Japanese · Lesson 28
Lesson 28
Sounds, kana, and the first conversations
Weekend sports in Monterey · Dialogue 1 of 4
Weekend sports in Monterey
Two people discuss weekend recreation in Monterey. *週まつには 人々は どんなことを しますか* means "What sort of things do people do during weekends?"
*みんな ゴルフを やったり、 テニスを やったり します* means "They all play golf, tennis, and such."
A thought and a list
In *とても いい 所だと 思います*, *だ* stands inside the thought "it is a very nice place."
In *ゴルフを やったり、 テニスを やったり します*, the two *たり* forms present golf and tennis as representative activities.
Kanji: 所
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 1
モンテレーはいいところですね。
Monterey is a nice place, isn't it?
モンテレーMontereyはtopicいいnice所placeですisね。right? - 2
ええ、とてもいいところだとおもいます。
Yes, I think it's a very nice place.
ええ、yesとてもveryいいnice所placeだisとquote思いthinkます。polite - 3
しゅうまつにはひとびとはどんなことをしますか。
What sort of things do people do during weekends?
週weekendまつweekendにduringはtopic人々peopleはtopicどんなwhat sort ofことthingsをobjectしdoますpoliteか。question - 4
みんなゴルフをやったり、テニスをやったりします。
They all play golf, tennis, and such.
みんなeveryoneゴルフgolfをobjectやっplayたり、playテニスtennisをobjectやっplayたりplayしdoます。polite - 5
あなたはゴルフやテニスをやりますか。
Do you play golf and tennis?
あなたyouはtopicゴルフgolfやandテニスtennisをobjectやりplayますpoliteか。question
DA
Inflections
DA is the informal equivalent of the copula DESU, and it is inflected as follows:
Name of Form | Form
Basic form | DA
Attributive form | NA
Conditional form | NARA (BA)
Conjectural form | DAROO
TE form | DE
-TA form | DATTA
The informal copula DA occurs only following nouns and pronouns and particles, e.g.,
Informal | Formal
KORE WA II HON DA. | KORE WA II HON DESU.
ARE WA TAROO DA. | ARE WA TAROO DESU.
"This is a good book."
"That's Taro."
Informal | Formal
SOO DA. | SOO DESU.
HANAKO WA EIGO GA JOOZU DA. | HANAKO WA EIGO GA JOOZU DESU.
KORE WA JIROO NO DA. | KORE WA JIROO NO DESU.
TOOKYOO KARA DA. | TOOKYOO KARA DESU.
"That's right." "Hanako is fluent in English." "This is Jiro's." "It's from Tokyo."
DA never occurs directly following verbs and I-adjectives. However, it occurs after N(O) 'matter' preceded by verbs or I-adjectives, e.g.,
ASHITA IKU N(O) DA. "I'm going tomorrow."
SORE WA WARUI N(O) DA. "That's bad."
KINOO ITTA N(O) DA. "I went yesterday."
SHIRANAI N(O) DA. "I don't know."
Uses of NARA
The conditional form of NARA occurs immediately after any word. However, N(O) 'matter' occurs frequently between verbs or I-adjectives and NARA. Thus, NARA functions almost like a particle and it means 'if (provided) it is, if (provided) something happens,' e.g.,
SUKIYAKI NARA, TABEMASU. "If it's SUKIYAKI, I'll eat."
SOKO NARA, YASUI DESHOO. "If it's that place, it's probably cheaper."
TANAKA-SAN NARA, SHITTE IMASU. "Mr. Tanaka knows it." (Lit: If it's Mr. Tanaka, then he knows it.)
SAMUI (NO) NARA, MADO O OSHIME NASAI. "If it's cold, close the window."
GORUFU O YARU (NO) NARA, ASHITA NO HOO GA II DESU. "If we play golf, tomorrow is better."
Use of DAROO
DAROO is the informal equivalent of DESHOO, and it is the less positive and less direct equivalent of DA. Thus, it informally infers the speaker's conjecture or guess, e.g.,
TANAKA WA SENSEI DAROO. "Tanaka is probably a teacher."
HOKKAIDOO NO FUYU WA SAMUI (N) DAROO. "I guess it's cold in the winter in HOKKAIDOO."
ASHITA WA ATSUI (N) DAROO. "It'll probably be hot tomorrow."
