Japanese · Lesson 111
Lesson 113
Reading Japan
Railways linking cities and stores · Dialogue 1 of 6
A department store that is also a station
One speaker asks for examples of satellite cities and terminal department stores. The other chooses the railway commonly called *阪急*.
*その 百貨店は 京阪神急行電鉄の 駅に なっているのです* means "That department store serves as a station for the Keihanshin Express Railway."
Three destinations from Osaka
*そこから 電車で 神戸へ 行く事も 出来れば、京都へ 行く事も 出来るし、宝塚へ 行く事も 出来るのです* lists three journeys from that station.
Passengers can travel by train to Kobe, Kyoto, or Takarazuka.
Kanji: 貨
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 1
あなたはいま、えいせいとしとか、ターミナル・デパートとかおっしゃったが、ひとつふたつれいをあげてはなしてくださいませんか。
You have just said satellite cities and terminal department stores, but won’t you please talk about them citing one or two examples?
あなたyouはtopic今、nowえいせいsatellite city都市satellite cityとandか、such asターミナル・terminal department storeデパートterminal department storeとandかsuch asおっしゃっsaidたpastが、but一oneつone二twoつtwo例exampleをobjectあげciteてand話しtalkてandくださいpleaseませpoliteんnotか。question - 2
そうですね。では、けいはんしんきゅうこうでんてつをれいにとりましょう。ふつうこれははんきゅうのなでしられています。
Well, let’s take "KEIHANSHIN KYUUKOO DENTETSU" for an example, then. Ordinarily this is known by the name of "HANKYUU.
そうsoですisね。right?でthenは、topic京阪神Keihanshin Express Railway急行Keihanshin Express Railway電鉄Keihanshin Express Railwayをobject例exampleにasとりtakeましょう。let us普通ordinarilyこれthisはtopic阪急Hankyuのof名nameでby知らis knownれis knownてis knownいis knownます。is known - 3
はんきゅうはデパートではないのですか。
Isn’t HANKYUU a department store?
阪急Hankyuはtopicデパートdepartment storeでisはtopicないnotのexplanationですisか。question - 4
いいえ、おおさかえきのとなりにあるひゃっかてんです。ところがそのひゃっかてんはけいはんしんきゅうこうでんてつのえきになっているのです。
Yes, it is a department store situated next to the Osaka Station. However, that department store has been a station for KEIHANSHIN KYUUKOO DENTETSU line.
いいえ、yes大阪Osaka Station駅Osaka Stationのofとなりnext doorにatあるlocated百貨department store店department storeです。isところhoweverがhoweverそのthat百貨department store店department storeはtopic京阪神Keihanshin Express Railway急行Keihanshin Express Railway電鉄Keihanshin Express Railwayのof駅stationにintoなっhas becomeてhas becomeいるhas becomeのexplanationです。is - 5
そうですか。
Is that right?
そうsoですisか。question - 6
そこからでんしゃでこうべへいくこともできれば、きょうとへいくこともできるし、たからづかへいくこともできるのです。
You can go to Kobe, to Kyoto, and to TAKARAZUKA from there by electric car.
そこthereからfrom電車electric trainでby神戸Kobeへtoward行くgo事actもalso出来れcanば、if京都Kyotoへtoward行くgo事actもalso出来るcanし、and宝塚Takarazukaへtoward行くgo事actもalso出来るcanのexplanationです。is
---TO SUREBA Following the basic form of verbs and i-adjectives, the basic form of the non-polite past tense TA, the negative auxiliary NAI, and nouns plus DA, TO SUREBA expresses the meaning of "assuming that it is ---," "if you are to do ---," etc.
Examples:
OSAKA O KEMBUTSU SURU TO SUREBA --- "If you are to do the sights of Osaka, ---"
KOMBAN DEKAKERU TO SUREBA --- "If I am to leave tonight, ---"
KIMI GA IKANAI TO SUREBA --- "If you are not going, ---"
ASU ISOGASHII TO SUREBA --- "If you are busy tomorrow, ---"
KYOO GA KINYOOBI DA TO SUREBA --- "Assuming that today is Friday, ---"TAKARAZUKA. It is one of the most popular pleasure resorts in the Osaka-Kobe district. Its mineral spring, which has been known since 1546, is cold, but is heated for bathing. The great attraction of TAKARAZUKA, however, is the recreation and Girls’ Operetta House, established in 1919 and managed by HANKYUU. This building contains three theaters; the largest for the girls’ operetta, the medium for movies, and the smallest for variety shows. It also has public and private baths, dining rooms, a library, zoological and botanical gardens, a childrens’ recreation ground, and other features. The operetta house is one of the largest of its kind in the Orient, with accommodations for 4,000 people. Its attractions include musical renditions of Japanese and foreign stories, revues, foreign operas, etc., alternately performed by three companies of girl players, trained in the Takarazuka Music School attached to the Operetta House.Amusements. Osaka still retains the position it won in the feudal times as the dramatic center of Japan. The puppet show is a form of dramatic art peculiar to Osaka and can only be seen to perfection in the Bunrakuza Theater at Dootombori. The theaters for the presentation of the Noh classical drama are the Otsuki Noh Hall and the Yamamoto Noh Hall. There is also the Shin Kabukiza Theater.- は
- leaves
- えいせい
- sanitation, health
- 都市
- city
- と
- and (See Gram. Notes)
- か、
- either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)
- が、
- but (See Gram. Notes)
- 一
- one
- 二
- two
- を
- particle denoting direct object (See Pattern Drill)
- ください
- please give me (See Gram. Notes)
- そう
- numerical counter for ships
- です
- to be (See Gram. Notes)
- ね。
- isn't it (See Grammar Notes)
- で
- --is and -- (See Grammar Notes)
- 急行
- express train
- に
- on (See Gram. Notes)
- ましょう。
- let's (See Gram. Notes)
- 阪急
- abbreviation for Kei-Han-Shin Kyuukoo Dentetsu
- の
- See Grammar Notes
- 名
- name
- い
- stomach
- ます。
- trout
- 駅
- railroad station
- ある
- certain, some
- 店
- store, shop
- ところ
- place (See Gram. Notes)
- いる
- to need (See Gram. Notes)
- そこ
- there
- から
- from (See Gram. Notes)
- 電車
- streetcar, electric train
- 神戸
- Kobe
- へ
- to (See Gram. Notes)
- も
- as much as, as many as (See Grammar Notes
- 出来る
- to be manufactured; to be produced (v.i.)
