Japanese · Lesson 14
Lesson 14
Sounds, kana, and the first conversations
The face and its senses · Dialogue 1 of 5
The face and its parts
*かおには 何が ありますか* means "What are there on the face?" The reply names the eyes, nose, mouth, and ears.
*目と耳が 二つずつ、 口と はなが 一つずつ あります* means "There are two each of eyes and ears and one each of mouth and nose."
Equal numbers and the means used
In *二つずつ*, *ずつ* means "each" for the eyes and ears.
*目で いろいろなものを 見ます* describes seeing various things with the eyes. Here, *で* marks the eyes as the means used.
Kanji: 目, 見, 耳, 口
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 1
かおにはなにがありますか。
What are there on the face?
かおfaceにonはtopic何whatがsubjectありthere areますpoliteか。question - 2
かおにはめとはなとくちとみみがあります。
There are eyes, nose, mouth, and ears on the face.
かおfaceにonはtopic目eyesとandはnoseなnoseとand口mouthとand耳earsがsubjectありexistます。polite - 3
いくつずつありますか。
How many each are there?
いくhow manyつhow manyずつeachありexistますpoliteか。question - 4
めとみみがふたつずつ、くちとはながひとつずつあります。
There are two each of eyes and ears and one each of mouth and nose.
目eyesとand耳earsがsubject二twoつtwoずつ、each口mouthとandはなnoseがsubject一oneつoneずつeachありexistます。polite - 5
わたくしたちはめでなにをしますか。
What do we do with eyes?
私weたちweはtopic目eyesでwith何whatをobjectしdoますpoliteか。question - 6
めでいろいろなものをみます。
we see various things with eyes.
目eyesでwithいろいろvariousなvariousものthingsをobject見seeます。polite
MASEN
MASEN is the negative form of MASU, and it is attached to the conjunctive ending of verbs, e.g.,
WATAKUSHI WA EIGO O HANASHIMASEN.
"I don't speak English."
ANOKATA WA SAKANA O TABEMASEN.
"He does not eat fish."MASENDESHITA
MASENDESHITA is the negative form of --MASHITA, and it is attached to the conjunctive ending of verbs, e.g.,
WATAKUSHI WA MADO O AKEMASENDESHITA.
"I did not open the window."
NIPPON E IKIMASENDESHITA.
"I did not go to Japan."ZUTSU
ZUTSU is a suffix attached to numerals and numerators and means 'each.'
ME TO MIMI GA FUTATSU ZUTSU ARIMASU.
"There are two each of eyes and ears."
KYOOSHITSU NIWA SEITO GA HACHININ ZUTSU IMASU.
"There are eight students each in the classrooms."Particle DE
The particle DE has several uses. One use is that it is attached to substantives and indicates the means or the instrument with which something is performed or effected. It is translated as 'with' or 'in,' e.g.,
WATAKUSHI-TACHI WA ME DE MIMASU.
"We see with our eyes."
TE DE IROIRO NO MONO O MOCHIMASU.
"We hold various things with our hands."Particle NI
The particle NI was used in Lesson 6 to indicate the place of existence. In this lesson, it is used to indicate the point of arrival of an action, and it is translated as 'on.'
ISU NI KAKEMASU.
"I'll sit on the chair."
KOKUBAN NI KAKIMASU.
"I'll write on the blackboard."
TSUKUE NO UE NI OKIMASU.
"I'll put it on the desk."- かお
- face
- に
- on (See Gram. Notes)
- が
- but (See Gram. Notes)
- か。
- either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)
- と
- and (See Gram. Notes)
- ずつ
- each (See Gram. Notes)
- 二
- two
- はな
- flower
- 一
- one
- で
- --is and -- (See Grammar Notes)
- を
- particle denoting direct object (See Pattern Drill)
- し
- city
- もの
- things (tangible)
Hearing, speaking and eating · Dialogue 2 of 5
Hearing, speaking, and eating
*耳で おとを ききます* describes hearing sounds with the ears. Here, *で* marks the ears as the means used.
*口で はなします* describes speaking with the mouth. The next reply adds eating various things.
- 7
みみでなにをしますか。
what do we do with ears?
