Japanese Basic Course 1732 Studios

Japanese · Lesson 10

Lesson 10

Sounds, kana, and the first conversations

104 lines

Asking what is nearby · Dialogue 1 of 3

A box and a briefcase

One speaker asks *ここに なにが ありますか*, "What is there at this place?" The answer names a box there.

The speaker then asks about a briefcase. The reply *そこに かばんは ありません* says that no briefcase is there.

What exists and where

In *そこに はこが あります*, *そこに* gives the place and *はこが* names what exists.

The negative reply changes the particle after *かばん* to *は* in *そこに かばんは ありません*.

The dialogue also uses *この はこの そばに* for "by this box" before naming an ink bottle.

Katakana: マ to ヨ

Each kana is one syllable. Read the kana, then its sound in romaji.

Katakana: ラ to ヲ

Each kana is one syllable. Read the kana, then its sound in romaji.

Katakana: ン to ン

Each kana is one syllable. Read the kana, then its sound in romaji.

  1. 1

    ここになにがありますか。

    What is there at this place (here)?

    ここhere
    にat
    なにwhat
    がsubject
    ありexist
    ますpolite
    か。question
  2. 2

    そこにはこがあります。

    There is a box there.

  3. 3

    ここにかばんもありますか。

    Is there a briefcase here, too?

  4. 4

    いいえ、そこにかばんはありません。

    No, there is no briefcase there.

  5. 5

    このはこのそばになにがありますか。

    What is there by this box?

  6. 6

    そのはこのそばにインキのビンがあります。

    There is an ink bottle by that box.

Particles GA and WA

The particle GA is used to denote that the preceding substantive is the subject of a sentence. It has been noted in Grammar Note 3, Lesson 1, that the particle WA also indicates the subject of a sentence. However, the two particles GA and WA are not interchangeable. The fundamental difference between them lies in the position of emphasis they play. GA places emphasis on the subject of a sentence, whereas WA places emphasis on the predicate. This difference will be explained more fully in the following Note 3. In Pattern 1 of this lesson, GA is used with a positive existential verb ARIMASU and WA is used with a negative existential verb ARIMASEN.

Examples:

HON GA ARIMASU. "There is a book."

KAMI GA ARIMASU. "There is a paper."

HAKUBOKU WA ARIMASEN. "There is no chalk."
Place pronouns and locative phrases

KOKO, SOKO, ASOKO (ASUKO)

KOKO 'this place' (here), SOKO 'that place' (there) and ASOKO 'that place over there' (over there) are all place pronouns. Students must memorize these words as a set of important place pronouns. Their relations are similar to those of KORE, SORE, and ARE or KONO, SONO, and ANO.

Locative phrases with the Particle NI

Placed immediately after place nouns in sentences with existential verbs, the particle NI indicates the place of existence. Some of the place nouns used in this lesson are: SOBA 'vicinity,' MAE 'front,' USHIRO 'rear,' MIGI 'right,' and HIDARI 'left.'

Locative phrases to indicate specific places of existence are formed by the pattern:

Noun or pronoun + NO + place noun + NI

HAKO NO UE NI 'on top of the box'

HAKO NO MAE NI 'in front of the box'

HAKO NO USHIRO NI 'behind the box'

HAKO NO SOBA NI 'near the box'

HAKO NO MIGI NI 'to the right of the box'

HAKO NO HIDARI NI 'to the left of the box'
Difference between WA and GA

Place of emphasis

When used to denote the subject of a sentence, WA emphasizes the predicate whereas GA emphasizes the subject.

KORE WA NAN DESU KA? "What is this?"

SORE WA HON DESU. "That's a book."

Sentence (2) above is the answer to Question (1). Both the question and answer require emphasis on the predicate. That is, the questioner and the one who answers the question are more concerned about whether this is a book or something else than whether this or that is a book.

HON WA DOKO NI ARIMASU KA? "Where is the book?"

HON WA TSUKUE NO UE NI ARIMASU. "The book is on the desk."

Sentence (4) is the answer to question (3). Here both the questioner and the one who answers the question know what the book is, and they are not concerned about what is on the desk, but the questioner wants to know where the book is.

ISU NO UE NI NANI GA ARIMASU KA? "What is on the chair?"

ISU NO UE NI BOOSHI GA ARIMASU. "There is a hat on the chair."

