Japanese · Lesson 17
Lesson 17
Sounds, kana, and the first conversations
Comparing numbers · Dialogue 1 of 5
Nine and six
One speaker asks another to identify two numerals, then compare them. *それは 九です* means "That is 9."
The comparison is *九は 六より 大きいです*, "9 is larger than 6."
- 1
ごらんなさい。ここにすうじがたくさんあります。これはなんですか。
Look. There are many numerals here. What's this?
ごらんlookなさい。please lookここhereにatすうnumeral字numeralがsubjectたくさんmanyありexistます。politeこれthisはtopic何whatですisか。question - 2
それはきゅうです。
That is 9.
それthatはtopic九nineです。is - 3
このすうじはなんですか。
What is this numeral?
このthisすうnumeral字numeralはtopic何whatですisか。question - 4
それはろくです。
That is 6.
それthatはtopic六sixです。is - 5
きゅうとろくをくらべてごらんなさい。
Compare 9 and 6 (and see).
九nineとand六sixをobjectくらべcompareてand thenごらんseeなさい。please - 6
きゅうはろくよりおおきいです。
9 is larger than 6.
九nineはtopic六sixよりthan大きいlargerです。is
--NI NARIMASU
The word NARIMASU is an intransitive verb and it corresponds to the English linking or copulative verb 'to become.' In Japanese, a predicate noun for the verb NARIMASU is denoted by the particle NI, and the phrase noun plus NI is placed before the verb as shown in Pattern 1 of this lesson and examples.
GO TO ROKU DE JUUICHI NI NARIMASU. "Five and six become eleven."
WATAKUSHI WA KYOOSHI NI NARIMASHITA. "I became a teacher."
ANOKATA WA GUNJIN NI NARIMASHITA. "He became a soldier."ONAJI
The word ONAJI 'the same' functions both as a noun and as a pre-substantive. It works as a noun when followed by forms of the copula DESU as in Pattern A and B of Pattern 2 of this lesson. It works as a pre-substantive like KONO, SONO, and ANO when immediately followed by a noun and substantive, e.g.,
ONAJI IRO 'the same color'
ONAJI TSUKUE 'the same desk'
ONAJI TOKORO 'the same place'
ONAJI GAKKOO 'the same school'
ONAJI HITO 'the same people'
(A) TO (B) WA ONAJI DESU. "(A) and (B) are the same."
(A) WA (B) TO ONAJI DESU. "(A) is the same as (B)."
(A) TO (B) WA ONAJI IRO DESU. "(A) and (B) are the same color."TO
In example B of Pattern 2 in this lesson, (A) WA (B) TO ONAJI DESU is translated as "(A) is the same as (B)."Particle KARA
a. KARA is a particle and it has several different functions. In this lesson, it is used to indicate the point from which an action starts. That is, following nouns and numerals, it means 'from,' e.g.,
NIPPON KARA 'from Japan'
KOKO KARA 'from here'
KYOOSHITSU KARA 'from the classroom'
ICHI KARA 'from one'
IMA KARA 'from now'
b. KARA, following KORE 'this,' 'SORE 'that,' and ARE 'that,' means 'after,' e.g.,
KORE KARA 'after this'
SORE KARA 'from now on'
ARE KARA 'after that'
c. Other functions of the particle KARA will be discussed in subsequent lessons.Particle MADE
MADE is also a particle and it, too, has several functions. In this lesson, it is used to denote the point to which an action or state extends. In other words, placed after nouns, it means 'to,' 'as far as,' 'up to.'
Review Pattern 2, Lesson 13 and Pattern 4, Lesson 14 where the particles E and NI are used to denote the point of arrival of an action and compare the following three sentences.
a. TOKYO KARA OSAKA MADE IKIMASHITA. "I went from Tokyo as far as Osaka."
b. TOKYO KARA OSAKA E IKIMASHITA. "I went from Tokyo to Osaka."
c. TOKYO KARA OSAKA NI IKIMASHITA. "I went from Tokyo to Osaka."
The above sentences (b) and (c) are interchangeable, but sentence (a) has a slight difference of meaning. When the speaker is primarily interested in the starting point and the point of arrival, he uses the particles KARA and E or NI; however, when he is also interested in the space between the two points, he uses the particle MADE instead of E or NI. Thus, the particle MADE in the pattern ICHI KARA JUU MADE KAZOETE GORANNASAI, "Count from 1 to 10, please," cannot be replaced by the particle E or NI.
