Japanese Basic Course 1732 Studios

Japanese · Lesson 28

Lesson 28

Sounds, kana, and the first conversations

276 lines

Weekend sports in Monterey · Dialogue 1 of 4

Weekend sports in Monterey

Two people discuss weekend recreation in Monterey. *週まつには 人々は どんなことを しますか* means "What sort of things do people do during weekends?"

*みんな ゴルフを やったり、 テニスを やったり します* means "They all play golf, tennis, and such."

A thought and a list

In *とても いい 所だと 思います*, *だ* stands inside the thought "it is a very nice place."

In *ゴルフを やったり、 テニスを やったり します*, the two *たり* forms present golf and tennis as representative activities.

Kanji: 所

New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.

  1. 1

    モンテレーはいいところですね。

    Monterey is a nice place, isn't it?

    モンテレーMonterey
    はtopic
    いいnice
    所place
    ですis
    ね。right?
  2. 2

    ええ、とてもいいところだとおもいます。

    Yes, I think it's a very nice place.

  3. 3

    しゅうまつにはひとびとはどんなことをしますか。

    What sort of things do people do during weekends?

  4. 4

    みんなゴルフをやったり、テニスをやったりします。

    They all play golf, tennis, and such.

  5. 5

    あなたはゴルフやテニスをやりますか。

    Do you play golf and tennis?

DA

Inflections

DA is the informal equivalent of the copula DESU, and it is inflected as follows:

Name of Form | Form
Basic form | DA
Attributive form | NA
Conditional form | NARA (BA)
Conjectural form | DAROO
TE form | DE
-TA form | DATTA

The informal copula DA occurs only following nouns and pronouns and particles, e.g.,

Informal | Formal
KORE WA II HON DA. | KORE WA II HON DESU.
ARE WA TAROO DA. | ARE WA TAROO DESU.

"This is a good book."

"That's Taro."

Informal | Formal
SOO DA. | SOO DESU.
HANAKO WA EIGO GA JOOZU DA. | HANAKO WA EIGO GA JOOZU DESU.
KORE WA JIROO NO DA. | KORE WA JIROO NO DESU.
TOOKYOO KARA DA. | TOOKYOO KARA DESU.

"That's right." "Hanako is fluent in English." "This is Jiro's." "It's from Tokyo."

DA never occurs directly following verbs and I-adjectives. However, it occurs after N(O) 'matter' preceded by verbs or I-adjectives, e.g.,

ASHITA IKU N(O) DA. "I'm going tomorrow."

SORE WA WARUI N(O) DA. "That's bad."

KINOO ITTA N(O) DA. "I went yesterday."

SHIRANAI N(O) DA. "I don't know."

Uses of NARA

The conditional form of NARA occurs immediately after any word. However, N(O) 'matter' occurs frequently between verbs or I-adjectives and NARA. Thus, NARA functions almost like a particle and it means 'if (provided) it is, if (provided) something happens,' e.g.,

SUKIYAKI NARA, TABEMASU. "If it's SUKIYAKI, I'll eat."

SOKO NARA, YASUI DESHOO. "If it's that place, it's probably cheaper."

TANAKA-SAN NARA, SHITTE IMASU. "Mr. Tanaka knows it." (Lit: If it's Mr. Tanaka, then he knows it.)

SAMUI (NO) NARA, MADO O OSHIME NASAI. "If it's cold, close the window."

GORUFU O YARU (NO) NARA, ASHITA NO HOO GA II DESU. "If we play golf, tomorrow is better."

Use of DAROO

DAROO is the informal equivalent of DESHOO, and it is the less positive and less direct equivalent of DA. Thus, it informally infers the speaker's conjecture or guess, e.g.,

TANAKA WA SENSEI DAROO. "Tanaka is probably a teacher."

HOKKAIDOO NO FUYU WA SAMUI (N) DAROO. "I guess it's cold in the winter in HOKKAIDOO."

ASHITA WA ATSUI (N) DAROO. "It'll probably be hot tomorrow."

SASHIMI WA TABENAI (N) DAROO. "He probably won't eat SASHIMI."

RAISHUU KAERU (N) DAROO. "He'll probably be back next week."

MOO ITTA (N) DAROO. "He's probably gone already."

TOMODACHI KARA DAROO. "It's probably from his friend."
YO

Like the question particle KA, YO occurs at the end of sentences. It is a particle of emphasis, meaning that the sentence which contains it is being stated with assurance, e.g.,

SOO DESU YO. "That's (absolutely) right."

SHOOSA JA ARIMASEN. TAI-I DESU YO. "He is not Major. He is Captain."

In informal speech, the occurrence of DA at the end of sentences, and before the sentence-particle YO, is typical of men's speech. The omission of DA at the end of sentences occurs in the speech of both men and women, but before the sentence-particle, normally in the speech of

women.

Examples:

Formal (Men and Woman) | Informal (Men) | Informal (Women)
SOO DESU. | SOO DA. or SOO. | SOO.
SOO DESU YO. | SOO DA YO. | SOO YO.
--TARI --TARI SURU

The -TARI form of the verb, I-adjective, and copula is formed by adding -RI to the -TA form, e.g.,

Basic form | -TA form | -TARI form
KAKU | KAITA | KAITARI
IKU | ITTA | ITTARI
HANASU | HANASHITA | HANASHITARI
TATSU | TATTA | TATTARI
FURU | FUTTA | FUTTARI
TSUKAU | TSUKATTA | TSUKATTARI
TOBU | TONDA | TONDARI
YOMU | YONDA | YONDARI
SHINU | SHINDA | SHINDARI
OYOGU | OYOIDA | OYOIDARI

| | 
OKIRU | OKITA | OKITARI
TABERU | TABETA | TABETARI
KURU | KITA | KITARI
SURU | SHITA | SHITARI

Normally two -TARI forms occur within one sentence although there are occasions when only one or more than two -TARI forms occur in one sentence. The -TARI form occurring last in the series is usually followed by a form of the verb SURU 'do.' The -TARI form implies several meanings. It is used to state an action that is representative of several. -TARI forms may be used in pairs to show either alternative, distributive, or representative actions. Sometimes three or more -TARI forms may occur within one sentence to show either distributive or representative actions.

Examples:

Representative

SHUUMATSU NI WA GORUFU O SHITARI SHITE, UNDOO SHIMASU. "I play golf (among other things) and do exercise during weekends."

SUMISU-SAN WA MAIBAN YOSHUU SHITARI FUKUSHUU SHITARI SHITE, YOKU BENKYOO SHIMASU. "Mr. Smith reviews and prepares lessons and (thus) studies hard every night."

Alternative

KODOMO GA DETARI HAITTARI SHITE, YOKU BENKYOO SURU KOTO GA DEKIMASEN. "The children get in and out so I can't study well."