- し、
- city
- 宝塚
- P.N., amusement center and spa (See Cult. Notes)
Building Takarazuka attractions · Dialogue 2 of 6
Takarazuka draws passengers
*乗客を ふやすために 宝塚に 少女かげきの 学校を たてたのです* means "They built a girls' operetta school in Takarazuka to increase passengers."
Takarazuka is a popular pleasure resort in the Osaka-Kobe district. Its cold mineral spring is heated for bathing.
Hankyu manages its Girls' Operetta House. It contains three theaters, baths, gardens, dining rooms, a library, and a children's recreation ground.
Drama in Osaka
*げき場を たてたり* says that they built a theater. Osaka has been a dramatic center since feudal times.
The Bunrakuza Theater at Dootombori presents Osaka puppet shows. Two Noh halls and the Shin Kabukiza Theater also stand in Osaka.
Kanji: 点, 泉
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
Kanji: 乗, 遊
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 7
それでははんきゅうデパートはしゅうてんえきですか。
Is Hankyuu Department Store a terminal station, then?
それthatでthenはtopic阪急Hankyuデパートdepartment storeはtopic終点terminal station駅terminal stationですisか。question - 8
そうです。それでターミナル・デパートというんです。
That’s right. That is why they call it a terminal department store.
そうsoです。isそれthatでthereforeターミナル・terminal department storeデパートterminal department storeとquote言うcallんexplanationです。is - 9
なるほど。それでじょうきゃくはいちどデパートにはいらなければでんしゃにのれないようになっているのですか。
I see. Is it in such a way that passengers cannot get on the train unless they go into the department store once?
なるほど。I seeそれthatでtherefore乗客passengersはtopic一one度timeデパートdepartment storeにintoはいらenterなけれunlessばif電車trainにonto乗れboardないcannot様wayにintoなっis arrangedてis arrangedいるis arrangedのexplanationですisか。question - 10
そうです。それでじょうきゃくをふやすためにたからづかにしょうじょかげきのがっこうをたてたのです。
That’s right. So they built a school for a girls’ operetta in Takarazuka in order to increase passengers.
そうsoです。isそれthatでtherefore乗客passengersをobjectふやすincreaseためpurposeにfor宝塚Takarazukaにin少女girls' operettaかげきgirls' operettaのof学校schoolをobjectたてbuiltたpastのexplanationです。is - 11
それがいまのいわゆるたからづかですか。
Is that so-called "TAKARAZUKA" of today?
それthatがsubject今todayのofいわゆるso-called宝塚Takarazukaですisか。question - 12
そうです。そして、そのがっこうのなかにげきじょうをたてたり、おおきなおんせんじょうをたてたり、どうぶつえん、しょくぶつえんをひらいたりして、ゆうえんちにしたのです。それで、じょうきゃくもふえるんです。
That’s right. They built a theater, a large spa, and opened a zoo and a botanical garden in the school and made it an amusement park. Thus, passengers increased.
そうsoです。isそして、andそのthat学校schoolのof中insideにinげきtheater場theaterをobjectたてbuiltたり、and such大きなlarge温泉hot spring場hot springをobjectたてbuiltたり、and such動物zoo園、zoo植物botanical garden園botanical gardenをobjectひらいopenedたりand suchしdoて、and遊園amusement park地amusement parkにintoしmadeたpastのexplanationです。isそれthatで、therefore乗客passengersもalsoふえるincreaseんexplanationです。is
- か。
- either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)
- 言う
- to say
- なるほど。
- I see, indeed, to be sure
- 乗客
- passenger
- ふやす
- increase (v.t.)
- 少女
- young (little) girl
- たて
- vertical
- が
- but (See Gram. Notes)
- いわゆる
- so called
- げき
- play, drama
- 大きな
- big, large (See Gram. Notes)
- し
- city
- ふえる
- to increase (v.i.)
Housing, commuting and railway growth · Dialogue 3 of 6
Homes along the railway
*沿線に 大きな 土地を 買って 住宅団地を つくり* says that Hankyu bought land along the railway and built a residential development.
*アパートや 住宅を かしたり、売ったりしているのです* means "They rent or sell apartments and houses."
A stadium brings more passengers
Residents commute on Hankyu trains and shop at its department store on their way home.
*西の宮に 十万人を しゅうよう 出来る 球場を つくりました* means "They built a stadium in Nishinomiya that can hold one hundred thousand people."
Kanji: 沿, 団
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
Kanji: 住
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 13
それではたからづかにいきたいひとはかならずはんきゅうをりようするのですね。
Then, the people who want to go to TAKARAZUKA make use of HANKYUU without fail, is that right?
それthatでthenはtopic宝塚Takarazukaにto行きgoたいwant to人peopleはtopic必ずwithout fail阪急Hankyuをobject利用useするdoのexplanationですisね。right? - 14
そうです。でも、それだけではまんぞくできず、じんこうのぞうかをみこしてえんせんにおおきなとちをかってじゅうたくだんちをつくり、おおさかしではたらくひとびとにアパートやじゅうたくをかしたり、うったりしているのです。
That’s right. But they were not fully satisfied with that and they bought a large piece of land along this line and built a residential development anticipating an increase of population. They rent or sell apartments and houses to the people who work in the city of Osaka.
そうsoです。isでbutも、butそれthatだけonlyでwithはtopic満足satisfied出来could beず、not人口populationのofぞうincreaseかincreaseをobjectみこしanticipatingてand沿線along the lineにin大きなlarge土地landをobject買っboughtてand住宅residential development団地residential developmentをobjectつくり、built大阪Osaka City市Osaka Cityでin働くwork人々peopleにtoアパートapartmentsやand住宅housesをobjectかしrentたり、and such売っsellたりand suchしdoてandいるare doingのexplanationです。is - 15
それがえいせいとしになったのですね。そして、そこにすむひとはいやがおうでもはんきゅうのでんしゃにのってつうきんするわけですなあ。
And that was developed into satellite cities, right? The people who live there commute to work on Hankyuu trains whether they like it or not, isn’t that right?
