Japanese Basic Course 1732 Studios

Japanese · Lesson 15

Lesson 15

Sounds, kana, and the first conversations

121 lines

Learning languages from teachers · Dialogue 1 of 4

Learning Japanese at school

*あなたがたは このがっこうで 何語を ならいますか* means "What language do you learn at this school?" The students answer that they learn Japanese.

The speakers then ask who the students learn from and whether the teachers teach Japanese to them.

The school and the people

In *このがっこうで*, *で* marks the school where the learning happens.

*私たちは せんせいに 日本語を ならいます* means "We learn Japanese from a teacher." Here, *に* marks the teacher as the source.

In *あなたがたに*, *に* marks the people who receive the teaching.

Kanji: 日, 語

New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.

  1. 1

    あなたがたはこのがっこうでなにごをならいますか。

    What language do you learn at this school?

    あなたyou
    がたyou
    はtopic
    このthis
    がっこうschool
    でat
    何語what language
    をobject
    ならいlearn
    ますpolite
    か。question
  2. 2

    わたくしたちはにほんごをならいます。

    We learn Japanese.

  3. 3

    あなたがたはだれににほんごをならいますか。

    From whom do you learn Japanese?

  4. 4

    わたくしたちはせんせいににほんごをならいます。

    We learn Japanese from a teacher.

  5. 5

    せんせいはあなたがたににほんごをおしえますか。

    Do teachers teach Japanese to you?

  6. 6

    はい、そうです。

    Yes, that's right.

Particle DE

In this lesson the particle DE is used to indicate the place where an action other than locomotive action is performed. Locomotive action verbs are those that require movement from place to place like the verbs 'to jump,' 'to fly,' 'to walk,' 'to swim,' etc. The particle that denotes the place where a locomotive action is performed will be introduced in the later lesson. The existential verbs ARU (ARIMASU) and IRU(IMASU) are not action verbs in Japanese.

GAKKOO DE NIPPONGO O NARAIMASU.

"I'll learn Japanese at the school."

KYOOSHITSU DE NIPPONGO O HANASHIMASU.

"I speak Japanese in the classroom."

KOKO DE HON O YOMIMASU.

"I'll read a book here."
Particle NI to indicate the indirect object

In this lesson the particle NI is used to indicate the indirect object, e.g.,

SENSEI WA SEITO NI NIPPONGO O OSHIEMASU.

"The teacher teaches the student Japanese."

In English, a phrase introduced by the preposition 'to' or 'for' can be used instead of an indirect object. Thus, the translation of the above example would become:

"The teacher teaches Japanese to the student."

WATAKUSHI WA TOMODACHI NI KAKIMASHITA.

"I wrote to my friend."
Particle NI to indicate the person from whom the action is received.

In this instance, the particle NI is used to indicate the person from whom the action is received and translated into English as 'from.' The verbs involved are so-called receiving verbs such as 'to hear' or 'to learn' as contrasted to giving verbs like 'to give,' 'to teach,' etc.

WATAKUSHI WA SENSEI NI KANJI O NARAIMASU.

"I learn KANJI from my teacher."

WATAKUSHI WA TOMODACHI NI KIKIMASHITA.

"I heard (it) from my friend."
--GA WAKARIMASU

--GA DEKIMASU

A transitive verb is one that takes a direct object which is normally indicated by the particle O, and an intransitive verb is one that does not take a direct object.

Many English verbs can be used either as transitive or intransitive as in the following examples:

Transitive Verb (v.t.) | Intransitive Verb (v.i.)
(1) I opened the door. (AKEMASHITA) | The door opened. (AKIMASHITA)
(2) I closed the door. (SHIMEMASHITA) | The door closed. (SHIMARIMASHITA)

It is also important to note that there are some Japanese intransitive verbs which call for transitive verbs in the English translation and vice versa. Thus, in the sentences,

WATAKUSHI WA FURANSU-GO GA WAKARIMASU.

"I understand French" and

WATAKUSHI WA FURANSU-GO GA DEKIMASU.

