Japanese Basic Course 1732 Studios

Japanese · Lesson 16

Lesson 16

Sounds, kana, and the first conversations

88 lines

Comparing dictionaries and textbooks · Dialogue 1 of 4

A dictionary and a textbook

One speaker asks what kinds of dictionaries are present. The other names a Japanese-to-English dictionary and an English-to-Japanese dictionary.

The question *字しょと きょうかしょでは、 どっちのほうが あついですか* means "Of the dictionary and the textbook, which is thicker?"

The thicker item

In *字しょと きょうかしょでは*, the dictionary and textbook are the two items. *どっちのほうが* asks which of the two is thicker.

The answer is *字しょのほうが あついです*, "The dictionary is thicker." Both lines use *あつい*.

Kanji: 字

New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.

  1. 1

    これはなんですか。

    What's this?

    これthis
    はtopic
    何what
    ですis
    か。question
  2. 2

    それはじしょです。

    That's a dictionary.

  3. 3

    ここにどんなじしょがありますか。

    What kinds of dictionaries are there here?

  4. 4

    そこにわえいじてんとえいわじてんがあります。

    There are a Japanese-to-English dictionary and an English-to-Japanese dictionary.

  5. 5

    じしょときょうかしょでは、どっちのほうがあついですか。

    Of the dictionary and the textbook, which is thicker?

  6. 6

    じしょのほうがあついです。

    The dictionary is thicker.

Comparison particle DEWA

When one wants to compare two or more things in Japanese, he first mentions the list of things he is going to compare. This is normally done in the following pattern:

(A) to (B) DEWA 'between (A) and (B)'

(A) to (B) to (C) DEWA 'of (A), (B), and (C)'

The particle DEWA in the above pattern indicates the limits within which two or more things are compared. The particle WA may not follow DE at times.
DOTCHI or DOCHIRA

If there are only two items to be compared, the question is asked by using the word DOCHIRA or DOTCHI, 'which of the two,' followed always by the particle GA, e.g.,

(A) TO (B) DEWA, DOTCHI NO HOO GA OOKII DESU KA?

"Between (A) and (B), which is larger?"

Like KOKO, SOKO, ASUKO, DOKO, and other pronouns, DOCHIRA or DOTCHI also completes a set of KO, SO, A, and DO pronouns as in the following table:

| | 
KOCHIRA | KOTCHI | 'this thing or person'
SOCHIRA | SOTCHI | 'that thing or person'
ACHIRA | ATCHI | 'that thing or person over there?'
DOCHIRA | DOTCHI | 'which of two things or persons?'

The pattern used to compare three or more things will be discussed in Lesson 19.
Comparison of Adjectives

In English, adjectives have three different forms to express three degrees of comparison--positive, comparative, and superlative. The positive degree is the simple form of the adjective used when no comparison is made between persons or objects, e.g., good, large, expensive. The comparative degree is used in comparing one person or object with another one: that is, in comparing only two persons or objects, e.g., better, larger, more expensive. The superlative degree is used in comparing three or more persons or objects, e.g., best, largest, most expensive.

In Japanese, however, forms of adjectives do not change for different degrees of comparison. For example, the adjective OOKII just means 'something is big' and the adjective TAKAI means 'something is expensive.' To say

'something is bigger' and 'something is more expensive,' the Japanese also use OOKII and TAKAI respectively, but they often add something somewhere in the sentence to bring out the fact that they are making a comparison. In asking a question about which of two things is more or less something, the interrogative pronoun DOCHIRA or DOTCHI is used to bring out the fact that only two things are compared.
HOO

If just one thing is mentioned and the other item of comparison implied, they usually add HOO after the word referring to the stated item of comparison, e.g.,

JISHO NO HOO GA ATSUI DESU.

"The dictionary is thicker."

The word HOO is a noun and it literally means 'side' or 'direction.' Therefore, JISHO NO HOO, 'the side of the dictionary,' implies that JISHO 'dictionary' is compared with something else.

Compare and note the difference between the two following sentences:

WATAKUSHI WA OOKII NO O TABEMASHITA.

"I ate the big one."

WATAKUSHI WA OOKII HOO O TABEMASHITA.

