Hungarian · Unit 15

Unit 15: Oktatás Magyarországon

Volume 2

Education in Hungary

289 lines

Basic Sentences I

1
What's the latest, Mr. Fehér?
Miwe; what
újság,newspaper, news
Fehérwhite
úr?Mr., sir, gentleman
2
Summer is over and the children have to go back to school.
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Where do they attend school?
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My younger son's in the fourth grade of the elementary school.

megint: again
általános: general
iskola: public elementary school

5
Is your son a hard worker?
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Quite diligent, but we still have to be strict with him. First he must finish his homework in the afternoon and only then can he go out and play.
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At what time do the students have to go to school?
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Quite early. They have to be in class at 8 in the morning. They come home at 1 o'clock tired and hungry.

Szorgalmas: diligent, industrious

9
When is your son going to middle school? Next year?
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No, not until 4 years from now. The elementary school has 8 grades. Only after the 8th grade is it possible for one to go to a middle school.
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Up to what age is school obligatory in Hungary?
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Up to the age of 14. Every child has to attend school for 8 years.

mehetnek: they can go
kötelező: obligatory, compulsory, mandatory

13
What do the children study in the elementary schools?
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About the same subjects that we had to study at this age: arithmetic, geography, history, Hungarian grammar, etc.

a: arithmetic
a: grammar
a: economy
stb: and so forth (et cetera)

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Does your older son attend elementary school also?
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No. He goes to a technical gymnasium. He wants to be a chemical engineer.
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What is a "gymnasium"?
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It's a middle school. There a student can choose what he wants to study.

műszaki: technical

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What kind of gymnasiums do you have?
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There are general, agricultural, technical and commercial gymnasiums. People who don't want to study further, however, go to factories as industrial apprentices.
21
Your son surely (must) like chemistry if he wants to be a chemical engineer.

mezőgazdasági: agricultural
tovább: further, ahead
ipari: industrial

22
He likes the subject very much, especially the experiments ('practical exercises') in the laboratory. The technical schools supplement academic instruction with practical exercises.
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I used to enjoy the laboratory experiments very much myself. If it hadn't been for the war, I would've been a chemical engineer too. But tell me, is your son a good student?

gyakorlati: practical
A: laboratory
elméleti: theoretical
oktatás: teaching, education, instruction

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Yes. If he hadn't studied so hard he wouldn't have always received such good grades. Then he wouldn't have been accepted in the gymnasium.
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Is he going to a university next year?
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Not yet. He's graduating from middle school next year. Then he hopes he'll succeed in getting into a university.
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Why? Don't they accept everybody in the universities?

sikerül: succeed

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No. Only those are accepted who graduated with high marks from high school.
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How many years does one have to study in the university as a rule?
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The students get their diplomas after four years at most of the universities. Of course that depends on whether they pass all their examinations.
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What are the examinations like? Are they hard?

Általában: in general, as a rule

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Yes, they're very difficult. The students have to pass oral and written examinations.
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I've heard that your nephew's attending a university. What's he studying?

szóbeli: oral
írásbeli: written

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He's just completing his work at the mining engineering university. He's studying hard, because he doesn't want to fail his examination.

megbukni: to fail an examination

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Mining engineering is a difficult profession!

foglalkozás: profession, occupation

36
Yes, it's difficult. He wanted to be a doctor originally, but he couldn't enroll there. If they had accepted him at the medical university, he'd be a doctor by now. That would've been his real vocation.
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It's too bad that he was not accepted. But tell me, do many people study in Hungary?
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Yes. Those who work during the day attend evening courses. But they also have many correspondence courses for those who live far from schools.
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Is it hard to get in the evening courses?

eredetileg: originally, primarily
beiratkozni: to enroll, register
igazi: real
levelező: correspondence

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No, it's not hard. Why, do you perhaps want to enroll also?
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If they had a Hungarian language and literature course somewhere, I'd like to take it.
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I'll inquire about that. Surely they have such a course at the university, that is, at the liberal arts college.
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I'll be very grateful if you can find out.