GURIIN-SAN WA GINZA O ITTARI KITARI SHIMASHITA. "Mr. Green went back and forth on Ginza."

Distributive

SEITO-TACHI WA JI O KAITARI, HON O YONDARI, HANASHITARI SHITE, FUKUSHUU SHITE IMASU. "The students are writing characters, reading books, or talking and (thus) they are reviewing lessons."
NA-adjectives

Copula nouns

The word SUKI 'fond, likable' is a special kind of noun. It occurs before the copula DESU or DA, e.g.,

WATAKUSHI WA KODOMO GA SUKI DESU. "I am fond of children" or "I like children."

In previous lessons, many examples of the noun plus NO plus noun construction have been introduced, in which the first noun describes the second, e.g.,

NIPPONGO NO SEITO 'students of the Japanese language'

KAIHEITAI NO GOCHOO 'a corporal in the Marine Corps'

NIPPON NO GAKKOO 'schools in Japan'

ANATA NO HON 'your book'

However, when SUKI describes another noun, NA instead of NO occurs between the two words, e.g.,

SUKI NA HITO 'a person that someone likes (or is fond of)'

All such words describe qualities and they are called copula nouns (KEIYOO DOOSHI), but since not all quality words are copula nouns, they must be memorized as they are introduced. The copula nouns previously introduced are: GENKI 'good spirits,' KIREI 'pretty, neat, clean,' HETA 'unskillful,' JOOZU 'skillful,' and KIRAI 'dislikable.'

A copula noun plus NA, therefore, forms a NA-adjective.

Copula nouns generally do not occur as the subject of sentences.

Inflections of NA-adjectives

NA-adjectives are inflected as follows:

Name of form | Form
Adverbial form | NI
Basic form | DA (or DESU)
Attributive form | NA
Conditional form | NARA(BA)
Conjectural form | DAROO (or DESHOO)
TE form | DE (or DESHITE)
-TA form | DATTA (or DESHITA)

Note that the inflections of NA-adjectives are the same as those of the copula DA except that the former has the additional form NI called 'adverbial.'

Uses of the inflected forms of NA-adjectives.

All the inflected forms of NA-adjectives except their adverbial and attributive forms are used exactly like those of the copula DA.

The adverbial form NI is used as an adverb, e.g.,

BURAUN-SAN WA NIPPONGO O JOOZU NI HANASHIMASU. "Mr. Brown speaks Japanese fluently."

SUMISU-SAN WA KANJI O KIREI NI KAKIMASHITA. "Mr. Smith wrote KANJI neatly."

As was described previously, the attributive form NA is used to describe a noun that follows it as in the following example:

SUMISU-SAN WA KIREI NA KANJI O KAKIMASHITA. "Mr. Smith wrote neat KANJI."

Note in the following examples that, unlike I-adjectives, the form of NA-adjectives for attributive use differs from that for predicative use:

Attributive | Predicate
KORE WA CHIISAI HEYA DESU. | KONO HEYA WA CHIISAI DESU.
"This is a small room." | "This room is small."
KORE WA KIREI NA HANA DESU. | KONO HANA WA KIREI DESU.
"This is a pretty flower." | "This flower is pretty."

When NA-word like SUKI is used in an expression like "I like something," the particle GA is used instead of O, e.g.,

WATAKUSHI WA ANO KATA GA SUKI DESU. "I like that person."

TANAKA-SAN WA TSURI GA SUKI DESHOO. "I think Mr. Tanaka likes fishing."

TAROO WA HANAKO GA SUKI DE, MAINICHI ISSHO NI ASONDE IMASU. "Taro likes Hanako and he plays with her everyday."

JIROO WA YOSHIKO GA SUKI DESHITA. "Jiro liked Yoshiko."
Non-past (or basic) form of a verb plus TO plus SUGU (NI).

The word SUGU means 'immediately, soon,' and it may be followed by NI without changing its meaning, e.g.,

SUGU KITE KUDASAI. "Please come immediately."

The construction 'non-past (or basic) form of a verb plus TO SUGU (NI)' means 'as soon as (someone does something or something happens),' e.g.,

UCHI E KAERU TO SUGU, YUUHAN O TABEMASU. "I eat dinner as soon as I go home."

ASA OKIRU TO SUGU, MADO O AKEMASU. "I open windows as soon as I get up in the morning."
モンテレー
Monterey
は
leaves
いい
good (See Gram. Notes)
です
to be (See Gram. Notes)
ね。
isn't it (See Grammar Notes)
ええ、
Yes
とても
very, indeed
だ
to be (informal equivalent of DESU. See Grammar Notes)
と
and (See Gram. Notes)
ます。
trout
に
on (See Gram. Notes)
人々
people
どんな
what kind of; what sort of
を
particle denoting direct object (See Pattern Drill)
し
city
か。
either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)
みんな
all
ゴルフ
golf
テニス
tennis
や
and---among others (See Gram. Notes)

Arranging a golf game · Dialogue 2 of 4

Arranging a golf game

Two people compare their ability and preferences, then arrange a golf game. *私は ゴルフが 好きです* means "I like golf."

In *ゴルフを やるのなら、 明日が いいですが*, playing golf is the condition for preferring tomorrow.

Preference and condition

In *テニスは きらいですから、 ほとんど やりません*, dislike gives the reason for hardly playing tennis.

In *ゴルフを やるのなら*, *のなら* makes playing golf the condition for choosing tomorrow.

Kanji: 好

New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.

Kanji: 上, 下

New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.

  1. 6

    ゴルフはやりますがへたです。テニスはきらいですから、ほとんどやりません。

    I play golf but I am not good at it. I dislike tennis, so I hardly ever play it.

  2. 7

    わたくしはゴルフがすきです。じょうずではありませんがね。

    I like golf. I'm not good at it, though.

  3. 8

    では、いつかやりましょうか。

    Shall we play sometime, then?

  4. 9

    そうですね。ゴルフをやるのなら、あしたがいいですが、どこでやりましょうか。

    Well. If we are going to play golf, tomorrow will be nice, but where shall we play?

  5. 10

    フォートオードのコースはどうですか。

    How about a course at Fort Ord?

ます
trout
が
but (See Gram. Notes)
下手
unskilled, poor in doing things
です。
to be (See Gram. Notes)
きらい
dislike (See Gram. Notes)
から、
from (See Gram. Notes)
ほとんど
almost (See Gram. Notes)
好き
to like, be fond of (See Grammar Notes)
上手
skillful, fluent (See Grammar Notes)
で
--is and -- (See Grammar Notes)
いつ
when?
か
either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)
ましょう
let's (See Gram. Notes)
やる
to do
の
See Grammar Notes
なら、
if it is (See Gram. Notes)
明日
tomorrow

Swimming and other recreation · Dialogue 3 of 4

A course and other recreation

The speakers choose a military golf course, then discuss swimming and other recreation. *そこなら、 外の 所より 安いです* means "It will be cheaper there than other places."