Other uses of the particle MADE will be introduced later in the course.- ここ
- here
- に
- on (See Gram. Notes)
- が
- but (See Gram. Notes)
- たくさん
- many
- か。
- either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)
- 九
- nine
- 六
- six
- と
- and (See Gram. Notes)
- を
- particle denoting direct object (See Pattern Drill)
- より
- than (See Gram. Notes)
Halves of numbers · Dialogue 2 of 5
Sums and halves
The speakers add two numbers, then find half of fourteen and fifty. *十四の 半分は 七です* means "Half of 14 is 7."
The result before become
*五 と 六で 十一に なります* means "5 and 6 will become 11."
*なります* means "become" here. The particle *に* marks the result, *十一*, before the verb.
Kanji: 分, 半
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 7
ごとろくでいくつになりますか。
How much do 5 and 6 become?
五fiveとand六sixでtogetherいくhow manyつhow manyにintoなりbecomeますpoliteか。question - 8
ごとろくでじゅういちになります。
5 and 6 will become 11.
五fiveとand六sixでtogether十eleven一elevenにintoなりbecomeます。polite - 9
じゅうよんのはんぶんはなんですか。
What is half of 14?
十fourteen四fourteenのof半分halfはtopic何whatですisか。question - 10
じゅうよんのはんぶんはななです。
Half of 14 is 7.
十fourteen四fourteenのof半分halfはtopic七sevenです。is - 11
ごじゅうのはんぶんはなんですか。
What is half of 50?
五十fiftyのof半分halfはtopic何whatですisか。question - 12
ごじゅうのはんぶんはにじゅうごです。
Half of 50 is 25.
五十fiftyのof半分halfはtopic二十twenty-five五twenty-fiveです。is
- 五
- five
- で
- --is and -- (See Grammar Notes)
- 十
- ten
- 一
- one
- 四
- four
- の
- See Grammar Notes
- 半分
- half
- 七
- seven
- 五十
- 50
- 二十
- 20
Thirds and quarters · Dialogue 3 of 5
Thirds and quarters
The speakers move from halves to thirds and quarters. *六の 三分の一は 二です* means "One-third of 6 is 2."
*二十四の 四分の一は 六です* means "One-fourth of 24 is 6."
- 13
さんはろくのはんぶんですか。
Is 3 half of 6?
三threeはtopic六sixのof半分halfですisか。question - 14
はい、そうです。
Yes, that's right.
はい、yesそうthat is rightです。that is right - 15
では、ろくのさんぶんのいちはなんですか。
Then, what is one-third of 6?
でthenは、then六sixのof三one-third分one-thirdのone-third一one-thirdはtopic何whatですisか。question - 16
ろくのさんぶんのいちはにです。
One-third of 6 is 2.
六sixのof三one-third分one-thirdのone-third一one-thirdはtopic二twoです。is - 17
にじゅうよんのよんぶんのいちはなんですか。
What is one-fourth of 24?
二十twenty-four四twenty-fourのof四one-fourth分one-fourthのone-fourth一one-fourthはtopic何whatですisか。question - 18
にじゅうよんのよんぶんのいちはろくです。
One-fourth of 24 is 6.
二十twenty-four四twenty-fourのof四one-fourth分one-fourthのone-fourth一one-fourthはtopic六sixです。is
- 三
- three
- 二
- two
Multiplication with equal results · Dialogue 4 of 5
Two equal products
The speakers compare two multiplication expressions with the value twelve. *六の 二倍は 十二です* means "2 times 6 is 12."
The same
*おなじ* means "the same" in *六の二倍と 四の三倍は おなじですか*.
The answer *はい、 そうです。 どちらも 十二です* confirms that both expressions are twelve.
Kanji: 倍
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 19
ろくのにばいはなんですか。
What is 2 times 6?
六sixのof二two times倍two timesはtopic何whatですisか。question - 20
ろくのにばいはじゅうにです。
2 times 6 is 12.
六sixのof二two times倍two timesはtopic十twelve二twelveです。is - 21
よんのさんばいもじゅうにですか。
Is 3 times 4 also 12?
