεdrove throughἐλαύνω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbδιὰthroughδιά · prepositionprepositionπτύχαςfoldsπτύξ · accusative plural feminine nounobject of διὰαἳthoseὁ · nominative plural feminine pronounsubject of ἦσανδandδέ · particlecoordinating wordἄρindeedἄρα · particlesentence particleἔτιstillἔτι · adverbadverbial to ἦσαντρεῖςthreeτρεῖς · numeralmodifies αἳ - 270
for the god of crooked feet had hammered out five folds:
Metre
ἦσανἐπεὶπέντε‖πτύχαςἤλασεκυλλοποδίων
ἦσανwereεἰμί · imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verbmain verbἐπεὶsinceἐπεί · conjunctionsubordinating conjunctionπέντεfiveπέντε · numeralmodifies πτύχαςπτύχαςfoldsπτύξ · accusative plural feminine nounobject of ,ἤλασεhammered outἐλαύνω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbadverbial to ἐπεὶκυλλοποδίωνcrooked-footedΚυλλοποδίων · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of ἤλασε - 271
two of bronze, two within them of tin,
Metre
τὰςδύοχαλκείας‖δύοἔνδοθικασσιτέροιο
τὰςtheὁ · accusative plural feminine articlemodifies χαλκείαςδύοtwoδύο · numeralmodifies χαλκείαςχαλκείαςof bronzeχάλκειος · accusative plural feminine adjectiveobject of δὲδύοtwoδύο · numeralobject of δὲδandδέ · particlesentence particleἔνδοθιinsideἔνδοθι · adverbmodifies δύοκασσιτέροιοof tinκασσίτερος · genitive singular masculine nounmodifies δύο - 272
and one of gold; there the ash-wood spear was stopped.
Metre
τὴνδὲμίανχρυσῆν‖τῇἔσχετομείλινονἔγχος
τὴνtheὁ · accusative singular feminine articlemodifies χρυσῆνδὲandδέ · particlecoordinating wordμίανoneεἷς · accusative singular feminine adjectivemodifies χρυσῆνχρυσῆνgoldenχρύσεος · accusative singular feminine adjectiveobject of δὲτῇthereὁ · dative singular feminine pronounadverbial to ἔσχετοῥindeedἄρα · particlesentence particleἔσχετοwas stoppedἔχω · aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verbverb of a clause describing χρυσῆνμείλινονash-woodμέλινος · nominative singular neuter adjectivemodifies ἔγχοςἔγχοςspearἔγχος · nominative singular neuter nounsubject of ἔσχετο - 273
Then Achilles cast his long-shadowed spear in turn,
Metre
δεύτεροςαὖτἈχιλεὺς‖προΐειδολιχόσκιονἔγχος
δεύτεροςnextδεύτερος · nominative singular masculine adjectivecircumstantial complementαὖτin turnαὖτε · adverbadverbial to προΐειἈχιλεὺςAchillesἈχιλλεύς · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of προΐειπροΐειhurledπροίημι · imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbδολιχόσκιονlong-shadowedδολιχόσκιος · accusative singular neuter adjectivemodifies ἔγχοςἔγχοςspearἔγχος · accusative singular neuter nounobject of προΐει - 274
and struck Aeneas' perfectly round shield,
Metre
καὶβάλενΑἰνείαο‖κατἀσπίδαπάντοσἐΐσην
καὶandκαί · conjunctioncoordinating wordβάλενstruckβάλλω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbΑἰνείαοAeneasΑἰνείας · genitive singular masculine nounmodifies ἀσπίδακατagainstκατά · prepositionprepositionἀσπίδαshieldἀσπίς · accusative singular feminine nounobject of κατ̓πάντοσperfectlyπάντοσε · adverbadverbial to ἐΐσηνἐΐσηνroundἴσος · accusative singular feminine adjectivemodifies ἀσπίδα - 275
beneath its outer rim, where the bronze ran thinnest
Metre
ἄντυγὕποπρώτην‖ᾗλεπτότατοςθέεχαλκός
ἄντυγouter rimἄντυξ · accusative singular feminine nounadverbial to ὕποὕποbeneathὑπό · prepositionprepositionπρώτηνoutermostπρῶτος · accusative singular feminine adjectivemodifies ἄντυγ̓ᾗwhereὅς · dative singular feminine pronounadverbial to δ̓λεπτότατοςthinnestλεπτός · nominative singular masculine superlative adjectivemodifies χαλκόςθέεranθέω · imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verbverb of a clause describing δ̓χαλκόςbronzeχαλκός · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of θέε - 276
and the oxhide was thinnest; straight through it
Metre
λεπτοτάτηἐπέην‖ῥινὸςβοόςἣδὲδιὰπρὸ
λεπτοτάτηthinnestλεπτός · nominative singular feminine superlative adjectivemodifies ῥινὸςδandδέ · particlecoordinating wordἐπέηνlayἔπειμι · imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verbverb of a clause describing δ̓ῥινὸςhideῥινός · nominative singular feminine nounsubject of ἐπέηνβοόςoxβοῦς · genitive singular masculine nounmodifies ῥινὸςἣtheὁ · nominative singular feminine articlemodifies μελίηδὲandδέ · particlesentence particleδιὰthroughδιά · prepositionemphasizing particleπρὸforwardπρό · adverbadverbial to ἤϊξεν - 277
the Pelian ash spear flew, and the shield cracked beneath it.
Metre
Πηλιὰςἤϊξεν‖μελίηλάκεἀσπὶςὑπαὐτῆς
ΠηλιὰςPelianΠηλιάς · nominative singular feminine adjectivemodifies μελίηἤϊξενflewἀίσσω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbμελίηash spearμελία · nominative singular feminine nounsubject of ἤϊξενλάκεcrackedλάσκω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbδandδέ · particlecoordinating wordἀσπὶςshieldἀσπίς · nominative singular feminine nounsubject of λάκεὑπbeneathὑπό · prepositionprepositionαὐτῆςitαὐτός · genitive singular feminine adjectiveadverbial to ὑπ̓ - 278
Aeneas crouched and held the shield away from himself,
ΑἰνείαςAeneasΑἰνείας · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of καὶδandδέ · particlesentence particleἐάληcrouchedεἴλω · aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbκαὶandκαί · conjunctioncoordinating wordἀπὸfromἀπό · prepositionprepositionἕθενhimselfἕ · genitive singular masculine pronounadverbial to ἀπὸἀσπίδshieldἀσπίς · accusative singular feminine nounobject of ἀνέσχεἀνέσχεheld upἀνέχω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verb - 279
afraid; the spear flew over his back and in the ground
δείσαςfearingδείδω · aorist active participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to ἀνέσχεἐγχείηspearἐγχείη · nominative singular feminine nounsubject of ἔστηδandδέ · particlesentence particleἄρthenἄρα · particlesentence particleὑπὲρoverὑπέρ · prepositionprepositionνώτουbackνῶτον · genitive singular neuter nounadverbial to ὑπὲρἐνὶinἐν · prepositionprepositionγαίῃgroundγαῖα · dative singular feminine nounadverbial to ἐνὶ - 280
stood quivering, after passing through both circles
Metre
ἔστηἱεμένη‖διὰἀμφοτέρουςἕλεκύκλους
ἔστηstoodἵστημι · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbἱεμένηquiveringἵημι · present medio-passive participle, nominative singular feminineadverbial to ἔστηδιὰthroughδιά · prepositionemphasizing particleδandδέ · particlecoordinating wordἀμφοτέρουςbothἀμφότερος · accusative plural masculine adjectivemodifies κύκλουςἕλεpiercedαἱρέω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbκύκλουςcirclesκύκλος · accusative plural masculine nounobject of ἕλε - 281
of the man-enclosing shield. He escaped the long spear
Metre
ἀσπίδοςἀμφιβρότης‖ὃἀλευάμενοςδόρυμακρὸν
ἀσπίδοςshieldἀσπίς · genitive singular feminine nounmodifies κύκλουςἀμφιβρότηςman-coveringἀμφίβροτος · genitive singular feminine adjectivemodifies ἀσπίδοςὃheὁ · nominative singular masculine pronounsubject of ἔστηδandδέ · particlesentence particleἀλευάμενοςavoidingἀλέομαι · aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to ἔστηδόρυspearδόρυ · accusative singular neuter nounobject of ἀλευάμενοςμακρὸνlongμακρός · accusative singular neuter adjectivemodifies δόρυ - 282
and stood there, while boundless anguish poured over his eyes,
Metre
ἔστηκὰδἄχοςοἱ‖χύτομυρίονὀφθαλμοῖσι
ἔστηstoodἵστημι · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbκὰδdownκατά · prepositionadverbial to χύτοδandδέ · particlecoordinating wordἄχοςgriefἄχος · nominative singular neuter nounsubject of χύτοοἱhimἕ · dative singular masculine pronounmodifies ὀφθαλμοῖσιχύτοpouredχέω · aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbμυρίονboundlessμυρίος · nominative singular neuter adjectivemodifies ἄχοςὀφθαλμοῖσιover his eyesὀφθαλμός · dative plural masculine nounadverbial to χύτο - 283
terrified that the missile had fixed so close. But Achilles
Metre
ταρβήσαςὅοἱἄγχι‖πάγηβέλοςαὐτὰρἈχιλλεὺς
ταρβήσαςterrifiedταρβέω · aorist active participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to ἔστηὅbecauseὅς · accusative singular neuter pronounsubordinating conjunctionοἱhimἕ · dative singular masculine pronounadverbial to ἄγχιἄγχιnearἄγχι · prepositionprepositionπάγηfixedπήγνυμι · aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verbobject of ὅβέλοςshaftβέλος · nominative singular neuter nounsubject of πάγηαὐτὰρbutἀτάρ · particlesentence particleἈχιλλεὺςAchillesἈχιλλεύς · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of ἐπόρουσεν - 284
rushed upon him eagerly, drawing his sharp sword
Metre
ἐμμεμαὼςἐπόρουσεν‖ἐρυσσάμενοςξίφοςὀξὺ
ἐμμεμαὼςeagerlyἐμμεμαώς · perfect active participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to ἐπόρουσενἐπόρουσενrushed uponἐπορούω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbἐρυσσάμενοςdrawingἐρύω · aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to ἐπόρουσενξίφοςswordξίφος · accusative singular neuter nounobject of ἐρυσσάμενοςὀξὺsharpὀξύς · accusative singular neuter adjectivemodifies ξίφος - 285
shouting terribly. But he took up a stone in his hand,
Metre
σμερδαλέαἰάχων‖ὃδὲχερμάδιονλάβεχειρὶ
σμερδαλέαterriblyσμερδαλέος · accusative plural neuter adjectiveadverbial to ἰάχωνἰάχωνshoutingἰάχω · present active participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to ἐπόρουσενὃheὁ · nominative singular masculine articlemodifies Αἰνείαςδὲandδέ · particlecoordinating wordχερμάδιονstoneχερμάδιον · accusative singular neuter nounobject of λάβελάβεseizedλαμβάνω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbχειρὶhandχείρ · dative singular feminine nounadverbial to λάβε - 286
Aeneas—a great weight that two men could not carry,
Metre
Αἰνείαςμέγαἔργον‖ὃοὐδύοἄνδρεφέροιεν
ΑἰνείαςAeneasΑἰνείας · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of λάβεμέγαgreatμέγας · accusative singular neuter adjectivemodifies ἔργονἔργονweightἔργον · accusative singular neuter nounmodifies λάβεὃwhichὅς · accusative singular neuter pronounobject of φέροιενοὐnotοὐ · adverbemphasizing particleδύοtwoδύο · numeralmodifies ἄνδρεγindeedγε · particleemphasizing particleἄνδρεmenἀνήρ · nominative dual masculine nounsubject of φέροιενφέροιενcould carryφέρω · present active optative, 3rd plural verbverb of a clause describing χερμάδιον - 287
such as mortals now are; but he alone swung it with ease.
Metre
οἷοινῦνβροτοίεἰσ‖ὃδέμινῥέαπάλλεκαὶοἶος
οἷοιsuch asοἷος · nominative plural masculine adjectivepredicate nounνῦνnowνῦν · adverbadverbial to εἰσ̓βροτοίmortalsβροτός · nominative plural masculine nounsubject of εἰσ̓εἰσareεἰμί · present active indicative, 3rd plural verbverb of a clause describing ἄνδρεὃheὁ · nominative singular masculine pronounsubject of πάλλεδέbutδέ · particlecoordinating wordμινitμιν · accusative singular neuter pronounobject of πάλλεῥέαeasilyῥέα · adverbadverbial to πάλλεπάλλεswungπάλλω · imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbκαὶalsoκαί · adverbemphasizing particleοἶοςaloneοἶος · nominative singular masculine adjectivecircumstantial complement - 288
Then Aeneas would have struck the onrushing Achilles with the stone,
Metre
ἔνθάκενΑἰνείας‖μὲνἐπεσσύμενονβάλεπέτρῳ
ἔνθάthenἔνθα · adverbadverbial to βάλεκενwouldἄν · particlesentence particleΑἰνείαςAeneasΑἰνείας · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of βάλεμὲνindeedμέν · particlesentence particleἐπεσσύμενονonrushingἐπισεύω · perfect medio-passive participle, accusative singular masculineobject of βάλεβάλεwould have struckβάλλω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbπέτρῳrockπέτρος · dative singular masculine nounadverbial to βάλε - 289
on helmet or shield, which warded grim death from him,
Metre
ἢκόρυθἠὲσάκος‖τόοἱἤρκεσελυγρὸνὄλεθρον
ἢorἤ · conjunctionsentence particleκόρυθhelmetκόρυς · accusative singular feminine nounobject of ἠὲἠὲorἤ · conjunctioncoordinating wordσάκοςshieldσάκος · accusative singular neuter nounobject of ἠὲτόwhichὁ · nominative singular neuter pronounsubject of ἤρκεσεοἱhimἕ · dative singular masculine pronounobject of ἤρκεσεἤρκεσεwarded offἀρκέω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbverb of a clause describing σάκοςλυγρὸνgrimλυγρός · accusative singular masculine adjectivemodifies ὄλεθρονὄλεθρονdestructionὄλεθρος · accusative singular masculine nounobject of ἤρκεσε - 290
and the son of Peleus would have taken his life at close range with the sword,
Metre
τὸνδέκεΠηλεΐδης‖σχεδὸνἄοριθυμὸνἀπηύρα
τὸνhimὁ · accusative singular masculine pronounobject of ἀπηύραδέandδέ · particlecoordinating wordκεwouldἄν · particlesentence particleΠηλεΐδηςson of PeleusΠηλείδης · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of ἀπηύρασχεδὸνat close rangeσχεδόν · adverbadverbial to ἀπηύραἄοριwith the swordἄορ · dative singular neuter nounadverbial to ἀπηύραθυμὸνlifeθυμός · accusative singular masculine nounobject of ἀπηύραἀπηύραtaken awayἀπαυράω · imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verb - 291
had not Poseidon the earth-shaker swiftly perceived it.
Metre
εἰμὴἄρὀξὺνόησε‖Ποσειδάωνἐνοσίχθων
εἰifεἰ · conjunctionsubordinating conjunctionμὴnotμή · particleemphasizing particleἄρthenἄρα · particlesentence particleὀξὺswiftlyὀξύς · accusative singular neuter adjectiveadverbial to νόησενόησεperceivedνοέω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbadverbial to εἰΠοσειδάωνPoseidonΠοσειδεών · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of νόησεἐνοσίχθωνearth-shakerἘνοσίχθων · nominative singular masculine nounmodifies Ποσειδάων - 292
At once he spoke among the immortal gods:
Metre
αὐτίκαἀθανάτοισι‖θεοῖςμετὰμῦθονἔειπεν
αὐτίκαat onceαὐτίκα · adverbadverbial to ἔειπενδandδέ · particlecoordinating wordἀθανάτοισιimmortalἀθάνατος · dative plural masculine adjectivemodifies θεοῖςθεοῖςgodsθεός · dative plural masculine nounadverbial to μετὰμετὰamongμετά · prepositionprepositionμῦθονwordμῦθος · accusative singular masculine nounobject of ἔειπενἔειπενspokeεἶπον · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verb - 293
"Ah me, I grieve for great-hearted Aeneas,
Metre
ὢπόποιἦμοιἄχος‖μεγαλήτοροςΑἰνείαο
ὢahὦ · interjectionemphasizing particleπόποιalasπόποι · interjectiongoverned by an elided headἦindeedἦ · adverbsentence particleμοιto meἐγώ · dative singular masculine pronounadverbialἄχοςgriefἄχος · nominative singular neuter nounsubjectμεγαλήτοροςgreat-heartedμεγαλήτωρ · genitive singular masculine adjectivemodifies ΑἰνείαοΑἰνείαοAeneasΑἰνείας · genitive singular masculine nounmodifies ἄχος - 294
who soon, subdued by the son of Peleus, will go down to Hades,
Metre
ὃςτάχαΠηλεΐωνι‖δαμεὶςἌϊδοςδὲκάτεισι
ὃςwhoὅς · nominative singular masculine pronounsubject of κάτεισιτάχαsoonτάχα · adverbadverbial to κάτεισιΠηλεΐωνιson of PeleusΠηλείων · dative singular masculine nounobject of δαμεὶςδαμεὶςsubduedδαμάζω · aorist passive participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to κάτεισιἌϊδοςHadesἈίδης · genitive singular masculine nounobject of κάτεισιδὲandδέ · particleemphasizing particleκάτεισιwill go downκάτειμι · present active indicative, 3rd singular verbverb of a clause describing δέ - 295
because he obeyed the words of Apollo the far-shooter,
πειθόμενοςobeyingπείθω · present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to κάτεισιμύθοισινwordsμῦθος · dative plural masculine nounobject of πειθόμενοςἈπόλλωνοςof ApolloἈπόλλων · genitive singular masculine nounmodifies μύθοισινἑκάτοιοof the far-shooterἕκατος · genitive singular masculine nounmodifies Ἀπόλλωνος - 296
fool that he was; yet Apollo will not ward grim death from him.
Metre
νήπιοςοὐδέτίοἱ‖χραισμήσειλυγρὸνὄλεθρον
νήπιοςfoolνήπιος · nominative singular masculine adjectivecircumstantial complementτίat allτις · accusative singular neuter pronounadverbial to χραισμήσειοἱhimἕ · dative singular masculine pronounobject of χραισμήσειχραισμήσειwill ward offχραισμέω · future active indicative, 3rd singular verbverb of a clause describing δέλυγρὸνgrimλυγρός · accusative singular masculine adjectivemodifies ὄλεθρονὄλεθρονdestructionὄλεθρος · accusative singular masculine nounobject of χραισμήσει - 297
But why does this guiltless man now suffer pains
Metre
ἀλλὰτίἢνῦνοὗτος‖ἀναίτιοςἄλγεαπάσχει
ἀλλὰbutἀλλά · adverbsentence particleτίwhyτις · accusative singular neuter pronounadverbial to πάσχειἢthenἤ · conjunctionsentence particleνῦνnowνῦν · adverbadverbial to πάσχειοὗτοςthis manοὗτος · nominative singular masculine adjectivesubject of πάσχειἀναίτιοςguiltlessἀναίτιος · nominative singular masculine adjectivemodifies οὗτοςἄλγεαpainsἄλγος · accusative plural neuter nounobject of πάσχειπάσχειsuffersπάσχω · present active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verb - 298
to no purpose for the sorrows of others, when always he gives
Metre
μὰψἕνεκἀλλοτρίων‖ἀχέωνκεχαρισμένααἰεὶ
μὰψfor nothingμάψ · adverbadverbial to πάσχειἕνεκfor the sake ofἕνεκα · prepositionprepositionἀλλοτρίωνothers'ἀλλότριος · genitive plural neuter adjectivemodifies ἀχέωνἀχέωνsorrowsἄχος · genitive plural neuter nounadverbial to ἕνεκ̓κεχαρισμέναpleasingχαρίζομαι · perfect medio-passive participle, accusative plural neutermodifies δῶραδandδέ · particlecoordinating wordαἰεὶalwaysἀεί · adverbadverbial to δίδωσι - 299
gifts pleasing to the gods who hold broad heaven?