耳earsでwith何whatをobjectしdoますpoliteか。question - 8
みみでおとをききます。
we hear sounds with ears.
耳earsでwithおとsoundsをobjectききhearます。polite - 9
わたくしたちはくちでなにをしますか。
What do we do with our mouths?
私weたちweはtopic口mouthでwith何whatをobjectしdoますpoliteか。question - 10
くちではなします。
we speak with our mouths.
口mouthでwithはspeakなしspeakます。polite - 11
そのほかくちでなにをしますか。
Besides that, what do we do with our mouths?
そのthatほかbesides口mouthでwith何whatをobjectしdoますpoliteか。question - 12
いろいろなものをたべます。
we eat various things.
いろいろvariousなvariousものthingsをobjectたべeatます。polite
- おと
- sound
Smelling, holding and writing · Dialogue 3 of 5
The nose and hands
*はなで においを かぎます* describes smelling scents with the nose.
*手で いろいろの ものを もちます。 そのほか 手で じを かきます* describes holding things and writing characters with the hands.
A negative reply
*はい、 えも かきますが、 かんじは かきません* affirms drawing pictures but denies writing Kanji.
In *かきません*, *ません* makes the action negative.
Kanji: 手
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 13
わたくしたちははなでなにをしますか。
What do we do with our noses?
私weたちweはtopicはなnoseでwith何whatをobjectしdoますpoliteか。question - 14
はなでにおいをかぎます。
We smell scents with our noses.
はなnoseでwithにおいscentsをobjectかぎsmellます。polite - 15
てでなにをしますか。
What do we do with our hands?
手handsでwith何whatをobjectしdoますpoliteか。question - 16
てでいろいろのものをもちます。そのほかてでじをかきます。
We hold various things with our hands. Besides that, we write characters with our hands.
手handsでwithいろいろvariousのofものthingsをobjectもちholdます。politeそのthatほかbesides手handsでwithじcharactersをobjectかきwriteます。polite - 17
えもかきますか。
Do we draw pictures, too?
えpicturesもalsoかきdrawますpoliteか。question - 18
はい、えもかきますが、かんじはかきません。
Yes, we draw pictures, but we don’t write KANJI.
はい、yesえpicturesもalsoかきdrawますpoliteが、butかんじKanjiはtopicかきwriteませnot, politeん。not, polite
- におい
- smell, scent
- の
- See Grammar Notes
- じ
- character, word
- が、
- but (See Gram. Notes)
- かんじ
- Kanji (Chinese characters)
Walking and writing names · Dialogue 4 of 5
Writing a name on the board
*トマスさん、 こくばんに あなたの おなまえを おかきなさい* means "Mr. Thomas, write your name on the blackboard, please."
He agrees, takes the chalk, and writes his name on the blackboard.
The surface of the action
*こくばんに なまえを かきました* means "Then he wrote his name on the blackboard."
Here, *に* marks the blackboard as the surface of the action.
- 19
あしでなにをしますか。
What do we do with our legs?
あしlegsでwith何whatをobjectしdoますpoliteか。question - 20
あしであるきます。
we walk with our legs.
あしlegsでwithあるきwalkます。polite - 21
トマスさん、こくばんにあなたのおなまえをおかきなさい。
Mr. Thomas, write your name on the blackboard, please.
トマスThomasさん、Mr.こくばんblackboardにonあなたyouのyourおpleaseなまえnameをobjectおpleaseかきwriteなさい。please - 22
はい、かしこまりました。
yes, certainly.
はい、yesかしこまりcertainlyましdid, politeた。did, polite - 23
パーカーさん、トマスさんはなにをしましたか。
Mr. Parker, what did Mr. Thomas do?
パーカーParkerさん、Mr.トマスThomasさんMr.はtopic何whatをobjectしdoましdid, politeたpastか。question - 24
トマスさんははくぼくをとりました。それから、こくばんになまえをかきました。
Mr. Thomas picked up the chalk. Then he wrote his name on the blackboard.