"I ate the bigger one."
Comparative particles GURAI AND HODO

In this lesson, the words GURAI and HODO are used as comparative particles, both meaning 'extent,' 'as much as.' GURAI is normally used in affirmative sentences, and HODO is used with negative sentences, e.g.,

WATAKUSHI WA ANATA GURAI OOKII DESU.

"I am as big as you are."

WATAKUSHI WA ANATA HODO OOKIKU WA ARIMASEN.

"I am not so big as you are."
Particle YORI

YORI is a particle meaning 'than' and it is used to indicate that the word preceding it is the standard with which another item is compared. It may be followed by the particle MO or WA, e.g.,

WATAKUSHI WA ANATA YORI WAKAI DESU.

"I am younger than you."

WATAKUSHI WA ANATA YORI MO WAKAI DESU.

"I am younger than you."

WATAKUSHI WA ANATA YORI WA WAKAI DESU.

"I am younger than you."
MOTTO 'more'

One way to say 'more' when one means 'more than something else,' 'more than now,' 'more than before,' or the like, is to use the adverb MOTTO.

MOTTO is often used for emphasis 'much' even in sentences with such words as --HOO and --YORI which already indicate the fact that the speaker is making a comparison between two things or persons.

KATAKANA WA HIRAGANA YORI MOTTO YASASHII DESU.

"KATAKANA are much easier than HIRAGANA."

NIPPON NO HOO GA MOTTO CHIISAI DESU.

"Japan is much smaller."

MOTTO OTABE NASAI.

"Eat more, please."
か。
either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)
ここ
here
に
on (See Gram. Notes)
どんな
what kind of; what sort of
が
but (See Gram. Notes)
そこ
there
と
and (See Gram. Notes)
で
--is and -- (See Grammar Notes)
どっち
which of two (See Grammar Notes)
の
See Grammar Notes

Comparing dictionary size and weight · Dialogue 2 of 4

Size and weight

Two speakers compare Japanese-to-English and English-to-Japanese dictionaries. *わえい字てんの ほうが ずっと 大きいです* means "The Japanese-to-English dictionary is bigger by far."

They then ask *小さい 字しょと 大きい字しょでは、 どっちの ほうが かるいですか*, "Of a small dictionary and a big dictionary, which one is lighter?"

The answer is *小さい字しょの ほうが かるいです*, "The smaller dictionary is lighter."

Kanji: 大, 小

New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.

  1. 7

    このわえいじてんとえいわじてんをくらべてごらんなさい。どっちのほうがおおきいですか。

    Compare these Japanese-to-English and English-to-Japanese dictionaries. Which is bigger?

  2. 8

    わえいじてんのほうがずっとおおきいです。

    The Japanese-to-English dictionary is bigger by far.

  3. 9

    おおきいじしょにはことばがたくさんあります。そしておもいですね。

    Big dictionaries have many words, and they are heavy, aren't they?

  4. 10

    はい、そうです。

    Yes, that's right.

  5. 11

    では、ちいさいじしょとおおきいじしょでは、どっちのほうがかるいですか。

    Then, of a small dictionary and a big dictionary, which one is lighter?

  6. 12

    ちいさいじしょのほうがかるいです。

    The smaller dictionary is lighter.

を
particle denoting direct object (See Pattern Drill)
ずっと
by far; very much
ことば
word; language
たくさん
many
おもい
heavy
ね。
isn't it (See Grammar Notes)
かるい
light

Comparing books by size and price · Dialogue 3 of 4

As large and not so large

A speaker asks *この きょうかしょは その ざっしぐらい 大きいですか*, "Is this textbook as large as that magazine?"

The reply uses *ほど*: *その きょうかしょは この ざっしほど 大きくは ありません*, "That textbook is not so large as this magazine."

Thinner than the textbook

*この ざっしは きょうかしょより うすいです* means "This magazine is thinner than that textbook."

In this line, *より* follows the textbook, the item used as the standard.

  1. 13

    このきょうかしょはそのざっしぐらいおおきいですか。

    Is this textbook as large as that magazine?

  2. 14

    いいえ、そのきょうかしょはこのざっしほどおおきくはありません。

    No, that textbook is not so large as this magazine.

