Japanese · Lesson 18
Lesson 18
Sounds, kana, and the first conversations
Multiplying and counting hundreds · Dialogue 1 of 4
From one hundred to one thousand
One speaker asks another to count from 100 to 1,000: *百から 千まで かぞえてごらんなさい*, "Please count from 100 to 1,000."
The reply gives each hundred in order and ends with *千*, "1,000".
Hundreds that change sound
Hundreds and thousands follow the same multiplication pattern as tens. A number before *百* states how many hundreds.
The count in *はい、 かぞえます。 百、 二百、 三百、 四百、 五百、 六百、 七百、 八百、 九百、 千* includes three changed readings.
The readings for *三百*, *六百*, and *八百* are *SANBYAKU*, *ROPPYAKU*, and *HAPPYAKU*.
Kanji: 千, 百, 千
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 1
ひゃくのじゅうばいはなんですか。
What is 10 times 100?
百one hundredのof十ten倍timesはtopic何whatですisか。question - 2
ひゃくのじゅうばいはせんです。
10 times 100 is 1,000.
百one hundredのof十ten倍timesはtopic千one thousandです。is - 3
ひゃくからせんまでかぞえてごらんなさい。
Please count from 100 to 1,000.
百one hundredからfrom千one thousandまでtoかぞえplease countてplease countごらんplease countなさい。please count - 4
はい、かぞえます。ひゃく、にひゃく、さんびゃく、よんひゃく、ごひゃく、ろっぴゃく、ななひゃく、はっぴゃく、きゅうひゃく、せん。
Yes, I'll count. HYAKU (100), NIHYAKU (200), SANBYAKU (300), YONHYAKU (400), GOHYAKU (500), ROPPYAKU (600), NANAHYAKU (700), HAPPYAKU (800), KYUUHYAKU (900), SEN (1,000).
はい、yesかぞえcountます。polite百、one hundred二百、two hundred三百、three hundred四百、four hundred五百、five hundred六百、six hundred七百、seven hundred八百、eight hundred九百、nine hundred千。one thousand - 5
ひゃくのひゃくばいとせんのじゅうばいはおなじですか。
Is 100 times 100 the same as 10 times 1,000?
百one hundredのof百one hundred倍timesとand千one thousandのof十ten倍timesはtopicおなじthe sameですisか。question
Particle TO--'if' or 'when'
The particle TO in this lesson follows the basic ending (dictionary form) of verbs and i-adjectives to express a condition for the succeeding statement, and it is translated into English as 'if' or 'when.' The statement that precedes TO in each of the examples in Pattern 1 is the condition for the statement that follows TO.
When the particle TO follows the basic ending of i-adjectives, it always indicates a condition for the succeeding statement.
AMMARI ATSUI TO IKIMASEN. "If it's too hot, I'll not go."
AMMARI MUZUKASHII TO NARAIMASEN. "If it is too difficult, I won't learn."Numerals as mathematic numbers
a. When numerals are used as counters, such particles as GA, WA, or O are omitted after numerals. (Refer to Grammar Note No. 4 in Lesson 10.)
b. However, when numerals are used as mathematical numbers, GA, WA, or O will be used, e.g.,
HYAKU KARA GOJUU TORU TO, GOJUU NOKORIMASU. "When you take away 50 (objects) from 100 (objects), 50 (objects) will remain."
GOHYAKU KARA SANBYAKU O HIKU TO, NIHYAKU GA NOKORIMASU. "When you subtract 300 (numbers) from 500 (numbers), 200 (numbers) will remain."--WA--GA--
WA sets off the topic the speaker is going to talk about. It can be considered as an attention shifter. It makes the words preceding it set the stage for the sentence and serves as background for what the speaker is going to say. Therefore, when WA and GA are used in a simple sentence, WA sets off a general topic and GA gives a specific topic.
Examples:
KONO HANA WA IRO GA II DESU. "As for this flower, the color is good."