四fourのof三three times倍three timesもalso十twelve二twelveですisか。question - 22
はい、そうです。
Yes, that's right.
はい、yesそうthat is rightです。that is right - 23
では、ろくのにばいとよんのさんばいはおなじですか。
Then, are 2 times 6 and 3 times 4 the same?
でthenは、then六sixのof二two times倍two timesとand四fourのof三three times倍three timesはtopicおなじthe sameですisか。question - 24
はい、そうです。どちらもじゅうにです。
Yes, that's right. Both of them are 12.
はい、yesそうthat is rightです。that is rightどちらbothもboth十twelve二twelveです。are
- おなじ
- the same (See Gram. Notes)
- どちら
- which of two (See Grammar Notes)
Counting by tens · Dialogue 5 of 5
Counting by tens
One speaker asks for the multiples of ten through one hundred. The answer runs from *二十* through *百*.
Some tens have two accepted readings, shown with *または*, "or".
From one value to another
In *十の二倍から 十の十倍まで*, *から* marks the starting value and *まで* marks the ending value.
The whole line asks for counting "from 2 times 10 to 10 times 10."
Kanji: 百
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 25
じゅうのじゅうばいはなんですか。
What is 10 times 10?
十tenのof十ten times倍ten timesはtopic何whatですisか。question - 26
じゅうのじゅうばいはひゃくです。
10 times 10 is 100.
十tenのof十ten times倍ten timesはtopic百one hundredです。is - 27
はい、よくできました。こんどはじゅうのにばいからじゅうのじゅうばいまで、かぞえてごらんなさい。
You did well. This time count from 2 times 10 to 10 times 10.
はい、yesよくwellできdidましpoliteた。pastこんどthis timeはtopic十tenのof二two times倍two timesからfrom十tenのof十ten times倍ten timesまで、toかぞえcountてand thenごらんseeなさい。please - 28
はい、にじゅう、さんじゅう、しじゅうまたはよんじゅう、ごじゅう、ろくじゅう、しちじゅうまたはななじゅう、はちじゅう、くじゅうまたはきゅうじゅう、ひゃく。
Yes, NIJUU (20), SANJUU (30), SHIJUU (40) or YONJUU (40), GOJUU (50), ROKUJUU (60), SHICHIJUU (70) or NANAJUU (70), HACHIJUU (80), KUJUU (90) or KYUUJUU (90), and HYAKU (100).
はい、yes二十、twenty三十、thirty四十fortyまたorはor四十、forty五十、fifty六十、sixty七十seventyまたorはor七十、seventy八十、eighty九十ninetyまたorはor九十、ninety百。one hundred
- 百
- 100
- よく
- well, skillfully
- から
- from (See Gram. Notes)
- まで、
- as far as, to (See Gram. Notes)
- 二十、
- 20
- 三十、
- 30
- 四十
- 40
- 五十、
- 50
- 六十、
- 60
- 七十
- 70
- 八十、
- 80
- 九十
- 90
Sums and changing roles · Pattern 1 1 of 2
A numerical result
*五と 六で 十一に なります* means "Five and six become eleven."
The result *十一* comes before *なります*, "become", and takes *に*.
A new role
*私は ぐん人に なりました* means "I became a soldier."
With *なります* or *なりました*, a resulting noun or number takes *に* before the verb.
- 29
ごとろくでじゅういちになります。
Five (5) and six (6) become eleven (11).
五fiveとand六sixでtogether十eleven一elevenにintoなりbecomeます。polite - 30
にとにでよんになります。
Two (2) and two (2) become four (4).
二twoとand二twoでtogether四fourにintoなりbecomeます。polite - 31
じゅうとにじゅうでさんじゅうになります。
Ten (10) and twenty (20) become thirty (30).
十tenとand二十twentyでtogether三十thirtyにintoなりbecomeます。polite - 32
わたくしはぐんじんになりました。
I became a soldier.
私Iはtopicぐsoldierんsoldier人soldierにintoなりbecameましpoliteた。past - 33
あのかたはしょうこうになりました。
He became an officer.
あのthatかたpersonはtopicしょうこうofficerにintoなりbecameましpoliteた。past - 34
さんとごでいくつになりますか。
How much do 3 and 5 become?