azaz: that is, namely

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But I've got to go now. Greetings to your wife (whom I haven't had the honor of meeting yet).
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Thank you. Good-bye.
46
What's the latest, Mr. Fehér?
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Summer is over and the children have to go back to school.
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Where do they attend school?
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My younger son's in the fourth grade of the elementary school.
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Is your son a hard worker?
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Quite diligent, but we still have to be strict with him. First he must finish his homework in the afternoon and only then can he go out and play.
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At what time do the students have to go to school?
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Quite early. They have to be in class at 8 in the morning. They come home at 1 o'clock tired and hungry.
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When is your son going to middle school? Next year?
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No, not until 4 years from now. The elementary school has 8 grades. Only after the 8th grade is it possible for one to go to a middle school.
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Up to what age is school obligatory in Hungary?
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Up to the age of 14. Every child has to attend school for 8 years.
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What do the children study in the elementary schools?
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About the same subjects that we had to study at this age: arithmetic, geography, history, Hungarian grammar, etc.
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Does your older son attend elementary school also?
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No. He goes to a technical gymnasium. He wants to be a chemical engineer.
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What is a "gymnasium"?
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It's a middle school. There a student can choose what he wants to study.
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What kind of gymnasiums do you have?
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There are general, agricultural, technical and commercial gymnasiums. People who don't want to study further, however, go to factories as industrial apprentices.
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Your son surely (must) like chemistry if he wants to be a chemical engineer.
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He likes the subject very much, especially the experiments ('practical exercises') in the laboratory. The technical schools supplement academic instruction with practical exercises.
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I used to enjoy the laboratory experiments very much myself. If it hadn't been for the war, I would've been a chemical engineer too. But tell me, is your son a good student?
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Yes. If he hadn't studied so hard he wouldn't have always received such good grades. Then he wouldn't have been accepted in the gymnasium.
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Is he going to a university next year?
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Not yet. He's graduating from middle school next year. Then he hopes he'll succeed in getting into a university.
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Why? Don't they accept everybody in the universities?
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No. Only those are accepted who graduated with high marks from high school.
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How many years does one have to study in the university as a rule?
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The students get their diplomas after four years at most of the universities. Of course that depends on whether they pass all their examinations.
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What are the examinations like? Are they hard?
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Yes, they're very difficult. The students have to pass oral and written examinations.
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I've heard that your nephew's attending a university. What's he studying?
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He's just completing his work at the mining engineering university. He's studying hard, because he doesn't want to fail his examination.
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Mining engineering is a difficult profession!
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Yes, it's difficult. He wanted to be a doctor originally, but he couldn't enroll there. If they had accepted him at the medical university, he'd be a doctor by now. That would've been his real vocation.
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It's too bad that he was not accepted. But tell me, do many people study in Hungary?
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Yes. Those who work during the day attend evening courses. But they also have many correspondence courses for those who live far from schools.
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Is it hard to get in the evening courses?
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No, it's not hard. Why, do you perhaps want to enroll also?
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If they had a Hungarian language and literature course somewhere, I'd like to take it.
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I'll inquire about that. Surely they have such a course at the university, that is, at the liberal arts college.
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I'll be very grateful if you can find out.
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But I've got to go now. Greetings to your wife (whom I haven't had the honor of meeting yet).
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Thank you. Good-bye.

Közmondások - Proverbs

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It is better to do a thing late than never.
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Money speaks, while a dog just barks.
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The straight road is the shortest road.
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The apple doesn't fall far from its tree.
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A bird is known by its feathers, a person by his friends.
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No day is so long that it has no evening.
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Whoever says 'I don't mind' will end up regretting it.

Notes on Grammar: Use of Adverbs

Tired and hungry: adverbs in -n

Egy órakor jönnek haza fáradtan és éhesen. They come home at 1 o'clock tired and hungry.