Metre
δῶραθεοῖσιδίδωσι‖τοὶοὐρανὸνεὐρὺνἔχουσιν
δῶραgiftsδῶρον · accusative plural neuter nounobject of δίδωσιθεοῖσιgodsθεός · dative plural masculine nounobject of δίδωσιδίδωσιgivesδίδωμι · present active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbτοὶwhoὁ · nominative plural masculine pronounsubject of ἔχουσινοὐρανὸνheavenοὐρανός · accusative singular masculine nounobject of ἔχουσινεὐρὺνwideεὐρύς · accusative singular masculine adjectivemodifies οὐρανὸνἔχουσινholdἔχω · present active indicative, 3rd plural verbverb of a clause describing θεοῖσι - 300
Come, let us lead him away from death,
Metre
ἀλλἄγεθἡμεῖςπέρ‖μινὑπὲκθανάτουἀγάγωμεν
ἀλλbutἀλλά · adverbsentence particleἄγεθcomeἄγε · adverbsentence particleἡμεῖςweἐγώ · nominative plural masculine pronounsubject of ἀγάγωμενπέρindeedπέρ · particleemphasizing particleμινhimμιν · accusative singular masculine pronounobject of ἀγάγωμενὑπὲκaway fromὑπέκ · prepositionprepositionθανάτουdeathθάνατος · genitive singular masculine nounobject of ὑπὲκἀγάγωμενlet us leadἄγω · aorist active subjunctive, 1st plural verbmain verb - 301
lest the son of Cronos somehow grow angry if Achilles
Metre
μήπωςκαὶΚρονίδης‖κεχολώσεταιαἴκενἈχιλλεὺς
μήlestμή · conjunctionsubordinating conjunctionπωςsomehowπως · particleadverbial to κεχολώσεταικαὶalsoκαί · adverbemphasizing particleΚρονίδηςson of CronosΚρονίδης · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of κεχολώσεταικεχολώσεταιgrow angryχολόω · future perfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verbadverbial to μήαἴifεἰ · conjunctionsubordinating conjunctionκενwouldἄν · particlesentence particleἈχιλλεὺςAchillesἈχιλλεύς · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of κατακτείνῃ - 302
kills this man. It is fated that he escape,
Metre
τόνδεκατακτείνῃ‖μόριμονδέοἵἐστἀλέασθαι
τόνδεthisὅδε · accusative singular masculine pronounobject of κατακτείνῃκατακτείνῃkillsκατακτείνω · present active subjunctive, 3rd singular verbadverbial to αἴμόριμονfatedμόριμος · nominative singular neuter adjectivepredicate nounδέandδέ · particlecoordinating wordοἵhimἕ · dative singular masculine pronounadverbial to ἐστ̓ἐστisεἰμί · present active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbἀλέασθαιto escapeἀλέομαι · aorist middle infinitivesubject of ἐστ̓ - 303
so that the line of Dardanus may not perish without seed and vanish,
Metre
ὄφραμὴἄσπερμος‖γενεὴκαὶἄφαντοςὄληται
ὄφραso thatὄφρα · conjunctionsubordinating conjunctionμὴnotμή · particleemphasizing particleἄσπερμοςwithout seedἄσπερμος · nominative singular feminine adjectivecircumstantial complementγενεὴlineγενεά · nominative singular feminine nounsubject of ὄληταικαὶandκαί · conjunctioncoordinating wordἄφαντοςunseenἄφαντος · nominative singular feminine adjectivecircumstantial complementὄληταιperishὄλλυμι · aorist middle subjunctive, 3rd singular verbadverbial to ὄφρα - 304
Dardanus, whom the son of Cronos loved above all the sons
Metre
ΔαρδάνουὃνΚρονίδης‖περὶπάντωνφίλατοπαίδων
ΔαρδάνουDardanusΔάρδανος · genitive singular masculine nounmodifies γενεὴὃνwhomὅς · accusative singular masculine pronounobject of φίλατοΚρονίδηςson of CronosΚρονίδης · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of φίλατοπερὶaboveπερί · prepositionprepositionπάντωνallπᾶς · genitive plural masculine adjectivemodifies παίδωνφίλατοlovedφιλέω · aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verbverb of a clause describing Δαρδάνουπαίδωνchildrenπαῖς · genitive plural masculine nounadverbial to περὶ - 305
born to him from mortal women.
Metre
οἳἕθενἐξεγένοντο‖γυναικῶντεθνητάων
οἳwhoὅς · nominative plural masculine pronounsubject of ἐξεγένοντοἕθενfrom himἕ · genitive singular masculine pronounobject of τεἐξεγένοντοwere bornἐκγίγνομαι · aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verbverb of a clause describing παίδωνγυναικῶνwomenγυνή · genitive plural feminine nounobject of τετεandτε · particlecoordinating wordθνητάωνmortalθνητός · genitive plural feminine adjectivemodifies γυναικῶν - 306
For now the son of Cronos has come to hate the line of Priam,
Metre
ἤδηγὰρΠριάμου‖γενεὴνἔχθηρεΚρονίων
ἤδηalreadyἤδη · adverbadverbial to ἔχθηρεγὰρforγάρ · particlesentence particleΠριάμουof PriamΠρίαμος · genitive singular masculine nounmodifies γενεὴνγενεὴνlineageγενεά · accusative singular feminine nounobject of ἔχθηρεἔχθηρεhas hatedἐχθαίρω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbΚρονίωνthe son of CronosΚρονίων · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of ἔχθηρε - 307
and now the might of Aeneas shall rule the Trojans,
Metre
νῦνδὲδὴΑἰνείαο‖βίηΤρώεσσινἀνάξει
νῦνnowνῦν · adverbadverbial to ἀνάξειδὲandδέ · particlecoordinating wordδὴindeedδή · particleemphasizing particleΑἰνείαοAeneasΑἰνείας · genitive singular masculine nounmodifies βίηβίηmightβία · nominative singular feminine nounsubject of καὶΤρώεσσινthe TrojansΤρώς · dative plural masculine nounobject of ἀνάξειἀνάξειrule overἀνάσσω · future active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verb - 308
and his children's children, who shall be born hereafter."
Metre
καὶπαίδωνπαῖδες‖τοίκενμετόπισθεγένωνται
καὶandκαί · conjunctioncoordinating wordπαίδωνchildrenπαῖς · genitive plural masculine nounmodifies παῖδεςπαῖδεςchildrenπαῖς · nominative plural masculine nounsubject of καὶτοίwhoὁ · nominative plural masculine pronounsubject of γένωνταικενwouldἄν · particlesentence particleμετόπισθεhereafterμετόπισθε · adverbadverbial to γένωνταιγένωνταιshall be bornγίγνομαι · aorist middle subjunctive, 3rd plural verbverb of a clause describing παῖδες - 309
Then ox-eyed queenly Hera answered him:
τὸνhimὁ · accusative singular masculine pronounobject of ἠμείβετ̓δandδέ · particlecoordinating wordἠμείβετansweredἀμείβω · imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbἔπειταthenἔπειτα · adverbadverbial to ἠμείβετ̓βοῶπιςox-eyedβοῶπις · nominative singular feminine adjectivemodifies Ἥρηπότνιαqueenlyπότνια · nominative singular feminine adjectivemodifies ἭρηἭρηHeraἭρα · nominative singular feminine nounsubject of ἠμείβετ̓ - 310
"Earth-shaker, consider for yourself within your own mind
Metre
ἐννοσίγαιαὐτὸς‖σὺμετὰφρεσὶσῇσινόησον
ἐννοσίγαιearth-shakerἘννοσίγαιος · vocative singular masculine noungoverned by an elided headαὐτὸςyourselfαὐτός · nominative singular masculine adjectivecircumstantial complementσὺyouσύ · nominative singular masculine pronounsubject of νόησονμετὰinμετά · prepositionprepositionφρεσὶmindφρήν · dative plural feminine nounadverbial to μετὰσῇσιyourσός · dative plural feminine adjectivemodifies φρεσὶνόησονconsiderνοέω · aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verbmain verb - 311
whether you will rescue Aeneas or let him
Metre
Αἰνείανἤκέν‖μινἐρύσσεαιἦκενἐάσῃς
ΑἰνείανAeneasαἰνείας · accusative singular masculine nounobject of νόησονἤwhetherἤ · conjunctionsentence particleκένmayἄν · particlesentence particleμινhimμιν · accusative singular masculine pronounobject of ἐρύσσεαιἐρύσσεαιwill rescueἐρύω · aorist middle subjunctive, 2nd singular verbobject of ἦἦorἤ · conjunctioncoordinating wordκενwouldἄν · particlesentence particleἐάσῃςwill letἐάω · aorist active subjunctive, 2nd singular verbobject of ἦ - 312
be subdued by Achilles, son of Peleus, noble though he is.
Metre
ΠηλεΐδῃἈχιλῆϊ‖δαμήμεναιἐσθλὸνἐόντα
Πηλεΐδῃson of PeleusΠηλείδης · dative singular masculine nounmodifies ἈχιλῆϊἈχιλῆϊAchillesἈχιλλεύς · dative singular masculine nounobject of δαμήμεναιδαμήμεναιto be subduedδαμάζω · aorist passive infinitiveobject of ἐάσῃςἐσθλὸνnobleἐσθλός · accusative singular masculine adjectivepredicate nounἐόνταthough beingεἰμί · present active participle, accusative singular masculinecircumstantial complement - 313
For we two have sworn many oaths
ἤτοιindeedἤτοι · particlesentence particleμὲνindeedμέν · particlesentence particleγὰρforγάρ · particlesentence particleνῶϊwe twoἐγώ · nominative dual feminine pronounsubjectπολέαςmanyπολύς · accusative plural masculine adjectivemodifies ὅρκουςὠμόσσαμενhave swornὄμνυμι · aorist active indicative, 1st plural verbmain verbὅρκουςoathsὅρκος · accusative plural masculine nounobject of ὠμόσσαμεν - 314
among all the immortals, Pallas Athena and I,
Metre
πᾶσιμετἀθανάτοισιν‖ἐγὼκαὶΠαλλὰςἈθήνη
πᾶσιallπᾶς · dative plural masculine adjectivemodifies ἀθανάτοισινμετamongμετά · prepositionprepositionἀθανάτοισινimmortalsἀθάνατος · dative plural masculine adjectiveadverbial to μετ̓ἐγὼiἐγώ · nominative singular masculine pronounsubject of καὶκαὶandκαί · conjunctioncoordinating wordΠαλλὰςPallasΠαλλάς · nominative singular feminine nounmodifies ἈθήνηἈθήνηAthenaἈθήνη · nominative singular feminine nounsubject of καὶ - 315
never to ward the evil day from the Trojans,
Metre
μήποτἐπὶΤρώεσσιν‖ἀλεξήσεινκακὸνἦμαρ
μήneverμή · adverbemphasizing particleποτeverποτέ · particleadverbial to ἀλεξήσεινἐπὶforἐπί · prepositionemphasizing particleΤρώεσσινto the Trojansτρώς · dative plural masculine nounobject of ἀλεξήσεινἀλεξήσεινto ward offἀλέξω · future active infinitiveobject of ὠμόσσαμενκακὸνevilκακός · accusative singular neuter adjectivemodifies ἦμαρἦμαρdayἦμαρ · accusative singular neuter nounobject of ἀλεξήσειν - 316
not even when all Troy burns in ravening fire,
Metre
μηδὁπότἂνΤροίη‖μαλερῷπυρὶπᾶσαδάηται
ὁπότwhenὁπότε · conjunctionsubordinating conjunctionἂνwouldἄν · particlesentence particleΤροίηTroyΤροία · nominative singular feminine nounsubject of δάηταιμαλερῷraveningμαλερός · dative singular neuter adjectivemodifies πυρὶπυρὶfireπῦρ · dative singular neuter nounadverbial to δάηταιπᾶσαwholeπᾶς · nominative singular feminine adjectivemodifies Τροίηδάηταιburnsδαίω · aorist middle subjunctive, 3rd singular verbadverbial to δ̓ - 317
burning as the warlike sons of the Achaeans set it ablaze."
Metre
καιομένηκαίωσι‖ἀρήϊοιυἷεςἈχαιῶν
καιομένηburningκαίω · present medio-passive participle, nominative singular feminineadverbial to δάηταικαίωσιset ablazeκαίω · present active subjunctive, 3rd plural verbadverbial to δ̓δandδέ · particlecoordinating wordἀρήϊοιwarlikeἄρειος · nominative plural masculine adjectivemodifies υἷεςυἷεςsonsυἱός · nominative plural masculine nounsubject of καίωσιἈχαιῶνof the AchaeansἈχαιός · genitive plural masculine adjectivemodifies υἷες - 318
But when Poseidon the earth-shaker heard this,
Metre
αὐτὰρἐπεὶτόἄκουσε‖Ποσειδάωνἐνοσίχθων
αὐτὰρbutἀτάρ · particlesentence particleἐπεὶwhenἐπεί · conjunctionsubordinating conjunctionτόthisὁ · accusative singular neuter pronounobject of ἄκουσεγindeedγε · particleemphasizing particleἄκουσεheardἀκούω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbadverbial to ἐπεὶΠοσειδάωνPoseidonΠοσειδεών · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of ἄκουσεἐνοσίχθωνearth-shakerἘνοσίχθων · nominative singular masculine nounmodifies Ποσειδάων - 319
he went through the battle and the din of spears
Metre
βῆἴμενἄντεμάχην‖καὶἀνὰκλόνονἐγχειάων
βῆwentβαίνω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbῥthenἄρα · particlesentence particleἴμενto goεἶμι · present active infinitiveadverbial to βῆἄνthroughἀνά · prepositionprepositionτεandτε · particlesentence particleμάχηνbattleμάχη · accusative singular feminine nounobject of ἄνκαὶandκαί · conjunctioncoordinating wordἀνὰthroughἀνά · prepositionprepositionκλόνονtumultκλόνος · accusative singular masculine nounobject of ἀνὰἐγχειάωνspearsἐγχείη · genitive plural feminine nounmodifies κλόνον - 320
and came where Aeneas and renowned Achilles stood.
Metre
ἷξεὅθΑἰνείας‖ἠδὃκλυτὸςἦενἈχιλλεύς
ἷξεcameἵκω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbδandδέ · particlecoordinating wordὅθwhereὅθι · adverbadverbial to ἦενΑἰνείαςAeneasΑἰνείας · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of ἠδ̓ἠδandἠδέ · conjunctioncoordinating wordὃtheὁ · nominative singular masculine articlemodifies Ἀχιλλεύςκλυτὸςfamedκλυτός · nominative singular masculine adjectivemodifies Ἀχιλλεύςἦενwasεἰμί · imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verbobject of ἷξεἈχιλλεύςAchillesἈχιλλεύς · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of ἠδ̓ - 321
At once he poured a mist down over the eyes
Metre
αὐτίκατῷμὲνἔπειτα‖κατὀφθαλμῶνχέενἀχλὺν
αὐτίκαat onceαὐτίκα · adverbadverbial to χέεντῷhimὁ · dative singular masculine articlemodifies Ἀχιλῆϊμὲνindeedμέν · particlesentence particleἔπειταthenἔπειτα · adverbadverbial to χέενκατoverκατά · prepositionprepositionὀφθαλμῶνeyesὀφθαλμός · genitive plural masculine nounobject of κατ̓χέενpouredχέω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbἀχλὺνa mistἀχλύς · accusative singular feminine nounobject of χέεν - 322
of Achilles, son of Peleus; then the bronze-shod ash spear
Πηλεΐδῃson of PeleusΠηλείδης · dative singular masculine nounmodifies ἈχιλῆϊἈχιλῆϊAchillesἈχιλλεύς · dative singular masculine nounadverbial to χέενὃheὁ · nominative singular masculine pronounsubject of ἐξέρυσενδὲandδέ · particlecoordinating wordμελίηνash spearμελία · accusative singular feminine nounobject of ἐξέρυσενεὔχαλκονbronze-boundεὔχαλκος · accusative singular feminine adjectivemodifies μελίην - 323
he drew from the shield of great-hearted Aeneas
Metre
ἀσπίδοςἐξέρυσεν‖μεγαλήτοροςΑἰνείαο
ἀσπίδοςshieldἀσπίς · genitive singular feminine nounobject of ἐξέρυσενἐξέρυσενdrew outἐξερύω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbμεγαλήτοροςgreat-heartedμεγαλήτωρ · genitive singular masculine adjectivemodifies ΑἰνείαοΑἰνείαοAeneasΑἰνείας · genitive singular masculine nounmodifies ἀσπίδος - 324
and set it down before Achilles' feet,
Metre
καὶτὴνμὲνπροπάροιθε‖ποδῶνἈχιλῆοςἔθηκεν
καὶandκαί · conjunctionsentence particleτὴνitὁ · accusative singular feminine pronounobject of ἔθηκενμὲνindeedμέν · particlesentence particleπροπάροιθεbeforeπροπάροιθε · prepositionprepositionποδῶνfeetπούς · genitive plural masculine nounobject of προπάροιθεἈχιλῆοςAchillesἈχιλλεύς · genitive singular masculine nounmodifies ποδῶνἔθηκενsetτίθημι · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verb - 325
but he swept Aeneas from the earth, lifting him high.
Metre
Αἰνείανἔσσευεν‖ἀπὸχθονὸςὑψόσἀείρας
ΑἰνείανAeneasΑἰνείας · accusative singular masculine nounobject of ἔσσευενδandδέ · particlecoordinating wordἔσσευενswept awayσεύω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbἀπὸfromἀπό · prepositionprepositionχθονὸςgroundχθών · genitive singular feminine nounadverbial to ἀπὸὑψόσaloftὑψόσε · adverbadverbial to ἀείραςἀείραςliftedἀείρω · aorist active participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to ἔσσευεν - 326
Over many ranks of heroes and many ranks of horses
Metre
πολλὰςδὲστίχαςἡρώων‖πολλὰςδὲκαὶἵππων
πολλὰςmanyπολύς · accusative plural feminine adjectivemodifies στίχαςδὲandδέ · particlesentence particleστίχαςranksστίξ · accusative plural feminine nounobject of δὲἡρώωνof heroesἥρως · genitive plural masculine nounmodifies στίχαςπολλὰςmanyπολύς · accusative plural feminine adjectiveobject of δὲδὲandδέ · particlecoordinating wordκαὶalsoκαί · adverbemphasizing particleἵππωνhorsesἵππος · genitive plural masculine nounmodifies πολλὰς - 327
Aeneas leapt, sped onward by the god's hand,
Metre
Αἰνείαςὑπερᾶλτο‖θεοῦἀπὸχειρὸςὀρούσας
ΑἰνείαςAeneasΑἰνείας · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of ὑπερᾶλτοὑπερᾶλτοleapt overὑπεράλλομαι · aorist medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbθεοῦgodθεός · genitive singular masculine nounmodifies χειρὸςἀπὸfromἀπό · prepositionprepositionχειρὸςhandχείρ · genitive singular feminine nounadverbial to ἀπὸὀρούσαςspringingὀρούω · aorist active participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to ὑπερᾶλτο - 328
until he reached the far edge of the battle's many charges,
Metre
ἷξεἐπἐσχατιὴν‖πολυάϊκοςπολέμοιο
ἷξεreachedἵκω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbδandδέ · particlecoordinating wordἐπuponἐπί · prepositionprepositionἐσχατιὴνfar edgeἐσχατιά · accusative singular feminine nounobject of ἐπ̓πολυάϊκοςmany-chargingπολυάιξ · genitive singular masculine adjectivemodifies πολέμοιοπολέμοιοbattleπόλεμος · genitive singular masculine nounmodifies ἐσχατιὴν - 329
where the Cauconians were arming amid the war.