トマスThomasさんMr.はtopicはくchalkぼくchalkをobjectとりpick upましdid, politeた。pastそれthenから、thenこくばんblackboardにonなまえnameをobjectかきwriteましdid, politeた。past
- なまえ
- name
Hands and placing chalk · Dialogue 5 of 5
The hand used for writing
*いいえ、 ひだりの 手で かきませんでした。 みぎの 手で かきました* contrasts the hand not used with the hand used.
The reply means "No, he did not write with his left hand. He wrote with his right hand."
A past action made negative
In *かきませんでした*, *ませんでした* makes the past action negative: "did not write."
*つくえの うえに おきました* means "He put it on the desk." Here, *に* marks where the chalk was put.
- 25
トマスさんはひだりのてでかきましたか。
Did Mr. Thomas write with his left hand?
トマスThomasさんMr.はtopicひだりleftのof手handでwithかきwriteましdid, politeたpastか。question - 26
いいえ、ひだりのてでかきませんでした。みぎのてでかきました。
No, he did not write with his left hand. He wrote with his right hand.
いいえ、noひだりleftのof手handでwithかきwriteませnot, politeんnot, politeでしpastた。pastみぎrightのof手handでwithかきwriteましdid, politeた。past - 27
トマスさんははくぼくをどこにおきましたか。
Where did Mr. Thomas put the chalk?
トマスThomasさんMr.はtopicはくchalkぼくchalkをobjectどこwhereにatおきputましdid, politeたpastか。question - 28
つくえのうえにおきました。
He put it on the desk.
つくえdeskの'sうえtopにonおきputましdid, politeた。past
- ひだり
- left
- みぎ
- right
Present and past negatives · Pattern 1 1 of 2
An action that does not happen
*私は がっこうへ 行きません* means "I don't go to school."
In *行きません*, *ません* takes the place of *ます* and makes the verb negative.
An action that did not happen
*私は がっこうへ 行きませんでした* means "I didn't go to school."
For a past action, *ませんでした* takes the place of *ました* and makes the verb negative.
- 29
わたくしはがっこうへいきません。
I don't go to school.
私Iはtopicがっこうschoolへtoward行きgoませnot, politeん。not, polite - 30
わたくしはがっこうへいきませんでした。
I didn't go to school.
私Iはtopicがっこうschoolへtoward行きgoませnot, politeんnot, politeでしpastた。past - 31
わたくしはさかなをたべません。
I don't eat fish.
私Iはtopicさかなfishをobjectたべeatませnot, politeん。not, polite - 32
わたくしはにっぽんへいきません。
I don't go to Japan.
私IはtopicにっぽんJapanへtoward行きgoませnot, politeん。not, polite - 33
わたくしはえをかきません。
I don't draw pictures.
私Iはtopicえpicturesをobjectかきdrawませnot, politeん。not, polite - 34
あのかたはまどをしめませんでした。
He did not close the window.
あのthatかたpersonはtopicまどwindowをobjectしめcloseませnot, politeんnot, politeでしpastた。past - 35
あのかたはがっこうへきませんでした。
He did not come to school.
あのthatかたpersonはtopicがっこうschoolへtoward来comeませnot, politeんnot, politeでしpastた。past
- へ
- to (See Gram. Notes)
Answering with negative actions · Pattern 1 2 of 2
Negative answers in two times
*いいえ、 にっぽんへ 行きませんでした* means "No, he didn't go to Japan." The past question receives a past negative answer.
*いいえ、 スミスさんは さかなを たべません* means "No, Mr. Smith doesn't eat fish." The present question receives a present negative answer.
- 36
たむらさんはにっぽんへいきましたか。
Did Mr. Tamura go to Japan?
たむらTamuraさんMr.はtopicにっぽんJapanへtoward行きgoましdid, politeたpastか。question - 37
いいえ、にっぽんへいきませんでした。
No, he didn't go to Japan.
いいえ、noにっぽんJapanへtoward行きgoませnot, politeんnot, politeでしpastた。past - 38
スミスさんはさかなをたべますか。
Does Mr. Smith eat fish?
スミスSmithさんMr.はtopicさかなfishをobjectたべeatますpoliteか。question - 39
いいえ、スミスさんはさかなをたべません。
No, Mr. Smith doesn't eat fish.