Fáradtan and éhesen are adverbs in -n. English uses the adjectives 'tired' and 'hungry' here. Hungarian uses the adverb.

Édesen issza a kávét. He drinks his coffee sweet. Gyorsan hajtanak. They drive fast. Erősen dolgozik. He works hard. English often gives such words no adverb ending.

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He comes home tired every evening.
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He drinks his coffee sweet.
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The children come home hungry.
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He arrived poor, but left rich.
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They drive fast.
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He holds himself straight.
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Greetings to your wife, though I haven't had the honor of meeting her yet.
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He works hard.

A. Use of Adverbs

Note that the adverbial forms ending in -n or -l in the sentences below are used where the corresponding English may employ an adjective or have a form with no adverbial marker.

Minden este fáradtan jön haza.
Édesen issza a kávét.
A gyerekek éhesen jönnek haza.
Szegényen érkezett meg, de gazdagon ment el.
Gyorsan hajtanak.
Egyenesen tartja magát.
Ismeretlenül is üdvözlöm a feleségét.
Erősen dolgozik.

Notes on Grammar: The Infinitive with Personal Endings

My going: the infinitive with personal endings

De most mennem kell. But I've got to go now.

Mennem is menni with a personal ending, 'my going'. The infinitive takes personal endings, and the ending shows who does the action.

One use is after an adjective. Nem volt könnyű a házat megvenniük. It was not easy for them to buy the house.

The person in the dative

Jánosnak tilos húst ennie. Meat is forbidden to John.

When the person is named, the noun or pronoun is in the dative. The infinitive can then drop its personal ending: Jánosnak tilos húst enni.

The table gives the six personal forms of four infinitives. Before most endings the final -i of the infinitive drops: látnom, mennünk.

The Infinitive with Personal Endings, 1 of 2

The Infinitive with Personal Endings, 2 of 2

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May I ask?
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It was a pity that we left.
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It is hard for them to learn the poem.
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John is forbidden to eat meat.
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It's good for us to know this too.
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It was not easy for them to buy the house.

B. The Infinitive with Personal Endings

Verbal nouns (infinitives) such as látni may have personal endings, as látnom, 'my seeing'. This combination is sometimes called the 'personal infinitive'. Examples are:

látni | menni | segíteni | főzni
látnom | mennem | segítenem | főznöm
látnod | menned | segítened | főznöd
látnia | mennie | segítenie | főznie
látnunk | mennünk | segítenünk | főznünk
látnotok | mennetek | segítenetek | főznötök
látniuk | menniük | segíteniük | főzniük

One use of these forms is with adjectives, as:

Szabad kérnem?
Kár volt elmennünk.
Nehéz a verset megtanulniuk.
Jánosnak tilos húst ennie (enni).
Ezt nekünk is jó tudnunk (tudni).
Nem volt könnyű a házat megvenniük.

(Note that when a noun or pronoun referent is expressed, it is in the dative, and the personal ending of the infinitive may be omitted.)

Another use of these forms is with kell and lehet as described below.

Notes on Grammar: Kell, Lehet and Transitive - Intransitive Pairs

Kell and lehet

A tanulóknak szóbeli és írásbeli vizsgát kell tenniük. The students have to pass oral and written examinations.

Kell, 'is necessary', and lehet, 'is possible', do not change for the person. They go with an infinitive in three ways.

With an infinitive that has a personal ending: Látnom kell. I have to see it. Lehet mennünk. It's possible for us to go.

With the plain infinitive: Hol kell leszállni? Where do I have to get off? With a dative: Máriának kell enni, or ennie. Mary has to eat.

They accepted him: no passive

Akkor nem vették volna fel a gimnáziumba. Then he wouldn't have been accepted in the gymnasium.

Hungarian has no way to make a passive from every verb. Where English has a passive, Hungarian often uses the third person plural: vették, 'they accepted'. When English names the doer, Hungarian makes the doer the subject: A tanár írta a könyvet. The teacher wrote the book.