Metre
ἔνθάτεΚαύκωνες‖πόλεμονμέταθωρήσσοντο
ἔνθάwhereἔνθα · adverbadverbial to θωρήσσοντοτεandτε · particlesentence particleΚαύκωνεςCauconiansΚαύκωνες · nominative plural masculine nounsubject of θωρήσσοντοπόλεμονbattleπόλεμος · accusative singular masculine nounadverbial to μέταμέταamidμετά · prepositionprepositionθωρήσσοντοwere armingθωρήσσω · imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verbverb of a clause describing ἐσχατιὴν - 330
Poseidon the earth-shaker came very near him,
Metre
τῷδὲμάλἐγγύθενἦλθε‖Ποσειδάωνἐνοσίχθων
τῷhimὁ · dative singular masculine pronounobject of ἐγγύθενδὲandδέ · particlesentence particleμάλveryμάλα · adverbemphasizing particleἐγγύθενcloseἐγγύθεν · prepositionprepositionἦλθεcameἔρχομαι · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbΠοσειδάωνPoseidonΠοσειδεών · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of ἦλθεἐνοσίχθωνearth-shakerἘνοσίχθων · nominative singular masculine nounmodifies Ποσειδάων - 331
and speaking to him, he addressed him with winged words:
Metre
καίμινφωνήσας‖ἔπεαπτερόενταπροσηύδα
καίandκαί · conjunctioncoordinating wordμινhimμιν · accusative singular masculine pronounobject of προσηύδαφωνήσαςspeakingφωνέω · aorist active participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to προσηύδαἔπεαwordsἔπος · accusative plural neuter nounobject of προσηύδαπτερόενταwingedπτερόεις · accusative plural neuter adjectivemodifies ἔπεαπροσηύδαaddressedπροσαυδάω · imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verb - 332
"Aeneas, what god commands you in such blindness
Metre
Αἰνείατίςὧδε‖θεῶνἀτέοντακελεύει
ΑἰνείαAeneasΑἰνείας · vocative singular masculine noungoverned by an elided headτίςwhatτις · nominative singular masculine pronounsubject of κελεύεισyouσύ · accusative singular masculine pronounsubject of μάχεσθαιὧδεthusὧδε · adverbadverbial to κελεύειθεῶνgodsθεός · genitive plural masculine nounmodifies τίςἀτέονταblindedἀτέω · present active participle, accusative singular masculinecircumstantial complementκελεύειcommandsκελεύω · present active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verb - 333
to fight face to face with the high-hearted son of Peleus?
Metre
ἀντίαΠηλεΐωνος‖ὑπερθύμοιομάχεσθαι
ἀντίαface-to-faceἀντίος · accusative plural neuter adjectiveprepositionΠηλεΐωνοςof Peleus’s sonΠηλείων · genitive singular masculine nounobject of ἀντίαὑπερθύμοιοhigh-spiritedὑπέρθυμος · genitive singular masculine adjectivemodifies Πηλεΐωνοςμάχεσθαιto fightμάχομαι · present medio-passive infinitiveobject of κελεύει - 334
He is at once stronger than you and dearer to the immortals.
Metre
ὃςσεῦἅμακρείσσων‖καὶφίλτεροςἀθανάτοισιν
ὃςwhoὅς · nominative singular masculine pronounsubjectσεῦyouσύ · genitive singular masculine pronounadverbial to κρείσσωνἅμαat onceἅμα · adverbadverbialκρείσσωνstrongerκρείσσων · nominative singular masculine comparative adjectivepredicate nounκαὶandκαί · conjunctioncoordinating wordφίλτεροςdearerφίλτερος · nominative singular masculine adjectivepredicate nounἀθανάτοισινimmortalsἀθάνατος · dative plural masculine adjectiveadverbial to φίλτερος - 335
Draw back whenever you meet him,
Metre
ἀλλἀναχωρῆσαι‖ὅτεκενσυμβλήσεαιαὐτῷ
ἀλλbutἀλλά · adverbsentence particleἀναχωρῆσαιdraw backἀναχωρέω · aorist active infinitivemain verbὅτεwheneverὅτε · adverbsubordinating conjunctionκενwouldἄν · particlesentence particleσυμβλήσεαιyou meetσυμβάλλω · future middle indicative, 2nd singular verbadverbial to ὅτεαὐτῷhimαὐτός · dative singular masculine adjectiveobject of συμβλήσεαι - 336
lest you enter the house of Hades even beyond your fate.
Metre
μὴκαὶὑπὲρμοῖραν‖δόμονἌϊδοςεἰσαφίκηαι
μὴlestμή · conjunctionsubordinating conjunctionκαὶevenκαί · adverbemphasizing particleὑπὲρbeyondὑπέρ · prepositionprepositionμοῖρανfateμοῖρα · accusative singular feminine nounadverbial to ὑπὲρδόμονhouseδόμος · accusative singular masculine nounobject of εἰσαφίκηαιἌϊδοςof HadesἈίδης · genitive singular masculine nounmodifies δόμονεἰσαφίκηαιyou reachεἰσαφικνέομαι · aorist medio-passive subjunctive, 2nd singular verbadverbial to μὴ - 337
But when Achilles meets his death and doom,
Metre
αὐτὰρἐπείἈχιλεὺς‖θάνατονκαὶπότμονἐπίσπῃ
αὐτὰρbutἀτάρ · particlesentence particleἐπείwhenἐπεί · adverbadverbial to μάχεσθαικeverἄν · particlesentence particleἈχιλεὺςAchillesἈχιλλεύς · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of ἐπίσπῃθάνατονdeathθάνατος · accusative singular masculine nounobject of καὶκαὶandκαί · conjunctioncoordinating wordπότμονdoomπότμος · accusative singular masculine nounobject of καὶἐπίσπῃmeetsἐφέπω · aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verbadverbial to ἐπεί - 338
then take courage and fight among the foremost,
Metre
θαρσήσαςδὴἔπειτα‖μετὰπρώτοισιμάχεσθαι
θαρσήσαςtaking courageθαρσέω · aorist active participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to μάχεσθαιδὴindeedδή · particlesentence particleἔπειταthenἔπειτα · adverbadverbial to μάχεσθαιμετὰamongμετά · prepositionprepositionπρώτοισιthe foremostπρῶτος · dative plural masculine adjectiveadverbial to μετὰμάχεσθαιfightμάχομαι · present medio-passive infinitivemain verb - 339
for no other Achaean shall kill you."
Metre
οὐμὲνγάρτίςἄλλος‖Ἀχαιῶνἐξεναρίξει
οὐnotοὐ · adverbemphasizing particleμὲνindeedμέν · particlesentence particleγάρforγάρ · particlesentence particleτίςanyoneτις · nominative singular masculine pronounsubject of ἐξεναρίξεισyouσύ · accusative singular masculine pronounobject of ἐξεναρίξειἄλλοςotherἄλλος · nominative singular masculine adjectivemodifies τίςἈχαιῶνof the AchaeansἈχαιός · genitive plural masculine adjectivemodifies τίςἐξεναρίξειwill slayἐξεναρίζω · future active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verb - 340
So he spoke and left him there, when he had explained all.
Metre
ὣςεἰπὼνλίπεναὐτόθ‖ἐπεὶδιεπέφραδεπάντα
ὣςsoὡς · adverbadverbial to εἰπὼνεἰπὼνhaving spokenεἶπον · aorist active participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to λίπενλίπενleftλείπω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbαὐτόθthereαὐτόθι · adverbadverbial to λίπενἐπεὶwhenἐπεί · conjunctionsubordinating conjunctionδιεπέφραδεhad explainedδιαφράζω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbadverbial to ἐπεὶπάνταeverythingπᾶς · accusative plural neuter adjectiveobject of διεπέφραδε - 341
Then swiftly from Achilles' eyes he scattered the mist,
Metre
αἶψαἔπειτἈχιλῆος‖ἀπὀφθαλμῶνσκέδασἀχλὺν
αἶψαswiftlyαἶψα · adverbadverbial to σκέδασ̓δandδέ · particlecoordinating wordἔπειτthenἔπειτα · adverbadverbial to σκέδασ̓Ἀχιλῆοςof AchillesἈχιλλεύς · genitive singular masculine nounmodifies ὀφθαλμῶνἀπfromἀπό · prepositionprepositionὀφθαλμῶνhis eyesὀφθαλμός · genitive plural masculine nounadverbial to ἀπ̓σκέδασscatteredσκεδάννυμι · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbἀχλὺνthe mistἀχλύς · accusative singular feminine nounobject of σκέδασ̓ - 342
wondrous and divine; and Achilles saw clearly with his eyes.
Metre
θεσπεσίηνὃἔπειτα‖μέγἔξιδενὀφθαλμοῖσιν
θεσπεσίηνdivineθεσπέσιος · accusative singular feminine adjectivemodifies ἀχλὺνὃheὁ · nominative singular masculine pronounsubject of ἔξιδενδandδέ · particlesentence particleἔπειταthenἔπειτα · adverbadverbial to ἔξιδενμέγclearlyμέγας · accusative singular neuter adjectiveadverbial to ἔξιδενἔξιδενsawἐξεῖδον · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbὀφθαλμοῖσινwith his eyesὀφθαλμός · dative plural masculine nounadverbial to ἔξιδεν - 343
then in anguish he spoke to his own great-hearted spirit:"
Metre
ὀχθήσαςἄραεἶπε‖πρὸςὃνμεγαλήτοραθυμόν
ὀχθήσαςin anguishὀχθέω · aorist active participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to εἶπεδandδέ · particlecoordinating wordἄραthenἄρα · particlesentence particleεἶπεspokeεἶπον · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbπρὸςtoπρός · prepositionprepositionὃνhis ownἑός · accusative singular masculine adjectivemodifies θυμόνμεγαλήτοραgreat-heartedμεγαλήτωρ · accusative singular masculine adjectivemodifies θυμόνθυμόνspiritθυμός · accusative singular masculine nounobject of πρὸς - 344
Ah me, truly a great wonder this my eyes behold
Metre
ὢπόποιἦμέγαθαῦμα‖τόδὀφθαλμοῖσινὁρῶμαι
ὢahὦ · interjectionemphasizing particleπόποιalasπόποι · interjectiongoverned by an elided headἦtrulyἦ · adverbsentence particleμέγαgreatμέγας · accusative singular neuter adjectivemodifies θαῦμαθαῦμαwonderθαῦμα · accusative singular neuter nounobject of ὁρῶμαιτόδthisὅδε · accusative singular neuter pronounmodifies θαῦμαὀφθαλμοῖσινwith my eyesὀφθαλμός · dative plural masculine nounadverbial to ὁρῶμαιὁρῶμαιI beholdὁράω · present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verbmain verb - 345
My spear lies here upon the ground, but nowhere do I see the man
Metre
ἔγχοςμὲντόδεκεῖται‖ἐπὶχθονόςοὐδέτιφῶτα
ἔγχοςspearἔγχος · nominative singular neuter nounsubject of κεῖταιμὲνindeedμέν · particlesentence particleτόδεthisὅδε · nominative singular neuter pronounmodifies ἔγχοςκεῖταιliesκεῖμαι · present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbἐπὶuponἐπί · prepositionprepositionχθονόςthe groundχθών · genitive singular feminine nounadverbial to ἐπὶτιat allτις · accusative singular neuter pronounadverbial to λεύσσωφῶταthe manφώς · accusative singular masculine nounobject of λεύσσω - 346
at whom I cast it, raging to kill him.
Metre
λεύσσωτῷἐφέηκα‖κατακτάμεναιμενεαίνων
λεύσσωI seeλεύσσω · present active indicative, 1st singular verbmain verbτῷat whomὁ · dative singular masculine pronounobject of ἐφέηκαἐφέηκαI hurled itἐφίημι · aorist active indicative, 1st singular verbverb of a clause describing φῶτακατακτάμεναιto killκατακτείνω · aorist active infinitiveobject of μενεαίνωνμενεαίνωνragingμενεαίνω · present active participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to ἐφέηκα - 347
So Aeneas too was dear to the immortal gods,
Metre
ἦῥακαὶΑἰνείας‖φίλοςἀθανάτοισιθεοῖσιν
ἦtrulyἦ · adverbsentence particleῥαthenἄρα · particleemphasizing particleκαὶtooκαί · adverbemphasizing particleΑἰνείαςAeneasΑἰνείας · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of ἦενφίλοςdearφίλος · nominative singular masculine adjectivepredicate nounἀθανάτοισιimmortalἀθάνατος · dative plural masculine adjectivemodifies θεοῖσινθεοῖσινto the godsθεός · dative plural masculine nounadverbial to ἦεν - 348
though I thought his boasting was empty and vain.
Metre
ἦενἀτάρμινἔφην‖μὰψαὔτωςεὐχετάασθαι
ἦενwasεἰμί · imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbἀτάρbutἀτάρ · particlesentence particleμινhimμιν · accusative singular masculine pronounsubject of εὐχετάασθαιἔφηνI thoughtφημί · imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verbmain verbμὰψvainlyμάψ · adverbadverbial to εὐχετάασθαιαὔτωςidlyαὔτως · adverbadverbial to εὐχετάασθαιεὐχετάασθαιwas boastingεὐχετάομαι · present medio-passive infinitiveobject of ἔφην - 349
Away with him! He will have no heart to test himself
Metre
ἐρρέτωοὔοἱθυμὸς‖ἐμεῦἔτιπειρηθῆναι
ἐρρέτωaway with himἔρρω · present active imperative, 3rd singular verbmain verbοὔnotοὐ · adverbemphasizing particleοἱfor himἕ · dative singular masculine pronounadverbial to ἔσσεταιθυμὸςheartθυμός · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of ἔσσεταιἐμεῦof meἐγώ · genitive singular masculine pronounobject of πειρηθῆναιἔτιagainἔτι · adverbadverbial to πειρηθῆναιπειρηθῆναιto make trialπειράω · aorist passive infinitivemodifies θυμὸςthe passive infinitive means to make trial of or test oneself against someone.
- 350
against me again, when even now he escaped death with joy.
Metre
ἔσσεταιὃςκαὶνῦν‖φύγενἄσμενοςἐκθανάτοιο
ἔσσεταιwill there beεἰμί · future middle indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbὃςwhoὅς · nominative singular masculine pronounsubject of φύγενκαὶevenκαί · adverbemphasizing particleνῦνnowνῦν · adverbadverbial to φύγενφύγενescapedφεύγω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbverb of a clause describing οἱἄσμενοςgladlyἄσμενος · nominative singular masculine adjectivecircumstantial complementἐκfromἐκ · prepositionprepositionθανάτοιοdeathθάνατος · genitive singular masculine nounadverbial to ἐκ - 351
Come, then: I shall give orders to the war-loving Danaans
Metre
ἀλλἄγεδὴΔαναοῖσι‖φιλοπτολέμοισικελεύσας
ἀλλbutἀλλά · adverbsentence particleἄγεcomeἄγε · adverbsentence particleδὴthenδή · particleemphasizing particleΔαναοῖσιto the DanaansΔαναοί · dative plural masculine nounobject of κελεύσαςφιλοπτολέμοισιwar-lovingφιλοπόλεμος · dative plural masculine adjectivemodifies Δαναοῖσικελεύσαςhaving commandedκελεύω · aorist active participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to πειρήσομαι - 352
and go face-to-face to test the other Trojans."
Metre
τῶνἄλλωνΤρώων‖πειρήσομαιἀντίοςἐλθών
τῶνof theὁ · genitive plural masculine articlemodifies Τρώωνἄλλωνotherἄλλος · genitive plural masculine adjectivemodifies ΤρώωνΤρώωνTrojansΤρώς · genitive plural masculine nounobject of πειρήσομαιπειρήσομαιI will testπειράω · future middle indicative, 1st singular verbmain verbἀντίοςface-to-faceἀντίος · nominative singular masculine adjectivecircumstantial complementἐλθώνhaving goneἔρχομαι · aorist active participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to πειρήσομαι - 353
So he spoke, and leapt along the ranks, urging each man:
Metre
ἦκαὶἐπὶστίχαςἆλτο‖κέλευεδὲφωτὶἑκάστῳ
ἦhe spokeἠμί · imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbκαὶandκαί · conjunctionsentence particleἐπὶalongἐπί · prepositionprepositionστίχαςthe ranksστίξ · accusative plural feminine nounobject of ἐπὶἆλτοleaptἅλλομαι · aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbκέλευεurgedκελεύω · imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbδὲandδέ · particlecoordinating wordφωτὶto a manφώς · dative singular masculine nounobject of κέλευεἑκάστῳeachἕκαστος · dative singular masculine adjectivemodifies φωτὶ - 354
"Godlike Achaeans, no longer stand far off from the Trojans,
Metre
μηκέτινῦνΤρώων‖ἑκὰςἕστατεδῖοιἈχαιοί
μηκέτιno longerμηκέτι · adverbadverbial to ἕστατενῦνnowνῦν · adverbadverbial to ἕστατεΤρώωνfrom the TrojansΤρώς · genitive plural nounadverbial to ἑκὰςἑκὰςfar fromἑκάς · adverbprepositionἕστατεstandἵστημι · perfect active imperative, 2nd plural verbmain verbδῖοιgodlikeδῖος · vocative plural masculine adjectivemodifies ἈχαιοίἈχαιοίAchaeansἈχαιός · vocative plural masculine adjectivegoverned by an elided head - 355
but come, let man go against man, eager to fight.
Metre
ἀλλἄγἀνὴρἄντἀνδρὸς‖ἴτωμεμάτωδὲμάχεσθαι
ἀλλbutἀλλά · conjunctionsentence particleἄγcomeἄγε · adverbsentence particleἀνὴρmanἀνήρ · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of ἴτωἄντagainstἄντα · prepositionprepositionἀνδρὸςmanἀνήρ · genitive singular masculine nounobject of ἄντ̓ἴτωlet him goεἶμι · present active imperative, 3rd singular verbmain verbμεμάτωlet him be eagerμέμαα · perfect active imperative, 3rd singular verbmain verba perfect imperative with present force: let him be eager.
δὲandδέ · particlecoordinating wordμάχεσθαιto fightμάχομαι · present medio-passive infinitiveobject of μεμάτω - 356
It is hard for me, strong though I am,
Metre
ἀργαλέονδέμοίἐστι‖καὶἰφθίμῳπερἐόντι
ἀργαλέονhardἀργαλέος · nominative singular neuter adjectivepredicate nounδέandδέ · particlecoordinating wordμοίfor meἐγώ · dative singular masculine pronounadverbial to ἐστιἐστιit isεἰμί · present active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbκαὶevenκαί · adverbemphasizing particleἰφθίμῳstrongἴφθιμος · dative singular masculine adjectivepredicate nounπερthoughπέρ · particleemphasizing particleἐόντιbeingεἰμί · present active participle, dative singular masculinecircumstantial complement - 357
to pursue so many men and fight them all.
Metre
τοσσούσδἀνθρώπους‖ἐφέπεινκαὶπᾶσιμάχεσθαι
τοσσούσδso manyτοσόσδε · accusative plural masculine pronounmodifies ἀνθρώπουςἀνθρώπουςmenἄνθρωπος · accusative plural masculine nounobject of ἐφέπεινἐφέπεινto pursueἐφέπω · present active infinitivesubject of καὶκαὶandκαί · conjunctioncoordinating wordπᾶσιwith allπᾶς · dative plural masculine adjectiveobject of μάχεσθαιμάχεσθαιto fightμάχομαι · present medio-passive infinitivesubject of καὶ - 358
Not even Ares, though he is an immortal god, nor Athena
Metre
οὐδέἌρηςὅςπερ‖θεὸςἄμβροτοςοὐδέἈθήνη
κcouldἄν · particlesentence particlethe particle marks potential force with the understood verb.
ἌρηςAresἌρης · nominative singular masculine nounsubjectὅςwhoὅς · nominative singular masculine pronounsubjectπερthoughπέρ · particleemphasizing particleθεὸςa godθεός · nominative singular masculine nounpredicate nounἄμβροτοςimmortalἄμβροτος · nominative singular masculine adjectivemodifies θεὸςκcouldἄν · particlesentence particleἈθήνηAthenaἈθήνη · nominative singular feminine nounsubject of καὶ - 359
could press through the mouth of so great a battle and labor there.
Metre
τοσσῆσδὑσμίνης‖ἐφέποιστόμακαὶπονέοιτο
τοσσῆσδso greatτοσόσδε · genitive singular feminine pronounmodifies ὑσμίνηςὑσμίνηςbattleὑσμίνη · genitive singular feminine nounmodifies στόμαἐφέποιcould press throughἐφέπω · present active optative, 3rd singular verbmain verbthe optative expresses what even a god could accomplish.