三threeとand五fiveでtogetherいくhow manyつhow manyにintoなりbecomeますpoliteか。question
- 三十
- 30
- 人
- people
Asking what something became · Pattern 1 2 of 2
What someone became
*スミスさんは 何に なりましたか* means "What has Mr. Smith become?"
The answer replaces *何* with the resulting role: *スミスさんは ぐん人に なりました*, "Mr. Smith became a soldier."
*何* in the question and *ぐん人* in the answer each take *に* before *なりました*.
- 35
さんとごではちになります。
3 and 5 become 8.
三threeとand五fiveでtogether八eightにintoなりbecomeます。polite - 36
たむらさんはしょういになりましたか。
Did Mr. Tamura become a second lieutenant?
たむらTamuraさんMr.はtopicしょういsecond lieutenantにintoなりbecameましpoliteたpastか。question - 37
いいえ、たむらさんはしょうさになりました。
No, Mr. Tamura became a major.
いいえ、noたむらTamuraさんMr.はtopicしょうmajorさmajorにintoなりbecameましpoliteた。past - 38
スミスさんはなんになりましたか。
What has Mr. Smith become?
スミスSmithさんMr.はtopic何whatにintoなりbecameましpoliteたpastか。question - 39
スミスさんはぐんじんになりました。
Mr. Smith became a soldier.
スミスSmithさんMr.はtopicぐsoldierんsoldier人soldierにintoなりbecameましpoliteた。past
- 八
- eight
- しょうい
- second lieutenant
Saying things are alike · Pattern 2 1 of 2
Two expressions are the same
*六の二倍と 四の三倍は おなじです* means "2 times 6 and 3 times 4 are the same."
Here *おなじ* before *です* states that the two expressions are the same.
The same before a noun
*おなじ いろの はなが 二つ あります* means "There are two of the same color flowers."
*おなじ* means "the same". It can stand before *です* or immediately before a noun.
The same as
*六の二倍は 四の三倍と おなじです* means "2 times 6 is the same as 3 times 4."
In this form, *と* marks the expression used for the comparison with *おなじです*.
- 40
ろくのにばいとよんのさんばいはおなじです。
2 times 6 and 3 times 4 are the same.
六sixのof二two times倍two timesとand四fourのof三three times倍three timesはtopicおなじthe sameです。are - 41
ろくのにばいはよんのさんばいとおなじです。
2 times 6 is the same as 3 times 4.
六sixのof二two times倍two timesはtopic四fourのof三three times倍three timesとasおなじthe sameです。is - 42
おなじいろのはながふたつあります。
There are two of the same color flowers.
おなじthe sameいろcolorのofはなflowersがsubject二twoつtwoありexistます。polite - 43
ろくときゅうはおなじではありません。
6 and 9 are not the same.
六sixとand九nineはtopicおなじthe sameでisはtopicありbeませpoliteん。not - 44
このほんとそのほんはおなじです。
This book and that book are the same.
このthis本bookとandそのthat本bookはtopicおなじthe sameです。are - 45
わたくしのぼうしとあなたのぼうしはおなじではありません。
My hat and your hat are not the same.
私Iのsぼうしhatとandあなたyourのsぼうしhatはtopicおなじsameでisはnotありbeませnot, politeん。not, polite - 46
これはそれとおなじです。
This is the same as that.
これthisはtopicそれthatとasおなじsameです。is
- いろ
- color
- はな
- flower
Asking whether things match · Pattern 2 2 of 2
The same meaning
*きょうし と せんせいは おなじ いみですか* means "Do KYOOSHI and SENSEI have the same meaning?"
The answer keeps *おなじ* before the noun: *はい、 おなじ いみです*, "Yes, they have the same meaning."
The same value
The form *と おなじです* also compares numerical values.
*三の二倍は 十二の 半分と おなじですか* asks whether 2 times 3 is the same as half of 12.
*どちらも 六です* gives the shared value: "Both of them are 6."
- 47
ここにおなじはながふたつあります。
There are two of the same flowers here.
ここhereにatおなじsameはなflowersがsubject二twoつtwoありexistます。polite - 48
さんのにばいとにのさんばいはおなじですか。
Are 2 times 3 and 3 times 2 the same?
三threeのof二twice倍twiceとand二twoのof三three times倍three timesはtopicおなじsameですisか。question - 49
はい、おなじです。どちらもろくです。
Yes, they are the same. Both of them are 6.