Csak azokat veszik fel, akiknek jó az érettségi bizonyítványuk. Only those are accepted who graduated with high marks from high school.

He builds, it is being built

A few verbs come in pairs, one transitive and one intransitive. Épít, he builds. Épül, it is being built.

Gyújt, he lights. Gyúl, it is catching fire. Füröszt, he is giving a bath to somebody. Fürdik, he is taking a bath.

The table lists five pairs, the transitive verb on the left.

Transitive - Intransitive Pairs, 1 of 3

Transitive - Intransitive Pairs, 2 of 3

Transitive - Intransitive Pairs, 3 of 3

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Then, of course, they wouldn't have accepted him in the gymnasium.
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Only those are accepted whose high school certificate is good.

C. Kell, Lehet

The forms kell, lehet (sometimes called impersonal auxiliary verbs) are found in three constructions which may be mentioned here:

(1) with the verbal noun, as Látnom kell 'I have to see it' (literally 'My seeing is necessary'); Lehet mennünk 'It's possible for us to go' ('Our going is possible').

(2) with the infinitive, as Hol kell leszállni? 'Where do I have to get off?'

(3) with the dative, as Máriának kell enni (ennie) 'Mary has to eat'.

D. Transitive - Intransitive Pairs

A few verbs in Hungarian pair as transitive vs. intransitive or even active vs. passive. Compare:

 |  |  | 
épít | he builds | épül | it is being built
akaszt | he hangs | akad | it is being caught
gyújt | he lights | gyúl | it is catching fire
termel | he is growing, producing (something) | terem | it is growing, producing
füröszt | he is giving a bath to somebody | fürdik | he is taking a bath

There is, however, no way of forming a passive for every active verb in Hungarian, as there is in English. When the agent is expressed with an English passive, such as 'The book was written by the teacher', in the corresponding Hungarian construction the active voice will generally be used, with the agent as subject: A tanár írta a könyvet - 'The teacher wrote the book.'

In the basic sentences of this unit we find several examples of how the Hungarian uses the 'indefinite' third person plural of the active where in English the passive voice would generally be employed:

Akkor persze nem vették volna fel a gimnáziumba.
Csak azokat veszik fel, akiknek jó az érettségi bizonyítványuk.

Notes on Grammar: Past Conditional

If I had been: the past conditional

Ha ott lettem volna, beszéltem volna vele. If I had been there, I would've spoken to him.

The present conditional states what would be true now. The past conditional states what would have been true in the past.

It is the past tense of the verb followed by volna. Only the past tense takes the personal ending. Volna never changes.

A past if, a present result

Ha tanult volna tegnap, most tudná a leckét. If you had studied last night, you'd know the lesson now.

The if clause is about the past, so it takes the past conditional. The result is about the present, so it takes the present conditional, as in English.

Definite and indefinite forms

Kértem volna, kérted volna, kérte volna. The definite conjugation is the set of a verb's definite forms, one for each person.

A transitive verb has its past conditional in both sets, definite and indefinite. In the first person singular the two are the same: láttam volna.

An intransitive verb has only the indefinite forms: mentem volna, jöttem volna.

The tables give two transitive verbs in both sets of forms, then three intransitive verbs.

Past Conditional, 1 of 3

Past Conditional, 2 of 3

Past Conditional, 3 of 3

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If I had been there, I would've spoken to him.
115
If you had studied last night, you'd know the lesson now.

E. Past Conditional

The past conditional is a compound tense and consists of the past of the verb indicating action plus the conditional form volna. Note in the table below that only the past tense is inflected: volna remains invariable. Note also that the past conditional has an indefinite and a definite conjugation for transitive verbs and that the past conditional of intransitive verbs is in the indefinite form.