ANOKATA WA ME GA WARUI DESU. "As for him, eyes are bad."Numerals
a. There are three sets of numerals up to ten.
| A | B | C
1. | ICHI | HITOTSU | HITO--
2. | NI | FUTATSU | FUTA--
3. | SAN | MITTSU | MI--
4. | SHI, YON | YOTTSU | YO--
5. | GO | ITSUTSU | ITSU--
6. | ROKU | MUTTSU | MU--
7. | SHICHI | NANATSU | NANA--
8. | HACHI | YATTSU | YA--
9. | KU, KYUU | KOKONOTSU | KOKONO--
10. | JUU | TOO | TOO--
Set A is borrowed from Chinese. Sets B and C are native. Set C is an abbreviation of Set B. Sets A & B may be used for counting. Set C is strictly adjectival and is always prefixed to certain nouns or counters.
b. The pattern followed after ten is as follows:
| | |
11. | JUUICHI | 21. | NIJUUICHI
12. | JUUNI | 22. | NIJUUNI
13. | JUUSAN | 23. | NIJUUSAN
14. | JUUSHI | 24. | NIJUUSHI
15. | JUUGO | 25. | NIJUUGO
16. | JUUROKU | 26. | NIJUUROKU
17. | JUUSHICHI | 27. | NIJUUSHICHI
18. | JUUHACHI | 28. | NIJUUHACHI
19. | JUUKU | 29. | NIJUUKU
20. | NIJUU | 30. | SANJUU
Thus, the number of tens indicated by the number prefixed to JUU, like YONJUU, GOJUU, ROKUJUU, etc., and the number of added units is indicated by the number suffixed to JUU, like YONJUU-ROKU, YONJUU-SHICHI, etc. Numbers exceeding one hundred also follow these patterns.
c. Other numbers are:
|
0 | ZERO or REI
100 | HYAKU
200 | NIHYAKU
|
300 | SANBYAKU
600 | ROPPYAKU
800 | HAPPYAKU
1000 | SEN
3000 | SANZEN
8000 | HASSEN
10,000 | ICHIMAN or MAN
100,000 | JUUMAN
1,000,000 | HYAKUMAN
10,000,000 | ISSENMAN or SENMAN
100,000,000 | ICHIOKU
d. Examples:
The above numbers are read as follows:
(1) NIHYAKU-SANJUU-KYUUOKU, HASSEN-NANAHYAKU-ROKUJUU-GOMAN, YONSEN-SANBYAKU-NIJUU-ICHI.
(2) NIHYAKU-JUU-KYUUOKU, HASSEN-NANAHYAKU-ROKUJUU-NIMAN, SANZEN-HYAKU-NIJUU-YON.
Note that in Japanese the digits from one (1) to ten (10) are simple words. From eleven (11) to nineteen (19), they are compound words consisting of JUU (10) plus one of the other digits. The even tens like 20, 30, 40, 50, etc., are compound words consisting of one of the digits plus JUU (10). Thus, the Japanese reads 15 as 'ten-five' and 50 as 'five-ten.' That is, if the first element is larger than the second, the compound is like an addition problem (10 + 5); if the first element is smaller than the second, the compound is like a multiplication problem (5 x 10). Note also that the hundreds and thousands work like the tens, and other numerals like 4,321 and 124 consist of a phrase of several words.
It is important for the student to memorize not only the digits from one to ten but also the following simple words:
|
HYAKU | 100
SEN | 1,000
MAN | 10,000
OKU | 100,000,000
It is also important to note that the words HYAKU (100) and SEN (1,000) undergo changes in the pronunciation in certain compounds:
|
300 | SANBYAKU
600 | ROPPYAKU
800 | HAPPYAKU
1,000 | ISSEN (or SEN)
3,000 | SANZEN
8,000 | HASSENII and YOI
The word YOI is an i-adjective and it inflects just like any other i-adjectives. However, the form II is more colloquial than the form YOI when used attributively and as a predicate adjective, e.g.,
KONO KABIN WA II DESU (used as a predicate adjective) "This flower vase is good."
KORE WA II KABIN DESU. (used attributively) "This is a good flower vase."