  3. 15

    では、そのざっしはこのきょうかしょぐらいあついですか。

    Then, is that magazine as thick as this textbook?

  4. 16

    いいえ、このざっしはそのきょうかしょほどあつくはありません。このざっしはきょうかしょよりうすいです。

    No, this magazine is not so thick as that textbook. This magazine is thinner than that textbook.

  5. 17

    どっちのほうがたかいですか。

    Which is more expensive?

  6. 18

    きょうかしょのほうがたかいです。ざっしはたいていやすいです。

    The textbook is more expensive. Magazines are usually cheap.

ぐらい
about
ほど
to the extent (See Grammar Notes)
より
than (See Gram. Notes)
たかい
expensive
たいてい
usually
やすい
cheap

Comparing pencil lengths · Dialogue 4 of 4

Both pencils are long

The speakers compare three pencils by length. The brown pencil is short, while the yellow and red pencils are long.

The reply *ええ、 どちらも 長いです* means "Yes, they are both long." Here *どちらも* refers to the yellow and red pencils.

Kanji: 長, 短

New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.

  1. 19

    ここにえんぴつがあります。きいろいのとあかいのとちゃいろのがあります。これはみんなながいですか。

    There are pencils here. There are a yellow one, a red one, and a brown one. Are these all long?

  2. 20

    いいえ、みんなはながくはありません。ちゃいろのはみじかいです。

    No, not all of them are long. The brown one is short.

  3. 21

    では、きいろいのとあかいのはながいですね。

    Then, the yellow one and the red one are long, aren't they?

  4. 22

    ええ、どちらもながいです。

    Yes, they are both long.

きいろい
yellow
あかい
red
ちゃいろ
brown
みんな
all
ええ、
Yes
どちら
which of two (See Grammar Notes)

Which of two is greater · Pattern 1 1 of 2

The two things compared

*字しょと きょうかしょでは、 どっちのほうが あついですか* means "Between the dictionary and the textbook, which is thicker?"

In *字しょと きょうかしょでは*, *と* stands between the items. *では* ends the list and sets the limits of the comparison.

Which of the two

*かなと かん字では、 どっちのほうが むずかしいですか* means "Of KANA and KANJI, which is more difficult?"

*どっち* and *どちら* mean "which of two." In a comparison question, *が* follows *どっちのほう*.

  1. 23

    じしょときょうかしょでは、どっちのほうがあついですか。

    Between the dictionary and the textbook, which is thicker?

  2. 24

    じしょときょうかしょでは、じしょのほうがあついです。

    Between the dictionary and the textbook, the dictionary is thicker.

  3. 25

    かなとかんじでは、どっちのほうがむずかしいですか。

    Of KANA and KANJI, which is more difficult?

  4. 26

    にほんごとえいごでは、どっちのほうがやさしいですか。

    Of Japanese and English, which is easier?

  5. 27

    おとことおんなでは、たいていどっちのほうがおおきいですか。

    Of male and female, which is usually bigger?

  6. 28

    おとことおんなでは、たいていおとこのほうがおおきいです。

    Of male and female, male is usually bigger.

  7. 29

    このほんとそのほんでは、このほんのほうがたかいです。

    Of this book and that book, this book is more expensive.

むずかしい
difficult
やさしい
easy
男
male
女
female

Comparing size, difficulty and cost · Pattern 1 2 of 2

The adjective stays the same

*日本と アメリカでは、 どっちのほうが 大きいですか* asks "Of Japan and America, which is bigger?"

*大きい* means both "big" and "bigger." The adjective keeps the same form when the two countries are compared.

The selected side

The answer is *アメリカのほうが 大きいです*, "America is bigger."

When one item is named and the other is implied, *ほう* follows the named item. Here *アメリカのほう* selects America as bigger.

  1. 30

    にほんとアメリカでは、どっちのほうがおおきいですか。

    Of Japan and America, which is bigger?

  2. 31

    アメリカのほうがおおきいです。

    America is bigger.

  3. 32

    かなとかんじでは、どっちのほうがむずかしいですか。

    Of KANA and KANJI, which is more difficult?

  4. 33

    かんじのほうがむずかしいです。

    KANJI is more difficult.