Indefinite | Definite
láttam volna | láttam volna
láttál volna | láttad volna
látott volna | látta volna
láttunk volna | láttuk volna
láttatok volna | láttátok volna
láttak volna | látták volna

Indefinite | Definite
kértem volna | kértem volna
kértél volna | kérted volna
kért volna | kérte volna
kértünk volna | kértük volna
kértetek volna | kértétek volna
kértek volna | kérték volna

Indefinite | Indefinite | Indefinite
lettem volna | mentem volna | jöttem volna
lettél volna | mentél volna | jöttél volna
lett volna | ment volna | jött volna
lettünk volna | mentünk volna | jöttünk volna
lettetek volna | mentetek volna | jöttetek volna
lettek volna | mentek volna | jöttek volna

Just as the present conditional is used in contrary-to-fact statements referring to the present time, the past conditional is employed in contrary-to-fact statements indicating past time:

Ha ott lettem volna, beszéltem volna vele.  If I had been there, I would've spoken to him.

Note that when the 'if' clause of a conditional sentence has its verb in the past conditional (that is, when the condition refers to past time), the result may nevertheless refer to present time, and accordingly will be expressed in the present conditional in Hungarian as well as in English:

Ha tanult volna tegnap, most tudná a leckét.  If you had studied last night, you'd know the lesson now.

Notes on Grammar: Adjectival Forms Ending in -i; -ú, -ű

Adjectives in -i

Ő műszaki gimnáziumba jár. He goes to a technical gymnasium.

The suffix -i makes an adjective from a noun: egyetemi tanár, a university professor. Ipari tanuló, an industrial apprentice.

It is also added to adverbs: mai gyerekek, the children of today. Tegnapi kenyér, yesterday's bread.

Adjectives in -ú, -ű

Fekete hajú, black-haired. Kékszemű, blue-eyed. Négylábú, four-footed.

The suffix -ú, -ű, or -jú, -jű, also makes an adjective from a noun: haj, hajú. Szem, szemű. Zene, zenéjű.

These adjectives match the English forms in -ed.

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girls from Budapest
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university professor
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industrial apprentice
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today's children
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yesterday's bread
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eye - -eyed
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hair - -haired
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music - with music
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black-haired
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blue-eyed
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four-footed

F. Adjectival Forms Ending in -i; -ú, -ű

We have had many examples of adjectives formed from nouns with the addition of the suffix -i:

budapesti lányok
egyetemi tanár
ipari tanuló

Note that the suffix -i may also be added to adverbs:

mai gyerekek
tegnapi kenyér

Another common suffix added to a noun to form the corresponding adjective is -ú, -ű (-jú, -jű):

szem - szemű
haj - hajú
zene - zenéjű

Note that this type of adjective is used as the corresponding form in English:

fekete hajú  black-haired
kékszemű  blue-eyed
négylábú  four-footed

Substitution Drill

127
If there hadn't been a war, I would have become a chemical engineer also.
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If I had studied last night, I'd go and play tennis now.

129
If I had studied last night, I'd go and play tennis now.
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I'm not allowed to telephone.

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I'm not allowed to telephone.
132
He managed to get it done.

133
He managed to get it done.
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We were forbidden to take photographs.
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They can explain it.

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They can explain it.

Variation Drill

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I have to take a gift.
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I had to wait three hours.
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I have to make ('cook') coffee.

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I have to make ('cook') coffee.
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He has to stop in Vienna.
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John was forbidden to speak.
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We were permitted to sing.

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We were permitted to sing.
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We succeeded in staying there.
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The children have to be at home at seven.
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If you had invited me, I would have gone.

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If you had invited me, I would have gone.
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If we had gotten hot tea, we wouldn't have caught a cold.
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If they had accepted me at the university, I'd be a doctor today.
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I arrived tired.

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I arrived tired.
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The girls from Budapest are pretty.
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I want an evening newspaper.