それthatがsubjectえいせいsatellite city都市satellite cityにintoなっbecameたpastのexplanationですisね。right?そして、andそこthereにin住むlive人peopleはtopicいやwhether willing or notがwhether willing or notおwhether willing or notうでwhether willing or notもwhether willing or not阪急Hankyuのof電車trainにonto乗っrideてand通commuteきんcommuteするdo訳reasonですisなあ。right? - 16
そうです。そして、いちにちのしごとをおえてかえるときにはデパートでかいものをするというぐあいです。
That’s right. The condition is such that they shop at the department store on the way home after finishing a day’s work.
そうsoです。isそして、and一one day日one dayのof仕事workをobjectおえfinishてand帰るreturn home時timeにatはtopicデパートdepartment storeでat買物shoppingをobjectするdoとquoteいうsayぐあいwayです。is - 17
それがたからづかせんですね。
That’s the Takarazuka line, isn’t it?
それthatがsubject宝塚Takarazuka Line線Takarazuka Lineですisね。right? - 18
そうです。はんきゅうこうべせんでは、にしのみやにじゅうまんにんをしゅうようできるきゅうじょうをつくりました。
That’s right. On the Hankyuu-Kobe line, they built a ball park in NISHINO-MIYA that can accommodate over a hundred thousand people.
そうsoです。is阪急Hankyu Kobe Line神戸Hankyu Kobe Line線Hankyu Kobe Lineでonは、topic西の宮Nishinomiyaにin十one hundred thousand万one hundred thousand人peopleをobjectしゅうaccommodateようaccommodate出来るcan球場ballparkをobjectつくりbuiltましpoliteた。past
- 人
- people
- も、
- as much as, as many as (See Grammar Notes
- だけ
- only, just (See Grammar Notes)
- 人口
- population
- か
- either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)
- 沿線
- along the line
- 土地
- land, lot
- 住宅
- residence
- 人々
- people
- アパート
- apartment
- や
- and---among others (See Gram. Notes)
- かし
- Fahrenheit
- 住む
- to live, reside
- いや
- no
- うで
- arm, forearm
- 通
- classifier for counting letters and telegrams
- 時
- time
- 買物
- shopping
- ぐあい
- condition
- 線
- line
- 十
- ten
- しゅう
- state
- よう
- get intoxicated; get drunk; get seasick (v.i.)
- 球場
- ball ground
Baseball, passengers and commerce · Dialogue 4 of 6
A team for the stadium
*職業 野球 チームも つくりました* means "They also formed a professional baseball team." The team gives the stadium a regular use.
Hundreds of thousands of passengers pass through Hankyu Department Store each day.
Traffic creates a business district
*阪急 デパートから こぼれ出る 客* describes customers spilling out of Hankyu Department Store.
*ターミナル・デパートの 近くが 商業区域として 発展するのです* means "The area near the terminal department store develops as a business district."
Kanji: 域
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 19
にほんのひとはやきゅうがすきですね。
Japanese people like baseball, don’t they?
日本Japanのof人peopleはtopic野球baseballがsubject好きlikeですisね。right? - 20
でも、きゅうじょうをりようするやきゅうのチームがなくてはだめというので、しょくぎょうやきゅうチームもつくりました。
But it is not good if you have no baseball team to use the ball park, so they formed a professional baseball team.
でbutも、but球場ballparkをobject利用useするdo野球baseballのofチームteamがsubjectなくnot existてandはtopicだめno goodとquoteいうsayのexplanationで、because職業professional野球baseballチームteamもalsoつくりformedましpoliteた。past - 21
それではまいにちのじょうきゃくのかずはたいしたものでしょうね。
Then, the number of passengers must be great everyday, right?
それthatでthenはtopic毎日every dayのof乗客passengersのof数numberはtopic大したgreatものgreatでしょうprobablyね。right? - 22
そうです。なんじゅうまんというじょうきゃくがはんきゅうデパートをまいにちとおるわけです。
That’s right, many hundreds of thousands of passengers go through Hankyuu department store everyday.
そうsoです。is何十hundreds of thousands万hundreds of thousandsとquoteいうsay乗客passengersがsubject阪急Hankyuデパートdepartment storeをthrough毎日every day通るpass through訳reasonです。is - 23
それでははんきゅうデパートからこぼれでるきゃくがあるでしょうね。
Then, there are customers who spill out of Hankyuu department store, aren’t there?
それthatでthenはtopic阪急Hankyuデパートdepartment storeからfromこぼれ出るspill out客customersがsubjectあるexistでしょうprobablyね。right? - 24
あります。それでターミナル・デパートのちかくがしょうぎょうくいきとしてはってんするのです。
Yes, there are. For that reason, the vicinity of the terminal department store develops as a business center.
ありexistます。politeそれthatでthereforeターミナル・terminal department storeデパートterminal department storeのof近くvicinityがsubject商業business区域districtとasしdoてand発展developするdoのexplanationです。is
- 野球
- baseball
- 好き
- to like, be fond of (See Grammar Notes)
- チーム
- team
- だめ
- no good, useless, hopeless
- 職業
- occupation
- 毎日
- Mainichi Newspaper Co.
- 数
- number
- もの
- things (tangible)
- でしょう
- probably (See Gram. Notes)
- 通る
- to pass
- こぼれ出る
- spill out (v.i.)
- 近く
- vicinity
Department stores and city sights · Dialogue 5 of 6
Other terminal department stores
*阪神、高島屋、近鉄などは ターミナル・デパートです* names Hanshin, Takashimaya, and Kintetsu as terminal department stores.
The speakers then turn to Osaka merchants and sightseeing.
Assuming a tour of Osaka
*大阪を 見物するとすれば、どんな所が ありますか* means "If one were to tour Osaka, what places are there?"
*見物するとすれば* presents touring Osaka as an assumed action. The reply names Osaka Castle and Tennoji Temple.
- 25
はんきゅうのようなおおきなひゃっかてんがほかにもありますか。
Are there any large department stores like HANKYUU?