"I speak French."

the subjects of the intransitive verbs WAKARIMASU and

DEKIMASU are potential verbs by themselves and literally mean 'to be understandable' and 'to be able to be done' respectively.
Emphatic WA

The particle WA sometimes replaces such particles as O, GA, and singles out a certain object and compares it with other possible objects. Thus, in sentences like:

WATAKUSHI WA KANJI WA NARAIMASEN.

(O)

WATAKUSHI WA FURANSU-GO WA WAKARIMASEN.

(GA)

KANJI is singled out and compared with other objects such as KATAKANA, HIRAGANA, etc. in sentence (a) and FURANSU-GO is singled out and compared with other objects such as NIPPONGO, EIGO, etc. in sentence (b). WA in both sentences (a) and (b) can be best translated as 'as for,' thus:

As for KANJI, I don't learn it.

As for French language, I don't understand it.
CHITTO MO -- MASEN

SUKOSHI MO--MASEN

The phrases CHITTO MO or SUKOSHI MO are always used

in negative sentences and they mean 'not even a little.'

CHITTO MO TABEMASENDESHITA.

"I ate not even a little."

DOITSUGO WA SUKOSHI MO WAKARIMASEN.

"I don't understand German at all" or I understand German not even a little."
-- TO IIMASU

For the structure 'one calls (A) O (B),' the pattern (A) O (B) TO IIMASU. If the speaker wishes to single out (A) from among many other possible ideas of the same category, the direct object (A) O can be changed to a notional subject (A) WA. Thus, the sentence can be changed to (A) WA (B) TO IIMASU.

The literal translation of the above sentence is 'one calls (A) (B),' but its free translation is '(A) is called (B).' Note that the particle TO denotes what is said or called.

The phrase -- TO IU is often used in front of a substantive to mention what the name of the thing or the person is, e.g.,

PAAKAA TO IU PEN ' a pen called Parker'

YAMADA TO IU SENSEI ' a teacher called Yamada'

SUMISU TO IU SEITO ' a student called Smith'
で
--is and -- (See Grammar Notes)
何語
what language
を
particle denoting direct object (See Pattern Drill)
か。
either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)
だれ
who?
に
on (See Gram. Notes)

Language difficulty and ability · Dialogue 2 of 4

Speaking and understanding Japanese

*日本語は むずかしいですか* means "Is the Japanese language difficult?" The answer says Japanese is fairly easy.

The conversation then turns to speaking and understanding Japanese.

The language before が

*あなたは 日本語が できますか* means "Can you speak Japanese?" The language appears with *が* before *できます*.

Kanji: 少

New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.

  1. 7

    にほんごはむずかしいですか。

    Is the Japanese language difficult?

  2. 8

    いいえ、あまりむずかしくはありません。かなりやさしいです。

    No, it's not too difficult. It's fairly easy.

  3. 9

    ジョンズいっとうへい、あなたはにほんごができますか。

    Private Jones, can you speak Japanese?

  4. 10

    いいえ、まだよくできません。まだまずいです。

    No, I can't speak well yet. I am still poor at it.

  5. 11

    すこしはわかりますね。

    You understand a little, don't you?

  6. 12

    はい、すこしはわかります。

    Yes, I understand a little.

むずかしい
difficult
かなり
fairly
やさしい
easy
が
but (See Gram. Notes)
まだ
yet, still
よく
well, skillfully
まずい
poor, tasteless
少し
little (quantity)
ね。
isn't it (See Grammar Notes)

Languages, scripts and meanings · Dialogue 3 of 4

Languages, scripts, and meaning

*ドイツ語も できますか* means "Can you speak German, too?" The answer denies any ability to speak German.

The speakers then discuss Japanese scripts and ask what a personal name means.

Three forms to hear

In *ドイツ語は ちっとも できません*, *は* singles out German, and *ちっとも* strengthens the negative meaning.

In *それは 「ちゃいろ」と 言ういみです*, the quoted wording *「ちゃいろ」* stands before *と*.

Kanji: 言

New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.

  1. 13

    ドイツごもできますか。

    Can you speak German, too?

  2. 14

    いいえ、ドイツごはちっともできません。

    No, I can't speak German at all.

  3. 15

    あなたがたはかたかなもひらがなもならいますか。

    Do you learn KATAKANA as well as HIRAGANA?

  4. 16

    はい、そうです。

    Yes, that's right.