Sentence (6) is the answer to question (5). Here the questioner wants to know what is on the desk and not where the thing is.

Thus, when the subject of an interrogative sentence is or contains an interrogative pronoun (NANI, DONATA, DARE, etc.) that subject and the subject of the answer to the question are denoted by the particle GA.

To make the usage of WA and GA simpler, the following locative sentence patterns may be helpful for students. That is:

Place NI Subject GA ARIMASU.

Subject WA Place NI ARIMASU.
Numbers as quantitative adverbs

In Japanese numbers are commonly used as quantative adverbs. Since numbers represent quantity, no particle is used after them when used adverbially. The usual position of numbers in sentences is immediately in front of verbs.

HAKO GA HITOTSU ARIMASU. "There is one box."

ISU GA YOTTSU ARIMASU. "There are four chairs."
Numerals of Series I

There are two major sets of numerals up to ten in Japanese, one of them is borrowed from the Chinese language (numerals of series II) and the other is native (Numerals of Series I). This native set is as follows:

Numerals of Series I | 
HITOTSU - 1 | MUTTSU - 6
FUTATSU - 2 | NANATSU - 7
MITTSU - 3 | YATTSU - 8
YOTTSU - 4 | KOKONOTSU - 9
ITSUTSU - 5 | TOO - 10

The numerals borrowed from the Chinese language (numerals of Series II) will be explained later, as they are introduced later in the course.
DEMO--DEMO ARIMASEN / NIMO--NIMO ARIMASEN

DEMO--DEMO ARIMASEN.

When used after each of two or more substantives which are the predicates of a sentence ending in a negative predicate, the DEMO expresses the meaning of '--- is neither--nor ---.' In the following examples, if sentences (1) and (2) are combined, sentence (3) will result.

Examples:

KORE WA HON DEWA ARIMASEN. "This is not a book."

KORE WA ENPITSU DEWA ARIMASEN. "This is not a pencil."

KORE WA HON DEMO ENPITSU DEMO ARIMASEN. "This is neither a book nor a pencil."

NIMO--NIMO ARIMASEN

When used after each of two or more place nouns plus NI which are the predicates of a sentence ending in a negative predicate, the NIMO expresses the meaning of 'neither in (on) --- nor in (on) ---.' In the following examples, if sentences (1) and (2) are combined, sentence (3) will result.

Examples:

ENPITSU WA HAKO NO NAKA NIWA ARIMASEN. "The pencil is not in the box."

ENPITSU WA HAKO NO SHITA NIWA ARIMASEN. "The pencil is not under the box."

ENPITSU WA HAKO NO NAKA NIMO SHITA NIMO ARIMASEN. "The pencil is neither in the box nor under the box."
ここ
here
が
but (See Gram. Notes)
そこ
there
そば
vicinity
インキ
ink
の
See Grammar Notes
ビン
bottle

Counting objects and locating things · Dialogue 2 of 3

Windows, chairs, and a blackboard

One speaker asks how many windows and chairs are in the room. The replies count each group and state its total.

The final exchange asks *こくばんは どこに ありますか*, "Where is the blackboard?" It is behind the other speaker.

A number before the verb

In *この へやに まどが ひとつ、 ふたつ、 みっつ、 よっつ、 よっつ あります*, the final *よっつ* gives the total of four windows.

The chair count runs from *ひとつ* through *とお*. These native numerals state how many objects exist.

  1. 7

    このへやにまどがいくつありますか。かぞえてください。

    How many windows are there in this room? Please count.

  2. 8

    このへやにまどがひとつ、ふたつ、みっつ、よっつ、よっつあります。

    One, two, three, four--there are four windows in this room.

  3. 9

    いすがいくつありますか。かぞえてください。

    How many chairs are there? Please count.

  4. 10

    いすがひとつ、ふたつ、みっつ、よっつ、いつつ、むっつ、ななつ、やっつ、ここのつ、とお、とおあります。

    One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten--there are ten chairs.

  5. 11

    こくばんはどこにありますか。

    Where is the blackboard?

  6. 12

    こくばんはあなたのうしろにあります。

    The blackboard is behind you.

へや
room
とお、
ten
と
and (See Gram. Notes)
うしろ
back, behind, rear

Choosing between alternatives · Dialogue 3 of 3

Right, left, or in front

One speaker asks whether a wastepaper basket is on the right or left. The reply rejects both places and puts it in front.