KONO HANA WA YOKU WA ARIMASEN. "This flower is not good."- 百
- 100
- の
- See Grammar Notes
- 十
- ten
- か。
- either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)
- 千
- 1,000
- から
- from (See Gram. Notes)
- まで
- as far as, to (See Gram. Notes)
- 二百、
- 200
- 三百、
- 300
- 四百、
- 400
- 五百、
- 500
- 六百、
- 600
- 七百、
- 700
- 八百、
- 800
- 九百、
- 900
- と
- and (See Gram. Notes)
- おなじ
- the same (See Gram. Notes)
Multiplication and addition with thousands · Dialogue 2 of 4
Larger products
The speakers compare products through one million. *一万の 十倍は 十万ですか* means "Is 10 times 10,000, 100,000?"
The reply confirms the result and states that 100 times 10,000 is 1,000,000.
A condition and its result
In *千に 二千を たすと、 いくつに なりますか*, the particles mark 1,000 and 2,000 as numbers in an addition problem.
The *と* after *たす* connects the addition to its result. The answer is *三千に なります*, "It will become 3,000."
Kanji: 万
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 6
はい、おなじです。どちらもいちまんです。
Yes, they are the same. Both of them are 10,000.
はい、yesおなじthe sameです。areどちらbothもalso一ten thousand万ten thousandです。are - 7
いちまんのじゅうばいはじゅうまんですか。
Is 10 times 10,000, 100,000?
一ten thousand万ten thousandのof十ten倍timesはtopic十one hundred thousand万one hundred thousandですisか。question - 8
はい、そうです。そして、いちまんのひゃくばいはひゃくまんです。
Yes, that's right. And 100 times 10,000 is 1,000,000.
はい、yesそうthat is rightです。isそして、and一ten thousand万ten thousandのof百one hundred倍timesはtopic百one million万one millionです。is - 9
せんににせんをたすと、いくつになりますか。
When you add 2,000 to 1,000, how much will it become?
千one thousandにto二千two thousandをobjectたすaddと、whenいくhow muchつhow muchにtoなりbecomeますpoliteか。question - 10
さんぜんになります。
It will become 3,000.
三千three thousandにtoなりbecomeます。polite
- どちら
- which of two (See Grammar Notes)
- 一
- one
- に
- on (See Gram. Notes)
- 二千
- 2,000
- を
- particle denoting direct object (See Pattern Drill)
- たす
- to add (v.t.)
- と、
- and (See Gram. Notes)
- 三千
- 3,000
Adding and subtracting thousands · Dialogue 3 of 4
From arithmetic to flowers
One speaker asks about adding and subtracting thousands. *七千から 六千を ひくと、 いくつ のこりますか* asks what remains after subtracting 6,000 from 7,000.
The scene then turns to ten flowers and asks whether one flower smells good.
Two forms for good
The question *このはなは においが いいですか* uses *いい* as the predicate meaning "good".
*よい* is an I-adjective and changes like other I-adjectives. *いい* has the same meaning and is more colloquial.
- 11
よんせんにごせんをたすと、いくつになりますか。
When you add 5,000 to 4,000, how much will it become?
四千four thousandにto五千five thousandをobjectたすaddと、whenいくhow muchつhow muchにtoなりbecomeますpoliteか。question - 12
きゅうせんになります。
It will become 9,000.
九千nine thousandにtoなりbecomeます。polite - 13
では、しちせんからろくせんをひくと、いくつのこりますか。
Then, when you subtract 6,000 from 7,000, what remains?
でthenは、then七千seven thousandからfrom六千six thousandをobjectひくsubtractと、whenいくhow manyつhow manyのremainこりremainますpoliteか。question - 14
せんのこります。
1,000 remains.
千one thousandのremainこりremainます。polite - 15
ここにはながじゅうありますね。このはなはにおいがいいですか。
There are 10 flowers here, aren't there? As for this flower, is the smell good?
ここhereにatはなflowersがsubject十tenありthere areますpoliteね。right?このthisはなflowerはtopicにおいsmellがsubjectいいgoodですisか。question
- 四千
- 4,000
- 五千
- 5,000
- 九千
- 9,000
- で
- --is and -- (See Grammar Notes)
- 七千
- 7,000
- 六千
- 6,000
- ひく
- to subtract (v.t.)