  5. 17

    「ブラウン」はひとのなまえですが、それはなんといういみですか。

    Brown is a personal name, but what does it mean?

  6. 18

    それは「ちゃいろ」といういみです。

    That means "CHAIRO.

ちっとも
not even a little (See Gram. Notes)
かたかな
KATAKANA syllabary
ひらがな
HIRAGANA syllabary
人
people
の
See Grammar Notes
なまえ
name
が、
but (See Gram. Notes)
と
and (See Gram. Notes)
いみ
meaning
「ちゃいろ」
brown

Naming colours across languages · Dialogue 4 of 4

A colour in English

*「みどり」は えい語で 「グリーン」と 言います* means "We say "green" for "MIDORI" in English."

The conversation then asks where one speaker learned French and whether that speaker reads French newspapers.

*私は べいこくの がっこうで ならいました* means "I learned it in school in America."

Kanji: 読

New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.

  1. 19

    「みどり」はえいごでなんといいますか。

    What do you call "MIDORI" in English?

  2. 20

    「みどり」はえいごで「グリーン」といいます。

    We say "green" for "MIDORI" in English.

  3. 21

    あなたはフランスごがよくわかりますが、どこでならいましたか。

    You understand French language well, but where did you learn it?

  4. 22

    わたくしはべいこくのがっこうでならいました。

    I learned it in school in America.

  5. 23

    あなたはフランスごのしんぶんをよみますか。

    Do you read French language newspapers?

  6. 24

    はい、まいにちよみます。

    Yes, I read one everyday.

まい日
everyday

Saying where actions happen · Pattern 1 1 of 2

Learning at this school

*私たちは このがっこうで 日本語を ならいます* means "We learn Japanese at this school."

The particle *で* follows the school, the place where the learning happens.

The place of an action

*で* marks the place where an action that does not move from place to place happens. It means "at" or "in".

*子どもたちは ここで えを かきます* means "Children draw pictures here." The drawing happens at *ここ*, "here."

  1. 25

    わたくしたちはこのがっこうでにほんごをならいます。

    We learn Japanese at this school.

  2. 26

    せいとはきょうしつでにほんごをはなします。

    Students speak Japanese in the classroom.

  3. 27

    せんせいはきょうしつでにほんごをおしえます。

    Teachers teach Japanese in the classroom.

  4. 28

    わたくしたちはきょうしつでほんをよみます。

    We read books in the classroom.

  5. 29

    こどもたちはここでえをかきます。

    Children draw pictures here.

  6. 30

    わたくしはにほんでにほんごをならいました。

    I learned Japanese in Japan.

子ども
child, children
ここ
here

Asking where actions happen · Pattern 1 2 of 2

Asking where

*あなたは どこで 日本語を ならいましたか* means "Where did you learn Japanese?"

*どこで* asks for the place of the action, using the *で* from *このがっこうで*.

The place in the answer

*私は 日本で 日本語を ならいました* means "I learned Japanese in Japan."

The answer replaces *どこ* with *日本* and keeps *で* after the place.

  1. 31

    あなたがたはこのがっこうでなにごをならいますか。

    What language do you learn at this school?

  2. 32

    わたくしたちはにほんごをならいます。

    We learn Japanese.

  3. 33

    せいとたちはきょうしつでにほんごをはなしますか。

    Do students speak Japanese in the classroom?

  4. 34

    はい、きょうしつでにほんごをはなします。

    Yes, they speak Japanese in the classroom.

  5. 35

    あなたはどこでにほんごをならいましたか。

    Where did you learn Japanese?

  6. 36

    わたくしはにほんでにほんごをならいました。

    I learned Japanese in Japan.

Teaching, telling and writing · Pattern 2 1 of 2

Teaching the students

*せんせいは せいとに 日本語を おしえます* means "The teacher teaches the students Japanese."

The particle *に* follows the students, who receive the teaching.

The person who receives

*に* marks the person who receives teaching, speech, a statement, or writing. English often places "to" before that person.

*私は ともだちに かきました* means "I wrote to my friend." Here, *に* marks the friend who receives the writing.

  1. 37

    せんせいはせいとににほんごをおしえます。

    The teacher teaches the students Japanese.