*その 外 どんな レクリエーションが ありますか* means "What other recreations are there?"

A place as the condition

In *そこなら*, *なら* presents that place as the condition for the comparison.

*夕方には 大てい さむくなります* adds that it usually gets cold in the evening.

Kanji: 軍, 外

New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.

Kanji: 安, 夕

New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.

  1. 11

    そうですね。ぐんじんのコースですから、そこなら、ほかのところよりやすいです。

    Well, since it's a course for military personnel, it will be cheaper there than other places.

  2. 12

    では、そこでやりましょう。

    Let's play there, then.

  3. 13

    あなたはすいえいをやりますか。

    Do you swim?

  4. 14

    たまにやりますが、ここのきこうはあつくないから、あまりおよぎません。ゆうがたにはたいていさむくなります。

    Once in a while I swim, but the climate here is not hot, so I don't swim very much. It usually gets cold in the evening.

  5. 15

    そのほかどんなレクリエーションがありますか。

    What other recreations are there?

そこ
there
より
than (See Gram. Notes)
は、
leaves
ましょう。
let's (See Gram. Notes)
たまに
rarely, once in a while
が、
but (See Gram. Notes)
ここ
here
夕方
evening
レクリエーション
recreation

Fishing in rivers and sea · Dialogue 4 of 4

Fishing after school

The speakers discuss fishing in rivers and the sea. *川には ますが 居ます* means "There are trout in the stream."

*夏には 学校から かえると すぐ、 ほとんど 毎日 出かけます* means "In summer I go almost every day as soon as I come home from school."

One event immediately after another

In *かえると すぐ*, coming home is followed immediately by going out.

The verb *かえる* is non-past, while *出かけます* states the action that follows.

Kanji: 出

New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.

Kanji: 川

New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.

  1. 16

    つりがあります。

    There is fishing.

  2. 17

    あなたはつりをやるんですか。

    Do you fish?

  3. 18

    ええ、なつにはがっこうからかえるとすぐ、ほとんどまいにちでかけます。

    Yes, in summer I go almost everyday as soon as I come home from school.

  4. 19

    どんなさかながいますか。

    What sort of fish are there?

  5. 20

    かわにはますがいます。うみにはいろいろのさかながたくさんいます。

    There are trout in the stream. There are many kinds of fish in the sea.

つり
fishing
夏
summer
から
from (See Gram. Notes)
すぐ、
right away, immediately
さかな
fish
川
river
海
sea, ocean

Listing varied activities · Perception drill, Block 1

Writing, reading, and such

*書いたり、 読んだり します* means "I write, read, and such." The two actions are representative, not a complete sequence.

A たり form adds *り* to the past form. *書いた* becomes *書いたり*, and *読んだ* becomes *読んだり*.

The last action takes する

Paired たり forms normally end with a form of *する*. In *日本語を べんきょうしたり、 さんぽしたり します*, *します* completes the series.

Here studying Japanese and taking walks are examples of what the speaker does.

  1. 21

    ---たり---たりする。

    to do --- among other things" "Sometimes do --- and sometimes do ---

  2. 22

    かいたり、よんだりします。

    I write, read, and such.

  3. 23

    みたり、きいたりします。

    I look, listen, and such.

  4. 24

    べんきょうしたり、あそんだりします。

    I study, play, and such.

  5. 25

    たったり、こしかけたりします。

    I stand up, sit down, and such.

  6. 26

    あなたはどようびにはなにをしますか。

    What do you do on Saturdays?

  7. 27

    にほんごをべんきょうしたり、さんぽしたりします。

    I study Japanese, take walks, and such.

  8. 28

    にちようびにはなにをしますか。

    What do you do on Sundays?

  9. 29

    しんぶんやざっしをよんだり、こどもたちとあそんだりします。

    I read newspapers and magazines, play with the children, and such.

  10. 30

    あなたはよるいえでどんなことをしますか。

    What sort of things do you do at home in the evening?

  11. 31

    ふくしゅうしたり、よしゅうしたりします。

    I review, prepare for lessons, and such.

さんぽ
strolling
夜
night, evening
家
house, home
ふくしゅう
review
しゅう
state

Plain statements and probability · Perception drill, Block 2

Plain だ and probable だろう

*これは いい 本だ* means "This is a good book." After a noun, plain *だ* corresponds to polite *です*.

*あの人は 知らないだろう* means "He probably does not know." Plain *だろう* states a guess and can follow a verb directly.

Assurance at the end

*SOO DESU YO* means "That is absolutely right." Final *YO* shows that the speaker states the sentence with assurance.

In informal speech, men may say *SOO DA YO*. Women normally omit *DA* before *YO* and say *SOO YO*.

  1. 32

    これはいいほんだ。

    This is a good book.

  2. 33

    あのひとはしらないだろう。

    He probably doesn't know.

  3. 34

    いいあめだね。

    It's a nice rain, isn't it?

  4. 35

    これできやくさがあおくなるだろう。

    This will probably make the trees and grass green.

  5. 36

    やまもとさんはにほんへいきますか。

    Is Mr. Yamamoto going to Japan?

  6. 37

    ええ、いくだろうとおもいます。

    Yes, I think he probably will.

  7. 38

    モンテレーはいいところだとおもいますか。

    Do you think Monterey is a nice place?

  8. 39

    ええ、とてもいいところだとおもいます。

    Yes, I think it's a very nice place.

  9. 40

    きょうはかようびだね。

    Today is Tuesday, isn't it?

  10. 41

    そうだ。

    That's right.

本
numerical counter for counting long slender objects (See Notes)
だ。
to be (informal equivalent of DESU. See Grammar Notes)
人
people
雨
rain
木
tree, wood
へ
to (See Gram. Notes)
今日
today

Conditional statements with if · Perception drill, Block 3

If this is the case

*ひらがななら 知っています* means "If you mean hiragana, I know it." Here *なら* directly follows the noun condition.

*あなたが 行くのなら、 私も 行きます* means "If you are going, I will go too." After the verb, *の* comes before *なら*.

  1. 42

    なら

    if", "if it is

  2. 43

    ひらがなならしっています。

    If you mean hiragana, I know it.

  3. 44

    じどうしゃならはやいです。

    If you mean an automobile, it is fast.

  4. 45

    いいてんきならいきます。

    If the weather is good, I will go.

  5. 46

    あなたがいくのなら、わたくしもいきます。

    If you are going, I will go too.

  6. 47

    あなたがいかないのなら、わたくしもいきません。

    If you aren't going, I won't go either.

  7. 48

    さむいのなら、これをきなさい。

    If you're cold, put this on.

  8. 49

    はくぼくはどこにありますか。

    Where is the chalk?

  9. 50

    はくぼくなら、そのおおきいはこのなかにあります。

    If you mean the chalk, it is in that large box.