- ここ
- here
- はな
- flower
- が
- but (See Gram. Notes)
- ね。
- isn't it (See Grammar Notes)
- におい
- smell, scent
- いい
- good (See Gram. Notes)
Subtracting, smelling and mixing colours · Dialogue 4 of 4
A smell that is not good
The answer *いいえ、 においは よくは ありません* means "No, the smell is not good."
The colloquial *いい* changes to *よく* in this negative form. The next sentence describes the smell as *わるい*, "bad".
Actions and results
The speakers ask what remains after two flowers are taken from ten, then what color results from mixing red and yellow.
In *この 十のはなから 二つの はなを とると、 いくつ のこりますか*, *と* connects taking the flowers to the number remaining.
The two results are eight flowers and *ももいろ*, "a pink color".
- 16
いいえ、においはよくはありません。においがわるいです。
No, the smell is not good. The smell is bad.
いいえ、noにおいsmellはtopicよくgoodはtopicありisませnot, politeん。not, politeにおいsmellがsubjectわるいbadです。is - 17
このじゅうのはなからふたつのはなをとると、いくつのこりますか。
When you take 2 flowers from these 10 flowers, how many flowers will remain?
このthese十tenのofはなflowersからfrom二twoつtwoのofはなflowersをobjectとるtakeと、whenいくhow manyつhow manyのremainこりremainますpoliteか。question - 18
やっつのこります。
8 remain.
八eightつeightのremainこりremainます。polite - 19
あかいいろにきいろいいろをまぜると、どんないろになりますか。
When you mix a yellow color to a red color, what sort of color will it become?
あかいredいろcolorにtoきいろいyellowいろcolorをobjectまぜるmixと、whenどんなwhat kind ofいろcolorにtoなりbecomeますpoliteか。question - 20
ももいろになります。
It will become a pink color.
ももいろpinkにtoなりbecomeます。polite
- よく
- well, skillfully
- わるい
- bad
- 二
- two
- とる
- to take (v.t.)
- 八
- eight
- あかい
- red
- いろ
- color
- きいろい
- yellow
- まぜる
- to mix (v.t.)
- どんな
- what kind of; what sort of
- ももいろ
- pink
If and when conditions · Pattern 1 1 of 2
A condition followed by its result
*五に 五を たすと、 十に なります* means "When you add 5 to 5, it will become 10."
The dictionary form is the basic verb ending, such as *たす* before *と* in this line.
The particle *と* after the dictionary form makes the first statement a condition for the statement that follows. It means "if" or "when".
After an I-adjective, *と* always states a condition. *あんまり さむいと、 行きません* means "If it is too cold, I will not go."
Particles on mathematical numbers
*十から 三を ひくと、 七が のこります* means "When you subtract 3 from 10, 7 remains."
A number that counts things has no *が*, *は*, or *を* after it. A number used in arithmetic takes these particles.
Here *三* takes *を* as the number subtracted, and *七* takes *が* as the number remaining.
- 21
ごにごをたすと、じゅうになります。
When you add 5 to 5, it will become 10.
五fiveにto五fiveをobjectたすaddと、when十tenにtoなりbecomeます。polite - 22
さんにろくをたすと、きゅうになります。
When you add 6 to 3, it will become 9.
三threeにto六sixをobjectたすaddと、when九nineにtoなりbecomeます。polite - 23
じゅうからさんをひくと、しちがのこります。
When you subtract 3 from 10, 7 remains.
十tenからfrom三threeをobjectひくsubtractと、when七sevenがsubjectのこりremainます。polite - 24
もうすこしながいと、いいです。
It would be good if it were a little longer.
もうmore少しa little長いlongerと、ifいいgoodです。is - 25
あまりむずかしいと、せいとはならいません。
If it is too difficult, students won't learn it.
あまりtooむずかしいdifficultと、ifせいstudentsとstudentsはtopicならいlearnませnot, politeん。not, polite - 26
あんまりさむいと、いきません。
If it is too cold, I won't go.
あんまりtooさむいcoldと、if行きgoませnot, politeん。not, polite - 27
せんせいがゆっくり(slowly)はなすと、よくわかります。
When the teacher speaks slowly, I understand well.