いいえ、noスミスSmithさんMr.はtopicさかなfishをobjectたべeatませnot, politeん。not, polite - 40
あのかたはせきへかえりましたか。
Did he return to the seat?
あのthatかたpersonはtopicせきseatへtowardかえりreturnましdid, politeたpastか。question - 41
いいえ、せきへかえりませんでした。
No, he didn't return to the seat.
いいえ、noせきseatへtowardかえりreturnませnot, politeんnot, politeでしpastた。past
- せき
- seat
Equal quantities in groups · Pattern 2 1 of 2
The same number for each
*かおには 目と 耳が 二つずつ あります* means "There are two each of eyes and ears on the face."
The suffix *ずつ* follows a numeral or numerator and means "each."
Equal quantities across groups
*きょうしつには せいとが 八人ずつ 居ます* means "There are eight students each in the classrooms."
*スミスさんと ブラウンさんは かん字を 三つずつ かきました* means that Mr. Smith and Mr. Brown each wrote three Kanji.
Kanji: 人
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 42
かおにはめとみみがふたつずつあります。
There are two each of eyes and ears on the face.
かおfaceにonはtopic目eyesとand耳earsがsubject二twoつtwoずつeachありexistます。polite - 43
かおにはくちとはながひとつずつあります。
There are one each of mouth and nose on the face.
かおfaceにonはtopic口mouthとandはなnoseがsubject一oneつoneずつeachありexistます。polite - 44
きょうしつにはせいとがはちにんずついます。
There are eight students each in the classrooms.
きょうしつclassroomsにinはtopicせいstudentsとstudentsがsubject八eight students人eight studentsずつeach居areます。polite - 45
きょうしつにはこくばんがふたつずつあります。
There are two blackboards each in the classrooms.
きょうしつclassroomsにinはtopicこくばんblackboardsがsubject二twoつtwoずつeachありexistます。polite - 46
スミスさんとブラウンさんはかんじをみっつずつかきました。
Mr. Smith and Mr. Brown each wrote three Kanji.
スミスSmithさんMr.とandブラウンBrownさんMr.はtopicかん字Kanjiをobject三threeつthreeずつeachかきwriteましdid, politeた。past - 47
かおにはめとみみがいくつずつありますか。
How many each of eyes and ears are on the face?
かおfaceにonはtopic目eyesとand耳earsがsubjectいくhow manyつhow manyずつeachありexistますpoliteか。question
- 八
- eight
- 人
- people
- 三
- three
Asking quantities for each · Pattern 2 2 of 2
How many for each
*この がっこうの きょうしつには まどが いくつずつ ありますか* means "How many windows each are there in the classrooms of this school?"
The answer *まどが 四つずつ あります* means "There are four windows each." A quantity with *ずつ* gives the equal amount.
- 48
めとみみがふたつずつあります。
There are two each of eyes and ears.
目eyesとand耳earsがsubject二twoつtwoずつeachありexistます。polite - 49
せいとたちはももをたべましたか。
Did the students eat peaches?
せいstudentsとstudentsたちstudentsはtopicももpeachesをobjectたべeatましdid, politeたpastか。question - 50
ええ、せいとたちはももをふたつずつたべました。
Yes, students ate two each of peaches.
ええ、yesせいstudentsとstudentsたちstudentsはtopicももpeachesをobject二twoつtwoずつeachたべeatましdid, politeた。past - 51
このがっこうのきょうしつにはまどがいくつずつありますか。
How many windows each are there in the classrooms of this school?
このthisがっこうschoolの'sきょうしつclassroomsにinはtopicまどwindowsがsubjectいくhow manyつhow manyずつeachありexistますpoliteか。question - 52
まどがよっつずつあります。
There are four windows each.
まどwindowsがsubject四fourつfourずつeachありthere areます。polite
- もも
- peach
- ええ、
- Yes
- 四
- four
Body parts as means · Pattern 3 1 of 2
The means used for an action
*私たちは 目で 見ます* describes seeing with the eyes. Here, the eyes are the means used.
Body parts and instruments
The particle *で* follows a noun and marks the means or instrument used for an action.
*私たちは えんぴつで じを かきます* means "We write characters with pencils." Here, *で* marks the pencils as the instrument.