  10. 51

    あのじどうしゃをかいませんか。

    Won't you buy that automobile?

  11. 52

    やすいのならかいますが、やすいんですか。

    I'll buy it if it's cheap, but is it cheap?

  12. 53

    さむいのなら、これをきなさい。

    If you're cold, put this on.

  13. 54

    ありがとうございますが、さむくはありません。

    Thank you, but I'm not cold.

  14. 55

    これはみんなのひとがかうのですか。

    Does everyone buy this?

  15. 56

    そうです。

    That's right.

  16. 57

    みんなのひとがかうのなら、わたくしもかいます。

    If everyone buys it, I will buy it too.

なら
if it is (See Gram. Notes)
ひらがな
HIRAGANA syllabary
はやい
fast, quick, early
天気
weather
さむい
cold
き
counter for airplanes (See Gram. Notes)
はく
to wear (on feet or legs)
買う
to buy

Actions happening immediately · Perception drill, Block 4

As soon as it happens

*家へ かえると すぐ しんぶんを 読みます* means "I read the newspaper as soon as I get home."

A non-past verb plus *と すぐ* means that the next event happens immediately. *に* may follow *すぐ* without changing the meaning.

The first event stays non-past

*雨が 降ると すぐ あおく なります* means "It turns green as soon as it rains."

The event before *とすぐ* uses the non-past form, while the ending states the resulting change.

  1. 58

    がっこうからかえるとすぐ(に)でかけます。

    As soon as I come home from school, I go out.

  2. 59

    あなたはいえへかえるとすぐなにをしますか。

    What do you do as soon as you get home?

  3. 60

    いえへかえるとすぐしんぶんをよみます。

    I read the newspaper as soon as I get home.

  4. 61

    あなたはいえへかえるとすぐよしゅうをはじめますか。

    Do you start preparing for your lessons as soon as you get home?

  5. 62

    いいえ、ゆうはんのあとでよしゅうやふくしゅうをします。

    No, I prepare for my lessons and review after dinner.

  6. 63

    いま、やまのくさはちゃいろですね。

    The grass on the mountains is brown now, isn’t it?

  7. 64

    ええ、でもあめがふるとすぐあおくなります。

    Yes, but it turns green as soon as it rains.

  8. 65

    こどもさんたちはどうしましたか。

    What did the children do?

  9. 66

    あなたをみるとすぐいえのなかにはいりました。

    As soon as they saw you, they went into the house.

すぐ
right away, immediately
(に)
on (See Gram. Notes)
はじめ
beginning
山
mountain
ちゃいろ
brown
降る
to fall (rain) (v.i.)

Skill, preference and appearance · Perception drill, Block 5

Quality words before です

*あの生徒の 日本語は きれいです* means "That student's Japanese is beautiful." *きれい* describes a quality but is not an I-adjective.

*上手*, *下手*, *好き*, *きらい*, and *きれい* belong to the same group. Each can stand before *です*.

な before a noun

Before a noun, these words take *な* and form a NA-adjective. *KORE WA KIREI NA HANA DESU* means "This is a pretty flower."

At the end of *あの生徒の 日本語は きれいです*, there is no *な*.

  1. 67

    じょうず、へた、すき、きらい、きれい

    skillful", "unskillful", "like", "dislike", "pretty

  2. 68

    あのせいとのにほんごはきれいです。

    That student's Japanese is beautiful.

上手、
skillful, fluent (See Grammar Notes)
下手、
unskilled, poor in doing things
好き、
to like, be fond of (See Grammar Notes)
きらい、
dislike (See Gram. Notes)

Listing activities and events · Pattern 1 1 of 3

Examples, not a full sequence

*テニスを やったり、 ゴルフを やったり します* means "I play tennis and golf among other things."

The two sports are examples of the activities the speaker does, not a complete sequence.

Events also use the pattern

*冬には 雨が 降ったり、 雪が 降ったり します* means "In winter, it rains, snows, and such."

Here the paired forms present rain and snow as representative winter events.

  1. 69

    テニスをやったり、ゴルフをやったりします。

    I play tennis and golf among other things.

  2. 70

    ふゆにはあめがふったり、ゆきがふったりします。

    In winter, it rains, snows, and such.

  3. 71

    にちようびには、さんぽしたり、つりにいったりします。

    On Sundays, I take walks, go fishing, and such.

  4. 72

    にほんではひとびとはくつをはいたり、げたをはいたりします。

    In Japan, people wear shoes, wooden clogs, and such.

  5. 73

    あめがふったり、かぜがふいたりします。

    It rains, the wind blows, and such.

  6. 74

    がっこうではほんをよんだり、じをかいたりします。

    At school, we read books, write characters, and such.

  7. 75

    にほんじんはどんなものをきますか。

    What sort of things do Japanese people wear?

  8. 76

    きものをきたり、ようふくをきたりします。

    They wear kimonos, Western-style clothes, and such.

  9. 77

    せんしゅうのにちようびにはどんなことをしましたか。

    What sort of things did you do last Sunday?

冬
winter
雪
snow
くつ
shoes
げた
wooden clogs
かぜ
wind
もの
things (tangible)
きもの
KIMONO
ようふく
suit, western-style clothes
先週
last week

Recreation, school and movement · Pattern 1 2 of 3

Present and past series

*つりを したり、 ボーリングを したり します* means "I fish, bowl, and such." The final *します* places the series in the non-past.

*ゴルフを やったり、 ともだちの 家へ 行ったり しました* means "I played golf, went to a friend's house, and such."

The ending sets the time

The たり forms remain unchanged. The final *します* or *しました* sets the series in the non-past or past.

  1. 78

    ゴルフをやったり、ともだちのいえへいったりしました。

    I played golf, went to a friend's house, and such.

  2. 79

    あなたはレクリエーションにはどんなことをしますか。

    What sort of things do you do for recreation?

  3. 80

    つりをしたり、ボーリングをしたりします。

    I fish, bowl, and such.

  4. 81

    がっこうでなにをしますか。

    What do you do at school?

  5. 82

    ほんをよみます。

    I read books.

  6. 83

    かんじをかきます。

    I write kanji.

  7. 84

    こどもたちはどうしましたか。

    What did the children do?

  8. 85

    でました。

    They went out.

  9. 86

    はいりました。

    They came in.

ともだち
friend
ボーリング
bowling

Reasons, posture and evidence · Pattern 1 3 of 3

Two events become examples

*雨が 降りました* means "It rained." *かぜが ふきました* means "The wind blew."

Their past forms can become representative events in a paired *たり* pattern.

Posture and evidence

*たって おしえます* and *こしかけて おしえます* give two ways of teaching.

*見ました* and *ききました* give two sources of evidence. Each pair can become representative actions.

  1. 87

    なぜいきませんでしたか。

    Why didn't you go?