はい、yesおなじsameです。isどちらbothもalso六sixです。are - 50
きょうしとせんせいはおなじいみですか。
Do KYOOSHI and SENSEI have the same meaning?
きょうしteacherとandせんせいteacherはtopicおなじsameいみmeaningですisか。question - 51
はい、おなじいみです。
Yes, they have the same meaning.
はい、yesおなじsameいみmeaningです。is - 52
さんのにばいはじゅうにのはんぶんとおなじですか。
Is 2 times 3 the same as half of 12.
三threeのof二twice倍twiceはtopic十twelve二twelveのof半分halfとasおなじsameですisか。question - 53
はい、おなじです。どちらもろくです。
Yes, they are the same. Both of them are 6.
はい、yesおなじsameです。isどちらbothもalso六sixです。are
- きょうし
- teacher
- いみ
- meaning
Ranges in counting and travel · Pattern 3 1 of 2
From the starting point
*一から 十まで かぞえて ごらんなさい* means "Count from 1 to 10, please."
The particle *から* follows the starting number *一* and means "from". It can also follow a place, as in *日本から 来ました*.
As far as the endpoint
*私は モンテレーから サンフランシスコまで、 バスで 行きました* means "I went from Monterey as far as San Francisco by bus."
The particle *まで* marks the point to which an action or state extends. It means "to", "as far as" or "up to".
Here *まで* includes the space between Monterey and San Francisco, not only the point of arrival.
- 54
いちからじゅうまでかぞえてごらんなさい。
Count from 1 to 10, please.
一oneからfrom十tenまでtoかぞえcountてcountごらんtryなさい。please - 55
にじゅうからひゃくまでかぞえてごらんなさい。
Count from 20 to 100, please.
二十twentyからfrom百one hundredまでtoかぞえcountてcountごらんtryなさい。please - 56
わたくしはモンテレーからサンフランシスコまで、バスでいきました。
I went from Monterey as far as San Francisco by bus.
私IはtopicモンテレーMontereyからfromサンフランシスコSan Franciscoまで、toバスbusでby行きgoましdid, politeた。past - 57
あのかたはモンテレーからカーメルまであるきました。
He walked from Monterey as far as Carmel.
あのthatかたpersonはtopicモンテレーMontereyからfromカーメルCarmelまでtoあるきwalkましdid, politeた。past - 58
わたくしはにほんからきました。
I came from Japan.
私Iはtopic日本Japanからfrom来comeましdid, politeた。past - 59
わたくしはシカゴまでいきました。
I went as far as Chicago.
私IはtopicシカゴChicagoまでto行きgoましdid, politeた。past
- まで
- as far as, to (See Gram. Notes)
- モンテレー
- Monterey
- サンフランシスコ
- San Francisco
Asking about origins and destinations · Pattern 3 2 of 2
Asking for the origin
*あなたは どこから 来ましたか* means "From where did you come?"
The answer replaces *どこ* with the origin: *私は 日本から 来ました*, "I came from Japan."
Asking for the endpoint
*あなたは モンテレーから どこまで 行きましたか* means "How far did you go from Monterey?"
The answer replaces *どこ* with the endpoint: *モンテレーから サンフランシスコまで 行きました*.
The same *から* and *まで* bound the counting range in *十一から 二十まで かぞえてごらんなさい*.
- 60
あなたはどこからきましたか。
From where did you come?
あなたyouはtopicどこwhereからfrom来comeましdid, politeたpastか。question - 61
わたくしはにほんからきました。
I came from Japan.
私Iはtopic日本Japanからfrom来comeましdid, politeた。past - 62
じゅういちからにじゅうまでかぞえてごらんなさい。
Count from 11 to 20, please.
十eleven一elevenからfrom二十twentyまでtoかぞえcountてcountごらんtryなさい。please - 63
はい、じゅういち、じゅうに、じゅうさん、じゅうよん、じゅうご、じゅうろく、じゅうなな、じゅうはち、じゅうきゅう、にじゅう。
Yes, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen, twenty.
はい、yes十eleven一、eleven十twelve二、twelve十thirteen三、thirteen十fourteen四、fourteen十fifteen五、fifteen十sixteen六、sixteen十seventeen七、seventeen十eighteen八、eighteen十nineteen九、nineteen二十。twenty - 64
あなたはモンテレーからどこまでいきましたか。
How far did you go from Monterey?