阪急Hankyuのof様likeなbeing大きなlarge百貨department store店department storeがsubject外elsewhereにinもalsoありexistますpoliteか。question - 26
あります。はんしん、たかしまや、きんてつなどはターミナル・デパートです。
Yes, there are. Hanshin, Takashima-ya, Kintetsu, etc. are terminal department stores.
ありexistます。polite阪神、Hanshin高島Takashimaya屋、Takashimaya近鉄Kintetsuなどand othersはtopicターミナル・terminal department storeデパートterminal department storeです。is - 27
おおさかのひとはしょうばいじょうずとききましたが。
I heard that the people of Osaka are good in business, but ---
大阪Osakaのof人peopleはtopic商売good at business上手good at businessとquote聞きheardましpoliteたpastが。but - 28
そのとおりです。おおさかしょうにんはゆうめいです。
You are right. The Osaka merchants are famous.
そのexactly通りexactlyです。is大阪Osaka merchants商人Osaka merchantsはtopic有名famousです。are - 29
おおさかをけんぶつするとすれば、どんなところがありますか。
If you are to do the sights in Osaka, what kind of places are there?
大阪Osakaをobject見物sightseeingするdoとifすれassumeば、ifどんなwhat kind所placesがsubjectありexistますpoliteか。question - 30
しないではおおさかじょう、てんのうじなどですね。あまりありません。
The Osaka Castle, the Tennoji Temple, and others are within the city. There aren’t too many.
市city limits内city limitsでinはtopic大阪Osaka Castle城、Osaka Castle天Tennoji TempleのTennoji TempleうTennoji Temple寺Tennoji Templeなどand othersですisね。right?あまりnot manyありexistませpoliteん。not
- な
- I wish, I hope, huh
- ます
- trout
- 阪神、
- P.N., a railway company and department store
- 近鉄
- P.N., a railway company and dept. store
- など
- and so forth, etc.
- です。
- to be (See Gram. Notes)
- 上手
- skillful, fluent (See Grammar Notes)
- 通り
- street
- 商人
- merchants
- どんな
- what kind of; what sort of
- 所
- address, place
- 寺
- Buddhist temple
Local restaurants and cuisine · Dialogue 6 of 6
Restaurants and good cooking
*大阪で 有名なのは* asks what Osaka is famous for. The reply names its many restaurants and good cooking.
*食いだおれ* means "ruination through gluttony." The expression links Osaka's reputation to spending on food.
- 31
おおさかでゆうめいなのは。
What’s famous in Osaka?
大阪Osakaでin有名famousなbeingのthingは。topic - 32
そうですね。おおさかの「くいだおれ」といって、りょうりやがおおいこと、そしてりょうりのあじがよいこともひとつでしょうね。
Well, one thing is that there are many restaurants to the extent that there is a saying "ruination through gluttony," and another thing perhaps is the fact that the taste of the cooking is good.
そうsoですisね。right?大阪Osakaのof「食いruin by gluttonyだruin by gluttonyおれ」ruin by gluttonyとquote言っsayて、and料理restaurant屋restaurantがsubject多いmany事、factそしてand料理cookingのof味tasteがsubjectよいgood事factもalso一oneつoneでしょうprobablyね。right?
- は。
- leaves
- だ
- to be (informal equivalent of DESU. See Grammar Notes)
- よい
- good (See Gram. Notes)
Planning a departure time · Perception drill, Block 1
An action treated as an assumption
*今晩 行く とすれば、何時 ごろ 出かけますか* asks what time to start under the assumption of going tonight.
A verb in its basic form followed by *とすれば* presents that action as an assumption. The rest states what follows from it.
- 33
こんばんいくとすれば、なんじごろでかけますか。
If we are to go tonight, what time shall we start out?
今晩tonight行くgoとifすれassumeば、if何what時timeごろaround出かけset outますpoliteか。question
Assuming someone will not go · Perception drill, Block 2
Assuming that someone does not go
*君が 行かない とすれば、僕が 行かなければ ならない* means "If you are not going, I have to go."
*とすれば* follows the negative *行かない*. The second clause gives the consequence of that assumption.
- 34
きみがいかないとすれば、ぼくがいかなければならない。
If we assume that you are not going, I have to go.
君youがsubject行かgoないnotとifすれassumeば、if僕Iがsubject行かgoなけれmustばifならbecomeない。not
- 君
- suffix to a name, Mr. (See cult. notes)
- 僕
- I (see notes)
- なら
- if it is (See Gram. Notes)
Exploring hypothetical outcomes · Perception drill, Block 3
An assumed condition
*田中さんは 奥さんが 病気 だとすれば、今晩 来られない でしょう* assumes that Mrs. Tanaka is ill.
*病気 だとすれば* puts *とすれば* after a noun plus *だ*. Mr. Tanaka probably cannot come tonight.
An assumed past action
*パーカーさんは きのうの 朝 サンフランシスコ 空港を 出たと すれば、今日ごろは もう 東京に 着いているでしょう* begins with an assumed departure yesterday.
The likely result is that Mr. Parker has reached Tokyo by about today. Other lines apply assumptions to choices, times, and methods.
- 35
たなかさんはおくさんがびょうきだとすれば、こんばんこられないでしょう。
Assuming that Mrs. Tanaka is sick, Mr. Tanaka probably won’t be able to come.
田中TanakaさんMr.はtopic奥wifeさんwifeがsubject病気sickだisとifすれassumeば、if今晩tonight来comeられcanないnotでしょう。probably - 36
あたらしいじどうしゃをかうとすれば、どんなのをかいますか。
If you are to buy a new car, what kind of a car would you buy?
新しいnew自動car車carをobject買うbuyとifすれassumeば、ifどんなwhat kindのoneをobject買いbuyますpoliteか。question - 37
スポーツカーをかいます。
I would buy a sports car.
スポーツsports carカーsports carをobject買いbuyます。polite - 38
こんばんいかないとすれば、いついくんだ。
If you are not going tonight, when are you going?
今晩tonight行かgoないnotとifすれassumeば、ifいつwhen行くgoんexplanationだ。is - 39
みょうばんいくことにしているんだ。
Tentatively, I am to go tomorrow night.
明晩tomorrow night行くgo事actにtoしhave decidedてhave decidedいるhave decidedんexplanationだ。is - 40
パーカーさんはきのうのあさサンフランシスコくうこうをでたとすれば、きょうごろはもうとうきょうについているでしょう。
Assuming that Mr. Parker left San Francisco airport yesterday morning, he probably arrived in Tokyo around today.