  2. 88

    あめがふりました。

    It rained.

  3. 89

    かぜがふきました。

    The wind blew.

  4. 90

    せんせいはいつもたっておしえますか。

    Does the teacher always teach standing up?

  5. 91

    たっておしえます。

    He teaches standing up.

  6. 92

    こしかけておしえます。

    He teaches sitting down.

  7. 93

    どうしてわかりましたか。

    How did you know?

  8. 94

    みました。

    I saw it.

  9. 95

    ききました。

    I heard it.

なぜ
why?

Likes and dislikes · Pattern 2 1 of 2

The thing liked takes が

*私は さかなが 好きです* means "I like fish." With *好き*, the liked thing takes *が*.

*私は つりが 好きです* uses the same pattern for an activity: "I like fishing."

An activity can take の

*あの方は たべるのが 好きです* means "That person likes to eat." Here *の* makes the verb an activity that *が* can mark.

*あの方は やさいが きらいです* uses *が* with the thing disliked.

  1. 96

    わたくしはあなたがすきです。

    I like you.

  2. 97

    わたくしはさかながすきです。

    I like fish.

  3. 98

    わたくしはつりがすきです。

    I like fishing.

  4. 99

    あのかたはたべるのがすきです。

    That person likes to eat.

  5. 100

    あのかたはやさいがきらいです。

    That person dislikes vegetables.

  6. 101

    わたくしはべんきょうがきらいです。

    I dislike studying.

Asking about preferences · Pattern 2 2 of 2

Asking what someone likes

*あなたは 何が 一番 好きですか* means "What do you like best?" The answer keeps *が*: *「てんぷら」が 一番 好きです*.

The question uses *何が* for the unknown preference, and the answer replaces it with *「てんぷら」が*.

Contrasting a dislike

*いいえ、 ゴルフは 好きでは ありません* means "No, I do not like golf."

The negative answer changes *が* to contrastive *は*, placing golf against things the speaker may like.

  1. 102

    あなたは「すきやき」がすきですか。

    Do you like sukiyaki?

  2. 103

    はい、すきです。

    Yes, I do.

  3. 104

    あなたはなにがいちばんすきですか。

    What do you like best?

  4. 105

    「てんぷら」がいちばんすきです。

    I like tempura best.

  5. 106

    あなたはゴルフがすきですか。

    Do you like golf?

  6. 107

    いいえ、ゴルフはすきではありません。

    No, I don't like golf.

一番
number one (See Grammar Notes)

Describing people’s abilities · Pattern 3 1 of 2

Ability with が

*あの アメリカ人は 日本語が 上手です* means "That American is good in Japanese language." The area of ability takes *が*.

*私は えい語が 下手です* uses the same pattern for being poor at English.

な before the person described

The NA-adjective form also applies to *上手* and *下手*.

*書くのが 下手な 生徒が 居ます* means "There is a student who is not good at writing." *な* joins *下手* to *生徒*.

  1. 108

    A.あのアメリカじんはにほんごがじょうずです。

    That American is good in Japanese language.

  2. 109

    あのアメリカじんはにほんごがじょうずです。

    That American is good in Japanese language.

  3. 110

    B.にほんごがじょうずなアメリカじんがたくさんいます。

    There are many Americans who are good in Japanese language.

  4. 111

    にほんごがじょうずなアメリカじんがたくさんいます。

    There are many Americans who are good in Japanese language.

  5. 112

    あのせいとはかんじがじょうずです。

    That student is good at kanji.

  6. 113

    わたくしはえいごがへたです。

    I am not good at English.

  7. 114

    あのひとはよむのがじょうずです。

    That person is good at reading.

  8. 115

    かくのがへたなせいとがいます。

    There is a student who is not good at writing.

アメリカ
America; U.S.A.

People with preferences and skills · Pattern 3 2 of 2

Preference before a person

*たべるのが きらいな 人は 居ません* means "There is no one who dislikes eating."

In *きらいな 人*, *な* joins the preference word to the noun *人*.

A quality inside a larger statement

*ゴルフが 好きな 人には、 モンテレーは いい 所ですね* means "Monterey is a nice place for people who like golf."

The whole phrase *ゴルフが 好きな 人* identifies people by their preference.

  1. 116

    たべるのがきらいなひとはいません。

    There is no one who dislikes eating.

  2. 117

    にほんにはゴルフがじょうずなひとがいますか。

    Are there people in Japan who are good at golf?

  3. 118

    ええ、かなりたくさんいます。

    Yes, there are quite a few.

  4. 119

    ゴルフがすきなひとには、モンテレーはいいところですね。

    Monterey is a nice place for people who like golf, isn't it?

  5. 120

    ええ、いいゴルフコースがたくさんありますから。

    Yes, because there are many good golf courses.

  6. 121

    あなたはべんきょうがすきですか。

    Do you like studying?

  7. 122

    いいえ、べんきょうはきらいです。

    No, I dislike studying.

かなり
fairly
から。
from (See Gram. Notes)

Plain and polite statements · Pattern 4 1 of 3

Plain and polite endings

*今日は 水曜日だ* and *今日は 水曜日です* both mean "Today is Wednesday." Plain *だ* corresponds to polite *です* after the noun.

The same contrast appears in *それは 間ちがいだ* and *それは 間ちがいです*.

After a preference or skill word

NA-adjectives such as *上手* also take plain *だ* at the end of a statement.

*日本語が 上手だ* is plain, while *日本語が 上手です* is polite. Both mean "He is good at Japanese."

  1. 123

    これはいいほんだ。

    This is a good book.

  2. 124

    きょうはすいようびだ。

    Today is Wednesday.

  3. 125

    きょうはすいようびです。

    Today is Wednesday.

  4. 126

    それはまちがいだ。

    That's a mistake.

  5. 127

    それはまちがいです。

    That's a mistake.

  6. 128

    にほんごがじょうずだ。

    He's good at Japanese.

  7. 129

    にほんごがじょうずです。

    He's good at Japanese.

  8. 130

    にほんがすきだ。

    I like Japan.

  9. 131

    にほんがすきです。

    I like Japan.

間ちがい
mistake, error

Confirming facts with tags · Pattern 4 2 of 3

A plain fact

*今日は 木曜日だ* means "Today is Thursday." This is the plain *だ* used after a noun.

*そうだ* means "That is right." It confirms the preceding statement in plain speech.

After explanatory ん

*これは スミスが 書いたんだね* means "Smith wrote this, didn't he?"

A verb does not take *だ* directly. Here explanatory *ん* stands between *書いた* and *だ*.

  1. 132

    きょうはなんようびですか。

    What day of the week is it today?

  2. 133

    きょうはもくようびだ。

    Today is Thursday.

  3. 134

    それはいいほんだね。

    That's a good book, isn't it?