στόμαthe mouthστόμα · accusative singular neuter nounobject of ἐφέποικαὶandκαί · conjunctioncoordinating wordπονέοιτοcould laborπονέω · present medio-passive optative, 3rd singular verbmain verb - 360
But so far as I have power in hands and feet
Metre
ἀλλὅσσονμὲνἐγὼ‖δύναμαιχερσίντεποσίντε
ἀλλbutἀλλά · adverbsentence particleὅσσονas far asὅσος · accusative singular neuter adjectiveadverbial to δύναμαιμὲνindeedμέν · particlesentence particleἐγὼIἐγώ · nominative singular masculine pronounsubject of δύναμαιδύναμαιam ableδύναμαι · present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verbadverbial to μεθησέμενχερσίνwith handsχείρ · dative plural feminine nounadverbial to καὶτεandτε · particlesentence particleποσίνwith feetπούς · dative plural masculine nounadverbial to καὶτεandτε · particlesentence particle - 361
and strength, I say I shall no longer slacken, not even a little,
Metre
καὶσθένειοὔἔτιφημὶ‖μεθησέμενοὐδἠβαιόν
καὶandκαί · conjunctioncoordinating wordσθένειin strengthσθένος · dative singular neuter nounadverbial to καὶοὔnotοὐ · adverbemphasizing particleμIἐγώ · accusative singular masculine pronounsubject of μεθησέμενἔτιany longerἔτι · adverbadverbial to μεθησέμενφημὶI sayφημί · present active indicative, 1st singular verbmain verbμεθησέμενwill slackenμεθίημι · future active infinitiveobject of φημὶepic future infinitive dependent on “I say.”
ἠβαιόνat allἠβαιός · accusative singular neuter adjectiveadverbial to μεθησέμεν - 362
but I shall pass clean through the battle-line; and I think no
Metre
ἀλλὰμάλαστιχὸςεἶμι‖διαμπερέςοὐδέτινοἴω
ἀλλὰbutἀλλά · conjunctionsentence particleμάλαutterlyμάλα · adverbemphasizing particleστιχὸςof the lineστίξ · genitive singular feminine nounobject of διαμπερέςεἶμιI will goεἶμι · present active indicative, 1st singular verbmain verbδιαμπερέςright throughδιαμπερές · adverbprepositionτινanyoneτις · accusative singular masculine pronounsubject of χαιρήσεινοἴωI thinkοἴομαι · present active indicative, 1st singular verbmain verb - 363
Trojan will rejoice who comes within reach of my spear."
Metre
Τρώωνχαιρήσειν‖ὅςτιςσχεδὸνἔγχεοςἔλθῃ
Τρώωνof the TrojansΤρώς · genitive plural nounmodifies τιν̓χαιρήσεινwill rejoiceχαίρω · future active infinitiveobject of οἴωὅςwhoὅς · nominative singular masculine pronounsubject of ἔλθῃτιςanyτις · nominative singular masculine pronounmodifies ὅςσχεδὸνwithinσχεδόν · prepositionprepositionἔγχεοςof my spearἔγχος · genitive singular neuter nounobject of σχεδὸνἔλθῃcomesἔρχομαι · aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verbverb of a clause describing τιν̓ - 364
So he spoke, urging them on; but to the Trojans glorious Hector
Metre
ὣςφάτἐποτρύνων‖ΤρώεσσιδὲφαίδιμοςἝκτωρ
ὣςsoὡς · adverbadverbial to φάτ̓φάτhe spokeφημί · aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbἐποτρύνωνurgingἐποτρύνω · present active participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to φάτ̓Τρώεσσιto the TrojansΤρώς · dative plural masculine nounobject of κέκλεθ̓δὲbutδέ · particlesentence particleφαίδιμοςgloriousφαίδιμος · nominative singular masculine adjectivemodifies ἝκτωρἝκτωρHectorἝκτωρ · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of κέκλεθ̓ - 365
called out loudly, and said he would go against Achilles:
Metre
κέκλεθὁμοκλήσας‖φάτοἴμεναιἄντἈχιλῆος
κέκλεθcalled outκέλομαι · aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbthe middle aorist is an epic form meaning he called or commanded.
ὁμοκλήσαςhaving shoutedὁμοκλέω · aorist active participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to κέκλεθ̓φάτοsaidφημί · aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbδandδέ · particlecoordinating wordἴμεναιto goεἶμι · present active infinitiveobject of φάτοἄντagainstἄντα · prepositionprepositionἈχιλῆοςAchillesἈχιλλεύς · genitive singular masculine nounobject of ἄντ̓ - 366
"High-hearted Trojans, do not fear the son of Peleus.
Metre
Τρῶεςὑπέρθυμοι‖μὴδείδιτεΠηλεΐωνα
ΤρῶεςTrojansΤρώς · vocative plural masculine noungoverned by an elided headὑπέρθυμοιhigh-heartedὑπέρθυμος · vocative plural masculine adjectivemodifies Τρῶεςμὴdo notμή · particleemphasizing particleδείδιτεfearδείδω · perfect active imperative, 2nd plural verbmain verbΠηλεΐωναPeleus’ sonΠηλείων · accusative singular masculine nounobject of δείδιτε - 367
With words I could fight even the immortals,
Metre
καίκενἐγὼἐπέεσσι‖καὶἀθανάτοισιμαχοίμην
καίevenκαί · adverbemphasizing particleκενmightἄν · particlesentence particleἐγὼIἐγώ · nominative singular masculine pronounsubject of μαχοίμηνἐπέεσσιwith wordsἔπος · dative plural neuter nounadverbial to μαχοίμηνκαὶevenκαί · adverbemphasizing particleἀθανάτοισιimmortalsἀθάνατος · dative plural masculine adjectiveobject of μαχοίμηνμαχοίμηνfightμάχομαι · present medio-passive optative, 1st singular verbmain verb - 368
but with the spear it is hard, for they are far stronger.
ἔγχεϊwith a spearἔγχος · dative singular neuter nounadverbialδbutδέ · particlecoordinating wordἀργαλέονit is hardἀργαλέος · nominative singular neuter adjectivepredicate nounἐπεὶsinceἐπεί · conjunctionsubordinating conjunctionἦtrulyἦ · adverbsentence particleπολὺfarπολύς · accusative singular neuter adjectiveemphasizing particleφέρτεροίstrongerφέρτατος · nominative plural masculine adjectivepredicate nounεἰσινthey areεἰμί · present active indicative, 3rd plural verbadverbial to ἐπεὶ - 369
Achilles will not bring all his words to fulfillment:
Metre
οὐδἈχιλεὺςπάντεσσι‖τέλοςμύθοιςἐπιθήσει
ἈχιλεὺςAchillesἈχιλλεύς · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of ἐπιθήσειπάντεσσιto allπᾶς · dative plural masculine adjectivemodifies μύθοιςτέλοςfulfillmentτέλος · accusative singular neuter nounobject of ἐπιθήσειμύθοιςhis wordsμῦθος · dative plural masculine nounobject of ἐπιθήσειἐπιθήσειwill giveἐπιτίθημι · future active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verb - 370
he fulfills one part, but cuts another short midway.
Metre
ἀλλὰτὸμὲντελέει‖τὸδὲκαὶμεσσηγὺκολούει
ἀλλὰbutἀλλά · conjunctioncoordinating wordτὸone partὁ · accusative singular neuter pronounobject of τελέειμὲνon one handμέν · particlesentence particleτελέειwill fulfillτελέω · future active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbτὸanother partὁ · accusative singular neuter pronounobject of κολούειδὲbutδέ · particlecoordinating wordκαὶevenκαί · adverbemphasizing particleμεσσηγὺmidwayμεσηγύ · adverbadverbial to κολούεικολούειcuts shortκολούω · present active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verb - 371
I shall go against him, even if his hands are like fire,
Metre
τοῦἐγὼἀντίοςεἶμι‖καὶεἰπυρὶχεῖραςἔοικεν
τοῦhimὁ · genitive singular masculine pronounobject of ἀντίοςδbutδέ · particlecoordinating wordἐγὼIἐγώ · nominative singular masculine pronounsubject of εἶμιἀντίοςagainstἀντίος · nominative singular masculine adjectivecircumstantial complementεἶμιwill goεἶμι · present active indicative, 1st singular verbmain verbκαὶevenκαί · adverbemphasizing particleεἰifεἰ · conjunctionsubordinating conjunctionπυρὶfireπῦρ · dative singular neuter nounobject of ἔοικενχεῖραςhis handsχείρ · accusative plural feminine nounadverbial to ἔοικενἔοικενresembleἔοικα · perfect active indicative, 3rd singular verbadverbial to εἰ - 372
if his hands are like fire and his fury like blazing iron."
εἰifεἰ · conjunctionsubordinating conjunctionπυρὶfireπῦρ · dative singular neuter nounobject of ἔοικεχεῖραςhis handsχείρ · accusative plural feminine nounadverbial to ἔοικεἔοικεresembleἔοικα · perfect active indicative, 3rd singular verbadverbial to δ̓μένοςhis furyμένος · accusative singular neuter nounadverbialδandδέ · particlecoordinating wordαἴθωνιblazingαἴθων · dative singular masculine adjectivemodifies σιδήρῳσιδήρῳironσίδηρος · dative singular masculine nounobject - 373
So he spoke, urging them on; and spears they raised against him—
Metre
ὣςφάτἐποτρύνων‖οἳἀντίοιἔγχεἄειραν
ὣςsoὡς · adverbadverbial to φάτ̓φάτhe spokeφημί · aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbἐποτρύνωνurgingἐποτρύνω · present active participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to φάτ̓οἳtheὁ · nominative plural masculine articlemodifies Τρῶεςδandδέ · particlecoordinating wordἀντίοιopposingἀντίος · nominative plural masculine adjectivecircumstantial complementἔγχεspearsἔγχος · accusative plural neuter nounobject of ἄειρανἄειρανraisedἀείρω · aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verbmain verb - 374
the Trojans; their fury mingled all together, and the war-cry rose.
Metre
Τρῶεςτῶνἄμυδις‖μίχθημένοςὦρτοἀϋτή
ΤρῶεςTrojansΤρώς · nominative plural masculine nounsubject of ἄειραντῶνtheirὁ · genitive plural masculine pronounmodifies μένοςδandδέ · particlesentence particleἄμυδιςtogetherἄμυδις · adverbadverbial to μίχθημίχθηmingledμίγνυμι · aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbμένοςfuryμένος · nominative singular neuter nounsubject of μίχθηὦρτοroseὄρνυμι · aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbδandδέ · particlecoordinating wordἀϋτήwar cryἀυτή · nominative singular feminine nounsubject of ὦρτο - 375
Then Phoebus Apollo stood beside Hector and said:
Metre
καὶτότἄρἝκτοραεἶπε‖παραστὰςΦοῖβοςἈπόλλων
καὶandκαί · adverbcoordinating wordτότthenτότε · adverbadverbial to εἶπεἄρthereuponἄρα · particlesentence particleἝκτοραHectorἝκτωρ · accusative singular masculine nounobject of εἶπεεἶπεaddressedεἶπον · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbπαραστὰςstanding besideπαρίστημι · aorist active participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to εἶπεΦοῖβοςPhoebusΦοῖβος · nominative singular masculine nounmodifies ἈπόλλωνἈπόλλωνApolloἈπόλλων · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of εἶπε - 376
"Hector, do not challenge Achilles out in front at all,
Metre
Ἕκτορμηκέτιπάμπαν‖Ἀχιλλῆϊπρομάχιζε
ἝκτορHectorἝκτωρ · vocative singular masculine noungoverned by an elided headμηκέτιno longerμηκέτι · adverbadverbial to προμάχιζεπάμπανat allπάμπαν · adverbadverbial to προμάχιζεἈχιλλῆϊAchillesἈχιλλεύς · dative singular masculine nounobject of προμάχιζεπρομάχιζεchallenge in frontπρομαχίζω · present active imperative, 2nd singular verbmain verb - 377
but wait for him among the throng and away from the battle-din,
Metre
ἀλλὰκατὰπληθύν‖τεκαὶἐκφλοίσβοιοδέδεξο
ἀλλὰbutἀλλά · conjunctioncoordinating wordκατὰamidκατά · prepositionprepositionπληθύνthe throngπληθύς · accusative singular feminine nounadverbial to κατὰτεandτε · particlesentence particleκαὶandκαί · conjunctioncoordinating wordἐκaway fromἐκ · prepositionprepositionφλοίσβοιοbattle dinφλοῖσβος · genitive singular masculine nounadverbial to ἐκδέδεξοawaitδέχομαι · perfect medio-passive imperative, 2nd singular verbmain verbthe perfect imperative has present force: wait for or receive him.
- 378
lest he strike you with his spear or cut you down nearby with his sword."
Metre
μήπώςἠὲβάλῃ‖ἠὲσχεδὸνἄοριτύψῃ
μήlestμή · conjunctionsubordinating conjunctionπώςsomehowπῶς · adverbadverbial to ἠὲσyouσύ · accusative singular masculine pronounobject of ἠὲἠὲeitherἤ · conjunctionsentence particleβάλῃhe strikesβάλλω · aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verbadverbial to ἠὲἠὲorἤ · conjunctioncoordinating wordσχεδὸνnearbyσχεδόν · adverbadverbial to τύψῃἄοριwith a swordἄορ · dative singular neuter nounadverbial to τύψῃτύψῃcuts downτύπτω · aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verbadverbial to ἠὲ - 379
So he spoke, and Hector went back into the company of men,
Metre
ὣςἔφαθἝκτωραὖτις‖ἐδύσετοοὐλαμὸνἀνδρῶν
ὣςsoὡς · adverbadverbial to ἔφαθ̓ἔφαθhe spokeφημί · imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbἝκτωρHectorἝκτωρ · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of ἐδύσετοδandδέ · particlecoordinating wordαὖτιςbackαὖθις · adverbadverbial to ἐδύσετοἐδύσετοenteredδύω · aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbοὐλαμὸνthe companyοὐλαμός · accusative singular masculine nounobject of ἐδύσετοἀνδρῶνof menἀνήρ · genitive plural masculine nounmodifies οὐλαμὸν - 380
afraid when he heard the voice of the god who spoke.
Metre
ταρβήσαςὅτἄκουσε‖θεοῦὄπαφωνήσαντος
ταρβήσαςafraidταρβέω · aorist active participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to ἐδύσετοὅτwhenὅτε · conjunctionsubordinating conjunctionἄκουσεhe heardἀκούω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbadverbial to ὅτ̓θεοῦof the godθεός · genitive singular masculine nounmodifies ὄπαὄπαthe voiceὄψ · accusative singular feminine nounobject of ἄκουσεφωνήσαντοςspeakingφωνέω · aorist active participle, genitive singular masculinecircumstantial complement - 381
Then Achilles sprang among the Trojans, his heart clothed in courage,
ἐνamongἐν · prepositionprepositionδthenδέ · particlesentence particleἈχιλεὺςAchillesἈχιλλεύς · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of θόρεΤρώεσσιthe TrojansΤρώς · dative plural masculine nounobject of ἐνθόρεsprangθρῴσκω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbφρεσὶνin his heartφρήν · dative plural feminine nounadverbial to εἱμένοςεἱμένοςclothedἕννυμι · perfect passive participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to θόρεthe perfect passive participle is figurative: clothed in courage.
ἀλκὴνin courageἀλκή · accusative singular feminine nounobject of εἱμένος - 382
shouting terribly; first he slew Iphition,
σμερδαλέαterriblyσμερδαλέος · accusative plural neuter adjectiveadverbial to ἰάχωνἰάχωνshoutingἰάχω · present active participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to θόρεπρῶτονfirstπρῶτος · accusative singular neuter adjectiveadverbial to ἕλενδandδέ · particlecoordinating wordἕλενslewαἱρέω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbἸφιτίωναIphitionἸφιτίων · accusative singular masculine nounobject of ἕλεν - 383
the noble son of Otrynteus, leader of many peoples,
Metre
ἐσθλὸνὈτρυντεΐδην‖πολέωνἡγήτοραλαῶν
ἐσθλὸνnobleἐσθλός · accusative singular masculine adjectivemodifies ὈτρυντεΐδηνὈτρυντεΐδηνson of OtrynteusὈτρυντείδης · accusative singular masculine nounmodifies Ἰφιτίωναπολέωνof manyπολύς · genitive plural masculine adjectivemodifies λαῶνἡγήτοραleaderἡγήτωρ · accusative singular masculine nounmodifies Ἰφιτίωναλαῶνpeoplesλαός · genitive plural masculine nounmodifies ἡγήτορα - 384
whom a Naiad nymph bore to Otrynteus, sacker of cities,
Metre
ὃννύμφητέκενηῒς‖Ὀτρυντῆϊπτολιπόρθῳ
ὃνwhomὅς · accusative singular masculine pronounobject of τέκενύμφηa nymphνύμφη · nominative singular feminine nounsubject of τέκετέκεboreτίκτω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbverb of a clause describing ἸφιτίωνανηῒςNaiadΝαιάς · nominative singular feminine nounmodifies νύμφηὈτρυντῆϊto OtrynteusὈτρυντεύς · dative singular masculine nounobject of τέκεπτολιπόρθῳcity-sackingπτολίπορθος · dative singular masculine adjectivemodifies Ὀτρυντῆϊ - 385
beneath snowy Tmolus, in the fertile district of Hyde.
ΤμώλῳTmolusΤμῶλος · dative singular masculine nounadverbial to ὕποὕποbeneathὑπό · prepositionprepositionνιφόεντιsnowyνιφόεις · dative singular masculine adjectivemodifies ΤμώλῳὝδηςof HydeὝδη · genitive singular feminine nounmodifies δήμῳἐνinἐν · prepositionprepositionπίονιfertileπίων · dative singular masculine adjectivemodifies δήμῳδήμῳlandδῆμος · dative singular masculine nounadverbial to ἐν - 386
Godlike Achilles struck him with his spear as he charged straight on,
τὸνhimὁ · accusative singular masculine pronounobject of βάλ̓δandδέ · particlecoordinating wordἰθὺςstraight onἰθύς · adverbadverbial to μεμαῶταμεμαῶταchargingμέμαα · perfect active participle, accusative singular masculinecircumstantial complementβάλstruckβάλλω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbἔγχεϊwith his spearἔγχος · dative singular neuter nounadverbial to βάλ̓δῖοςgodlikeδῖος · nominative singular masculine adjectivemodifies ἈχιλλεὺςἈχιλλεὺςAchillesἈχιλλεύς · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of βάλ̓ - 387
squarely on the head, and his whole head split in two;
Metre
μέσσηνκὰκκεφαλήν‖ἣἄνδιχαπᾶσακεάσθη
μέσσηνin the middleμέσος · accusative singular feminine adjectivemodifies κεφαλήνκὰκuponκατά · prepositionprepositionκεφαλήνthe headκεφαλή · accusative singular feminine nounadverbial to κὰκἣitὁ · nominative singular feminine pronounsubject of κεάσθηδandδέ · particlesentence particleἄνδιχαin twoἄνδιχα · adverbadverbial to κεάσθηπᾶσαwholeπᾶς · nominative singular feminine adjectivemodifies ἣκεάσθηwas splitκεάζω · aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verb - 388
he fell with a thud, and godlike Achilles boasted over him:
Metre
δούπησενδὲπεσών‖ὃἐπεύξατοδῖοςἈχιλλεύς
δούπησενfell with a thudδουπέω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbδὲandδέ · particlesentence particleπεσώνfallingπίπτω · aorist active participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to δούπησενὃtheὁ · nominative singular masculine articlemodifies Ἀχιλλεύςδandδέ · particlecoordinating wordἐπεύξατοboasted over himἐπεύχομαι · aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbδῖοςgodlikeδῖος · nominative singular masculine adjectivemodifies ἈχιλλεύςἈχιλλεύςAchillesἈχιλλεύς · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of ἐπεύξατο - 389
"Lie there, son of Otrynteus, most terrible of all men.
Metre
κεῖσαιὈτρυντεΐδη‖πάντωνἐκπαγλότατἀνδρῶν
κεῖσαιlie thereκεῖμαι · present medio-passive indicative, 2nd singular verbmain verbὈτρυντεΐδηson of OtrynteusὈτρυντείδης · vocative singular masculine noungoverned by an elided headπάντωνof allπᾶς · genitive plural masculine adjectivemodifies ἀνδρῶνἐκπαγλότατmost terribleἔκπαγλος · vocative singular masculine superlative adjectivemodifies Ὀτρυντεΐδηἀνδρῶνmenἀνήρ · genitive plural masculine nounmodifies ἐκπαγλότατ̓ - 390
Here is your death, though your lineage is beside the
Metre
ἐνθάδετοιθάνατος‖γενεὴδέτοίἐστἐπὶλίμνῃ
ἐνθάδεhereἐνθάδε · adverbadverbialτοιfor youσύ · dative singular masculine pronounmodifies θάνατοςθάνατοςdeathθάνατος · nominative singular masculine nounsubjectγενεὴlineageγενεά · nominative singular feminine nounsubject of ἐστ̓δέbutδέ · particlecoordinating wordτοίyourσύ · dative singular masculine pronounmodifies γενεὴἐστisεἰμί · present active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbthe verb is understood with “death” earlier, then stated with “lineage.”