あなたyouはtopicモンテレーMontereyからfromどこwhereまでto行きgoましdid, politeたpastか。question - 65
モンテレーからサンフランシスコまでいきました。
I went as far as San Francisco from Monterey.
モンテレーMontereyからfromサンフランシスコSan Franciscoまでto行きgoましdid, politeた。past
- 二、
- two
- 三、
- three
- 四、
- four
- 五、
- five
- 六、
- six
- 七、
- seven
- 八、
- eight
- 九、
- nine
Fractions and multiplication terms · Word list 1 of 3
Fractions and factors
These words cover numerals, fractions, and multiplication factors.
*半分* means "half", *三分の一* means "one-third", and *二倍* means "two times" or "twice".
- 66
すうじ
numeral, number
すう字number - 67
はんぶん
half
半分half - 68
さんぶんのいち
one-third (1/3)
三分の一one third - 69
さんぶんのに
two-thirds (2/3)
三分の二two thirds - 70
よんぶんのいち
one-fourth (1/4)
四分の一one fourth - 71
ごぶんのいち
one-fifth (1/5)
五分の一one fifth - 72
にばい
two times (twice)
二倍twice - 73
さんばい
three times
三倍three times - 74
じゅうばい
ten times
十倍ten times - 75
じゅういち
11
十一eleven - 76
じゅうに
12
十二twelve - 77
じゅうさん
13
十三thirteen
- すう字
- numeral, number
- 三分の一
- one-third (1/3)
- 三分の二
- two-thirds (2/3)
- 四分の一
- one-fourth (1/4)
- 五分の一
- one-fifth (1/5)
- 二倍
- two times (twice)
- 三倍
- three times
- 十倍
- ten times
- 十一
- 11
- 十二
- 12
- 十三
- 13
Numbers from fourteen to fifty · Word list 2 of 3
From fourteen to seventy
These entries cover fourteen through twenty and then the tens through seventy.
*十四* is "14", *二十* is "20", and *七十* is "70".
- 78
じゅうし
14
十四fourteen - 79
じゅうご
15
十五fifteen - 80
じゅうろく
16
十六sixteen - 81
じゅうしち
17
十七seventeen - 82
じゅうはち
18
十八eighteen - 83
じゅうきゅう
19
十九nineteen - 84
にじゅう
20
二十twenty - 85
さんじゅう
30
三十thirty - 86
よんじゅう
40
四十forty - 87
ごじゅう
50
五十fifty - 88
ろくじゅう
60
六十sixty - 89
ななじゅう
70
七十seventy
- 十四
- 14
- 十五
- 15
- 十六
- 16
- 十七
- 17
- 十八
- 18
- 十九
- 19
- 六十
- 60
Larger numbers and range words · Word list 3 of 3
Numbers and relation words
The list reaches one hundred and adds words for ranges, sameness, and becoming.
*から* means "from", *まで* means "as far as" or "to", and *おなじ* means "the same".
- 90
はちじゅう
80
八十eighty - 91
きゅうじゅう
90
九十ninety - 92
ひゃく
100
百one hundred - 93
から
from (See Gram. Notes)
からfrom - 94
まで
as far as, to (See Gram. Notes)
までto - 95
ごらんなさい
look, take a look
ごらんなさいtake a look - 96
かぞえてごらんなさい
count, please
かぞえてごらんなさいplease count - 97
おなじ
the same (See Gram. Notes)
おなじthe same - 98
こんどは
this time
こんどはthis time - 99
または
or
またはor - 100
--になります
become (See Gram. Notes)
--になりますbecome
Homework Assignment
1. Listen to the tape and practice pronunciation.
2. Memorize the Dialogue.
3. Read the Grammar Notes.
4. Practice reading and writing of Kanji.- 八十
- 80
- ごらんなさい
- look, take a look
- かぞえてごらんなさい
- count, please
- こんどは
- this time
- または
- or
- --になります
- become (See Gram. Notes)
The particulars
- The course
- Defense Language Institute, Japanese Basic Course, 1967 to 1971. Public domain. The teaching pages and the narration are ours.
- Reading aloud
- Digital narration, directed by 1732 Studios.
- The book
- Botchan, the work this course leads to, free to read here.
- Data
- JSON · Markdown · A guide for agents