パーカーParkerさんMr.はtopicきのうyesterdayのof朝morningサンフランシスコSan Francisco空港airportをfrom出leftたpastとifすれassumeば、if今日todayごろaroundはtopicもうalready東京Tokyoにin着いhas arrivedてhas arrivedいるhas arrivedでしょう。probably - 41
ひこうきでじゅうしちじかんぐらいだから、もうついているはずですね。
It takes about 17 hours by plane, so he is supposed to be there already.
飛行airplane機airplaneでby十seventeen七seventeen時間hoursぐらいaboutだisから、becauseもうalready着いhas arrivedてhas arrivedいるhas arrivedはずexpectedですisね。right? - 42
こんばんのえいがはなんじごろおわるでしょうか。
Around what time do you suppose tonight’s movie will end?
今晩tonightのof映画movieはtopic何時ごろaround what time終るendでしょうprobablyか。question - 43
そうですね。えいががはじまるのがしちじとすれば、おわるのはどうしてもじゅうじはんごろでしょう。
Well, assuming that the movie starts at seven, it probably will be ten-thirty at the earliest when it ends.
そうsoですisね。right?映画movieがsubject始まるstartsのactがsubject七seven時o’clockとifすれassumeば、if終るendのactはtopicどうat earliestしat earliestてat earliestもat earliest十ten時o’clock半halfごろaroundでしょう。probably - 44
にほんけんぶつにいくとすれば、どうしていくのがいちばんいいでしょうか。
Assuming that I am going to Japan for sightseeing, what will be the best way to go?
日本Japan見物sightseeingにfor行くgoとifすれassumeば、ifどうhowしhowてhow行くgoのactがsubject一番bestいいgoodでしょうprobablyか。question - 45
かんこうだんでいくのがいちばんやすくていいでしょう。
It probably would be the best and the cheapest to go with a tourist group.
観光tourist group団tourist groupでwith行くgoのactがsubject一番most安くcheapてandいいgoodでしょう。probably
- でしょう。
- probably (See Gram. Notes)
- 車
- vehicle, car
- 買う
- to buy
- スポーツ
- sport
- いつ
- when?
- 朝
- morning
- サンフランシスコ
- San Francisco
- 空港
- airport
- 今日
- today
- もう
- already (See Gram. Notes)
- 七
- seven
- 時間
- hour, time
- ぐらい
- about
- から、
- from (See Gram. Notes)
- 映画
- movie
- 一番
- number one (See Grammar Notes)
- いい
- good (See Gram. Notes)
Decisions under stated conditions · Pattern 1 1 of 3
A decision under an assumed action
*行く とすれば、早く 行きましょう* proposes an early departure under the assumption of going.
*とすれば* marks the condition. The second clause gives the decision made under that condition.
Conditions from different predicates
*明日 試験が ない とすれば、今晩は 勉強しなくても いい* uses a negative condition and gives its consequence.
*奥さんが病気だとすれば、田中さんは今晩来られないでしょう* uses a noun plus *だ*. Mr. Tanaka probably cannot come tonight.
- 46
いくとすれば、はやくいきましょう。
If we are going, let's go early.
行くgoとifすれassumeば、if早くearly行きgoましょう。let us - 47
あしたしけんがないとすれば、こんばんはべんきょうしなくてもいい。
If there is no examination tomorrow, I don't have to study tonight.
明日tomorrow試験examがsubjectないnot existとifすれassumeば、if今晩はas for tonight勉強studyしdoなくnotてandもevenいい。need not - 48
たなかさんがやすみ(だ)とすれば、わたくしがかわりにおしえなければなりません。
If Mr. Tanaka is off, I will have to teach in his place.
田中TanakaさんMr.がsubject休みoff(だ)isとifすれassumeば、if私Iがsubject代りinsteadにin教えteachなけれmustばifなりbecomeませpoliteん。not - 49
せんせいをやとうとすれば、おんなのせんせいをやといます。
If I am going to hire a teacher, I will hire a woman teacher.
先生teacherをobjectやとうhireとifすれassumeば、if女womanのof先生teacherをobjectやといhireます。polite - 50
いえでたべるとすれば、さかなをかってこよう。
If we are going to eat at home, let's buy some fish and bring it home.
家homeでat食べるeatとifすれassumeば、if魚fishをobject買っbuyてand来よう。bring home - 51
にほんへいくとすれば、しがつごろがいちばんいいでしょう。
If you are going to Japan, around April would probably be best.
日本Japanへtoward行くgoとifすれifば、if四April月Aprilごろaroundがsubject一番mostいいgoodでしょう。probably - 52
こどもをつれていくとすれば、おべんとうをもっていったほうがいい。
If you are going to take the children along, you had better take box lunches.
子供childrenをobject連れtake alongてtake along行くtake alongとifすれifば、ifおbox lunchべんとうbox lunchをobject持っcarryてand行っgoたpast方wayがsubjectいい。good - 53
おくさんがびょうきだとすれば、たなかさんはこんばんこられないでしょう。
If his wife is ill, Mr. Tanaka probably cannot come tonight.
奥wifeさんwifeがsubject病気illだisとifすれifば、if田中Mr. TanakaさんMr. Tanakaはtopic今晩tonight来comeられcanないnotでしょう。probably - 54
やまもとさんがるすだとすれば、あそびにいってもしかたがない。
If Mr. Yamamoto is away, there is no point in going to visit him.
山本Mr. YamamotoさんMr. Yamamotoがsubjectるすawayだisとifすれifば、if遊びvisitにto行っgoてandもeven仕方pointがsubjectない。none - 55
にほんへいかないとすれば、にほんごをならうひつようはありません。
If you are not going to Japan, there is no need to learn Japanese.
日本Japanへtoward行かgoないnotとifすれifば、if日本Japanese語Japaneseをobject習うlearn必要needはtopicありthere isませnot, politeん。not, polite
- 明日
- tomorrow
- いい。
- good (See Gram. Notes)
- (だ)
- to be (informal equivalent of DESU. See Grammar Notes)
- 先生
- refers to doctors, educators, etc. (See Cult. Notes)
- やとう
- hire; employ (v.t.)