Transformation Drill

155
Délután két órát aludtam.
I slept for two hours in the afternoon.

156
Délután két órát aludtam.
I slept for two hours in the afternoon.
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Tegnap fáradt voltam, lefeküdtem.
Yesterday I was tired and went to bed.

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Tegnap fáradt voltam, lefeküdtem.
Yesterday I was tired and went to bed.
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Nem indultam korán, ezért sietni kellett.
I didn't start early, so I had to hurry.

Translation Drill

160
Fekete's oldest son is attending the technical university.
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He finished middle school last year and wants to be an architect.
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He has to study in the university for four years.
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In the technical university students study mathematics for the most part.
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He's very glad that they accepted him in the university.
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Children of the workers in particular are accepted in the Hungarian universities.
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The students have to pass examinations every half year.
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The son of one of Fekete's friends wasn't accepted in the technical university.
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If they had accepted him at the university, he would have become an engineer also.
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At the universities they have oral and written examinations.
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Anyone who wants to become a physician has to study for 6 years.
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Anyone who wants to study economics has to attend the University of Economics.
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Most universities in Hungary are in the capital.

173
If the students pass all examinations they get diplomas after four years.
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Anyone who wants to attend a university has to finish middle school first.
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The students have to study in the gymnasium for four years.
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In the gymnasium they can choose what they want to study.
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There are general, technical, commercial and agricultural middle schools.
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Fekete's nephew is a student in a technical gymnasium. He wants to be a chemical engineer.
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In the technical middle schools they have academic instruction and practical exercises.
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During the experiments ('practical exercises') the students have to work in a laboratory.
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They have to study technical subjects principally.
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In a general gymnasium they can select two or three languages.
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The students have to study in the middle school up to the age of 18.
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After four years they graduate from middle school.
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If they want to get good grades they have to study a lot.

186
If Fekete's son had studied more he would have received better grades.
187
Boys and girls can go to a gymnasium after they finish elementary school.
188
In Hungary every child has to study for 8 years in the elementary schools.
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Children go to the elementary school at the age of six.
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Fekete's younger son is 10 years old; he's in the fourth grade of the elementary school.
191
Children learn to write, read and do arithmetic in the early grades of school.
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The children have to be in class each morning at eight.
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They go home at one in the afternoon, hungry and tired.
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The children have to finish their homework in the afternoon.
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If Fekete weren't strict with his son, the boy wouldn't be a good student.
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Fekete's son has to read and write a lot at home.
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The children also have to study geography and Hungarian history in school.
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After the elementary school the children either go on to a gymnasium or to a factory as industrial apprentices.
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In the factories they get more practical and less theoretical instruction.

Response Drill

200
What kinds of schools are there in Hungary?
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At what age do children first go to school in Hungary?
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How many grades does the elementary school have?
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What subjects do the children study in the elementary school?
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Up to what age is it compulsory to attend school in Hungary?
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After the elementary school, what kind of school can they go to?
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What kinds of gymnasiums are there in Hungary?
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Where does someone who doesn't want to go to a middle school go to learn?
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What do the students study in the technical gymnasium?

209
What kind of instruction do the industrial apprentices get in the factories?
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What kind of gymnasium does someone go to who wants to be a chemical engineer?
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What examination do the students have to take after the fourth grade of the gymnasium?
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Who can enroll in the universities?
213
Whom do they mostly accept at the universities in Hungary?
214
In which cities are there universities in Hungary?
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At which university do the students have to study the longest?
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What is the university called where economics is taught?
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What kinds of universities are there in Hungary?

218
What kind of school do those attend who work during the day?
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What do those do who live far from the school and want to study?
220
What kinds of examinations are there in Hungary?
221
Are there oral examinations in the schools in the United States?
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Are there technical middle schools in the United States?
223
For how many years is it compulsory to attend school in the United States?
224
How many grades do the middle schools have in the United States?
225
What languages do American students study in middle school?
226
Which are the best universities in America?

227
What are the examinations like in the American schools?
228
When do university students get a diploma in the United States?
229
What did you study at the university?