Another exchange offers a pen and a pencil as alternatives. The answer rejects both and identifies an eraser.

Neither alternative

In *それは ペンでも えんぴつでも ありません*, repeated *でも* rejects both proposed identities.

In *あなたの みぎにも、 ひだりにも ありません*, repeated *にも* rejects both proposed locations.

  1. 13

    ほうぐかごはわたくしのみぎにありますか、ひだりにありますか。

    Is the wastepaper basket on my right or is it on my left?

  2. 14

    ほうぐかごはあなたのみぎにも、ひだりにもありません。あなたのまえにあります。

    The wastepaper basket is neither on your right nor on your left, it is in front of you.

  3. 15

    これはペンですか、えんぴつですか。

    Is this a pen or is it a pencil?

  4. 16

    それはペンでもえんぴつでもありません。それはけしごむです。

    That is neither a pen nor a pencil. That is an eraser.

  5. 17

    ニューヨークしはどこにありますか。

    Where is New York City?

  6. 18

    ニューヨークしはニューヨークしゅうにあります。

    New York City is in New York State.

みぎ
right
ひだり
left
まえ
front
ペン
pen
で
--is and -- (See Grammar Notes)
し
city
しゅう
state

Stating what exists · Pattern 1 1 of 2

A box exists

*はこが あります* means "There is a box." The particle *が* marks the box as what exists.

Positive が and negative は

With positive *あります*, the existing thing takes *が*. *ほんが あります* means "There is a book."

With negative *ありません*, the absent thing takes *は*. *えんぴつは ありません* means "There is no pencil."

  1. 19

    はこがあります。

    There is a box.

  2. 20

    えんぴつはありません。

    There is no pencil.

  3. 21

    ほんがあります。

    There is a book.

  4. 22

    けしごむがあります。

    There is an eraser.

  5. 23

    かみがあります。

    There is a paper.

  6. 24

    ほうぐかごはありません。

    There is no wastepaper basket.

  7. 25

    まどはありません。

    There is no window.

Asking whether things exist · Pattern 1 2 of 2

Is there a pen

*ペンが ありますか* means "Is there a pen?" The question marks the possible existing item with *が*.

No pen, but a pencil

*いいえ、 ペンは ありません。 えんぴつが あります* means "No, there is no pen. There is a pencil."

The denied item takes *は*, as in *ペンは ありません*. The item that exists takes *が*, as in *えんぴつが あります*.

  1. 26

    とけいはありません。

    There is no clock.

  2. 27

    きょうかしょがありますか。

    Is there a textbook?

  3. 28

    いいえ、きょうかしょはありません。

    No, there is no textbook.

  4. 29

    ペンがありますか。

    Is there a pen?

  5. 30

    いいえ、ペンはありません。えんぴつがあります。

    No, there is no pen. There is a pencil.

  6. 31

    つくえがありますか。

    Is there a desk?

  7. 32

    いいえ、つくえはありません。いすがあります。

    No, there is no desk. There is a chair.

Saying where things are · Pattern 2 1 of 2

The place before に

*ここに えんぴつが あります* means "There is a pencil here." The place *ここ* takes *に* before the thing that exists.

*わたくしの まえに つくえが あります* means "There is a desk in front of me." Here *の* joins the person to *まえ*.

Asking what is there

*ここに なにが ありますか* means "What is here?" When the question asks what exists, *なに* takes *が*.

The answer *ここに ほんが あります* also marks the named thing with *が*. The place remains first.

  1. 33

    ここにえんぴつがあります。

    There is a pencil here.

  2. 34

    はこのそばにペンがあります。

    There is a pen by the box.

  3. 35

    ここになにがありますか。

    What is here?

  4. 36

    ここにほんがあります。

    There is a book here.

  5. 37

    そこにこくばんがあります。

    There is a blackboard there.

  6. 38

    あそこにとけいがあります。

    There is a clock over there.

  7. 39

    わたくしのまえにつくえがあります。

    There is a desk in front of me.

  8. 40

    わたくしのうしろにこくばんがあります。

    There is a blackboard behind me.

  9. 41

    あなたのみぎにほうぐかごがあります。

    There is a wastepaper basket on your right.

あそこ
over there

Asking where things are · Pattern 2 2 of 2

What is behind you

*あなたの うしろに なにが ありますか* means "What is behind you?" The place comes first, and *なに* takes *が*.