- 女
- female
- 家
- house, home
- 四
- four
- 月
- moon, month (See Grammar Notes)
- べんとう
- box lunch
- るす
- absence, not at home
Hypothetical costs, places and times · Pattern 1 2 of 3
An assumption before a cost
*観光団で日本へ行くとすれば、いくらぐらいかかりますか* means "If you go to Japan with a tour group, about how much will it cost?"
*とすれば* sets the hypothetical journey before the question about cost.
A departure determines an arrival time
*十時に出発するとすれば、九時までにはそこに行っていなければなりませんね* assumes a departure at ten.
That condition leads to arrival by nine. Other conditions lead to answers about places, prices, and rankings.
- 56
あなたはべいこくにすむとすれば、どこにすみたいですか。
If you were to live in the United States, where would you like to live?
あなたyouはtopic米国United Statesにin住むliveとifすれifば、ifどこwhereにin住みliveたいwant toですisか。question - 57
かんこうだんでにほんへいくとすれば、いくらぐらいかかりますか。
If you go to Japan with a tour group, about how much will it cost?
観光tour group団tour groupでwith日本Japanへtoward行くgoとifすれifば、ifいくらhow muchぐらいaboutかかりcostますpoliteか。question - 58
そうですね。まあすくなくともにせんドルぐらいかかるでしょう。
Well, it will probably cost at least about two thousand dollars.
そうsoですisね。right?まあwell少くat leastともat least二千two thousandドルdollarsぐらいaboutかかるcostでしょう。probably - 59
いまわたくしのいえをうるとすれば、いくらぐらいでうれるでしょうか。
If I were to sell my house now, about how much could I sell it for?
今now私Iの's家houseをobject売るsellとifすれifば、ifいくらhow muchぐらいaboutでfor売れるcan sellでしょうprobablyか。question - 60
にまんドルぐらいならすぐうれるでしょう。
If you ask about twenty thousand dollars, it will probably sell right away.
二twenty thousand万twenty thousandドルdollarsぐらいaboutならif it isすぐright away売れるcan sellでしょう。probably - 61
なんじのひこうきでサンフランシスコをしゅっぱつなさるのですか。
What time does your flight leave San Francisco?
何what time時what timeの's飛行flight機flightでbyサンフランシスコSan Franciscoをobject出発leaveなさるrespectfully doのthatですisか。question - 62
ごぜんじゅうじです。
At ten in the morning.
午前morning十ten o’clock時ten o’clockです。is - 63
じゅうじにしゅっぱつするとすれば、くじまでにはそこにいっていなければなりませんね。
If it leaves at ten, you will have to be there by nine, won't you?
十ten o’clock時ten o’clockにat出発departするdoとifすれifば、if九nine o’clock時nine o’clockまでbyにatはtopicそこthereにat行っbe thereてbe thereいbe thereなけれunlessばifなりmustませnot, politeんnot, politeね。right? - 64
ええ、そうです。
Yes, that's right.
ええ、yesそうsoです。is - 65
ニューヨークがせかいだいにのだいとしだとすれば、せかいだいいちのだいとかいはどこですか。
If New York is the second-largest city in the world, what is the largest city in the world?
ニューヨークNew Yorkがsubject世界world第second二secondのof大large city都市large cityだisとifすれifば、if世界world第largest一largestのof大large city都会large cityはtopicどこwhereですisか。question
- いくら
- how much? how many?
- まあ
- Well! Oh, my!
- 二千
- 2,000
- ドル
- dollar
- かかる
- to consult, to contract, to be attacked by
- すぐ
- right away, immediately
- なさる
- to do (honorific verb) (See Notes)
- 午前
- a.m., morning
- 九
- nine
- まで
- as far as, to (See Gram. Notes)
- ええ、
- Yes
- ニューヨーク
- New York
- 都会
- city; metropolis
Food choices under assumptions · Pattern 1 3 of 3
When fish is not an option
*魚が食べられないとすれば、日本ではずい分食べ物に困りますね* means "If you cannot eat fish, finding food in Japan will be very difficult."
*とすれば* makes the inability an assumption. The rest states its practical consequence.
The reason for the difficulty
*日本料理は魚をずい分使いますからね* gives the reason. Japanese cooking uses a great deal of fish.
- 66
とうきょうです。
Tokyo.
東京Tokyoです。is - 67
さかながたべられないとすれば、にほんではずいぶんたべものにこまりますね。
If you cannot eat fish, you will have a great deal of trouble finding food in Japan, won't you?
魚fishがsubject食べeatられcanないnotとifすれifば、if日本Japanでinはtopicずい分greatly食べ物foodにwith困りhave troubleますpoliteね。right? - 68
そうですね。にほんりょうりはさかなをずいぶんつかいますからね。
Yes, Japanese cooking uses a great deal of fish.
そうsoですisね。right?日本Japanese cooking料理Japanese cookingはtopic魚fishをobjectずい分greatly使いuseますpoliteからbecauseね。you see - 69
にほんへいく。
Go to Japan.
日本Japanへtoward行く。go - 70
あたらしいじどうしゃをかう。
Buy a new automobile.
新しいnew自動car車carをobject買う。buy - 71
びょうき
Illness.
病気illness - 72
さかなをたべない。
Do not eat fish.
魚fishをobject食べeatない。not - 73
にほんごをべんきょうする。
Study Japanese.
日本Japanese語Japaneseをobject勉強studyする。do
- ずい分
- very much
- 食べ物
- food
- 買う。
- to buy
Terminal stores and train routes · Questions 1 of 2
The terminal store and its routes
*ターミナル・デパートと言うのは どんな デパートですか* asks for a description of a terminal department store.
*そこから どこへ 行く事が 出来ますか* means "Where can you go from there?" An answer names destinations served from the store.