  2. 38

    せんせいはせいとにフランスごをおしえます。

    The teacher teaches French to the students.

  3. 39

    あなたはおくさんにはなしましたか。

    Did you speak to your wife?

  4. 40

    わたくしはともだちにいいました。

    I told my friend.

  5. 41

    わたくしはともだちにかきました。

    I wrote to my friend.

  6. 42

    あなたはそれをおくさんにはなしましたか。

    Did you tell it to your wife?

ともだち
friend

Asking who receives information · Pattern 2 2 of 2

Asking who receives

*あなたは だれに ドイツ語を おしえますか* means "To whom do you teach German?"

*だれに* asks for the person who receives the teaching. The answer uses *ぐん人に* for the soldiers who receive it.

The recipient in the answer

*ぐん人に ドイツ語を おしえます* means "I teach German to the soldiers."

The answer replaces *だれ* with *ぐん人* and keeps *に* after the recipient.

  1. 43

    ええ、かないにはなしました。

    Yes, I told it to my wife.

  2. 44

    あなたはだれにドイツごをおしえますか。

    To whom do you teach German?

  3. 45

    ぐんじんにドイツごをおしえます。

    I teach German to the soldiers.

  4. 46

    あなたはそれをたむらさんにいいましたか。

    Did you tell it to Mr. Tamura?

  5. 47

    いいえ、まだいいません。

    No, I haven't told it yet.

ええ、
Yes
かない
wife (self)

Learning and hearing from others · Pattern 3

Learning from a teacher

*私は せんせいに 日本語を ならいます* means "I learn Japanese from my teacher."

With learning, *に* marks the teacher as the person from whom the action is received.

Receiving from someone

With receiving verbs such as learning and hearing, *に* marks the person from whom the action comes. It means "from."

*私は ともだちに それを ききました* means "I heard it from my friend." Here, the information comes from the friend.

  1. 48

    わたくしはせんせいににほんごをならいます。

    I learn Japanese from my teacher.

  2. 49

    わたくしはせんせいにかんじをならいます。

    I learn Kanji from my teacher.

  3. 50

    わたくしはともだちにそれをききました。

    I heard it from my friend.

  4. 51

    わたくしはフランスじんにフランスごをならいました。

    I learned French from a Frenchman.

  5. 52

    あなたはだれににほんごをならいましたか。

    From whom did you learn Japanese?

  6. 53

    にほんじんのせんせいにならいました。

    I learned it from a Japanese teacher.

  7. 54

    あなたはだれにそれをききましたか。

    From whom did you hear that?

  8. 55

    ともだちにききました。

    I heard it from a friend.

  9. 56

    あなたはにほんじんのせんせいにかんじをならいますか。

    Do you learn Kanji from a Japanese teacher?

  10. 57

    はい、そうです。にほんじんのせんせいにならいます。

    Yes, that's right. I learn it from a Japanese teacher.

かんじ
Kanji (Chinese characters)

Understanding and speaking languages · Pattern 4 1 of 2

Understanding English

*私は えい語が わかります* means "I understand English." The language appears with *が* before *わかります*.

Languages with ability verbs

A language takes *が* with the intransitive verbs *わかります* and *できます*.

*私は 日本語が できます* means "I speak Japanese." Here, *が* marks Japanese rather than a direct object.

One language singled out

*は* can replace *が* or *を* to single one thing out and compare it with other possible things.

*私は ドイツ語は わかりません* means "I don't understand German language." Here, *は* singles out German from other languages.

  1. 58

    わたくしはえいごがわかります。

    I understand English.

  2. 59

    わたくしはにほんごができます。

    I speak Japanese.

  3. 60

    あのかたはロシアごがわかります。

    He understands the Russian language.

  4. 61

    あのかたはフランスごができます。

    He speaks French language.

  5. 62

    わたくしはドイツごはわかりません。

    I don't understand German language.

  6. 63

    このこどもはにほんごがわかります。

    This child understands the Japanese language.

Asking about language ability · Pattern 4 2 of 2

Asking about language ability

*あなたは 日本語が できますか* means "Do you speak Japanese?" The question uses *が* with the language, as in *日本語が できます*.