  4. 135

    ええ、とてもいいほんです。

    Yes, it's a very good book.

  5. 136

    これはスミスがかいたんだね。

    Smith wrote this, didn't he?

  6. 137

    そうだ。

    That's right.

  7. 138

    これはわたくしのです。

    This is mine.

  8. 139

    このはなはきれいですね。

    This flower is pretty, isn't it?

  9. 140

    これはさくらです。

    This is a cherry blossom.

さくら
cherry (flower)

Plain statements about people · Pattern 4 3 of 3

Three places for だ

*ぼうしだ* means "It is a hat." The plain ending follows the noun directly.

*さけは きらいだ* means "I dislike sake." The NA-adjective *きらい* also takes *だ*.

A verb before んだ

*あの人は 日本へ 行くんだ* means "That person is going to Japan."

Here explanatory *ん* stands between the verb *行く* and *だ*.

  1. 141

    わたくしはさかながきらいです。

    I dislike fish.

  2. 142

    あのせいとはにほんごがじょうずです。

    That student is good at Japanese.

  3. 143

    ぼうしだ。

    It's a hat.

  4. 144

    よこはまでかったんだ。

    I bought it in Yokohama.

  5. 145

    さけはきらいだ。

    I dislike sake.

  6. 146

    そうだ。

    That's right.

  7. 147

    あのひとはにほんへいくんだ。

    That person is going to Japan.

Making probable predictions · Pattern 5 1 of 2

A plain guess

*あの人は 日本語の 先生だろう* means "That person is probably a Japanese teacher." *だろう* is the plain counterpart of polite *でしょう*.

The paired polite line, *あの人は 日本語の 先生でしょう*, has the same meaning.

Guesses beyond nouns

*あの人は さかなが 好きだろう* gives a probable preference. *明日 サンフランシスコへ 行くんだろう* gives a probable event.

In each line, *だろう* marks the statement as a guess rather than a direct assertion.

  1. 148

    あれはおんなのこだろう。

    That probably is a girl.

  2. 149

    あのひとはにほんごのせんせいだろう。

    That person is probably a Japanese teacher.

  3. 150

    あのひとはにほんごのせんせいでしょう。

    That person is probably a Japanese teacher.

  4. 151

    あのひとはさかながすきだろう。

    That person probably likes fish.

  5. 152

    あのひとはさかながすきでしょう。

    That person probably likes fish.

  6. 153

    あしたサンフランシスコへいくんだろう。

    He's probably going to San Francisco tomorrow.

  7. 154

    あしたサンフランシスコへいくんでしょう。

    He's probably going to San Francisco tomorrow.

  8. 155

    あしたはあめでしょう。

    It will probably rain tomorrow.

  9. 156

    あめがふるといかないでしょう。

    If it rains, he probably won't go.

女の子
girl
でしょう。
probably (See Gram. Notes)
サンフランシスコ
San Francisco

Guessing ownership and outcomes · Pattern 5 2 of 2

Ownership and completed action

*山本さんのだろう* means "It is probably Mr. Yamamoto's." The particle *の* comes before *だろう*.

*あの人は もう かえっただろう* gives a probable completed return home. *だろう* follows the past verb directly.

Future events and qualities

*明日は 雨が 降るだろう* states a probable future event. *かん字は むずかしいだろう* states a probable quality.

Plain *だろう* can follow verbs and I-adjectives directly.

  1. 157

    どようびでしょう。

    It's probably Saturday.

  2. 158

    さかなをかいにいくんでしょう。

    You're going to buy fish, aren't you?

  3. 159

    これはあのひとのでしょう。

    This is probably that person's.

  4. 160

    やまもとさんのだろう。

    It's probably Mr. Yamamoto's.

  5. 161

    あのひとはもうかえっただろう。

    That person has probably gone home already.

  6. 162

    あしたはあめがふるだろう。

    It will probably rain tomorrow.

  7. 163

    やまもとさんはどこにいるんだろうか。

    I wonder where Mr. Yamamoto is.

  8. 164

    かんじはむずかしいだろう。

    Kanji is probably difficult.

もう
already (See Gram. Notes)
むずかしい
difficult

If conditions and responses · Pattern 6 1 of 2

A noun condition

*その 本なら、 私が もっています* means "If it is that book, I have it." *なら* follows the noun directly.

This direct noun pattern also appears in *明日なら、 行くことが 出来ます*.

Verbs and I-adjectives take の

*あなたが 行くのなら、 私も 行きます* means "If you are going, I am going too."

*さむいのなら、 これを きなさい* means "If you are cold, wear this." After a verb or I-adjective, *の* commonly precedes *なら*.

  1. 165

    A.そのほんなら、わたくしがもっています。

    If it's that book, I have it.

  2. 166

    そのほんなら、わたくしがもっています。

    If it's that book, I have it.

  3. 167

    B.あなたがいくのなら、わたくしもいきます。

    If you are going, I'm going too.

  4. 168

    あなたがいくのなら、わたくしもいきます。

    If you are going, I'm going too.

  5. 169

    C.さむいのなら、これをきなさい。

    If you are cold, wear this.

  6. 170

    さむいのなら、これをきなさい。

    If you are cold, wear this.

  7. 171

    そのざっしなら、ひゃくえんでかうことができます。

    If it's that magazine, you can buy it for one hundred yen.

  8. 172

    あしたなら、いくことができます。

    If it's tomorrow, I can go.

  9. 173

    ゴルフをやるのなら、にちようびのほうがいいです。

    If you're going to play golf, Sunday is better.

百
100
円
yen (unit of money)

Conditional advice and plans · Pattern 6 2 of 2

Advice from a condition

*あついのなら、 まどを あけなさい* means "If you are hot, open the window." The condition supports the advice.

*さむいのなら、 まどを しめなさい* uses the same form with the opposite condition and advice.

Plans from a condition

*あなたが 来るのなら、 家に 居ます* means "If you are coming, I will be home."

The *のなら* pattern makes the other person's action the condition for the plan.

  1. 174

    あついのなら、まどをあけなさい。

    If you're hot, open the window.

  2. 175

    あなたがかえるのなら、わたくしもかえります。

    If you're going home, I'll go home too.

  3. 176

    ここからサンフランシスコまで、どのぐらいかかりますか。

    How long does it take to get from here to San Francisco?

  4. 177

    ひこうきなら、じゅうごふんしかかかりません。

    By plane, it only takes fifteen minutes.

  5. 178

    このきょうしつはすこしさむいですね。

    This classroom is a little cold, isn’t it?

  6. 179

    さむいのなら、まどをしめなさい。

    If you are cold, close the window.

  7. 180

    あなたはこんばんいえにいますか。

    Will you be home tonight?

  8. 181

    あなたがくるのなら、いえにいます。

    If you're coming, I'll be home.