ἐπὶbesideἐπί · prepositionprepositionλίμνῃthe lakeλίμνη · dative singular feminine nounadverbial to ἐπὶ - 391
Gygaean lake, where your ancestral estate lies,
Metre
Γυγαίῃὅθιτοι‖τέμενοςπατρώϊόνἐστιν
ΓυγαίῃGygaeanΓυγαίη · dative singular feminine nounmodifies λίμνῃὅθιwhereὅθι · adverbadverbial to ἐστιντοιyourσύ · dative singular masculine pronounmodifies τέμενοςτέμενοςestateτέμενος · nominative singular neuter nounsubject of ἐστινπατρώϊόνancestralπατρώιος · nominative singular neuter adjectivemodifies τέμενοςἐστινliesεἰμί · present active indicative, 3rd singular verbverb of a clause describing λίμνῃ - 392
by fish-filled Hyllus and eddying Hermus."
ὝλλῳHyllusὝλλος · dative singular masculine nounadverbial to καὶἐπbesideἐπί · prepositionprepositionἰχθυόεντιfish-filledἰχθυόεις · dative singular masculine adjectivemodifies Ὕλλῳκαὶandκαί · conjunctioncoordinating wordἝρμῳHermusἝρμος · dative singular masculine nounadverbial to καὶδινήεντιeddyingδινήεις · dative singular masculine adjectivemodifies Ἕρμῳ - 393
So he spoke in triumph, and darkness covered his eyes.
Metre
ὣςἔφατεὐχόμενος‖τὸνδὲσκότοςὄσσεκάλυψε
ὣςsoὡς · adverbadverbial to ἔφατ̓ἔφατhe spokeφημί · imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbεὐχόμενοςboastingεὔχομαι · present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to ἔφατ̓τὸνhimὁ · accusative singular masculine pronounobject of κάλυψεδὲandδέ · particlecoordinating wordσκότοςdarknessσκότος · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of κάλυψεὄσσεboth eyesὄσσε · accusative dual neuter nounobject of κάλυψεκάλυψεcoveredκαλύπτω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verb - 394
The Achaeans' horses tore him apart with their wheel-rims
Metre
τὸνμὲνἈχαιῶνἵπποι‖ἐπισσώτροιςδατέοντο
τὸνhimὁ · accusative singular masculine pronounobject of δατέοντομὲνindeedμέν · particlesentence particleἈχαιῶνAchaeanἈχαιός · genitive plural masculine adjectivemodifies ἵπποιἵπποιhorsesἵππος · nominative plural masculine nounsubject of δατέοντοἐπισσώτροιςwith wheel rimsἐπίσωτρον · dative plural neuter nounadverbial to δατέοντοδατέοντοtore apartδατέομαι · imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verbmain verb - 395
in the foremost battle; over him Achilles attacked Demoleon,
Metre
πρώτῃἐνὑσμίνῃ‖ὃἐπαὐτῷΔημολέοντα
πρώτῃforemostπρῶτος · dative singular feminine adjectivemodifies ὑσμίνῃἐνinἐν · prepositionprepositionὑσμίνῃbattleὑσμίνη · dative singular feminine nounadverbial to ἐνὃheὁ · nominative singular masculine pronounsubject of νύξεδandδέ · particlecoordinating wordἐπuponἐπί · prepositionprepositionαὐτῷhimαὐτός · dative singular masculine adjectiveadverbial to ἐπ̓ΔημολέονταDemoleonΔημολέων · accusative singular masculine nounobject of νύξε - 396
the noble defender in battle, Antenor's son,
Metre
ἐσθλὸνἀλεξητῆρα‖μάχηςἈντήνοροςυἱὸν
ἐσθλὸνnobleἐσθλός · accusative singular masculine adjectivemodifies ἀλεξητῆραἀλεξητῆραdefenderἀλεξητήρ · accusative singular masculine nounmodifies Δημολέονταμάχηςin battleμάχη · genitive singular feminine nounmodifies ἀλεξητῆραἈντήνοροςof AntenorἈντήνωρ · genitive singular masculine nounmodifies υἱὸνυἱὸνsonυἱός · accusative singular masculine nounmodifies Δημολέοντα - 397
and stabbed his temple through the bronze-cheeked helmet.
Metre
νύξεκατὰκρόταφον‖κυνέηςδιὰχαλκοπαρῄου
νύξεstabbedνύσσω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbκατὰatκατά · prepositionprepositionκρόταφονthe templeκρόταφος · accusative singular masculine nounadverbial to κατὰκυνέηςof the helmetκυνέη · genitive singular feminine nounadverbial to διὰδιὰthroughδιά · prepositionprepositionχαλκοπαρῄουbronze-cheekedχαλκοπάρῃος · genitive singular feminine adjectivemodifies κυνέης - 398
The bronze helmet did not stop it, but straight through it
Metre
οὐδἄραχαλκείη‖κόρυςἔσχεθενἀλλὰδιαὐτῆς
ἄραthenἄρα · particlesentence particleχαλκείηbronzeχάλκειος · nominative singular feminine adjectivemodifies κόρυςκόρυςhelmetκόρυς · nominative singular feminine nounsubject of ἔσχεθενἔσχεθενstoppedἔχω · imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbἀλλὰbutἀλλά · conjunctionsentence particleδιthroughδιά · prepositionprepositionelided form of “through”; it governs “it,” referring to the helmet.
αὐτῆςitαὐτός · genitive singular feminine adjectiveadverbial to δἰ - 399
the hurtling spearpoint broke the bone, and all the brain
Metre
αἰχμὴἱεμένη‖ῥῆξὀστέονἐγκέφαλοςδὲ
αἰχμὴspearpointαἰχμή · nominative singular feminine nounsubject of ῥῆξ̓ἱεμένηhurtlingἵημι · present medio-passive participle, nominative singular feminineadverbial to ῥῆξ̓ῥῆξbrokeῥήγνυμι · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbὀστέονthe boneὀστέον · accusative singular neuter nounobject of ῥῆξ̓ἐγκέφαλοςbrainἐγκέφαλος · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of πεπάλακτοδὲandδέ · particlecoordinating word - 400
within was spattered; and he brought him down as he charged.
Metre
ἔνδονἅπαςπεπάλακτο‖δάμασσεδέμινμεμαῶτα
ἔνδονwithinἔνδον · adverbadverbial to πεπάλακτοἅπαςallἅπας · nominative singular masculine adjectivemodifies ἐγκέφαλοςπεπάλακτοwas spatteredπαλάσσω · pluperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbδάμασσεbrought downδαμάζω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbδέandδέ · particlecoordinating wordμινhimμιν · accusative singular masculine pronounobject of δάμασσεμεμαῶταchargingμέμαα · perfect active participle, accusative singular masculinecircumstantial complement - 401
Then Hippodamas, leaping down from his chariot,
Metre
Ἱπποδάμανταἔπειτα‖καθἵππωνἀΐξαντα
ἹπποδάμανταHippodamasἹπποδάμας · accusative singular masculine nounobject of οὔτασεδandδέ · particlecoordinating wordἔπειταthenἔπειτα · adverbadverbial to οὔτασεκαθdown fromκατά · prepositionprepositionἵππωνthe horsesἵππος · genitive plural masculine nounadverbial to καθ̓ἀΐξανταleapingἀίσσω · aorist active participle, accusative singular masculinecircumstantial complement - 402
fled before him, and Achilles stabbed him in the back with his spear.
Metre
πρόσθενἕθενφεύγοντα‖μετάφρενονοὔτασεδουρί
πρόσθενbeforeπρόσθεν · prepositionprepositionἕθενhimἕ · genitive singular masculine pronounadverbial to πρόσθενφεύγονταfleeingφεύγω · present active participle, accusative singular masculinecircumstantial complementμετάφρενονin the backμετάφρενον · accusative singular neuter nounobject of οὔτασεοὔτασεstabbedοὐτάζω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbδουρίwith his spearδόρυ · dative singular neuter nounadverbial to οὔτασε - 403
He breathed out his life and bellowed, as when a bull
Metre
αὐτὰρὃθυμὸνἄϊσθε‖καὶἤρυγενὡςὅτεταῦρος
αὐτὰρbutἀτάρ · particlesentence particleὃheὁ · nominative singular masculine pronounsubject of καὶθυμὸνhis lifeθυμός · accusative singular masculine nounobject of ἄϊσθεἄϊσθεbreathed outἀίσθω · imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbthe imperfect pictures his life-breath leaving him.
καὶandκαί · conjunctioncoordinating wordἤρυγενbellowedἐρεύγομαι · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbὡςasὡς · adverbemphasizing particleὅτεwhenὅτε · conjunctionsubordinating conjunctionταῦροςa bullταῦρος · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of ἤρυγεν - 404
bellows while being dragged around the lord of Helice,
ἤρυγενbellowsἐρεύγομαι · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbadverbial to ὅτεἑλκόμενοςbeing draggedἕλκω · present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to ἤρυγενἙλικώνιονof HeliceἙλικώνιος · accusative singular masculine adjectivemodifies ἄνακταἀμφὶaroundἀμφί · prepositionprepositionἄνακταlordἄναξ · accusative singular masculine nounadverbial to ἀμφὶ - 405
as young men drag it, and the earth-shaker delights in them;
Metre
κούρωνἑλκόντων‖γάνυταιδέτετοῖςἐνοσίχθων
κούρωνyoung menκοῦρος · genitive plural masculine nounsubject of ἑλκόντωνgenitive absolute with “dragging”: while young men drag the bull.
ἑλκόντωνdraggingἕλκω · present active participle, genitive plural masculineadverbial to ἤρυγενγάνυταιdelightsγάνυμαι · present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbδέandδέ · particlecoordinating wordτεeverτε · particlesentence particleτοῖςin themὁ · dative plural neuter pronounobject of γάνυταιἐνοσίχθωνearth-shakerἘνοσίχθων · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of γάνυται - 406
so as he bellowed, his proud spirit left his bones.
ὣςsoὡς · adverbadverbial to ἐρυγόνταἄραthenἄρα · particlesentence particleτόνhimὁ · accusative singular masculine pronounobject of λίπ̓γindeedγε · particleemphasizing particleἐρυγόνταbellowingἐρεύγομαι · aorist active participle, accusative singular masculinecircumstantial complementλίπleftλείπω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbὀστέαthe bonesὀστέον · accusative plural neuter nounobject of λίπ̓θυμὸςspiritθυμός · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of λίπ̓ἀγήνωρproudἀγήνωρ · nominative singular masculine adjectivemodifies θυμὸς - 407
But Achilles went with his spear after godlike Polydorus,
Metre
αὐτὰρὃβῆσὺνδουρὶ‖μετἀντίθεονΠολύδωρον
αὐτὰρbutἀτάρ · particlesentence particleὃheὁ · nominative singular masculine pronounsubject of βῆβῆwentβαίνω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbσὺνwithσύν · prepositionprepositionδουρὶhis spearδόρυ · dative singular neuter nounadverbial to σὺνμετafterμετά · prepositionprepositionἀντίθεονgodlikeἀντίθεος · accusative singular masculine adjectivemodifies ΠολύδωρονΠολύδωρονPolydorusΠολύδωρος · accusative singular masculine nounobject of μετ̓ - 408
Priam's son. His father would never let him fight,
Πριαμίδηνson of PriamΠριαμίδης · accusative singular masculine nounmodifies Πολύδωροντὸνhimὁ · accusative singular masculine pronounsubject of μάχεσθαιδandδέ · particlecoordinating wordοὔneverοὐ · adverbemphasizing particleτιat allτις · accusative singular neuter pronounadverbial to εἴασκεπατὴρhis fatherπατήρ · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of εἴασκεεἴασκεwould allowἐάω · imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbμάχεσθαιto fightμάχομαι · present medio-passive infinitiveobject of εἴασκε - 409
because among his children he was the youngest by birth
Metre
οὕνεκάοἱμετὰπαισὶ‖νεώτατοςἔσκεγόνοιο
οὕνεκάbecauseοὕνεκα · conjunctionsubordinating conjunctionοἱhisἕ · dative singular masculine pronounmodifies παισὶμετὰamongμετά · prepositionprepositionπαισὶchildrenπαῖς · dative plural masculine nounadverbial to μετὰνεώτατοςyoungestνέος · nominative singular masculine superlative adjectivepredicate nounἔσκεwasεἰμί · imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verbadverbial to δὲγόνοιοby birthγόνος · genitive singular masculine nounadverbial to νεώτατος - 410
and dearest to him, and he surpassed them all in speed.
Metre
καίοἱφίλτατοςἔσκε‖πόδεσσιδὲπάνταςἐνίκα
καίandκαί · conjunctionsentence particleοἱto himἕ · dative singular masculine pronounadverbial to ἔσκεφίλτατοςdearestφίλτατος · nominative singular masculine adjectivepredicate nounἔσκεwasεἰμί · imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verbadverbial to δὲπόδεσσιin speedπούς · dative plural masculine nounadverbial to ἐνίκαδὲandδέ · particlecoordinating wordπάνταςallπᾶς · accusative plural masculine adjectiveobject of ἐνίκαἐνίκαsurpassedνικάω · imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verbadverbial to δὲ - 411
Then, in his childish folly, displaying his excellence of foot,
Metre
δὴτότενηπιέῃσι‖ποδῶνἀρετὴνἀναφαίνων
δὴthenδή · particlesentence particleτότεat that timeτότε · adverbadverbial to θῦνενηπιέῃσιin childish follyνηπιέη · dative plural feminine nounadverbial to θῦνεποδῶνof his feetπούς · genitive plural masculine nounmodifies ἀρετὴνἀρετὴνexcellenceἀρετή · accusative singular feminine nounobject of ἀναφαίνωνἀναφαίνωνdisplayingἀναφαίνω · present active participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to θῦνε - 412
charged through the front ranks until he lost his dear life.
Metre
θῦνεδιὰπρομάχων‖εἷοςφίλονὤλεσεθυμόν
θῦνεchargedθύνω · imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbδιὰthroughδιά · prepositionprepositionπρομάχωνfront fightersπρόμαχος · genitive plural masculine adjectiveobject of διὰεἷοςuntilεἷος · conjunctionsubordinating conjunctionφίλονdearφίλος · accusative singular masculine adjectivemodifies θυμόνὤλεσεlostὄλλυμι · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbadverbial to εἷοςθυμόνlifeθυμός · accusative singular masculine nounobject of ὤλεσε - 413
Swift-footed godlike Achilles struck him with his spear in the middle
Metre
τὸνβάλεμέσσονἄκοντι‖ποδάρκηςδῖοςἈχιλλεὺς
τὸνhimὁ · accusative singular masculine pronounobject of βάλεβάλεstruckβάλλω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbμέσσονmiddleμέσος · accusative singular neuter adjectivemodifies νῶταἄκοντιwith a spearἄκων · dative singular masculine nounadverbial to βάλεποδάρκηςswift-footedποδαρκής · nominative singular masculine adjectivemodifies Ἀχιλλεὺςδῖοςgodlikeδῖος · nominative singular masculine adjectivemodifies ἈχιλλεὺςἈχιλλεὺςAchillesἈχιλλεύς · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of βάλε - 414
of the back as he darted past, where the golden clasps of his belt
Metre
νῶταπαραΐσσοντος‖ὅθιζωστῆροςὀχῆες
νῶταthe backνῶτον · accusative plural neuter nounobject of βάλεπαραΐσσοντοςdarting pastπαραίσσω · present active participle, genitive singular masculinecircumstantial complementgenitive circumstantial participle referring to Polydorus as he darts past.
ὅθιwhereὅθι · adverbadverbial to καὶζωστῆροςof his beltζωστήρ · genitive singular masculine nounmodifies ὀχῆεςὀχῆεςclaspsὀχεύς · nominative plural masculine nounsubject of σύνεχον - 415
held fast, and the double corselet met it.
Metre
χρύσειοισύνεχον‖καὶδιπλόοςἤντετοθώρηξ
χρύσειοιgoldenχρύσεος · nominative plural masculine adjectivemodifies ὀχῆεςσύνεχονheld fastσυνόχωκα · imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verbadverbial to καὶκαὶandκαί · conjunctioncoordinating wordδιπλόοςdoubleδιπλόος · nominative singular masculine adjectivemodifies θώρηξἤντετοmet itἄντομαι · imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verbadverbial to καὶθώρηξcorseletθώραξ · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of ἤντετο - 416
The spearpoint passed straight through and came out beside his navel;
Metre
ἀντικρὺδὲδιέσχε‖παρὀμφαλὸνἔγχεοςαἰχμή
ἀντικρὺstraight throughἀντικρύ · adverbadverbial to διέσχεδὲandδέ · particlesentence particleδιέσχεpassed throughδιέχω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbπαρbesideπαρά · prepositionprepositionὀμφαλὸνthe navelὀμφαλός · accusative singular masculine nounadverbial to παῤἔγχεοςof the spearἔγχος · genitive singular neuter nounmodifies αἰχμήαἰχμήpointαἰχμή · nominative singular feminine nounsubject of διέσχε - 417
groaning, he fell to his knees; a cloud enfolded him,
Metre
γνὺξἔριποἰμώξας‖νεφέληδέμινἀμφεκάλυψε
γνὺξto his kneesγνύξ · adverbadverbial to ἔριπ̓δandδέ · particlesentence particleἔριπfellἐρείπω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbοἰμώξαςgroaningοἰμώζω · aorist active participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to ἔριπ̓νεφέληa cloudνεφέλη · nominative singular feminine nounsubject of ἀμφεκάλυψεδέandδέ · particlesentence particleμινhimμιν · accusative singular masculine pronounobject of ἀμφεκάλυψεἀμφεκάλυψεenfoldedἀμφικαλύπτω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verb - 418
dark, and as he hunched forward he gathered his entrails into his hands.
Metre
κυανέηπροτὶοἷ‖ἔλαβἔντεραχερσὶλιασθείς
κυανέηdarkκυάνεος · nominative singular feminine adjectivemodifies νεφέληπροτὶtowardπρός · prepositionprepositionοἷhimselfἕ · dative singular masculine pronounobject of προτὶδandδέ · particlecoordinating wordἔλαβgatheredλαμβάνω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbἔντεραentrailsἔντερον · accusative plural neuter nounobject of ἔλαβ̓χερσὶin his handsχείρ · dative plural feminine nounadverbial to ἔλαβ̓λιασθείςhunched forwardλιάζομαι · aorist medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to ἔλαβ̓ - 419
When Hector saw his brother Polydorus
Metre
Ἕκτωρὡςἐνόησε‖κασίγνητονΠολύδωρον
ἝκτωρHectorἝκτωρ · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of ἐνόησεδandδέ · particlecoordinating wordὡςwhenὡς · adverbadverbial to ἐνόησεἐνόησεsawνοέω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbadverbial to κέχυτ̓κασίγνητονbrotherκασίγνητος · accusative singular masculine nounmodifies ΠολύδωρονΠολύδωρονPolydorusΠολύδωρος · accusative singular masculine nounobject of ἐνόησε - 420
holding his entrails in his hands and sinking toward the earth,
Metre
ἔντεραχερσὶνἔχοντα‖λιαζόμενονποτὶγαίη
ἔντεραentrailsἔντερον · accusative plural neuter nounobject of ἔχονταχερσὶνin his handsχείρ · dative plural feminine nounadverbial to ἔχονταἔχονταholdingἔχω · present active participle, accusative singular masculinecircumstantial complementλιαζόμενονsinkingλιάζομαι · present medio-passive participle, accusative singular masculinecircumstantial complementποτὶtowardπρός · prepositionprepositionγαίηthe earthγαῖα · dative singular feminine nounobject of ποτὶ - 421
a mist poured over his eyes; he could no longer bear
Metre
κάρῥάοἱὀφθαλμῶν‖κέχυτἀχλύςοὐδἄρἔτἔτλη
κάρdown overκατά · prepositionprepositionApocopated preverb, separated from the verb: the mist has poured down over his eyes.