- 74
しかし、はんきゅうはそれだけではまんぞくできず、じんこうのぞうかをみこして、たからづかせんのえんせんにおおきなとちをかって、じゅうたくだんちをつくり、おおさかしではたらくひとびとにアパートやじゅうたくをかしたり、うったりしています。そして、そこにすむひとはいやがおうでもはんきゅうのでんしゃにのって、つうきんしなければならないのです。そして、いちにちのしごとをおえてかえるときには、デパートでかいものをするというぐあいです。こんにちではまたはんきゅうこうべせんのえんせんにあるにしのみやにじゅうまんにんしゅうようできるきゅうじょうができましたので、まいにちのじょうきゃくのかずがひじょうにおおくなり、なんぜんまんというじょうきゃくがはんきゅうデパートをとおっています。
However, Hankyu was not satisfied with that alone, and, anticipating an increase in population, it bought a large tract of land along the Takarazuka Line, built a housing development, and rents and sells apartments and houses to people who work in Osaka. The people who live there must commute on Hankyu trains whether they like it or not. Then, when they return home after finishing a day's work, they shop at the department store. Today, a stadium that can hold one hundred thousand people has also been built at Nishinomiya along the Hankyu Kobe Line, so the number of passengers each day has grown very large, and tens of millions of passengers pass through Hankyu Department Store.
しかし、however阪急Hankyu Railwayはtopicそれthatだけaloneでwithはtopic満足satisfied出来can beず、not人口populationのofぞうincreaseかincreaseをobject見こしanticipateて、and宝塚Takarazuka Line線Takarazuka Lineのof沿線along the lineにin大きなlarge土地landをobject買っbuyて、and住宅housing development団地housing developmentをobjectつくり、build大阪Osaka市Osakaでin働くwork人々peopleにtoアパートapartmentsやand住宅housesをobjectかしrentたり、among other things売っsellたりamong other thingsしdoてdoingいdoingます。politeそして、andそこthereにin住むlive人peopleはtopicいやrefusalがorおconsentうでconsentもeven阪急Hankyu Railwayのof電車trainにon乗っrideて、and通commuteきんcommuteしdoなけれunlessばifならmustないnotのthatです。isそして、and一one day日one dayのof仕事workをobjectおえfinishてand帰るreturn home時timeにatは、topicデパートdepartment storeでat買物shoppingをobjectするdoとquote言うcalledぐあいwayです。is今日todayでinはtopic又also阪急Hankyu Railway神戸Kobe Line線Kobe Lineのof沿線along the lineにinあるlocated西の宮Nishinomiyaにin十one hundred thousand万one hundred thousand人peopleしゅうholdようhold出来るcan球場stadiumがsubject出来builtましpoliteたpastのbecauseで、because毎日each dayのof乗客passengersのof数numberがsubjectひじょうveryにvery多くmanyなり、became何千tens of millions万tens of millionsとquote言うcalled乗客passengersがsubject阪急Hankyu Railwayデパートdepartment storeをobject通っpass throughてpassing throughいpassing throughます。polite - 75
ターミナル・デパートというのはどんなデパートですか。
What kind of department store is a terminal department store?
ターミナル・terminal department storeデパートterminal department storeとquote言うcalledのoneはtopicどんなwhat kind ofデパートdepartment storeですisか。question - 76
おおさかでおおきなターミナル・デパートをに、さんあげてみてください。
Please name two or three large terminal department stores in Osaka.
大阪Osakaでin大きなlargeターミナル・terminal department storeデパートterminal department storeをobject二、三two or threeあげnameてandみtryてandください。please - 77
はんきゅうデパートはどこにありますか。
Where is Hankyu Department Store?
阪急Hankyu Railwayデパートdepartment storeはtopicどこwhereにatありexistますpoliteか。question - 78
はんきゅうデパートはなんせんのえきになっていますか。
Hankyu Department Store serves as a station for what line?
阪急Hankyu Railwayデパートdepartment storeはtopic何線what lineのof駅stationにintoなっbecomeてbecomingいbecomingますpoliteか。question - 79
そこからどこへいくことができますか。
Where can you go from there?
そこthereからfromどこwhereへtoward行くgo事actがsubject出来canますpoliteか。question - 80
じょうきゃくはいちどデパートにはいらなければでんしゃにのれないようになっていますか。
Is it arranged so that passengers cannot board a train unless they first enter the department store?
乗客passengersはtopic一first度firstデパートdepartment storeにintoはいらenterなけれunlessばif電車trainにon乗れboardないnot様wayにso thatなっarrangedてarrangedいarrangedますpoliteか。question
- しかし、
- however, but
- 多く
- many of them
- ください。
- please give me (See Gram. Notes)
Housing, commuting and stadium growth · Questions 2 of 2
How Hankyu increased traffic
*阪急は 人口の ぞうかを 見こして、どんな事を しましたか* asks what Hankyu did in anticipation of population growth.
*西の宮に 何が 出来ましたか* means "What was built in Nishinomiya?" An answer identifies the stadium before another gives its capacity.
- 81
はんきゅうはじんこうのぞうかをみこして、どんなことをしましたか。
What did Hankyu do in anticipation of the increase in population?
阪急Hankyu Railwayはtopic人口populationのofぞうincreaseかincreaseをobject見こしanticipateて、andどんなwhat kind of事thingをobjectしdoましpoliteたpastか。question - 82
なんのためにじゅうたくだんちをつくりましたか。
Why did it build a housing development?
何whatのofためpurposeにfor住宅housing development団地housing developmentをobjectつくりbuildましpoliteたpastか。question - 83
そこにすむひとはいやがおうでも、どうしなければなりませんか。
What must the people who live there do whether they like it or not?
そこthereにin住むlive人peopleはtopicいやrefusalがorおconsentうでconsentも、evenどうwhatしdoなけれunlessばifなりmustませnot, politeんnot, politeか。question - 84
ひとびとはいちにちのしごとをおえてかえるときにはどうしますか。
What do the people do when they return home after finishing a day's work?
人々peopleはtopic一日a dayのof仕事workをobjectおえfinishてand帰るreturn home時timeにatはtopicどうwhatしdoますpoliteか。question - 85
にしのみやになにができましたか。
What was built in Nishinomiya?
西の宮Nishinomiyaにin何whatがsubject出来builtましpoliteたpastか。question - 86
にしのみやのきゅうじょうはなんにんぐらいしゅうようできますか。
About how many people can the stadium in Nishinomiya hold?
西の宮Nishinomiyaのof球場stadiumはtopic何how many people人how many peopleぐらいaboutしゅうholdようhold出来canますpoliteか。question - 87
まいにちなんにんぐらいのひとがはんきゅうデパートをとおりますか。
About how many people pass through Hankyu Department Store each day?