*ええ、 日本語が 少しできます* means "Yes, I speak Japanese a little." The answer keeps *が*.

A contrasted negative answer

*いいえ、 ロシア語は わかりません* means "No, I don't understand the Russian language."

The negative answer uses contrasting *は* in *ロシア語は* to single out Russian.

  1. 64

    あなたはにほんごができますか。

    Do you speak Japanese?

  2. 65

    ええ、にほんごがすこしできます。

    Yes, I speak Japanese a little.

  3. 66

    あのかたはえいごがわかりますか。

    Does he understand English?

  4. 67

    ええ、えいごがよくわかります。

    Yes, he understands English well.

  5. 68

    あなたはロシアごがわかりますか。

    Do you understand the Russian language?

  6. 69

    いいえ、ロシアごはわかりません。

    No, I don't understand the Russian language.

Not doing something at all · Pattern 5 1 of 2

No German at all

*私は ドイツ語は ちっとも できません* means "I can't speak German at all."

*ちっとも* works with the negative *できません* to deny even a little ability.

Not even a little

*ちっとも* and *少しも* mean "not even a little." They always occur with a negative.

*インキは 少しも ありません* means "There is no ink at all." The form applies to absence as well as actions.

  1. 70

    わたくしはドイツごはちっともできません。

    I can't speak German at all.

  2. 71

    わたくしはドイツごはすこしもできません。

    I can't speak German at all.

  3. 72

    わたくしはフランスごはちっともわかりません。

    I don't understand French language at all.

  4. 73

    あのかたはさかなをちっともたべません。

    He doesn't eat fish at all.

  5. 74

    あのかたはにほんごはすこしもできません。

    He can't speak Japanese at all.

  6. 75

    インキはすこしもありません。

    There is no ink at all.

  7. 76

    このあかんぼうはちっともあるきません。

    This baby doesn't walk at all.

インキ
ink
あかんぼう
baby

Denying any language ability · Pattern 5 2 of 2

No understanding at all

*いいえ、 私は ドイツ語は ちっとも わかりません* means "No, I don't understand German at all."

The language takes the contrasting *は* from *ドイツ語は わかりません*. *ちっとも* adds "not even a little" to the negative.

No speaking at all

*いいえ、 タイ語は 少しもできません* means "No, I can't speak the Thai language at all."

*少しも* gives the same complete negative meaning with *できません*.

  1. 77

    あなたはドイツごがわかりますか。

    Do you understand German language.

  2. 78

    いいえ、わたくしはドイツごはちっともわかりません。

    No, I don't understand German at all.

  3. 79

    あなたはタイごができますか。

    Can you speak the Thai language?

  4. 80

    いいえ、タイごはすこしもできません。

    No, I can't speak the Thai language at all.

  5. 81

    あのおとこのこはにほんごをはなしますか。

    Does that boy speak Japanese?

  6. 82

    いいえ、にほんごをちっともはなしません。

    No, he doesn't speak Japanese at all.

男の子
boy

Saying what things are called · Pattern 6 1 of 2

A colour called green

*「みどり」は えい語で 「グリーン」と 言います* means "MIDORI is called green in English."

The name *「グリーン」* stands before *と 言います*.

The name before と

*と 言います* tells what a person, object, or institution is called. The particle *と* follows the quoted name.

*この ペンは 「パーカー」と 言います* means "This pen is called a Parker." Here, *「パーカー」* is the quoted name.

  1. 83

    「みどり」はえいごで「グリーン」といいます。

    MIDORI is called green in English.

  2. 84

    「ブラウン」はにほんごで「ちゃいろ」といいます。

    Brown is called CHAIRO in Japanese.

  3. 85

    わたくしのなまえはスミスといいます。

    My name is called Smith.

  4. 86

    このペンは「パーカー」といいます。

    This pen is called a Parker.

  5. 87

    このがっこうは「ディーエルアイダブリューシー」といいます。

    This school is called DLIWC.

  6. 88

    あなたのおなまえはなんといいますか。

    What is your name?

ペン
pen

Asking what things are called · Pattern 6 2 of 2

Asking for a name

*「グレイ」は 日本語で 何と 言いますか* means "What is gray called in Japanese?"

*何と* asks for the name before the *と 言います* pattern.