ῥάthenἄρα · particlesentence particleοἱhisἕ · dative singular masculine pronounmodifies ὀφθαλμῶνὀφθαλμῶνeyesὀφθαλμός · genitive plural masculine nounobject of κάρκέχυτhad been pouredχέω · perfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbPerfect middle-passive presents the mist as already spread and still covering his eyes.
ἀχλύςmistἀχλύς · nominative singular feminine nounsubject of κέχυτ̓ἄρthenἄρα · particlesentence particleἔτany longerἔτι · adverbadverbial to ἔτληἔτληendureτλάω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verb - 422
to range far off, but came straight against Achilles,
Metre
δηρὸνἑκὰςστρωφᾶσθ‖ἀλλἀντίοςἦλθἈχιλῆϊ
δηρὸνfor longδηρός · accusative singular neuter adjectiveadverbial to στρωφᾶσθ̓ἑκὰςfar awayἑκάς · adverbadverbial to στρωφᾶσθ̓στρωφᾶσθto range aboutστρωφάω · present medio-passive infinitiveobject of ἔτληἀλλbutἀλλά · conjunctioncoordinating wordἀντίοςface-to-faceἀντίος · nominative singular masculine adjectivecircumstantial complementἦλθhe cameἔρχομαι · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbἈχιλῆϊAchillesἈχιλλεύς · dative singular masculine nounobject of ἀντίος - 423
brandishing his sharp spear, like a flame. But Achilles,
Metre
ὀξὺδόρυκραδάων‖φλογὶεἴκελοςαὐτὰρἈχιλλεὺς
ὀξὺsharpὀξύς · accusative singular neuter adjectivemodifies δόρυδόρυspearδόρυ · accusative singular neuter nounobject of κραδάωνκραδάωνbrandishingκραδάω · present active participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to ἦλθ̓φλογὶa flameφλόξ · dative singular masculine nounobject of εἴκελοςεἴκελοςlikeεἴκελος · nominative singular masculine adjectivecircumstantial complementαὐτὰρbutἀτάρ · particlesentence particleἈχιλλεὺςAchillesἈχιλλεύς · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of καὶ - 424
when he saw him, sprang up and spoke a word in triumph:
ὡςwhenὡς · adverbadverbial to εἶδ̓Paired with the following “then”: “when … then,” marking immediate response.
εἶδhe sawεἶδον · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbadverbial to καὶὣςthenὡς · adverbadverbial to καὶἀνεπᾶλτοsprang upwardἀναπάλλω · aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbκαὶandκαί · conjunctioncoordinating wordεὐχόμενοςboastingεὔχομαι · present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to ηὔδαἔποςa wordἔπος · accusative singular neuter nounobject of ηὔδαηὔδαhe spokeαὐδάω · imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verb - 425
"Near is the man who has stirred my heart above all,
Metre
ἐγγὺςἀνὴρὃςἐμόν‖γεμάλιστἐσεμάσσατοθυμόν
ἐγγὺςnearbyἐγγύς · adverbadverbialἀνὴρthe manἀνήρ · nominative singular masculine nounsubjectὃςwhoὅς · nominative singular masculine pronounsubject of ἐσεμάσσατοἐμόνmyἐμός · accusative singular masculine adjectivemodifies θυμόνγεindeedγε · particleemphasizing particleμάλιστmost of allμάλιστα · adverbadverbial to ἐσεμάσσατοἐσεμάσσατοstirred violentlyεἰσμαίομαι · aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verbverb of a clause describing ,The middle gives the sense of violently rousing or stirring Achilles inwardly.
θυμόνheartθυμός · accusative singular masculine nounobject of ἐσεμάσσατο - 426
who killed my honored companion; no longer shall we
Metre
ὅςμοιἑταῖρονἔπεφνε‖τετιμένονοὐδἂνἔτιδὴν
ὅςwhoὅς · nominative singular masculine pronounsubject of ἔπεφνεμοιof mineἐγώ · dative singular masculine pronounmodifies ἑταῖρονἑταῖρονcompanionἑταῖρος · accusative singular masculine nounobject of ἔπεφνεἔπεφνεkilledθείνω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbverb of a clause describing ,Epic aorist form of a poetic verb for killing.
τετιμένονhonoredτίω · perfect medio-passive participle, accusative singular masculinemodifies ἑταῖρονἂνwouldἄν · particlesentence particleἔτιany longerἔτι · adverbadverbial to πτώσσοιμενδὴνfor longδήν · adverbadverbial to πτώσσοιμεν - 427
shrink from each other along the causeways of battle."
Metre
ἀλλήλουςπτώσσοιμεν‖ἀνὰπτολέμοιογεφύρας
ἀλλήλουςeach otherἀλλήλων · accusative plural masculine adjectiveobject of πτώσσοιμενπτώσσοιμενwe should shrink fromπτώσσω · present active optative, 1st plural verbmain verbPotential optative with the preceding particle: “we would no longer shrink.”
ἀνὰalongἀνά · prepositionprepositionπτολέμοιοof warπόλεμος · genitive singular masculine nounmodifies γεφύραςγεφύραςcausewaysγέφυρα · accusative plural feminine nounadverbial to ἀνὰ - 428
Then, glaring at him from under his brows, he addressed godlike Hector:"
Metre
ἦκαὶὑπόδραἰδὼν‖προσεφώνεενἝκτοραδῖον
ἦhe spokeἠμί · imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbFormulaic speech-introducing verb: “he spoke.”
καὶandκαί · conjunctioncoordinating wordὑπόδραfrom beneath his browsὑπόδρα · adverbadverbial to ἰδὼνἰδὼνhaving glaredεἶδον · aorist active participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to προσεφώνεενπροσεφώνεενaddressedπροσφωνέω · imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbἝκτοραHectorἝκτωρ · accusative singular masculine nounobject of προσεφώνεενδῖονgodlikeδῖος · accusative singular masculine adjectivemodifies Ἕκτορα - 429
Come closer, so you may sooner reach the bounds of death.
Metre
ἆσσονἴθὥςκενθᾶσσον‖ὀλέθρουπείραθἵκηαι
ἆσσονcloserἆσσον · adverbobject of ἴθ̓ἴθcomeεἶμι · present active imperative, 2nd singular verbmain verbὥςso thatὡς · conjunctionsubordinating conjunctionκενmayἄν · particlesentence particleθᾶσσονsoonerταχύς · accusative singular neuter comparative adjectiveadverbial to ἵκηαιὀλέθρουof destructionὄλεθρος · genitive singular masculine nounmodifies πείραθ̓πείραθboundsπεῖραρ · accusative plural neuter nounobject of ἵκηαιἵκηαιyou may reachἱκνέομαι · aorist medio-passive subjunctive, 2nd singular verbadverbial to ὥς - 430
But Hector of the flashing helm answered him without fear:
τὸνhimὁ · accusative singular masculine pronounobject of προσέφηδbutδέ · particlecoordinating wordοὐnotοὐ · adverbemphasizing particleταρβήσαςhaving fearedταρβέω · aorist active participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to προσέφηπροσέφηansweredπρόσφημι · imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbκορυθαίολοςwith flashing helmκορυθαίολος · nominative singular masculine adjectivemodifies ἝκτωρἝκτωρHectorἝκτωρ · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of προσέφη - 431
"Son of Peleus, do not expect with words, as though I were a child,
Πηλεΐδηson of PeleusΠηλείδης · vocative singular masculine noungoverned by an elided headμὴdo notμή · particleemphasizing particleδὴindeedδή · particlesentence particleἐπέεσσίwith wordsἔπος · dative plural neuter nounadverbial to δειδίξεσθαιEpic dative plural form of “word.”
μεmeἐγώ · accusative singular masculine pronounobject of δειδίξεσθαινηπύτιονlike a childνηπύτιος · accusative singular masculine nounobjectὣςasὡς · adverbadverbial - 432
to frighten me, since I myself know well
Metre
ἔλπεοδειδίξεσθαι‖ἐπεὶσάφαοἶδακαὶαὐτὸς
ἔλπεοexpectἔλπω · present medio-passive imperative, 2nd singular verbmain verbδειδίξεσθαιto frightenδειδίσσομαι · future middle infinitiveobject of ἔλπεοἐπεὶsinceἐπεί · conjunctionsubordinating conjunctionσάφαclearlyσάφα · adverbadverbial to οἶδαοἶδαI knowοἶδα · perfect active indicative, 1st singular verbadverbial to ἐπεὶκαὶalsoκαί · adverbemphasizing particleαὐτὸςmyselfαὐτός · nominative singular masculine adjectivecircumstantial complement - 433
both taunts and overbearing words to speak.
Metre
ἠμὲνκερτομίας‖ἠδαἴσυλαμυθήσασθαι
ἠμὲνbothἠμέν · conjunctionsentence particleCorrelative “both,” answered by “and” later in the line.
κερτομίαςtauntsκερτομία · accusative plural feminine nounobject of ἠδ̓ἠδandἠδέ · conjunctioncoordinating wordαἴσυλαinsolent wordsαἴσυλος · accusative plural neuter adjectiveobject of ἠδ̓μυθήσασθαιto speakμυθέομαι · aorist medio-passive infinitiveobject of οἶδα - 434
I know that you are noble and I am far weaker than you.
Metre
οἶδαὅτισὺμὲνἐσθλός‖ἐγὼδὲσέθενπολὺχείρων
οἶδαI knowοἶδα · perfect active indicative, 1st singular verbmain verbδbutδέ · particlecoordinating wordὅτιthatὅτι · conjunctionsubordinating conjunctionσὺyouσύ · nominative singular masculine pronounsubjectμὲνindeedμέν · particlesentence particleἐσθλόςnobleἐσθλός · nominative singular masculine adjectivepredicate nounἐγὼIἐγώ · nominative singular masculine pronounsubjectδὲbutδέ · particlecoordinating wordσέθενthan youσύ · genitive singular masculine pronounadverbial to χείρωνπολὺfarπολύς · accusative singular neuter adjectiveemphasizing particleχείρωνweakerχείρων · nominative singular masculine comparative adjectivepredicate noun - 435
Yet these things lie upon the knees of the gods.
Metre
ἀλλἤτοιμὲνταῦτα‖θεῶνἐνγούνασικεῖται
ἀλλbutἀλλά · adverbsentence particleἤτοιin truthἤτοι · particlesentence particleμὲνindeedμέν · particlesentence particleταῦταthese thingsοὗτος · nominative plural neuter adjectivesubject of ,θεῶνof the godsθεός · genitive plural masculine nounmodifies γούνασι“On the gods’ knees” is a formula for an outcome resting with divine will.
ἐνonἐν · prepositionprepositionγούνασιkneesγόνυ · dative plural neuter nounadverbial to ἐνκεῖταιlieκεῖμαι · present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verb - 436
Though I am the weaker man, I may take your life from you
Metre
αἴκέσεχειρότερός‖περἐὼνἀπὸθυμὸνἕλωμαι
αἴifεἰ · conjunctionsubordinating conjunctionκέperhapsἄν · particlesentence particleσεyouσύ · accusative singular masculine pronounobject of ἕλωμαιχειρότερόςweakerχερείων · nominative singular masculine adjectivepredicate nounπερthoughπέρ · particleemphasizing particleἐὼνbeingεἰμί · present active participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to ἕλωμαιἀπὸawayἀπό · prepositionemphasizing particlePreverb separated from “take”: literally “take life away from you.”
θυμὸνlifeθυμός · accusative singular masculine nounobject of ἕλωμαιἕλωμαιI takeαἱρέω · aorist medio-passive subjunctive, 1st singular verbsubject of αἴ - 437
by striking with my spear, for my weapon too has proved sharp before."
Metre
δουρὶβαλώνἐπεὶἦ‖καὶἐμὸνβέλοςὀξὺπάροιθεν
δουρὶwith my spearδόρυ · dative singular neuter nounadverbial to βαλώνβαλώνhaving struckβάλλω · aorist active participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to ἕλωμαιἐπεὶsinceἐπεί · conjunctionsubordinating conjunctionἦtrulyἦ · adverbsentence particleκαὶalsoκαί · adverbemphasizing particleἐμὸνmyἐμός · nominative singular neuter adjectivemodifies βέλοςβέλοςweaponβέλος · nominative singular neuter nounsubjectὀξὺsharpὀξύς · nominative singular neuter adjectivepredicate nounπάροιθενbeforeπάροιθε · adverbadverbial - 438
He spoke, and balancing the spear, cast it; but Athena
Metre
ἦῥακαὶἀμπεπαλὼν‖προΐειδόρυκαὶτόἈθήνη
ἦhe spokeἠμί · imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbῥαthenἄρα · particlesentence particleκαὶandκαί · conjunctionsentence particleἀμπεπαλὼνhaving poisedἀναπάλλω · aorist active participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to προΐειAorist participle describes poising or balancing the spear before the cast.
προΐειhurledπροίημι · imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbδόρυspearδόρυ · accusative neuter nounobject of προΐεικαὶandκαί · conjunctioncoordinating wordτόitὁ · accusative singular neuter pronounobject of ἔτραπεγindeedγε · particleemphasizing particleἈθήνηAthenaἈθήνη · nominative singular feminine nounsubject of ἔτραπε - 439
turned it back from renowned Achilles with a breath,
Metre
πνοιῇἈχιλλῆος‖πάλινἔτραπεκυδαλίμοιο
πνοιῇwith a breathπνοή · dative singular feminine nounadverbial to ἔτραπεἈχιλλῆοςfrom AchillesἈχιλλεύς · genitive singular masculine nounobject of πάλινπάλινbackπάλιν · adverbadverbial to ἔτραπεἔτραπεturnedτρέπω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbκυδαλίμοιοrenownedκυδάλιμος · genitive singular masculine adjectivemodifies Ἀχιλλῆος - 440
blowing ever so lightly; it came back to godlike Hector
Metre
ἦκαμάλαψύξασα‖τὸἂψἵκεθἝκτοραδῖον
ἦκαgentlyἦκα · adverbadverbial to ψύξασαμάλαveryμάλα · adverbemphasizing particleψύξασαhaving blownψύχω · aorist active participle, nominative singular feminineadverbial to ἔτραπετὸitὁ · nominative singular neuter pronounsubject of ἵκεθ̓δbutδέ · particlesentence particleἂψbackἄψ · adverbadverbial to ἵκεθ̓ἵκεθcameἱκνέομαι · aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbἝκτοραHectorἝκτωρ · accusative singular masculine nounobject of ἵκεθ̓δῖονgodlikeδῖος · accusative singular masculine adjectivemodifies Ἕκτορα - 441
and fell there before his feet. But Achilles
Metre
αὐτοῦδὲπροπάροιθε‖ποδῶνπέσεναὐτὰρἈχιλλεὺς
αὐτοῦright thereαὐτοῦ · adverbadverbial to πέσενδὲandδέ · particlecoordinating wordπροπάροιθεbeforeπροπάροιθε · prepositionprepositionποδῶνhis feetπούς · genitive plural masculine nounadverbial to προπάροιθεπέσενfellπίπτω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbαὐτὰρbutἀτάρ · particlesentence particleἈχιλλεὺςAchillesἈχιλλεύς · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of ἐπόρουσε - 442
leapt upon him eagerly, raging to kill him,
Metre
ἐμμεμαὼςἐπόρουσε‖κατακτάμεναιμενεαίνων
ἐμμεμαὼςeagerlyἐμμεμαώς · perfect active participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to ἐπόρουσεἐπόρουσεsprang upon himἐπορούω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbκατακτάμεναιto killκατακτείνω · aorist active infinitiveobject of μενεαίνωνμενεαίνωνragingμενεαίνω · present active participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to ἐπόρουσε - 443
shouting terribly; but Apollo snatched Hector away,
σμερδαλέαterriblyσμερδαλέος · accusative plural neuter adjectiveadverbial to ἰάχωνἰάχωνshoutingἰάχω · present active participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to ἐπόρουσετὸνhimὁ · accusative singular masculine pronounobject of ἐξήρπαξενδbutδέ · particlesentence particleἐξήρπαξενsnatched awayἐξαρπάζω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbἈπόλλωνApolloἈπόλλων · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of ἐξήρπαξεν - 444
easily, as a god does, and wrapped him in thick mist,
ῥεῖαeasilyῥεῖα · adverbadverbial to ἐξήρπαξενμάλquiteμάλα · adverbemphasizing particleὥςasὡς · adverbadverbialWith the following particle, formulaic “as a god can.”
τεindeedτε · particleemphasizing particleθεόςa godθεός · nominative singular masculine nounsubjectἐκάλυψεcoveredκαλύπτω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbδandδέ · particlecoordinating wordἄρthenἄρα · particlesentence particleἠέριin mistἀήρ · dative singular feminine nounadverbial to ἐκάλυψεπολλῇthickπολύς · dative singular feminine adjectivemodifies ἠέρι - 445
Three times swift-footed godlike Achilles sprang upon him
Metre
τρὶςμὲνἔπειτἐπόρουσε‖ποδάρκηςδῖοςἈχιλλεὺς
τρὶςthree timesτρίς · adverbadverbial to ἐπόρουσεThe repeated “three times … three times” gives a formulaic triple assault.
μὲνindeedμέν · particlesentence particleἔπειτthenἔπειτα · adverbadverbial to ἐπόρουσεἐπόρουσεsprang upon himἐπορούω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbποδάρκηςswift-footedποδαρκής · nominative singular masculine adjectivemodifies Ἀχιλλεὺςδῖοςgodlikeδῖος · nominative singular masculine adjectivemodifies ἈχιλλεὺςἈχιλλεὺςAchillesἈχιλλεύς · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of ἐπόρουσε - 446
with his bronze spear, and three times he struck the deep mist.
Metre
ἔγχεϊχαλκείῳ‖τρὶςἠέρατύψεβαθεῖαν
ἔγχεϊwith spearἔγχος · dative singular neuter nounadverbial to ἐπόρουσεχαλκείῳbronzeχάλκειος · dative singular neuter adjectivemodifies ἔγχεϊτρὶςthree timesτρίς · adverbadverbial to τύψεδbutδέ · particlecoordinating wordἠέραmistἀήρ · accusative singular feminine nounobject of τύψετύψεstruckτύπτω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbβαθεῖανdeepβαθύς · accusative singular feminine adjectivemodifies ἠέρα - 447
But when he charged a fourth time, equal to a god,
Metre
ἀλλὅτεδὴτὸτέταρτον‖ἐπέσσυτοδαίμονιἶσος
ἀλλbutἀλλά · adverbsentence particleὅτεwhenὅτε · conjunctionsubordinating conjunctionδὴindeedδή · particleemphasizing particleτὸfor theὁ · accusative singular neuter articlemodifies τέταρτοντέταρτονfourth timeτέταρτος · accusative singular neuter adjectiveadverbial to ἐπέσσυτοἐπέσσυτοchargedἐπισεύω · imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verbadverbial to ὅτεδαίμονιa godδαίμων · dative singular masculine nounobject of ἶσοςἶσοςequal toἴσος · nominative singular masculine adjectivecircumstantial complement - 448
Achilles cried out terribly and addressed him with winged words:
Metre
δεινὰὁμοκλήσας‖ἔπεαπτερόενταπροσηύδα
δεινὰterriblyδεινός · accusative plural neuter adjectiveadverbial to ὁμοκλήσαςδthenδέ · particlesentence particleὁμοκλήσαςhaving cried outὁμοκλέω · aorist active participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to προσηύδαἔπεαwordsἔπος · accusative plural neuter nounobject of προσηύδαπτερόενταwingedπτερόεις · accusative plural neuter adjectivemodifies ἔπεα“Winged words” is a Homeric speech formula.
προσηύδαaddressedπροσαυδάω · imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verb - 449
"Again now you have escaped death, dog, though evil came
Metre
ἐξαὖνῦνἔφυγες‖θάνατονκύονἦτέτοιἄγχι
ἐξout ofἐκ · prepositionemphasizing particleAdverbialized preverb intensifying escape: he has gotten clear out of death.
αὖagainαὖ · adverbadverbial to ἔφυγεςνῦνnowνῦν · adverbadverbial to ἔφυγεςἔφυγεςyou escapedφεύγω · aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verbmain verbθάνατονdeathθάνατος · accusative singular masculine nounobject of ἔφυγεςκύονdogκύων · vocative singular masculine noungoverned by an elided headἦtrulyἦ · adverbsentence particleWith the following particle, an emphatic asseveration: “truly indeed.”