Conversation Practice 1

230
What kind of school does your son go to?
231
He goes to elementary school, to the fifth grade.
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What subjects do they have to study in school?
233
Arithmetic, geography, history and other subjects too.
234
Does your son have to study a lot?
235
Yes, mainly he has to write and calculate a lot.
236
Up to what age do the children go to elementary school?
237
Every child has to go to school until the age of 14.

Conversation Practice 2

238
How many grades does the middle school have in Hungary?
239
The gymnasium has four grades.
240
Your older son already goes to gymnasium, doesn't he? What does he study?
241
He goes to a technical gymnasium. He wants to be an architectural engineer.
242
Are you glad that your son is going into engineering?
243
Yes. If I had had the money to study, I would have become an engineer too.
244
Do they study only theoretical subjects in the gymnasium?
245
No. In the specialized schools there is practical instruction in addition to the theoretical subjects.

Conversation Practice 3

246
Who can enroll in the university?
247
Anyone who has finished the gymnasium well and who is accepted.
248
How many years do they study at the university?
249
At most universities the students get their diplomas after four years.
250
What kinds of examinations are there in Hungary?
251
In the gymnasiums and at the universities there are oral and written examinations.
252
What do those do who have to work during the day and want to study?
253
They attend evening courses.
254
And those who live far from the school?
255
They enroll in correspondence courses.

Narrative

256
In Hungary education proceeds on three levels: in the elementary schools at the basic level, in the middle schools at the middle level, at the universities and colleges at the higher level.
257
Children begin to go to elementary school at the age of six.
258
There they learn to write, read and count.
259
Everyone has to attend elementary school for eight years.
260
In the second four years they study geography, history, literature and other subjects.
261
At the end of every year every student has to take an oral and a written examination.
262
If they want to get good grades they have to study a lot.
263
The children attend elementary school until the age of 14.
264
After elementary school they can go to a middle school, or to a factory as an industrial apprentice.
265
In the middle school they can already choose what they would like to study.
266
That is why there are technical, general, commercial and agricultural middle schools.
267
In the middle schools the students study languages too.
268
In most schools they have to study Russian, but many also study English and German.
269
In the upper grades there is higher mathematics too.
270
Whoever wants to be an engineer goes to the technical gymnasium, and whoever wants to be a chemist goes to the chemical industry gymnasium.
271
In these gymnasiums there is practical instruction in addition to theoretical instruction.
272
Industrial apprentices learn their trade in factories.
273
They mainly get practical instruction.
274
In the commercial gymnasium they study commercial subjects (bookkeeping, correspondence) and economics.

275
Those who have finished middle school and passed the graduation examination can continue their studies at universities, if they are accepted.
276
Only those are accepted at the universities whose graduation certificate is good.
277
In the past the universities were very expensive, and so mainly only those could go to a university whose parents belonged to the middle class.
278
Today a large percentage of the children of the working class and the peasants study at the universities.
279
The university students live in student dormitories and eat in the university cafeteria.
280
The schools and universities are free.
281
There is no tuition.
282
Most universities last four years.
283
The students have to take examinations after every semester.
284
At the universities and colleges there are oral and written examinations.
285
If they pass all their examinations, they receive a diploma after four years.
286
Engineers study at the technical university, doctors at the medical university, lawyers at the law university, and economists at the university of economics.
287
Teachers go to the liberal arts university.
288
Most universities are in Budapest, but there are many universities in other cities too.
289
Old famous university cities: Pécs, Szeged and Debrecen.

The particulars

The course: Foreign Service Institute, Hungarian Basic Course, Washington, 1962. Public domain. The teaching pages, the glosses and the narration of lines the tape lacks are ours.
Reading aloud: Digital narration, directed by 1732 Studios.
The book: Gulliver’s Fifth and Sixth Voyages, the work this course leads to, free to read here.
Data: JSON · Markdown · A guide for agents