  5. 34

    じしょときょうかしょでは、どっちのほうがたかいですか。

    Of the dictionary and the textbook, which is more expensive?

  6. 35

    じしょのほうがたかいです。

    The dictionary is more expensive.

アメリカ
America; U.S.A.

As large and not as large · Pattern 2 1 of 2

As large and not so large

*この字しょは その ざっしぐらい 大きいです* means "This dictionary is as large as that magazine."

*この字しょは きょうかしょほど 大きくは ありません* means "This dictionary is not so large as the textbook."

*ぐらい* and *ほど* both express extent. *ぐらい* normally accompanies an affirmative sentence, while *ほど* accompanies a negative sentence.

  1. 36

    このじしょはそのざっしぐらいおおきいです。

    This dictionary is as large as that magazine.

  2. 37

    このじしょはきょうかしょほどおおきくはありません。

    This dictionary is not so large as the textbook.

  3. 38

    フランスごはドイツごぐらいむずかしいです。

    French is as difficult as German.

  4. 39

    かたかなはひらがなぐらいやさしいです。

    KATAKANA is as easy as HIRAGANA.

  5. 40

    ひらがなはかんじほどむずかしくはありません。

    HIRAGANA is not so difficult as KANJI.

  6. 41

    おんなはおとこほどおおきくはありません。

    The female is not so big as the male.

  7. 42

    えんぴつはまんねんひつほどたかくはありません。

    Pencils are not so expensive as fountain pens.

かたかな
KATAKANA syllabary
ひらがな
HIRAGANA syllabary

Asking about equal degree · Pattern 2 2 of 2

Equal degree asked and denied

*ひらがなは かん字ぐらい むずかしいですか* means "Are HIRAGANA as difficult as KANJI?"

The answer is *いいえ、 ひらがなは かん字ほど むずかしくは ありません*, "No, HIRAGANA are not so difficult as KANJI."

The question places *ぐらい* after *かん字*. The negative answer uses *ほど* after the same standard.

  1. 43

    ひらがなはかんじぐらいむずかしいですか。

    Are HIRAGANA as difficult as KANJI?

  2. 44

    いいえ、ひらがなはかんじほどむずかしくはありません。

    No, HIRAGANA are not so difficult as KANJI.

  3. 45

    にほんはカナダぐらいおおきいですか。

    Is Japan as big as Canada?

  4. 46

    いいえ、にほんはカナダほどおおきくはありません。

    No, Japan is not so big as Canada.

  5. 47

    えんぴつはまんねんひつぐらいたかいですか。

    Are pencils as expensive as fountain pens?

  6. 48

    いいえ、えんぴつはまんねんひつほどたかくはありません。

    No, pencils are not so expensive as fountain pens.

カナダ
Canada

Comparisons with than · Pattern 3 1 of 2

The standard before than

*ざっしは しんぶんより たかいです* means "Magazines are more expensive than newspapers."

*より* means "than." It follows *しんぶん*, the standard with which magazines are compared.

*アメリカは 日本より 大きいです* likewise means "America is bigger than Japan."

  1. 49

    ざっしはしんぶんよりたかいです。

    Magazines are more expensive than newspapers.

  2. 50

    アメリカはにほんよりおおきいです。

    America is bigger than Japan.

  3. 51

    さんはごよりちいさいです。

    Three is smaller than five.

  4. 52

    テキサスしゅうはカリフォルニアしゅうよりおおきいです。

    The state of Texas is larger than the state of California.

  5. 53

    タイごはにほんごよりやさしいです。

    The Thai language is easier than Japanese.

  6. 54

    あなたはわたくしよりわかいです。

    You are younger than I.

三
three
五
five
しゅう
state
わかい
young

Answering comparisons with than · Pattern 3 2 of 2

The standard stays in the answer

*日本語は フランス語より やさしいですか* means "Is Japanese easier than French?"

The answer keeps *フランス語より*: *いいえ、 日本語は フランス語より むずかしいです*, "No, Japanese is more difficult than French."

By far

*ひらがなは かん字より ずっと やさしいです* means "HIRAGANA are easier by far than KANJI."

*かん字より* keeps KANJI as the standard. *ずっと* means "by far" in this comparison.

  1. 55

    にほんごはフランスごよりやさしいですか。

    Is Japanese easier than French?