せんせいteacherがsubjectゆっくりslowly(slowly)slowlyはspeakなすspeakと、whenよくwellわかりunderstandます。polite
- 五
- five
- 三
- three
- 六
- six
- 九
- nine
- 七
- seven
- 少し
- little (quantity)
- むずかしい
- difficult
- ゆっくり
- slowly; deliberately; leisurely
Asking about arithmetic and conditions · Pattern 1 2 of 2
What remains after subtraction
The questions place a condition before *と* and ask for its result. *千から 五百を ひくと、 何が のこりますか* asks what remains after subtracting 500 from 1,000.
The answer replaces *何* with the result: *五百が のこります*, "500 will remain."
A question about heat uses the same condition pattern. The answer states that the speaker would not go if it were too hot.
- 28
ひゃくににひゃくをたすと、いくつになりますか。
When you add 200 to 100, how much will it become?
百one hundredにto二百two hundredをobjectたすaddと、whenいくhow muchつhow muchにtoなりbecomeますpoliteか。question - 29
さんびゃくになります。
It will become 300.
三百three hundredにtoなりbecomeます。polite - 30
せんからごひゃくをひくと、なにがのこりますか。
When you subtract 500 from 1,000, what will remain?
千one thousandからfrom五百five hundredをobjectひくsubtractと、when何whatがsubjectのこりremainますpoliteか。question - 31
ごひゃくがのこります。
500 will remain.
五百five hundredがsubjectのこりremainます。polite - 32
あんまりあついと、あなたはいきませんか。
Would you go if it were too hot?
あんまりtooあついhotと、ifあなたyouはtopic行きgoませnot, politeんnot, politeか。question - 33
はい、あんまりあついと、わたくしはいきません。
No, I wouldn't go if it were too hot.
はい、yesあんまりtooあついhotと、if私Iはtopic行きgoませnot, politeん。not, polite
- 二百
- 200
- 三百
- 300
- 五百
- 500
Describing specific features · Pattern 2 1 of 2
A flower and its smell
Word by word, *このはなは においが いいです* is "this flower, as for, smell, good, is": "As for this flower, the smell is good."
The sentence first presents the flower, then describes its smell.
A general topic and a specific feature
When *は* and *が* occur in one simple sentence, *は* marks the general topic and *が* marks the specific topic.
In *あの人は あしが ながいです*, *あの人* is the general topic and *あし* is the specific feature described as long.
The same pattern describes eyes, teeth, and ears.
- 34
このはなはにおいがいいです。
As for this flower, the smell is good.
このthisはなflowerはtopicにおいsmellがsubjectいいgoodです。is - 35
このかびんはいろがいいです。
As for this flower vase, the color is good.
このthisかびんflower vaseはtopicいろcolorがsubjectいいgoodです。is - 36
あのひとはあしがながいです。
As for him, legs are long.
あのthat人personはtopicあしlegsがsubjectながいlongです。are - 37
わたくしはめがちいさいです。
As for me, eyes are small.
私Iはtopic目eyesがsubject小さいsmallです。are - 38
あのかたははがわるいです。
As for him, teeth are bad.
あのthatかたはperson, topicはteethがsubjectわるいbadです。are - 39
あのせんせいはみみがおおきいです。
As for that teacher, ears are big.
あのthatせんせいteacherはtopic耳earsがsubject大きいbigです。are
- かびん
- flower vase
- 人
- people
Asking about specific features · Pattern 2 2 of 2
A feature and its quality
The *は…が* pattern presents a thing and asks about one feature. *このさかなは においが いいですか* means "Does this fish smell good?"
The answer keeps the fish as the topic and describes its smell as *わるい*, "bad".
Other exchanges describe the color of a peach and the size of a teacher's ears.
- 40
このさかなはにおいがいいですか。
Does this fish smell good?
このthisさかなfishはtopicにおいsmellがsubjectいいgoodですisか。question - 41
いいえ、そのさかなはにおいがわるいです。
No, that fish smells bad.
いいえ、noそのthatさかなfishはtopicにおいsmellがsubjectわるいbadです。is - 42
このももはいろがいいですね。
This peach has good color, hasn't it?