The name in the answer

*「グレイ」は 日本語で 「ねずみいろ」と 言います* means "Gray is called NEZUMI-IRO in Japanese."

The answer replaces *何* with *「ねずみいろ」* and keeps *と 言います* after the name.

  1. 89

    わたくしは「ジョンズ」といいます。

    I am called Jones.

  2. 90

    このがっこうのなまえはなんといいますか。

    What is the name of this school called?

  3. 91

    こくぼうしょうごがっこうといいます。

    It is called the Defense Language Institute.

  4. 92

    「グレイ」はにほんごでなんといいますか。

    What is gray called in Japanese?

  5. 93

    「グレイ」はにほんごで「ねずみいろ」といいます。

    Gray is called NEZUMI-IRO in Japanese.

いろ」
color

Language, writing and direction words · Word list 1 of 3

Languages, writing, and direction

These words cover languages, Japanese writing, meaning, frequency, the United States, and direction.

*何語* means "what language," while *かな* means "Japanese syllabary."

The particle *に* can mean "from" or "to."

  1. 94

    なにご

    what language

  2. 95

    かたかな

    KATAKANA syllabary

  3. 96

    ひらがな

    HIRAGANA syllabary

  4. 97

    かな

    Japanese syllabary

  5. 98

    いみ

    meaning

  6. 99

    まいにち

    everyday

  7. 100

    べいこく

    U.S.A.

  8. 101

    で

    at, in (See Gram. Notes)

  9. 102

    に

    from (See Gram.Notes)

  10. 103

    に

    to (See Gram. Notes)

かな
Japanese syllabary
べいこく
U.S.A.

Learning, speaking and describing words · Word list 2 of 3

Learning, speaking, and describing

These words cover learning, teaching, ability, reading, saying, naming, difficulty, and quality.

*ならいます* means "to learn," while *おしえます* means "to teach."

  1. 104

    ならいます

    polite form of NARAU (v.t.) to learn

  2. 105

    おしえます

    polite form of OSHIERU (v.t.) to teach

  3. 106

    できます

    polite form of DEKIRU (v.i.) to be able; to speak

  4. 107

    わかります

    polite form of WAKARU (v.i.) to understand

  5. 108

    よみます

    polite form of YOMU (v.t.) to read

  6. 109

    いいます

    to say

  7. 110

    --といいます

    -- is called

  8. 111

    むずかしい

    difficult

  9. 112

    まずい

    poor, tasteless

  10. 113

    やさしい

    easy

ならいます
polite form of NARAU (v.t.) to learn
おしえます
polite form of OSHIERU (v.t.) to teach
できます
polite form of DEKIRU (v.i.) to be able; to speak
わかります
polite form of WAKARU (v.i.) to understand
読みます
polite form of YOMU (v.t.) to read
言います
to say
--と言います
-- is called

Degree and meaning words · Word list 3 of 3

Degree and meaning

These words cover degree, continuation, skill, quantity, total negation, and questions about meaning.

*まだ* means "yet" or "still." *少しも* means "not even a little."

*何と言ういみ ですか* asks "What does it mean?"

  1. 114

    まだ

    yet, still

  2. 115

    よく

    well, skillfully

  3. 116

    かなり

    fairly

  4. 117

    すこし

    little (quantity)

  5. 118

    すこしは

    a little

  6. 119

    ちっとも

    not even a little (See Gram. Notes)

  7. 120

    すこしも

    not even a little (See Gram. Notes)

  8. 121

    なんといういみですか

    What's the meaning of it? What does it mean?

Homework Assignment

1 Listen to the tape and practice pronunciation.

2 Memorize the Dialogue.

3 Read the Grammar Notes

4 Practice reading and writing of KANJI.
少しは
a little
少しも
not even a little (See Gram. Notes)
何と言ういみですか
What's the meaning of it? What does it mean?

The particulars

The course
Defense Language Institute, Japanese Basic Course, 1967 to 1971. Public domain. The teaching pages and the narration are ours.
Reading aloud
Digital narration, directed by 1732 Studios.
The book
Botchan, the work this course leads to, free to read here.
Data
JSON · Markdown · A guide for agents
Two whoopie pies and a pine. An inside joke.