- 53
わたくしたちはめでみます。
We see with our eyes.
私weたちweはtopic目eyesでwith見seeます。polite - 54
わたくしたちはあしであるきます。
We walk with our feet.
私weたちweはtopicあしfeetでwithあるきwalkます。polite - 55
わたくしたちはみみでおとをききます。
We hear sounds with our ears.
私weたちweはtopic耳earsでwithおとsoundsをobjectききhearます。polite - 56
わたくしたちはくちでたべます。
We eat with our mouths.
私weたちweはtopic口mouthsでwithたべeatます。polite - 57
わたくしたちはてでいろいろなものをもちます。
We hold various things with our hands.
私weたちweはtopic手handsでwithいろいろvariousなvariousものthingsをobjectもちholdます。polite - 58
わたくしたちはえんぴつでじをかきます。
We write characters with pencils.
私weたちweはtopicえんぴつpencilsでwithじcharactersをobjectかきwriteます。polite
Asking what means are used · Pattern 3 2 of 2
Asking what means is used
*あなたは 何で おとを ききますか* means "What do you hear sounds with?" The question uses *何で* for the means.
*私は 耳で おとを ききます* answers with the means followed by *で*: "We hear sound with ears."
- 59
わたくしたちははなでなにをしますか。
What do we do with our noses?
私weたちweはtopicはなnosesでwith何whatをobjectしdoますpoliteか。question - 60
はなでにおいをかぎます。
We smell scents with our noses.
はなnosesでwithにおいscentsをobjectかぎsmellます。polite - 61
あなたはなにでおとをききますか。
What do you hear sounds with?
あなたyouはtopic何whatでwithおとsoundsをobjectききhearますpoliteか。question - 62
わたくしはみみでおとをききます。
We hear sound with ears.
私weはtopic耳earsでwithおとsoundをobjectききhearます。polite - 63
にっぽんじんははしでたべますか。
Do Japanese eat with chopsticks?
にっぽんJapanese人Japaneseはtopicはしchopsticksでwithたべeatますpoliteか。question - 64
はい、にっぽんじんはたいていはしでたべます。
Yes, Japanese usually eat with chopsticks.
はい、yesにっぽんJapanese人Japaneseはtopicたいていusuallyはしchopsticksでwithたべeatます。polite
Destinations of everyday actions · Pattern 4 1 of 2
Writing on the blackboard
*あのかたは こくばんに なまえを かきました* means "He wrote his name on the blackboard."
The destination of an action
The particle *に* marks the destination or surface of an action. In this use, it means "on."
*これを つくえの うえに おきます* means "I'll put this on the desk." The phrase before *に* names the destination.
- 65
あのかたはこくばんになまえをかきました。
He wrote his name on the blackboard.
あのthatかたpersonはtopicこくばんblackboardにonなまえnameをobjectかきwriteましpoliteた。past - 66
こくばんににっぽんごをおかきなさい。
Please write Japanese on the blackboard.
こくばんblackboardにonにっぽんJapaneseごJapaneseをobjectおpleaseかきwriteなさい。please - 67
このかみにあなたのおなまえをおかきなさい。
Please write your name on this paper.
このthisかみpaperにonあなたyouの'sおnameなまえnameをobjectおpleaseかきwriteなさい。please - 68
これをつくえのうえにおきます。
I'll put this on the desk.
これthisをobjectつくえdeskの'sうえtopにonおきputます。polite - 69
あなたのいすにおかけなさい。
Please sit on your chair.
あなたyouの'sいすchairにonおpleaseかけsitなさい。please - 70
このいすにおかけなさい。
Please sit on this chair.
このthisいすchairにonおpleaseかけsitなさい。please
Following destination commands · Pattern 4 2 of 2
A command and its destination
*こくばんに あなたの おなまえを おかきなさい* means "Please write your name on the blackboard." Here, *に* marks the surface.
*はい、 こくばんに 私の なまえを かきます* means "Yes, I'll write my name on the blackboard."
Putting a book on the desk
*はい、 この 本を つくえのうえに おきます* means "Yes, I'll put this book on the desk."
The desk surface followed by *に* is the destination of the action.