The answer *わたくしの うしろに まどが あります* supplies the place and marks the window with *が*.

Where the map is

*どこに ちずが ありますか* means "Where is the map?" Here *どこに* asks for its location.

*わたくしの みぎに ちずが あります* answers with "on my right" before naming the map.

  1. 42

    あなたのひだりにかばんがあります。

    There is a briefcase on your left.

  2. 43

    そこになにがありますか。

    What is there?

  3. 44

    ここにいすがあります。

    There is a chair here.

  4. 45

    あそこになにがありますか。

    What is over there?

  5. 46

    あそこにこくばんがあります。

    There is a blackboard over there.

  6. 47

    あなたのうしろになにがありますか。

    What is behind you?

  7. 48

    わたくしのうしろにまどがあります。

    There is a window behind me.

  8. 49

    どこにちずがありますか。

    Where is the map?

  9. 50

    わたくしのみぎにちずがあります。

    There is a map on my right.

Counting objects with native numbers · Pattern 3 1 of 2

The number before あります

*つくえの うえに はこが みっつ あります* means "There are three boxes on top of the desk."

A numeral that gives the quantity has no particle after it. It stands immediately before *あります*, as *みっつ* does here.

The native numerals

Japanese has a native set of numerals from one through ten.

The set is *ひとつ*, *ふたつ*, *みっつ*, *よっつ*, *いつつ*, *むっつ*, *ななつ*, *やっつ*, *ここのつ*, and *とお*.

*ほうぐかごが ふたつ あります* uses *ふたつ* to state that two wastepaper baskets exist.

  1. 51

    つくえのうえにはこがみっつあります。

    There are three boxes on top of the desk.

  2. 52

    はこのなかにけしごむがみっつあります。

    There are three erasers in the box.

  3. 53

    このきょうしつにでんとうがよっつあります。

    There are four lights in this classroom.

  4. 54

    このきょうしつにまどがいっつあります。

    There are five windows in this classroom.

  5. 55

    ここにつくえがひとつあります。

    There is a desk here.

  6. 56

    ほうぐかごがふたつあります。

    There are two wastepaper baskets.

Asking how many objects · Pattern 3 2 of 2

How many chairs

*この きょうしつに いすが いくつ ありますか* means "How many chairs are there in this classroom?"

*いくつ* takes the quantity position immediately before *あります* and asks how many objects exist.

Nine chairs

*この きょうしつに いすが ここのつ あります* answers that there are nine chairs.

The answer replaces *いくつ* with the native numeral *ここのつ*. No particle follows the numeral.

  1. 57

    このきょうしつにいすがいくつありますか。

    How many chairs are there in this classroom?

  2. 58

    このきょうしつにいすがここのつあります。

    There are nine chairs in this classroom.

  3. 59

    このきょうしつにこくばんがいくつありますか。

    How many blackboards are there in this classroom?

  4. 60

    このきょうしつにこくばんがふたつあります。

    There are two blackboards in this classroom.

  5. 61

    ここにこくばんふきがいくつありますか。

    How many blackboard erasers are there here?

  6. 62

    そこにこくばんふきがふたつあります。

    There are two blackboard erasers there.

Neither one nor the other · Pattern 4 1 of 2

Neither one nor the other

*これは ペンでも えんぴつでも ありません* means "This is neither a pen nor a pencil."

In a negative sentence, *でも* after each proposed identity means "neither" and "nor".

*まどは わたくしの まえにも うしろにも ありません* means the window is neither in front of nor behind the speaker.

After two place words, repeated *にも* combines with *ありません* to reject both locations.

  1. 63

    これはペンでもえんぴつでもありません。

    This is neither a pen nor a pencil.

  2. 64

    まどはわたくしのまえにもうしろにもありません。

    The window is neither in front of me nor behind me.

  3. 65

    これはえんぴつでもはしでもありません。

    This is neither a pencil nor a chopstick.

  4. 66

    わたくしはしょうこうでもかしかんでもありません。

    I am neither an officer nor a NCO.

  5. 67

    これはあかいはなでもあおいはなでもありません。

    This is neither a red flower nor a blue flower.

  6. 68

    いすはそこにもここにもありません。

    The chair is neither here nor there.

  7. 69

    こくばんはわたくしのみぎにもひだりにもありません。

    The blackboard is neither on my right nor on my left.

  8. 70

    えんぴつははこのうえにもしたにもありません。

    The pencil is neither on top of the box nor under it.