  2. 56

    いいえ、にほんごはフランスごよりむずかしいです。

    No, Japanese is more difficult than French.

  3. 57

    ひらがなはかんじよりやさしいですか。

    Are HIRAGANA easier than KANJI?

  4. 58

    はい、ひらがなはかんじよりずっとやさしいです。

    Yes, HIRAGANA are easier by far than KANJI.

  5. 59

    しんぶんはざっしよりたかいですか。

    Are newspapers more expensive than magazines?

  6. 60

    いいえ、しんぶんはざっしよりやすいです。

    No, newspapers are cheaper than magazines.

Dictionaries, countries and places · Word list 1 of 3

Dictionaries and places

This set names dictionaries, language, countries, and one city.

Both *字しょ* and *字びき* mean "dictionary." *わえい字てん* means "Japanese-to-English dictionary," while *えいわ字てん* reverses the languages.

The place names include *アメリカ*, "America," and *モンテレー*, "Monterey."

  1. 61

    じしょ

    dictionary

  2. 62

    じびき

    dictionary

  3. 63

    わえいじてん

    Japanese-to-English dictionary

  4. 64

    えいわじてん

    English-to-Japanese dictionary

  5. 65

    ことば

    word; language

  6. 66

    アメリカ

    America; U.S.A.

  7. 67

    カナダ

    Canada

  8. 68

    メキシコ

    Mexico

  9. 69

    イギリス

    Great Britain

  10. 70

    モンテレー

    Monterey

字しょ
dictionary
字びき
dictionary
わえい字てん
Japanese-to-English dictionary
えいわ字てん
English-to-Japanese dictionary
メキシコ
Mexico
イギリス
Great Britain
モンテレー
Monterey

Places, qualities and degree words · Word list 2 of 3

Places, qualities, and more

This set names places, contrasting qualities, and degrees. *たかい* means "expensive," while *やすい* means "cheap."

*もっと* means "more": more than another thing, more than now, or more than before.

With *ほう* or *より*, *もっと* adds emphasis and means "much." In *MOTTO OTABE NASAI*, it means "more."

  1. 71

    サンフランシスコ

    San Francisco

  2. 72

    サリナス

    Salinas

  3. 73

    たかい

    expensive

  4. 74

    やすい

    cheap

  5. 75

    おもい

    heavy

  6. 76

    かるい

    light

  7. 77

    たいてい

    usually

  8. 78

    ずっと

    by far; very much

  9. 79

    もっと

    more (See Gram. Notes)

  10. 80

    --では

    of, between, among (See Grammar Notes)

サンフランシスコ
San Francisco
サリナス
Salinas
もっと
more (See Gram. Notes)
--では
of, between, among (See Grammar Notes)

Comparison and choice words · Word list 3 of 3

Comparison and choice

This set supplies the particles and expressions used to compare two things.

*ぐらい* means "as much as," *ほど* means "to the extent," and *より* means "than."

*どっち* and *どちら* mean "which of two." *どちらも* means "both," and *くらべて ごらんなさい* means "compare."

  1. 81

    ぐらい

    as much as (See Grammar Notes)

  2. 82

    ほど

    to the extent (See Grammar Notes)

  3. 83

    より

    than (See Gram. Notes)

  4. 84

    ---のほう

    side (See Gram. Notes)

  5. 85

    どちらも

    both

  6. 86

    くらべてごらんなさい

    compare (and see)

  7. 87

    どっち

    which of two (See Grammar Notes)

  8. 88

    どちら

    which of two (See Grammar Notes)

Homework Assignment

1 Listen to the tape and practice pronunciation.

2 Memorize the Dialogue.

3 Read the Grammar Notes.

4 Practice reading and writing of KANJI.
---のほう
side (See Gram. Notes)
どちらも
both
くらべてごらんなさい
compare (and see)

The particulars

The course
Defense Language Institute, Japanese Basic Course, 1967 to 1971. Public domain. The teaching pages and the narration are ours.
Reading aloud
Digital narration, directed by 1732 Studios.
The book
Botchan, the work this course leads to, free to read here.
Data
JSON · Markdown · A guide for agents
Two whoopie pies and a pine. An inside joke.