- 71
はい、そのいすにかけます。
Yes, I'll sit on that chair.
はい、yesそのthatいすchairにonかけsitます。polite - 72
こくばんにあなたのおなまえをおかきなさい。
Please write your name on the blackboard.
こくばんblackboardにonあなたyouの'sおnameなまえnameをobjectおpleaseかきwriteなさい。please - 73
はい、こくばんにわたくしのなまえをかきます。
Yes, I'll write my name on the blackboard.
はい、yesこくばんblackboardにon私Iの'sなまえnameをobjectかきwriteます。polite - 74
そのほんをつくえのうえにおおきなさい。
Please put that book on the desk.
そのthat本bookをobjectつくえdeskの'sうえtopにonおおきなplease putさい。please put - 75
はい、このほんをつくえのうえにおきます。
Yes, I'll put this book on the desk.
はい、yesこのthis本bookをobjectつくえdeskの'sうえtopにonおきputます。polite
Media, senses and particles · Word list 1 of 2
Media, senses, means, and quantity
The words cover media and the senses. *テレビ* means "television," *おと* means "sound," and *におい* means "smell, scent."
The particles *で* and *に* mean "with" and "on." The suffix *ずつ* means "each."
- 76
テレビ
television
テレビtelevision - 77
ラジオ
radio
ラジオradio - 78
かんじ
Kanji (Chinese characters)
かんじChinese characters - 79
もの
things (tangible)
ものthings - 80
かお
face
かおface - 81
おと
sound
おとsound - 82
じ
character, word
じcharacter - 83
におい
smell, scent
においscent - 84
で
with (See Gram. Notes)
でwith - 85
に
on (See Gram. Notes)
にon - 86
ずつ
each (See Gram. Notes)
ずつeach - 87
みます
polite form of MIRU (v.t.) to see
見ますsee
- テレビ
- television
- ラジオ
- radio
- 見ます
- polite form of MIRU (v.t.) to see
Everyday action verbs · Word list 2 of 2
Everyday actions and replies
These polite verbs cover common actions. *ききます* means "to hear, to listen," *あるきます* means "to walk," and *おきます* means "to put."
*いろいろの* and *いろいろな* both mean "various." *そのほか* means "besides that." *かしこまりました* is an acknowledgment such as "certainly" or "yes, sir."
- 88
ききます
polite form of KIKU (v.t.) to hear, to listen
ききますhear - 89
はなします
polite form of HANASU (v.t.) to speak, talk
はなしますspeak - 90
たべます
polite form of TABERU (v.t.) to eat
たべますeat - 91
もちます
polite form of MOTSU (v.t.) to hold, to have
もちますhold - 92
あるきます
polite form of ARUKU (v.i.) to walk
あるきますwalk - 93
おきます
polite form of OKU (v.t.) to put
おきますput - 94
します
polite form of SURU (v.t.) to do
しますdo - 95
いろいろの
various
いろいろのvarious - 96
いろいろな
various
いろいろなvarious - 97
そのほか
besides that
そのほかbesides that - 98
かしこまりました
certainly; yes, sir
かしこまりましたcertainly
Homework Assignment
1 Listen to the tape and practice pronunciation.
2 Memorize the Dialogue.
3 Read the Grammar Notes.
4 practice reading and writing of KANJI.- ききます
- polite form of KIKU (v.t.) to hear, to listen
- はなします
- polite form of HANASU (v.t.) to speak, talk
- たべます
- polite form of TABERU (v.t.) to eat
- もちます
- polite form of MOTSU (v.t.) to hold, to have
- あるきます
- polite form of ARUKU (v.i.) to walk
- おきます
- polite form of OKU (v.t.) to put
- します
- polite form of SURU (v.t.) to do
- いろいろの
- various
- いろいろな
- various
- そのほか
- besides that
- かしこまりました
- certainly; yes, sir
The particulars
- The course
- Defense Language Institute, Japanese Basic Course, 1967 to 1971. Public domain. The teaching pages and the narration are ours.
- Reading aloud
- Digital narration, directed by 1732 Studios.
- The book
- Botchan, the work this course leads to, free to read here.
- Data
- JSON · Markdown · A guide for agents