SASHIMI WA TABENAI (N) DAROO. "He probably won't eat SASHIMI."
RAISHUU KAERU (N) DAROO. "He'll probably be back next week."
MOO ITTA (N) DAROO. "He's probably gone already."
TOMODACHI KARA DAROO. "It's probably from his friend."YO
Like the question particle KA, YO occurs at the end of sentences. It is a particle of emphasis, meaning that the sentence which contains it is being stated with assurance, e.g.,
SOO DESU YO. "That's (absolutely) right."
SHOOSA JA ARIMASEN. TAI-I DESU YO. "He is not Major. He is Captain."
In informal speech, the occurrence of DA at the end of sentences, and before the sentence-particle YO, is typical of men's speech. The omission of DA at the end of sentences occurs in the speech of both men and women, but before the sentence-particle, normally in the speech of
women.
Examples:
Formal (Men and Woman) | Informal (Men) | Informal (Women)
SOO DESU. | SOO DA. or SOO. | SOO.
SOO DESU YO. | SOO DA YO. | SOO YO.--TARI --TARI SURU
The -TARI form of the verb, I-adjective, and copula is formed by adding -RI to the -TA form, e.g.,
Basic form | -TA form | -TARI form
KAKU | KAITA | KAITARI
IKU | ITTA | ITTARI
HANASU | HANASHITA | HANASHITARI
TATSU | TATTA | TATTARI
FURU | FUTTA | FUTTARI
TSUKAU | TSUKATTA | TSUKATTARI
TOBU | TONDA | TONDARI
YOMU | YONDA | YONDARI
SHINU | SHINDA | SHINDARI
OYOGU | OYOIDA | OYOIDARI
| |
OKIRU | OKITA | OKITARI
TABERU | TABETA | TABETARI
KURU | KITA | KITARI
SURU | SHITA | SHITARI
Normally two -TARI forms occur within one sentence although there are occasions when only one or more than two -TARI forms occur in one sentence. The -TARI form occurring last in the series is usually followed by a form of the verb SURU 'do.' The -TARI form implies several meanings. It is used to state an action that is representative of several. -TARI forms may be used in pairs to show either alternative, distributive, or representative actions. Sometimes three or more -TARI forms may occur within one sentence to show either distributive or representative actions.
Examples:
Representative
SHUUMATSU NI WA GORUFU O SHITARI SHITE, UNDOO SHIMASU. "I play golf (among other things) and do exercise during weekends."
SUMISU-SAN WA MAIBAN YOSHUU SHITARI FUKUSHUU SHITARI SHITE, YOKU BENKYOO SHIMASU. "Mr. Smith reviews and prepares lessons and (thus) studies hard every night."
Alternative
KODOMO GA DETARI HAITTARI SHITE, YOKU BENKYOO SURU KOTO GA DEKIMASEN. "The children get in and out so I can't study well."
GURIIN-SAN WA GINZA O ITTARI KITARI SHIMASHITA. "Mr. Green went back and forth on Ginza."
Distributive
SEITO-TACHI WA JI O KAITARI, HON O YONDARI, HANASHITARI SHITE, FUKUSHUU SHITE IMASU. "The students are writing characters, reading books, or talking and (thus) they are reviewing lessons."NA-adjectives
Copula nouns
The word SUKI 'fond, likable' is a special kind of noun. It occurs before the copula DESU or DA, e.g.,
WATAKUSHI WA KODOMO GA SUKI DESU. "I am fond of children" or "I like children."
In previous lessons, many examples of the noun plus NO plus noun construction have been introduced, in which the first noun describes the second, e.g.,
NIPPONGO NO SEITO 'students of the Japanese language'
KAIHEITAI NO GOCHOO 'a corporal in the Marine Corps'
NIPPON NO GAKKOO 'schools in Japan'
ANATA NO HON 'your book'
However, when SUKI describes another noun, NA instead of NO occurs between the two words, e.g.,
SUKI NA HITO 'a person that someone likes (or is fond of)'
All such words describe qualities and they are called copula nouns (KEIYOO DOOSHI), but since not all quality words are copula nouns, they must be memorized as they are introduced. The copula nouns previously introduced are: GENKI 'good spirits,' KIREI 'pretty, neat, clean,' HETA 'unskillful,' JOOZU 'skillful,' and KIRAI 'dislikable.'