あつい
hot
まで、
as far as, to (See Gram. Notes)
どの
which (pre-substantive) (See Notes)
ぐらい
about
十
ten
五
five
分
minute
少し
little (quantity)
ばん
evening, night

Immediate actions after events · Pattern 7 1 of 3

The event before とすぐ

*家へ かえるとすぐ 夕はんを たべます* means "I eat dinner as soon as I get home."

In this pattern, *かえる* is the non-past first event and *たべます* is the immediate action.

Changes also set the first event

*あの人は 軍人に なるとすぐ 日本へ 行きました* means "He went to Japan as soon as he became a serviceman."

The first verb stays non-past even though the immediate action ends in the past.

  1. 182

    わたくしはがっこうへくるとすぐべんきょうをはじめます。

    I'll start studying as soon as I come to school.

  2. 183

    いえへかえるとすぐゆうはんをたべます。

    I eat dinner as soon as I get home.

  3. 184

    がっこうがおわるとすぐいえへかえります。

    I go home as soon as school is over.

  4. 185

    せいとがまちがいをするとすぐせんせいはなおします。

    As soon as a student makes a mistake, the teacher corrects it.

  5. 186

    あさおきるとすぐあさはんをたべます。

    I eat breakfast as soon as I get up in the morning.

  6. 187

    あのひとはぐんじんになるとすぐにほんへいきました。

    He went to Japan as soon as he became a serviceman.

  7. 188

    あなたはいえへかえるとすぐどうしますか。

    What do you do as soon as you get home?

  8. 189

    いえへかえるとすぐべんきょうをはじめます。

    I start studying as soon as I get home.

おわる
ends (v.i.)
朝
morning
おきる
to rise, get up (v.i.)

Immediate responses to prompts · Pattern 7 2 of 3

An immediate answer

*先生が しつもんするとすぐ 生徒は こたえます* means "As soon as the teacher asks a question, the students answer."

The non-past event before *とすぐ* sets the point after which the response happens immediately.

Morning and calls

*いいえ、 朝おきるとすぐ 朝めしを たべます* gives eating breakfast as the immediate morning action.

*先生が 生徒を よびます* and *すぐ 生徒は 来ます* present a call and the response as separate statements.

  1. 190

    せんせいがしつもんするとせいとはどうしますか。

    What do the students do when the teacher asks a question?

  2. 191

    せんせいがしつもんするとすぐせいとはこたえます。

    As soon as the teacher asks a question, the students answer.

  3. 192

    あなたはあさおきるとすぐがっこうにきますか。

    Do you come to school as soon as you get up in the morning?

  4. 193

    いいえ、あさおきるとすぐあさめしをたべます。

    No, I eat breakfast as soon as I get up in the morning.

  5. 194

    いえへかえります。

    I go home.

  6. 195

    すぐつりにでかけます。

    I immediately go fishing.

  7. 196

    せんせいがせいとをよびます。

    The teacher calls a student.

  8. 197

    すぐせいとはきます。

    The student comes immediately.

しつもん
question
朝めし
breakfast

Immediate changes and actions · Pattern 7 3 of 3

Rain and an immediate change

*雨が 降ります* means "It rains." *すぐ 草が あおくなります* means "The grass immediately turns green."

A *とすぐ* combination places the change immediately after the rain begins.

Other event and response pairs

*ざっしを 買います* is followed by *すぐ 読みます*. *朝 おきます* is followed by *すぐ まどを あけます*.

Each pair supplies a first event and the action that follows immediately.

  1. 198

    ざっしをかいます。

    I buy a magazine.

  2. 199

    すぐよみます。

    I read it immediately.

  3. 200

    あめがふります。

    It rains.

  4. 201

    すぐくさがあおくなります。

    The grass immediately turns green.

  5. 202

    あさおきます。

    I get up in the morning.

  6. 203

    すぐまどをあけます。

    I immediately open the window.

Recreation in Monterey · Reading Selection 1 of 3

Recreation in Monterey

The passage describes Monterey as a place with a good climate and many visitors. *気こうが よい 所で、 沢山の 人が あそびに 来ます* states both points.

*テニス、 水えい、 つりなどが あります* lists tennis, swimming, fishing, and similar recreation.

Facilities for visitors

*ゴルフコースや テニスコートは 沢山 あります* means that there are many golf courses and tennis courts.

  1. 204

    わたくしたちのがっこうはモンテレーにあります。

    Our school is in Monterey.

  2. 205

    ここは

    This is

  3. 206

    きこうがよいところで、たくさんのひとがあそびにきます。

    a place with a good climate, and many people come here for recreation.

  4. 207

    そして、あそびにくるひとびとのレクリエーションにはゴルフ、

    And recreational activities for visitors include golf,

  5. 208

    テニス、すいえい、つりなどがあります。

    tennis, swimming, fishing, and so on.

  6. 209

    ゴルフコースや

    There are many golf courses and

  7. 210

    テニスコートはたくさんあります。

    tennis courts.

よい
good (See Gram. Notes)
で、
--is and -- (See Grammar Notes)
ゴルフ、
golf
テニス、
tennis

Swimming and fishing in Monterey · Reading Selection 2 of 3

The ocean and rivers

The passage contrasts Monterey's pools and ocean with its lack of large rivers. *モンテレーには 大きい 川は ありません* means "There are no large rivers in Monterey."

*つりの 好きな 人々は 大てい 海に 行きます* says that people who like fishing usually go to the ocean.

People who like fishing

In *つりの 好きな 人々*, *好きな* joins the fishing preference to *人々*.

In spring and summer, *ますを つりに 行く 人も 沢山 居ます* adds that many people travel to rivers for trout.

  1. 211

    すいえいプールもたくさん

    There are also many swimming pools

  2. 212

    あります。

    here.

  3. 213

    モンテレーにはおおきいかわはありません。

    There are no large rivers in Monterey.

  4. 214

    モンテレーはうみのそばにありますから、つりのすきな

    Since Monterey is by the ocean, people who like fishing

  5. 215

    ひとびとはたいていうみにいきます。

    usually go to the ocean.

  6. 216

    はる、なつにはかわへ

    In the spring and summer, many people

  7. 217

    ますをつりにいくひともたくさんいます。

    go to rivers to fish for trout.

プール
pool
そば
vicinity
春、
spring

Personal sporting habits · Reading Selection 3 of 3

Golf after school

The narrator likes golf despite having little skill. *時々 学校から 家へ かえると すぐ ゴルフに 出かけます* describes going to play immediately after arriving home.

Other sports and conditions

*水曜日頃なら* makes around Wednesday the condition for finding few people there.

*テニスを やったり、 およいだり します* presents tennis and swimming as occasional representative activities. The narrator is not very skilled at either.

  1. 218

    わたくしはゴルフはへたです。

    I'm not good at golf.