τέindeedτε · particleemphasizing particleτοιto youσύ · dative singular masculine pronounobject of ἄγχιἄγχιnearἄγχι · prepositionpreposition - 450
close to you. Now once more Phoebus Apollo has saved you,
Metre
ἦλθεκακόννῦναὖτέ‖ἐρύσατοΦοῖβοςἈπόλλων
ἦλθεcameἔρχομαι · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbκακόνevilκακός · nominative singular neuter adjectivesubject of ἦλθενῦνnowνῦν · adverbadverbial to ἐρύσατοαὖτέagainαὖτε · adverbadverbial to ἐρύσατοσyouσύ · accusative singular masculine pronounobject of ἐρύσατοἐρύσατοsavedἐρύω · aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbΦοῖβοςPhoebusΦοῖβος · nominative singular masculine nounmodifies ἈπόλλωνἈπόλλωνApolloἈπόλλων · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of ἐρύσατο - 451
to whom you must pray whenever you enter the din of spears.
Metre
ᾧμέλλειςεὔχεσθαι‖ἰὼνἐςδοῦπονἀκόντων
ᾧto whomὅς · dative singular masculine pronounobject of εὔχεσθαιμέλλειςyou mustμέλλω · present active indicative, 2nd singular verbverb of a clause describing ἈπόλλωνWith an infinitive, “be destined or bound to”; here Achilles taunts Hector that he must pray to Apollo.
εὔχεσθαιto prayεὔχομαι · present medio-passive infinitiveobject of μέλλειςἰὼνwhen goingεἶμι · present active participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to μέλλειςἐςintoεἰς · prepositionprepositionδοῦπονdinδοῦπος · accusative singular masculine nounobject of ἐςἀκόντωνof spearsἄκων · genitive plural masculine nounmodifies δοῦπον - 452
Surely I shall finish you later, when I meet you again,
Metre
ἦθήνἐξανύω‖γεκαὶὕστερονἀντιβολήσας
ἦsurelyἦ · adverbsentence particleθήνindeedθήν · particlesentence particleσyouσύ · accusative singular masculine pronounobject of ἐξανύωἐξανύωI shall finishἐξανύω · present active subjunctive, 1st singular verbmain verbPresent subjunctive used with confident future force: Achilles vows to make an end of Hector.
γεat leastγε · particlesentence particleκαὶevenκαί · adverbemphasizing particleὕστερονlaterὕστερος · accusative singular neuter adjectiveadverbial to ἀντιβολήσαςἀντιβολήσαςhaving met againἀντιβολέω · aorist active participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to ἐξανύω - 453
if some god also stands as helper beside me.
Metre
εἴπούτιςκαὶἔμοιγε‖θεῶνἐπιτάρροθόςἐστι
εἴifεἰ · conjunctionsubordinating conjunctionπούperhapsπού · adverbsentence particleτιςsomeoneτις · nominative singular masculine pronounsubject of ἐστικαὶalsoκαί · adverbemphasizing particleἔμοιγεfor me indeedἐγώ · dative singular masculine pronounadverbial to ἐστιθεῶνof the godsθεός · genitive plural masculine nounmodifies τιςἐπιτάρροθόςa helperἐπιτάρροθος · nominative singular masculine nounpredicate nounἐστιisεἰμί · present active indicative, 3rd singular verbadverbial to εἴ - 454
For now I shall fall upon the others, whoever I meet."
Metre
νῦναὖτοὺςἄλλους‖ἐπιείσομαιὅνκεκιχείω
νῦνnowνῦν · adverbadverbial to ἐπιείσομαιαὖin turnαὖ · adverbadverbial to ἐπιείσομαιτοὺςtheὁ · accusative plural masculine articlemodifies ἄλλουςἄλλουςothersἄλλος · accusative plural masculine adjectiveobject of ἐπιείσομαιἐπιείσομαιI shall attackἔπειμι · future middle indicative, 1st singular verbmain verbFuture middle of a compound meaning “go against, attack.”
ὅνwhomeverὅς · accusative singular masculine pronounobject of κιχείωκεmayἄν · particlesentence particleκιχείωI encounterκιχάνω · aorist active subjunctive, 1st singular verbverb of a clause describing ἄλλους - 455
So he spoke and stabbed Dryops with his spear through the middle of the neck;
Metre
ὣςεἰπὼνΔρύοποὖτα‖καταὐχέναμέσσονἄκοντι
ὣςthusὡς · adverbadverbial to εἰπὼνεἰπὼνhaving spokenεἶπον · aorist active participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to οὖταΔρύοπDryopsΔρύοψ · accusative singular masculine nounobject of οὖταοὖταstabbedοὐτάω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbκατthroughκατά · prepositionprepositionApocopated preposition; “through the middle of the neck.”
αὐχέναneckαὐχήν · accusative singular masculine nounadverbial to κατ̓μέσσονmiddleμέσος · accusative singular masculine adjectivemodifies αὐχέναἄκοντιwith spearἄκων · dative singular masculine nounadverbial to οὖτα - 456
he fell before his feet. Achilles left him there,
Metre
ἤριπεδὲπροπάροιθε‖ποδῶνὃδὲτὸνμὲνἔασε
ἤριπεhe fellἐρείπω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbδὲandδέ · particlecoordinating wordπροπάροιθεbeforeπροπάροιθε · prepositionprepositionποδῶνhis feetπούς · genitive plural masculine nounadverbial to προπάροιθεὃheὁ · nominative singular masculine pronounsubject of δὲδὲbutδέ · particlesentence particleτὸνhimὁ · accusative singular masculine pronounobject of ἔασεμὲνindeedμέν · particlesentence particleἔασεleftἐάω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verb - 457
but Demuchus, Philetor's son, noble and tall,
Metre
ΔημοῦχονδὲΦιλητορίδην‖ἠΰντεμέγαντε
ΔημοῦχονDemuchusΔημοῦχος · accusative singular masculine nounobject of ἠρύκακεδὲbutδέ · particlecoordinating wordΦιλητορίδηνson of PhiletorΦιλητορίδης · accusative singular masculine nounmodifies Δημοῦχονἠΰνnobleἐύς · accusative singular masculine adjectivemodifies τεEpic adjective meaning “noble” or “good,” paired with “tall.”
τεbothτε · particlesentence particleμέγανtallμέγας · accusative singular masculine adjectivemodifies τετεandτε · particlecoordinating word - 458
he checked with a spear-cast to the knee; then
Metre
κὰγγόνυδουρὶβαλὼν‖ἠρύκακετὸνμὲνἔπειτα
κὰγatκατά · prepositionprepositionAssimilated, apocopated form of “down at,” governing “knee.”
γόνυkneeγόνυ · accusative singular neuter nounadverbial to κὰγδουρὶwith spearδόρυ · dative singular neuter nounadverbial to βαλὼνβαλὼνhaving struckβάλλω · aorist active participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to ἠρύκακεἠρύκακεcheckedἐρύκω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbτὸνhimὁ · accusative singular masculine pronounobject of οὐτάζωνμὲνindeedμέν · particlesentence particleἔπειταthenἔπειτα · adverbadverbial to ἐξαίνυτο - 459
striking him with his great sword, he took away his life.
Metre
οὐτάζωνξίφεϊ‖μεγάλῳἐξαίνυτοθυμόν
οὐτάζωνstabbingοὐτάζω · present active participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to ἐξαίνυτοξίφεϊwith swordξίφος · dative singular neuter nounadverbial to οὐτάζωνμεγάλῳgreatμέγας · dative singular neuter adjectivemodifies ξίφεϊἐξαίνυτοtook awayἐξαίνυμαι · imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbMiddle voice: he stripped or took the life out of his victim.
θυμόνlifeθυμός · accusative singular masculine nounobject of ἐξαίνυτο - 460
Then upon Laogonus and Dardanus, the two sons of Bias,
Metre
αὐτὰρὃΛαόγονον‖καὶΔάρδανονυἷεΒίαντος
αὐτὰρbutἀτάρ · particlesentence particleὃheὁ · nominative singular masculine pronounsubject of ὦσεΛαόγονονLaogonusΛαόγονος · accusative singular masculine nounobject of καὶκαὶandκαί · conjunctioncoordinating wordΔάρδανονDardanusΔάρδανος · accusative singular masculine nounobject of καὶυἷεtwo sonsυἱός · accusative dual masculine nounmodifies καὶΒίαντοςof BiasΒίας · genitive singular masculine nounmodifies υἷε - 461
rushing at both, he hurled them from their chariot to the ground,
Metre
ἄμφωἐφορμηθεὶς‖ἐξἵππωνὦσεχαμᾶζε
ἄμφωbothἄμφω · accusative dual masculine adjectivemodifies υἷεἐφορμηθεὶςrushing uponἐφορμάω · aorist passive participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to ὦσεPassive in form but intransitive in sense: “having rushed upon.”
ἐξfromἐκ · prepositionprepositionἵππωνhorsesἵππος · genitive plural masculine nounadverbial to ἐξὦσεhurledὠθέω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbχαμᾶζεto the groundχαμᾶζε · adverbobject of ὦσε - 462
striking one with his spear and the other at close range with his sword.
Metre
τὸνμὲνδουρὶβαλών‖τὸνδὲσχεδὸνἄοριτύψας
τὸνoneὁ · accusative singular masculine pronounobject of βαλώνμὲνindeedμέν · particlesentence particleδουρὶwith spearδόρυ · dative singular neuter nounadverbial to βαλώνβαλώνhaving struckβάλλω · aorist active participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to δὲτὸνthe otherὁ · accusative singular masculine pronounobject of τύψαςδὲbutδέ · particlecoordinating wordσχεδὸνclose byσχεδόν · adverbadverbial to τύψαςἄοριwith swordἄορ · dative singular neuter nounadverbial to τύψαςτύψαςhaving struckτύπτω · aorist active participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to δὲ - 463
Tros, son of Alastor, came before Achilles' knees,
Metre
ΤρῶαἈλαστορίδην‖ὃμὲνἀντίοςἤλυθεγούνων
ΤρῶαTrosΤρώς · accusative singular masculine nounobjectδbutδέ · particlesentence particleἈλαστορίδηνson of AlastorἈλαστορίδης · accusative singular masculine nounmodifies Τρῶαὃheὁ · nominative singular masculine pronounsubject of ἤλυθεμὲνindeedμέν · particlesentence particleἀντίοςbeforeἀντίος · nominative singular masculine adjectivecircumstantial complementἤλυθεcameἔρχομαι · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbγούνωνkneesγόνυ · genitive plural neuter nounobject of ἀντίος - 464
in hope that he might spare him, take him alive, and let him go,
Metre
εἴπώςεὑπεφίδοιτο‖λαβὼνκαὶζωὸνἀφείη
εἴifεἰ · conjunctionsubordinating conjunctionπώςsomehowπως · particleadverbial to δὲεὑhimἕ · genitive singular masculine pronounobject of πεφίδοιτοπεφίδοιτοmight spareφείδομαι · aorist middle optative, 3rd singular verbadverbial to δὲOptative expresses Tros’s desperate hope that Achilles might spare him.
λαβὼνhaving takenλαμβάνω · aorist active participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to πεφίδοιτοκαὶandκαί · conjunctionsentence particleζωὸνaliveζωός · accusative singular masculine adjectivecircumstantial complementἀφείηmight releaseἀφίημι · aorist active optative, 3rd singular verbadverbial to δὲ - 465
and not kill him, taking pity on one of his own age—
Metre
μηδὲκατακτείνειεν‖ὁμηλικίηνἐλεήσας
κατακτείνειενmight killκατακτείνω · aorist active optative, 3rd singular verbadverbial to δὲὁμηλικίηνsame ageὁμηλικία · accusative singular feminine nounobject of ἐλεήσαςἐλεήσαςhaving pitiedἐλεέω · aorist active participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to κατακτείνειεν - 466
fool, he did not know that Achilles was not going to be persuaded,
Metre
νήπιοςοὐδὲτὸᾔδη‖ὃοὐπείσεσθαιἔμελλεν
νήπιοςfoolishνήπιος · nominative singular masculine adjectivecircumstantial complementτὸthisὁ · accusative singular neuter pronounobject of ᾔδηᾔδηhe knewοἶδα · pluperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbPluperfect of a perfect-present verb: “he knew.”
ὃthatὅς · accusative singular neuter pronounsubordinating conjunctionοὐnotοὐ · adverbemphasizing particleπείσεσθαιwould be persuadedπείθω · future middle infinitiveobject of ἔμελλενἔμελλενwas goingμέλλω · imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verbverb of a clause describing ὃ - 467
for he was not a sweet-hearted man, nor gentle-minded,
Metre
οὐγάρτιγλυκύθυμος‖ἀνὴρἦνοὐδἀγανόφρων
οὐnotοὐ · adverbemphasizing particleγάρforγάρ · particlesentence particleτιat allτις · accusative singular neuter pronounadverbial to ἦνγλυκύθυμοςgentle-heartedγλυκύθυμος · nominative singular masculine adjectivepredicate nounἀνὴρa manἀνήρ · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of ἦνἦνhe wasεἰμί · imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbἀγανόφρωνgentle-mindedἀγανόφρων · nominative singular masculine adjectivepredicate noun - 468
but fiercely intent. Tros gripped his knees with both hands,
Metre
ἀλλὰμάλἐμμεμαώς‖ὃμὲνἥπτετοχείρεσιγούνων
ἀλλὰbutἀλλά · conjunctioncoordinating wordμάλveryμάλα · adverbemphasizing particleἐμμεμαώςfiercely intentἐμμεμαώς · perfect active participle, nominative singular masculinepredicate nounPerfect participle expresses a settled, intense eagerness for battle.
ὃheὁ · nominative singular masculine pronounsubject of ἥπτετομὲνindeedμέν · particlesentence particleἥπτετοclungἅπτω · imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbχείρεσιwith both handsχείρ · dative plural feminine nounadverbial to ἥπτετογούνωνkneesγόνυ · genitive plural neuter nounobject of ἥπτετο - 469
eager to supplicate him, but Achilles stabbed his liver with the sword;
Metre
ἱέμενοςλίσσεσθ‖ὃδὲφασγάνῳοὖτακαθἧπαρ
ἱέμενοςeagerἵημι · present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to ἥπτετοMiddle participle with infinitive: “eager to supplicate.”
λίσσεσθto supplicateλίσσομαι · present medio-passive infinitiveobject of ἱέμενοςὃheὁ · nominative singular masculine pronounsubject of οὖταδὲbutδέ · particlecoordinating wordφασγάνῳwith swordφάσγανον · dative singular neuter nounadverbial to οὖταοὖταstabbedοὐτάω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbκαθthroughκατά · prepositionprepositionἧπαρliverἧπαρ · accusative singular neuter nounadverbial to καθ̓ - 470
his liver slipped out, and black blood down over him
Metre
ἐκδέοἱἧπαρὄλισθεν‖ἀτὰρμέλαναἷμακαταὐτοῦ
ἐκoutἐκ · prepositionemphasizing particlePreverb separated from “slipped,” emphasizing that the liver slipped out.
δέandδέ · particlesentence particleοἱhisἕ · dative singular masculine pronounmodifies ἧπαρἧπαρliverἧπαρ · nominative singular neuter nounsubject of ὄλισθενὄλισθενslippedὀλισθάνω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbἀτὰρbutἀτάρ · particlecoordinating wordμέλανblackμέλας · nominative singular neuter adjectivemodifies αἷμααἷμαbloodαἷμα · nominative singular neuter nounsubject of ἐνέπλησενκατdown overκατά · prepositionprepositionTmesis with “filled” in the next line: the blood filled his lap down over him.
αὐτοῦhimαὐτός · genitive singular neuter adjectivemodifies κατ̓ - 471
filled his lap; and darkness covered his eyes
Metre
κόλπονἐνέπλησεν‖τὸνδὲσκότοςὄσσεκάλυψε
κόλπονlapκόλπος · accusative singular masculine nounobject of ἐνέπλησενἐνέπλησενfilledἐμπίπλημι · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbτὸνhimὁ · accusative singular masculine pronounobject of κάλυψεδὲandδέ · particlecoordinating wordσκότοςdarknessσκότος · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of κάλυψεὄσσεeyesὄσσε · accusative dual neuter nounobject of κάλυψεκάλυψεcoveredκαλύπτω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verb - 472
as his life failed. Achilles stood near Mulius and stabbed him
θυμοῦof lifeθυμός · genitive singular masculine nounobject of δευόμενονδευόμενονfailingδεύω · present medio-passive participle, accusative singular masculinecircumstantial complementLiterally “lacking life,” describing Tros as his spirit fails.
ὃheὁ · nominative singular masculine pronounsubject of οὖταδὲthenδέ · particlecoordinating wordΜούλιονMuliusΜούλιος · accusative singular masculine nounobject of οὖταοὖταstabbedοὐτάω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbπαραστὰςstanding besideπαρίστημι · aorist active participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to οὖτα - 473
with his spear through the ear; at once through the other ear passed
Metre
δουρὶκατοὖςεἶθαρ‖δὲδιοὔατοςἦλθἑτέροιο
δουρὶwith spearδόρυ · dative singular neuter nounadverbial to οὖτακατthroughκατά · prepositionprepositionοὖςearοὖς · accusative singular neuter nounadverbial to κατ̓εἶθαρat onceεἶθαρ · adverbadverbial to ἦλθ̓δὲandδέ · particlecoordinating wordδιthroughδιά · prepositionprepositionElided preposition: the spearpoint passed through the other ear.
οὔατοςearοὖς · genitive singular neuter nounobject of δἰἦλθpassedἔρχομαι · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbἑτέροιοthe otherἕτερος · genitive singular neuter adjectivemodifies οὔατος - 474
the bronze spearpoint. Then the son of Agenor, Echeclus—
Metre
αἰχμὴχαλκείη‖ὃἈγήνοροςυἱὸνἜχεκλον
αἰχμὴspearpointαἰχμή · nominative singular feminine nounsubject of ἦλθ̓χαλκείηbronzeχάλκειος · nominative singular feminine adjectivemodifies αἰχμὴὃheὁ · nominative singular masculine pronounsubject of ἤλασεδthenδέ · particlesentence particleἈγήνοροςof AgenorἈγήνωρ · genitive singular masculine nounmodifies υἱὸνυἱὸνsonυἱός · accusative singular masculine nounmodifies ἜχεκλονἜχεκλονEcheclusἜχεκλος · accusative singular masculine nounobject of ἤλασε - 475
Achilles struck him squarely on the head with his hilted sword;
Metre
μέσσηνκὰκκεφαλὴν‖ξίφειἤλασεκωπήεντι
μέσσηνsquarelyμέσος · accusative singular feminine adjectivemodifies κεφαλὴνκὰκonκατά · prepositionprepositionApocopated preposition in the phrase “on the middle of the head.”
κεφαλὴνheadκεφαλή · accusative singular feminine nounadverbial to κὰκξίφειwith swordξίφος · dative singular neuter nounadverbial to ἤλασεἤλασεstruckἐλαύνω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbκωπήεντιhiltedκωπήεις · dative singular neuter adjectivemodifies ξίφει - 476
the whole sword grew hot with blood; over his eyes
Metre
πᾶνὑπεθερμάνθη‖ξίφοςαἵματιτὸνδὲκατὄσσε
πᾶνwholeπᾶς · nominative singular neuter adjectivemodifies ξίφοςδandδέ · particlecoordinating wordὑπεθερμάνθηgrew hotὑποθερμαίνω · aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbξίφοςswordξίφος · nominative singular neuter nounsubject of ὑπεθερμάνθηαἵματιwith bloodαἷμα · dative singular neuter nounobject of ὑπεθερμάνθητὸνhimὁ · accusative singular masculine pronounobject of ἔλλαβεδὲandδέ · particlecoordinating wordκατoverκατά · prepositionemphasizing particleTmesis with “seized” in the next line: death seized him over the eyes.
ὄσσεeyesὄσσε · accusative dual neuter nounadverbial to ἔλλαβε - 477
came purple death and mighty fate.
Metre
ἔλλαβεπορφύρεος‖θάνατοςκαὶμοῖρακραταιή
ἔλλαβεseizedλαμβάνω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbπορφύρεοςpurpleπορφύρεος · nominative singular masculine adjectivemodifies θάνατος“Purple death” is a Homeric formula evoking the dark blood and shadow of violent death.