毎日each day何how many people人how many peopleぐらいaboutのof人peopleがsubject阪急Hankyu Railwayデパートdepartment storeをobject通りpass throughますpoliteか。question
- 一日
- first day of the month (See Grammar Notes)
Railways, passengers and entertainment · Word list 1 of 4
Rail travel and Takarazuka
These words cover a railway, its passengers, terminal facilities, and Takarazuka entertainment.
*阪急* abbreviates *Kei-Han-Shin Kyuukoo Dentetsu*. *終点駅* means "terminal station," and *乗客* means "passenger."
*宝塚* names an amusement center and spa. *少女かげき* means "girls' operetta."
- 88
れいにとる
take it as an example
例にとるtake as example - 89
はんきゅう
abbreviation for Kei-Han-Shin Kyuukoo Dentetsu
阪急Hankyu Railway - 90
ひゃっかてん
department store
百貨店department store - 91
こうべ
Kobe
神戸Kobe - 92
たからづか
P.N., amusement center and spa (See Cult. Notes)
宝塚Takarazuka - 93
しゅうてんえき
terminal station
終点駅terminal station - 94
じょうきゃく
passenger
乗客passenger - 95
ふやす
increase (v.t.)
ふやすincrease - 96
しょうじょかげき
girls’ operetta; girls’ musical show
少女かげきgirls’ musical show - 97
げきじょう
theater (play)
げき場theater
- 例にとる
- take it as an example
- 百貨店
- department store
- 終点駅
- terminal station
- 少女かげき
- girls’ operetta; girls’ musical show
- げき場
- theater (play)
Recreation, housing and anticipation · Word list 2 of 4
Facilities and homes along the line
The first words name Takarazuka facilities. *温泉場* means "hot springs," and *植物園* means "botanical garden."
The remaining words cover anticipated growth and housing along the railway. *住宅団地* means "residential development."
- 98
おんせんじょう
hot springs
温泉場hot springs - 99
どうぶつえん
zoo
動物園zoo - 100
しょくぶつえん
botanical garden
植物園botanical garden - 101
ひらく
open
ひらくopen - 102
みこす
anticipate (v.t.)
見こすanticipate - 103
えんせん
along the line
沿線along the line - 104
じゅうたくだんち
residential development
住宅団地residential development - 105
アパート
apartment
アパートapartment - 106
じゅうたく
residence
住宅residence - 107
いやがおうでも
whether one likes it or not
いやがおうでもwillingly or not
- 温泉場
- hot springs
- 動物園
- zoo
- 植物園
- botanical garden
- ひらく
- open
- 見こす
- anticipate (v.t.)
- 住宅団地
- residential development
- いやがおうでも
- whether one likes it or not
Commuting, capacity and baseball · Word list 3 of 4
Commuting, capacity, and baseball
These words cover commuting, stadium capacity, professional baseball, and passenger numbers.
*通きん(する)* means "commuting," *しゅうようする* means "accommodate," and *職業野球* means "professional baseball."
*数* means "number." *大したものでしょう* means "must be great."
- 108
つうきん(する)
commuting (commute to work)
通きん(する)commute to work - 109
おえる
finish (v.t.)
おえるfinish - 110
ぐあい
condition
ぐあいcondition - 111
---というぐあいです
the condition is such that
---と言うぐあいですsuch is the condition - 112
しゅうようする
accommodate (v.t.)
しゅうようするaccommodate - 113
きゅうじょう
ball ground
球場ballpark - 114
チーム
team
チームteam - 115
しょくぎょうやきゅう
professional baseball
職業野球professional baseball - 116
かず
number
数number - 117
たいしたものでしょう
must be great
大したものでしょうmust be great
- 通きん(する)
- commuting (commute to work)
- おえる
- finish (v.t.)
- ---と言うぐあいです
- the condition is such that
- しゅうようする
- accommodate (v.t.)
- 職業野球
- professional baseball
- 大したものでしょう
- must be great
Commerce, merchants and landmarks · Word list 4 of 4
Business, sights, and food in Osaka
These words cover department stores, merchants, Osaka landmarks, and a local expression about food.
*商売上手* means "good in business." *大阪城* means "Osaka Castle," and *食いだおれ* means "ruination through gluttony."
*阪神*, *高島屋*, and *近鉄* name railway companies or department stores.
- 118
こぼれでる
spill out (v.i.)
こぼれ出るspill out - 119
はんしん
P.N., a railway company and department store
阪神Hanshin - 120
たかしまや
Takashimaya Dept. Store
高島屋Takashimaya Department Store - 121
きんてつ
P.N., a railway company and dept. store
近鉄Kintetsu - 122
しょうばいじょうず
good in business
商売上手good at business - 123
しょうにん
merchants
商人merchants - 124
おおさかじょう
Osaka Castle
大阪城Osaka Castle - 125
てんのうじ
Tennoji Temple
天のう寺Tennoji Temple - 126
くいだおれ
ruination through gluttony
食いだおれruin through gluttony
Guide for Free Conversation
Topic title and Visual cues:
a Look at the map on page 92 and point out the places of interest.
b Look at the sketch on page 93 and describe why satellite cities and terminal department stores developed in Osaka.
c Talk about terminal department stores.
d Talk about satellite cities.Homework
1 Memorize the Dialogue and the vocabulary.
2 Study the Grammar Perception Drill.
3 Study the Pattern Practice and do the exercise given.
4 Learn to read and write new Kanji.
5 Read the Explanatory Notes.
6 Read the Guide for Free Conversation and do the exercise given.- 阪神
- P.N., a railway company and department store
- 高島屋
- Takashimaya Dept. Store
- 商売上手
- good in business
- 大阪城
- Osaka Castle
- 天のう寺
- Tennoji Temple
- 食いだおれ
- ruination through gluttony
The particulars
- The course
- Defense Language Institute, Japanese Basic Course, 1967 to 1971. Public domain. The teaching pages and the narration are ours.
- Reading aloud
- Digital narration, directed by 1732 Studios.
- The book
- Botchan, the work this course leads to, free to read here.
- Data
- JSON · Markdown · A guide for agents