  2. 219

    でも、すきですから、

    But since I like it,

  3. 220

    ときどきがっこうからいえへかえるとすぐゴルフにでかけます。

    I sometimes go out to play golf as soon as I get home from school.

  4. 221

    すいようびごろならゴルフコースにはあまりひとがいませんから、

    Around Wednesday, there are not many people on the golf course, so

  5. 222

    いいです。

    it's nice.

  6. 223

    たまにはテニスをやったり、およいだりしますが

    Once in a while I play tennis or go swimming, but

  7. 224

    どちらもあまりじょうずではありません。

    I'm not very good at either one.

時々
sometimes, occasionally
どちら
which of two (See Grammar Notes)

Monterey recreation questions · Questions 1 of 2

Facts about Monterey

The questions ask where the school is, whether Monterey has a good climate, and which recreation facilities it offers.

*あそびに 来る 人たちの レクリエーションには、 何が ありますか* means "What recreational activities are there for visitors?" An answer names activities from the passage.

  1. 225

    わたくしたちのがっこうはどこにありますか。

    Where is our school?

  2. 226

    そこはきこうがよいところですか。

    Is it a place with a good climate?

  3. 227

    ここへたくさんのひとびとがあそびにきますか。

    Do many people come here for recreation?

  4. 228

    あそびにくるひとたちのレクリエーションには、なにがありますか。

    What recreational activities are there for visitors?

  5. 229

    ゴルフコースがたくさんありますか。

    Are there many golf courses?

  6. 230

    テニスコートもありますか。

    Are there tennis courts too?

  7. 231

    すいえいプールがありますか。

    Are there swimming pools?

Fishing and golf questions · Questions 2 of 2

Fishing and sporting habits

The questions ask where people who like fishing go, whether the narrator dislikes golf, and which occasional activities the narrator does.

*つりの 好きな人は どこへ 行きますか* means "Where do people who like fishing go?" An answer gives the place stated in the passage.

*時々 家へ かえると すぐ 何を しますか* asks for the narrator's action immediately after arriving home.

  1. 232

    おおきいかわがありますか。

    Are there any large rivers?

  2. 233

    かわにはさかながいますか。

    Are there fish in the rivers?

  3. 234

    つりのすきなひとはどこへいきますか。

    Where do people who like fishing go?

  4. 235

    わたくしはゴルフはきらいですか。

    Do I dislike golf?

  5. 236

    ときどきいえへかえるとすぐなにをしますか。

    Sometimes, what do you do as soon as you get home?

  6. 237

    なんようびごろゴルフコースにはひとがあんまりいませんか。

    Around which day of the week are there not very many people on the golf course?

  7. 238

    わたくしはたまにはなにをやりますか。

    What do I do once in a while?

Words for sports facilities · Word list 1 of 4

Sports and places

The words cover recreation and the facilities where activities take place. *ゴルフ* means "golf," while *ゴルフ コース* means "golf course."

*テニス* means "tennis," while *テニスコート* means "tennis court." The entries separate an activity from its facility.

  1. 239

    しゅうまつ

    weekend

  2. 240

    レクリエーション

    recreation

  3. 241

    ゴルフ

    golf

  4. 242

    テニス

    tennis

  5. 243

    ゴルフコース

    golf course

  6. 244

    テニスコート

    tennis court

  7. 245

    プール

    pool

  8. 246

    すいえい

    swimming

  9. 247

    ボーリング

    bowling

  10. 248

    ハイキング

    hiking

週まつ
weekend
ゴルフコース
golf course
テニスコート
tennis court
水えい
swimming
ハイキング
hiking

Words for outdoor recreation · Word list 2 of 4

Outdoor recreation

The words cover climate, time, fishing, and swimming. *気こう* means "climate," and *夕方* means "evening."

*つり* means "fishing," *ます* means "trout," and *さかな* means "fish." The verb *およぐ* means "to swim."

  1. 249

    ローラースケート

    roller skate

  2. 250

    すいじょうスキー

    water-ski

  3. 251

    きこう

    climate

  4. 252

    ゆうがた

    evening

  5. 253

    つり

    fishing

  6. 254

    かわ

    river

  7. 255

    ます

    trout

  8. 256

    さかな

    fish

  9. 257

    やる

    to do

  10. 258

    およぐ

    to swim

ローラースケート
roller skate
水上スキー
water-ski
気こう
climate
およぐ
to swim

Ability, preference and condition words · Word list 3 of 4

Ability, preference, and conditions

The words cover ability and preference. *上手* means "skillful," *下手* means "unskilled," and *好き* and *きらい* express preference.

*だ* is the plain equivalent of *DESU*, while *なら* means "if it is."

*たり---たりする* means "do such things as." It presents representative actions in a paired series.

  1. 259

    つる

    to fish

  2. 260

    へた

    unskilled, poor in doing things

  3. 261

    じょうず

    skillful, fluent (See Grammar Notes)

  4. 262

    すき

    to like, be fond of (See Grammar Notes)

  5. 263

    きらい

    dislike (See Gram. Notes)

  6. 264

    だ

    to be (informal equivalent of DESU. See Grammar Notes)

  7. 265

    なら

    if it is (See Gram. Notes)

  8. 266

    たり---たりする

    do such things as (See Grammar Notes)

  9. 267

    でも

    however, but

  10. 268

    そうですね。

    Well, let me see.

つる
to fish
たり---たりする
do such things as (See Grammar Notes)
でも
however, but
そうですね。
Well, let me see.

Words for facilities and immediacy · Word list 4 of 4

Activities, places, and immediacy

The phrases pair activities with places. *プールで およぎます* names swimming in a pool, and *で* marks the place.

*テニスコートで テニスを します* names playing tennis on a tennis court.

*---とすぐ* means "as soon as" or "immediately," while *それに* means "besides."

  1. 269

    ---とすぐ

    as soon as, immediately (See Grammar Notes)

  2. 270

    それに

    besides

  3. 271

    ボーリングをやります。

    bowling

  4. 272

    ハイキングをやります。

    hiking

  5. 273

    すいじょうスキーをやります。

    water-ski

  6. 274

    ローラースケートをやります。

    roller skate

  7. 275

    プールでおよぎます。

    pool

  8. 276

    テニスコートでテニスをします。

    tennis court

---とすぐ
as soon as, immediately (See Grammar Notes)
それに
besides
ボーリングをやります。
bowling
ハイキングをやります。
hiking
水上スキーをやります。
water-ski
ローラースケートをやります。
roller skate
プールでおよぎます。
pool
テニスコートでテニスをします。
tennis court

The particulars

The course
Defense Language Institute, Japanese Basic Course, 1967 to 1971. Public domain. The teaching pages and the narration are ours.
Reading aloud
Digital narration, directed by 1732 Studios.
The book
Botchan, the work this course leads to, free to read here.
Data
JSON · Markdown · A guide for agents
Two whoopie pies and a pine. An inside joke.