あかい
red
はな
flower
あおい
blue

Correcting either-or questions · Pattern 4 2 of 2

Neither answer is correct

*それは はしでも えんぴつでも ありません* rejects both identities in the question.

The next sentence, *それは ペンです*, gives the correct identity: "That is a pen."

The correct place

*つくえは あなたの うしろにも みぎにも ありません* rejects both proposed places for the desk.

*あなたの まえに あります* then gives its location: "in front of you."

  1. 71

    これははしですか、えんぴつですか。

    Is this a chopstick or is it a pencil?

  2. 72

    それははしでもえんぴつでもありません。それはペンです。

    That is neither a chopstick nor a pencil. That is a pen.

  3. 73

    スミスさんはぐんそうですか、そうちょうですか。

    Is Mr. Smith a sergeant or a master sergeant?

  4. 74

    スミスさんはぐんそうでもそうちょうでもありません。ごちょうです。

    Mr. Smith is neither a sergeant nor a master sergeant. He is a corporal.

  5. 75

    つくえはわたくしのうしろにありますか、みぎにありますか。

    Is the desk behind me or on my right?

  6. 76

    つくえはあなたのうしろにもみぎにもありません。あなたのまえにあります。

    The desk is neither behind you nor on your right, it is in front of you.

  7. 77

    えんぴつははこのうえにありますか、なかにありますか。

    Is the pencil on top of the box or inside of it?

  8. 78

    えんぴつははこのうえにもなかにもありません。はこのそばにあります。

    The pencil is neither on top of the box nor inside the box. It is by the box.

そうちょう
master sergeant

Place and direction words · Word list 1 of 3

Places and relative positions

This set covers rooms, regions, and positions around a reference point.

*へや* means "room". *そば* means "vicinity", and *うしろ* means "back, behind, rear".

  1. 79

    へや

    room

  2. 80

    し

    city

  3. 81

    しゅう

    state

  4. 82

    そば

    vicinity

  5. 83

    まえ

    front

  6. 84

    うしろ

    back, behind, rear

  7. 85

    みぎ

    right

  8. 86

    ひだり

    left

  9. 87

    ここ

    here

Locations and numbers one to six · Word list 2 of 3

There and one through six

*そこ* means "there", and *あそこ* means "over there".

The same set gives the native numerals from one through six, beginning with *ひとつ*, "one".

  1. 88

    そこ

    there

  2. 89

    あそこ

    over there

  3. 90

    あすこ

    over there

  4. 91

    ひとつ

    one

  5. 92

    ふたつ

    two

  6. 93

    みっつ

    three

  7. 94

    よっつ

    four

  8. 95

    いつつ

    five

  9. 96

    むっつ

    six

あすこ
over there
ひとつ
one
ふたつ
two
みっつ
three
よっつ
four
いつつ
five
むっつ
six

Higher numbers and counting questions · Word list 3 of 3

Higher numbers and counting

This set completes the native numerals and adds expressions for counting and rejecting two alternatives.

*ななつ* means "seven". *いくつ* means "How many?" The form *--にも--にも ありません* rejects two locations.

  1. 97

    ななつ

    seven

  2. 98

    やっつ

    eight

  3. 99

    ここのつ

    nine

  4. 100

    とお

    ten

  5. 101

    ---でも---でもありません

    neither--nor (See Gram. Notes)

  6. 102

    --にも--にもありません

    neither--nor-- (See Gram. Notes)

  7. 103

    かぞえてください。

    Please count.

  8. 104

    いくつ

    How many?

Homework Assignment

1 Listen to the tape and practice pronunciation.

2 Memorize the Dialogue.

3 Read the Grammar Notes.

4 Practice reading and writing of KATAKANA.
ななつ
seven
やっつ
eight
ここのつ
nine
とお
ten
---でも---でもありません
neither--nor (See Gram. Notes)
--にも--にもありません
neither--nor-- (See Gram. Notes)
かぞえてください。
Please count.
いくつ
How many?

The particulars

The course
Defense Language Institute, Japanese Basic Course, 1967 to 1971. Public domain. The teaching pages and the narration are ours.
Reading aloud
Digital narration, directed by 1732 Studios.
The book
Botchan, the work this course leads to, free to read here.
Data
JSON · Markdown · A guide for agents
Two whoopie pies and a pine. An inside joke.