このthisももpeachはtopicいろcolorがsubjectいいgoodですisね。right? - 43
ええ、そのももはいろがいいです。
Yes, that peach has good color.
ええ、yesそのthatももpeachはtopicいろcolorがsubjectいいgoodです。is - 44
あのせんせいはみみがおおきいですね。
That teacher has big ears, hasn't he?
あのthatせんせいteacherはtopic耳earsがsubject大きいbigですareね。right? - 45
ええ、みみがかなりおおきいです。
Yes, he has fairly large ears.
ええ、yes耳earsがsubjectかなりfairly大きいlargeです。are
- もも
- peach
- ええ、
- Yes
- かなり
- fairly
Numbers in hundreds and thousands · Word list 1 of 3
Hundreds and thousands
These words run from *二百*, "200", through *三千*, "3,000".
Within the hundreds, *六百* has the changed reading *ROPPYAKU*.
- 46
にひゃく
200
二百200 - 47
さんびゃく
300
三百300 - 48
よんひゃく
400
四百400 - 49
ごひゃく
500
五百500 - 50
ろっぴゃく
600
六百600 - 51
ななひゃく
700
七百700 - 52
はっぴゃく
800
八百800 - 53
きゅうひゃく
900
九百900 - 54
せん
1,000
千1,000 - 55
にせん
2,000
二千2,000 - 56
さんぜん
3,000
三千3,000
- 四百
- 400
- 六百
- 600
- 七百
- 700
- 八百
- 800
- 九百
- 900
Numbers from four thousand upward · Word list 2 of 3
From thousands to one hundred million
The numbers extend from *四千*, "4,000", to *一おく*, "100,000,000".
The final entry *たす* means "to add".
- 57
よんせん
4,000
四千4,000 - 58
ごせん
5,000
五千5,000 - 59
ろくせん
6,000
六千6,000 - 60
しちせん
7,000
七千7,000 - 61
はっせん
8,000
八千8,000 - 62
きゅうせん
9,000
九千9,000 - 63
いちまん
10,000
一万10,000 - 64
じゅうまん
100,000
十万100,000 - 65
ひゃくまん
1,000,000
百万1,000,000 - 66
いちおく
100,000,000
一おく100,000,000 - 67
たす
to add (v.t.)
たすadd
- 八千
- 8,000
- 一万
- 10,000
- 十万
- 100,000
- 百万
- 1,000,000
- 一おく
- 100,000,000
Arithmetic, condition and quality words · Word list 3 of 3
Actions, conditions, and qualities
These words cover arithmetic actions, remaining, counting, conditions, qualities, and pace.
*ひく* means "to subtract". *いい* and *よい* both mean "good", with *いい* as the more colloquial form.
- 68
ひく
to subtract (v.t.)
ひくsubtract - 69
とる
to take (v.t.)
とるtake - 70
まぜる
to mix (v.t.)
まぜるmix - 71
のこります
polite form of NOKORU (v.i.) to remain
のこりますremain - 72
かぞえます
polite form of KAZOERU (v.t.) to count
かぞえますcount - 73
いい
good (See Gram. Notes)
いいgood - 74
わるい
bad
わるいbad - 75
よい
good (See Gram. Notes)
よいgood - 76
と
if, when, whenever (See Grammar Notes)
とwhen - 77
ゆっくり
slowly; deliberately; leisurely
ゆっくりslowly
Homework Assignment
1. Listen to the tape and practice pronunciation.
2. Memorize the Dialogue.
3. Read the Grammar Notes.
4. Practice reading and writing of KANJI.- のこります
- polite form of NOKORU (v.i.) to remain
- かぞえます
- polite form of KAZOERU (v.t.) to count
- よい
- good (See Gram. Notes)
The particulars
- The course
- Defense Language Institute, Japanese Basic Course, 1967 to 1971. Public domain. The teaching pages and the narration are ours.
- Reading aloud
- Digital narration, directed by 1732 Studios.
- The book
- Botchan, the work this course leads to, free to read here.
- Data
- JSON · Markdown · A guide for agents