θάνατοςdeathθάνατος · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of καὶκαὶandκαί · conjunctioncoordinating wordμοῖραfateμοῖρα · nominative singular feminine nounsubject of καὶκραταιήmightyκραταιός · nominative singular feminine adjectivemodifies μοῖρα - 478
Then Deucalion, where the tendons of the elbow join,
Metre
Δευκαλίωναἔπειθ‖ἵνατεξυνέχουσιτένοντες
ΔευκαλίωναDeucalionΔευκαλίων · accusative singular masculine nounobject of ἔπειρενδthenδέ · particlecoordinating wordἔπειθnextἔπειτα · adverbadverbial to ἔπειρενἵναwhereἵνα · adverbadverbial to ξυνέχουσιIntroduces the precise point of the wound: where the elbow tendons join.
τεindeedτε · particlesentence particleξυνέχουσιjoinσυνόχωκα · present active indicative, 3rd plural verbverb of a clause describing τῇτένοντεςtendonsτένων · nominative plural masculine nounsubject of ξυνέχουσι - 479
there through his dear arm Achilles pierced him
Metre
ἀγκῶνοςτῇτόν‖γεφίληςδιὰχειρὸςἔπειρεν
ἀγκῶνοςof the elbowἀγκών · genitive singular masculine nounmodifies τένοντεςτῇthereτῇ · adverbadverbial to ἔπειρενThe adverb resumes the preceding “where”: “there,” at the elbow joint.
τόνhimὁ · accusative singular masculine pronounmodifies Δευκαλίωναγεindeedγε · particleemphasizing particleφίληςdearφίλος · genitive singular feminine adjectivemodifies χειρὸςδιὰthroughδιά · prepositionprepositionχειρὸςarmχείρ · genitive singular feminine nounadverbial to διὰἔπειρενpiercedπείρω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verb - 480
with the bronze spearpoint; his arm weighed down, he awaited him,
Metre
αἰχμῇχαλκείῃ‖ὃδέμινμένεχεῖραβαρυνθεὶς
αἰχμῇwith spearpointαἰχμή · dative singular feminine nounadverbial to ἔπειρενχαλκείῃbronzeχάλκειος · dative singular feminine adjectivemodifies αἰχμῇὃheὁ · nominative singular masculine pronounsubject of μένεδέbutδέ · particlecoordinating wordμινhimμιν · accusative singular masculine pronounobject of μένεμένεawaitedμένω · imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbχεῖραarmχείρ · accusative singular feminine nounobject of βαρυνθεὶςβαρυνθεὶςweighed downβαρύνω · aorist passive participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to μένεPassive participle describes the wounded arm hanging heavy and useless.
- 481
seeing death before him. Achilles struck his neck with the sword
πρόσθbefore himπρόσθεν · adverbadverbial to ὁρόωνὁρόωνseeingὁράω · present active participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to μένεθάνατονdeathθάνατος · accusative singular masculine nounobject of ὁρόωνὃheὁ · nominative singular masculine pronounsubject of βάλεδὲthenδέ · particlecoordinating wordφασγάνῳwith swordφάσγανον · dative singular neuter nounadverbial to θείναςαὐχέναneckαὐχήν · accusative singular masculine nounobject of θείναςθείναςhaving struckθείνω · aorist active participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to βάλε - 482
and sent the head far off, helmet and all; the marrow
Metre
τῆλαὐτῇπήληκι‖κάρηβάλεμυελὸςαὖτε
τῆλfar awayτῆλε · adverbadverbial to βάλεαὐτῇtogether withαὐτός · dative singular feminine adjectivecircumstantial complementDative of accompaniment: the head flew off together with the helmet.
πήληκιhelmetπήληξ · dative singular feminine nounadverbial to βάλεκάρηheadκάρα · accusative singular neuter nounobject of βάλεβάλεsentβάλλω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbμυελὸςmarrowμυελός · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of ἔκπαλθ̓αὖτεin turnαὖτε · adverbsentence particle - 483
sprang from the vertebrae, and he lay stretched upon the ground.
Metre
σφονδυλίωνἔκπαλθ‖ὃἐπὶχθονὶκεῖτοτανυσθείς
σφονδυλίωνfrom vertebraeσφονδύλιος · genitive plural masculine nounobject of ἔκπαλθ̓ἔκπαλθsprang outἐκπάλλω · aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbAorist passive in form but intransitive in meaning: the marrow “sprang out.”
ὃheὁ · nominative singular masculine pronounsubject of κεῖτοδandδέ · particlecoordinating wordἐπὶuponἐπί · prepositionprepositionχθονὶgroundχθών · dative singular feminine nounadverbial to ἐπὶκεῖτοlayκεῖμαι · imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbτανυσθείςstretched outτανύω · aorist passive participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to κεῖτο - 484
Then Achilles went after the blameless son of Peires,
Metre
αὐτὰρὃβῆἰέναι‖μετἀμύμοναΠείρεωυἱὸν
αὐτὰρbutἀτάρ · particlesentence particleὃheὁ · nominative singular masculine pronounsubject of βῆβῆwentβαίνω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbThe finite verb plus infinitive is an epic idiom meaning “set out, went.”
ῥthenἄρα · particlesentence particleἰέναιto goεἶμι · present active infinitiveadverbial to βῆμετafterμετά · prepositionprepositionἀμύμοναblamelessἀμύμων · accusative singular masculine adjectivemodifies ῬίγμονΠείρεωof PeiresΠείροος · genitive singular masculine nounmodifies υἱὸνυἱὸνsonυἱός · accusative singular masculine nounmodifies Ῥίγμον - 485
Rhigmus, who had come from Thrace of the rich soil.
Metre
ῬίγμονὃςἐκΘρῄκης‖ἐριβώλακοςεἰληλούθει
ῬίγμονRhigmusῬίγμος · accusative singular masculine nounobject of μετ̓ὃςwhoὅς · nominative singular masculine pronounsubject of εἰληλούθειἐκfromἐκ · prepositionprepositionΘρῄκηςThraceΘρᾴκη · genitive singular feminine nounobject of ἐκἐριβώλακοςrich-soiledἐριβῶλαξ · genitive singular feminine adjectivemodifies Θρῄκηςεἰληλούθειhad comeἔρχομαι · pluperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verbverb of a clause describing ῬίγμονPluperfect marks Rhigmus’s prior arrival from Thrace.
- 486
He struck him through the middle with his spear, and the bronze fixed in his belly;
Metre
τὸνβάλεμέσσονἄκοντι‖πάγηἐννηδύϊχαλκός
τὸνhimὁ · accusative singular masculine pronounobject of βάλεβάλεstruckβάλλω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbμέσσονthrough the middleμέσος · accusative singular neuter adjectiveadverbial to βάλεAdverbial neuter: Achilles struck him through his middle.
ἄκοντιwith spearἄκων · dative singular masculine nounadverbial to βάλεπάγηwas fixedπήγνυμι · aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbPassive aorist emphasizes the bronze point becoming lodged in his belly.
δandδέ · particlesentence particleἐνinἐν · prepositionprepositionνηδύϊbellyνηδύς · dative singular feminine nounobject of ἐνχαλκόςbronzeχαλκός · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of πάγη - 487
he fell from the chariot. Then Areithous, his attendant,
Metre
ἤριπεἐξὀχέων‖ὃἈρηΐθοονθεράποντα
ἤριπεhe fellἐρείπω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbδandδέ · particlecoordinating wordἐξfromἐκ · prepositionprepositionὀχέωνchariotὄχος · genitive plural neuter nounadverbial to ἐξὃheὁ · nominative singular masculine pronounsubject of δ̓δthenδέ · particlesentence particleἈρηΐθοονAreithousἈρηίθοος · accusative singular masculine nounobject of νύξ̓The name is proleptic object of “stabbed” in the following line.
θεράπονταattendantθεράπων · accusative singular masculine nounmodifies Ἀρηΐθοον - 488
as he turned the horses back, Achilles stabbed in the back with his sharp spear
Metre
ἂψἵππουςστρέψαντα‖μετάφρενονὀξέϊδουρὶ
ἂψbackἄψ · adverbadverbial to στρέψανταἵππουςhorsesἵππος · accusative plural masculine nounobject of στρέψανταστρέψανταhaving turnedστρέφω · aorist active participle, accusative singular masculinecircumstantial complementAccusative participle agrees with Areithous: Achilles strikes him as he turns the horses.
μετάφρενονbackμετάφρενον · accusative singular neuter nounobject of νύξ̓ὀξέϊsharpὀξύς · dative singular neuter adjectivemodifies δουρὶδουρὶwith spearδόρυ · dative singular neuter nounadverbial to νύξ̓ - 489
and thrust him from the chariot; the horses were thrown into confusion.
Metre
νύξἀπὸἅρματοςὦσε‖κυκήθησανδέοἱἵπποι
νύξstabbedνύσσω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbIts final vowel is elided before the following word.
ἀπὸfromἀπό · prepositionprepositionδandδέ · particlecoordinating wordἅρματοςchariotἅρμα · genitive singular neuter nounobject of ἀπὸὦσεthrustὠθέω · aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbκυκήθησανwere thrown into confusionκυκάω · aorist passive indicative, 3rd plural verbmain verbδέandδέ · particlecoordinating wordοἱtheὁ · nominative plural masculine articlemodifies ἵπποιἵπποιhorsesἵππος · nominative plural masculine nounsubject of κυκήθησαν - 490
As a wondrous blaze rages through the deep valleys
Metre
ὡςἀναμαιμάει‖βαθέἄγκεαθεσπιδαὲςπῦρ
ὡςasὡς · adverbadverbial to τεδandδέ · particlecoordinating wordἀναμαιμάειragesἀναμαιμάω · present active indicative, 3rd singular verbadverbial to τεβαθέdeepβαθύς · accusative plural neuter adjectivemodifies ἄγκεαἄγκεαvalleysἄγκος · accusative plural neuter nounobject of ἀναμαιμάειθεσπιδαὲςwondrous-blazingθεσπιδαής · nominative singular neuter adjectivemodifies πῦρA compact epic compound for fire blazing with uncanny or divine force.
πῦρfireπῦρ · nominative singular neuter nounsubject of ἀναμαιμάει - 491
of a parched mountain, and the deep forest burns,
Metre
οὔρεοςἀζαλέοιο‖βαθεῖαδὲκαίεταιὕλη
οὔρεοςof a mountainὄρος · genitive singular neuter nounmodifies ἄγκεαἀζαλέοιοparchedἀζαλέος · genitive singular neuter adjectivemodifies οὔρεοςβαθεῖαdeepβαθύς · nominative singular feminine adjectivemodifies ὕληδὲandδέ · particlesentence particleκαίεταιburnsκαίω · present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verbadverbial to τεὕληforestὕλη · nominative singular feminine nounsubject of καίεται - 492
and the wind, wheeling everywhere, twists the flame,
Metre
πάντῃτεκλονέων‖ἄνεμοςφλόγαεἰλυφάζει
πάντῃeverywhereπάντῃ · adverbadverbial to εἰλυφάζειτεandτε · particlecoordinating wordκλονέωνwhirlingκλονέω · present active participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to εἰλυφάζειἄνεμοςwindἄνεμος · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of εἰλυφάζειφλόγαflameφλόξ · accusative singular masculine nounobject of εἰλυφάζειεἰλυφάζειtwistsεἰλυφάζω · present active indicative, 3rd singular verbadverbial to τε - 493
so he rushed everywhere with his spear, equal to a god,
Metre
ὣςὅγεπάντῃθῦνε‖σὺνἔγχεϊδαίμονιἶσος
ὣςsoὡς · adverbadverbial to θῦνεὅheὁ · nominative singular masculine pronounsubject of θῦνεγεindeedγε · particleemphasizing particleπάντῃeverywhereπάντῃ · adverbadverbial to θῦνεθῦνεrushedθύνω · imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbσὺνwithσύν · prepositionprepositionἔγχεϊspearἔγχος · dative singular neuter nounadverbial to σὺνδαίμονιa godδαίμων · dative singular masculine nounobject of ἶσος“Equal to a god” is a formula for a warrior’s superhuman battle fury.
ἶσοςequal toἴσος · nominative singular masculine adjectivecircumstantial complement - 494
pursuing those he killed; the black earth ran with blood.
Metre
κτεινομένουςἐφέπων‖ῥέεαἵματιγαῖαμέλαινα
κτεινομένουςthose being killedκτείνω · present medio-passive participle, accusative plural masculineobject of ἐφέπωνMiddle-passive form is contextually passive: the men being killed by Achilles.
ἐφέπωνpursuingἐφέπω · present active participle, nominative singular masculineadverbial to θῦνεῥέεranῥέω · imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbδandδέ · particlecoordinating wordαἵματιwith bloodαἷμα · dative singular neuter nounobject of ῥέεγαῖαearthγαῖα · nominative singular feminine nounsubject of ῥέεμέλαιναblackμέλας · nominative singular feminine adjectivemodifies γαῖα - 495
And as when a man yokes broad-browed oxen
Metre
ὡςὅτετιςζεύξῃ‖βόαςἄρσεναςεὐρυμετώπους
ὡςasὡς · adverbemphasizing particleOpens the extended simile comparing Achilles’s horses to threshing oxen.
δandδέ · particlecoordinating wordὅτεwhenὅτε · adverbsubordinating conjunctionτιςsomeoneτις · nominative singular masculine pronounsubject of ζεύξῃζεύξῃyokesζεύγνυμι · aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verbadverbial to τεβόαςoxenβοῦς · accusative plural masculine nounobject of ζεύξῃἄρσεναςmaleἄρσην · accusative plural masculine adjectivemodifies βόαςεὐρυμετώπουςbroad-browedεὐρυμέτωπος · accusative plural masculine adjectivemodifies βόας - 496
to tread white barley on a well-built threshing floor,
Metre
τριβέμεναικρῖλευκὸν‖ἐϋκτιμένῃἐνἀλωῇ
τριβέμεναιto treadτρίβω · present active infinitiveadverbial to ζεύξῃEpic infinitive ending; it expresses the purpose for which the oxen are yoked.
κρῖbarleyκρῖ · accusative singular neuter nounobject of τριβέμεναιλευκὸνwhiteλευκός · accusative singular neuter adjectivemodifies κρῖἐϋκτιμένῃwell-builtἐυκτίμενος · dative singular feminine adjectivemodifies ἀλωῇἐνonἐν · prepositionprepositionἀλωῇthreshing floorἀλωή · dative singular feminine nounadverbial to ἐν - 497
and swiftly the grain grows fine beneath the feet of the loud-lowing oxen,
Metre
ῥίμφάτελέπτἐγένοντο‖βοῶνὑπὸπόσσἐριμύκων
ῥίμφάswiftlyῥίμφα · adverbadverbial to ἐγένοντοτεandτε · particlecoordinating wordλέπτfineλεπτός · nominative plural neuter adjectivepredicate nounNeuter plural predicate adjective; the understood barley grains become fine.
ἐγένοντοbecameγίγνομαι · aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verbadverbial to τεβοῶνof oxenβοῦς · genitive plural masculine nounmodifies πόσσ̓ὑπὸbeneathὑπό · prepositionprepositionπόσσfeetπούς · dative plural masculine nounadverbial to ὑπὸἐριμύκωνloud-lowingἐρίμυκος · genitive plural masculine adjectivemodifies βοῶν - 498
so beneath great-hearted Achilles his single-hoofed horses
Metre
ὣςὑπἈχιλλῆος‖μεγαθύμουμώνυχεςἵπποι
ὣςsoὡς · adverbadverbial to στεῖβονὑπbeneathὑπό · prepositionprepositionἈχιλλῆοςAchillesἈχιλλεύς · genitive singular masculine nounadverbial to ὑπ̓μεγαθύμουgreat-heartedμεγάθυμος · genitive singular masculine adjectivemodifies Ἀχιλλῆοςμώνυχεςsingle-hoofedμῶνυξ · nominative plural masculine adjectivemodifies ἵπποιEpic epithet literally “single-hoofed,” describing solid-hoofed horses.
ἵπποιhorsesἵππος · nominative plural masculine nounsubject of στεῖβον - 499
trampled corpses and shields together; with blood the axle
Metre
στεῖβονὁμοῦνέκυάς‖τεκαὶἀσπίδαςαἵματιἄξων
στεῖβονtrampledστείβω · imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verbmain verbὁμοῦtogetherὁμοῦ · adverbadverbial to στεῖβοννέκυάςcorpsesνέκυς · accusative plural masculine nounobject of καὶτεbothτε · particlesentence particleκαὶandκαί · conjunctioncoordinating wordἀσπίδαςshieldsἀσπίς · accusative plural feminine nounobject of καὶαἵματιwith bloodαἷμα · dative singular neuter nounobject of πεπάλακτοδandδέ · particlecoordinating wordἄξωνaxleἄξων · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of καὶ - 500
beneath was wholly spattered, and the rails around the chariot,
Metre
νέρθενἅπαςπεπάλακτο‖καὶἄντυγεςαἳπερὶδίφρον
νέρθενunderneathἔνερθε · adverbadverbial to πεπάλακτοἅπαςentireἅπας · nominative singular masculine adjectivemodifies ἄξωνπεπάλακτοhad been spatteredπαλάσσω · pluperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbPluperfect middle-passive presents the axle as already thoroughly blood-spattered.
καὶandκαί · conjunctioncoordinating wordἄντυγεςchariot railsἄντυξ · nominative plural feminine nounsubject of καὶαἳwhichὅς · nominative plural feminine pronounsubjectπερὶaroundπερί · prepositionprepositionδίφρονchariotδίφρος · accusative singular masculine nounadverbial to περὶ - 501
struck by droplets flung from the horses' hooves
Metre
ἃςἄρἀφἱππείων‖ὁπλέωνῥαθάμιγγεςἔβαλλον
ἃςwhichὅς · accusative plural feminine pronounobject of ἔβαλλονἄρthenἄρα · particlesentence particleἀφfromἀπό · prepositionprepositionἱππείωνhorses’ἵππειος · genitive plural feminine adjectivemodifies ὁπλέωνὁπλέωνhoovesὁπλή · genitive plural feminine nounmodifies ἀφ̓ῥαθάμιγγεςdropletsῥαθάμιγξ · nominative plural feminine nounsubject of τ̓Rare poetic noun for drops or splashes of liquid.
ἔβαλλονstruckβάλλω · imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verbverb of a clause describing ἄντυγες - 502
and from the wheel-rims; but he was eager to win glory,
Metre
αἵἀπἐπισσώτρων‖ὃδὲἵετοκῦδοςἀρέσθαι
αἵwhichὅς · nominative plural feminine pronounsubject of τ̓τandτε · particlecoordinating wordἀπfromἀπό · prepositionprepositionἐπισσώτρωνwheel-rimsἐπίσωτρον · genitive plural neuter nounmodifies ἀπ̓ὃtheὁ · nominative singular masculine articlemodifies Πηλεΐδηςδὲbutδέ · particlesentence particleἵετοwas eagerἵημι · imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbMiddle of “send” used idiomatically for eager striving or yearning.
κῦδοςgloryκῦδος · accusative singular neuter nounobject of ἀρέσθαιἀρέσθαιto winαἴρω · aorist middle infinitiveobject of ἵετοAorist middle infinitive: literally “to take up,” hence win glory for oneself.
- 503
the son of Peleus, spattering his irresistible hands with gore.
Metre
Πηλεΐδηςλύθρῳ‖δὲπαλάσσετοχεῖραςἀάπτους
Πηλεΐδηςson of PeleusΠηλείδης · nominative singular masculine nounsubject of ἵετολύθρῳwith goreλύθρον · dative singular masculine nounobject of παλάσσετοδὲandδέ · particlecoordinating wordπαλάσσετοwas spatteringπαλάσσω · imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verbmain verbMiddle voice emphasizes Achilles getting gore over his own hands.
χεῖραςhandsχείρ · accusative plural feminine nounobject of παλάσσετοἀάπτουςirresistibleἄαπτος · accusative plural feminine adjectivemodifies χεῖραςEpic epithet meaning not to be touched, checked, or resisted.
The particulars
- The text
- Ἰλιάς, Homer. The Ransom of Hector.
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- Public-domain Greek (Homer, ancient; text via the Perseus Digital Library). English translation © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC.
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