A copula noun plus NA, therefore, forms a NA-adjective.
Copula nouns generally do not occur as the subject of sentences.
Inflections of NA-adjectives
NA-adjectives are inflected as follows:
Name of form | Form
Adverbial form | NI
Basic form | DA (or DESU)
Attributive form | NA
Conditional form | NARA(BA)
Conjectural form | DAROO (or DESHOO)
TE form | DE (or DESHITE)
-TA form | DATTA (or DESHITA)
Note that the inflections of NA-adjectives are the same as those of the copula DA except that the former has the additional form NI called 'adverbial.'
Uses of the inflected forms of NA-adjectives.
All the inflected forms of NA-adjectives except their adverbial and attributive forms are used exactly like those of the copula DA.
The adverbial form NI is used as an adverb, e.g.,
BURAUN-SAN WA NIPPONGO O JOOZU NI HANASHIMASU. "Mr. Brown speaks Japanese fluently."
SUMISU-SAN WA KANJI O KIREI NI KAKIMASHITA. "Mr. Smith wrote KANJI neatly."
As was described previously, the attributive form NA is used to describe a noun that follows it as in the following example:
SUMISU-SAN WA KIREI NA KANJI O KAKIMASHITA. "Mr. Smith wrote neat KANJI."
Note in the following examples that, unlike I-adjectives, the form of NA-adjectives for attributive use differs from that for predicative use:
Attributive | Predicate
KORE WA CHIISAI HEYA DESU. | KONO HEYA WA CHIISAI DESU.
"This is a small room." | "This room is small."
KORE WA KIREI NA HANA DESU. | KONO HANA WA KIREI DESU.
"This is a pretty flower." | "This flower is pretty."
When NA-word like SUKI is used in an expression like "I like something," the particle GA is used instead of O, e.g.,
WATAKUSHI WA ANO KATA GA SUKI DESU. "I like that person."
TANAKA-SAN WA TSURI GA SUKI DESHOO. "I think Mr. Tanaka likes fishing."
TAROO WA HANAKO GA SUKI DE, MAINICHI ISSHO NI ASONDE IMASU. "Taro likes Hanako and he plays with her everyday."
JIROO WA YOSHIKO GA SUKI DESHITA. "Jiro liked Yoshiko."Non-past (or basic) form of a verb plus TO plus SUGU (NI).
The word SUGU means 'immediately, soon,' and it may be followed by NI without changing its meaning, e.g.,
SUGU KITE KUDASAI. "Please come immediately."
The construction 'non-past (or basic) form of a verb plus TO SUGU (NI)' means 'as soon as (someone does something or something happens),' e.g.,
UCHI E KAERU TO SUGU, YUUHAN O TABEMASU. "I eat dinner as soon as I go home."
ASA OKIRU TO SUGU, MADO O AKEMASU. "I open windows as soon as I get up in the morning."- モンテレー
- Monterey
- は
- leaves
- いい
- good (See Gram. Notes)
- です
- to be (See Gram. Notes)
- ね。
- isn't it (See Grammar Notes)
- ええ、
- Yes
- とても
- very, indeed
- だ
- to be (informal equivalent of DESU. See Grammar Notes)
- と
- and (See Gram. Notes)
- ます。
- trout
- に
- on (See Gram. Notes)
- 人々
- people
- どんな
- what kind of; what sort of
- を
- particle denoting direct object (See Pattern Drill)
- し
- city
- か。
- either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)
- みんな
- all
- ゴルフ
- golf
- テニス
- tennis
- や
- and---among others (See Gram. Notes)
Arranging a golf game · Dialogue 2 of 4
Arranging a golf game
Two people compare their ability and preferences, then arrange a golf game. *私は ゴルフが 好きです* means "I like golf."
In *ゴルフを やるのなら、 明日が いいですが*, playing golf is the condition for preferring tomorrow.
Preference and condition
In *テニスは きらいですから、 ほとんど やりません*, dislike gives the reason for hardly playing tennis.
In *ゴルフを やるのなら*, *のなら* makes playing golf the condition for choosing tomorrow.
Kanji: 好
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
Kanji: 上, 下
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 6
ゴルフはやりますがへたです。テニスはきらいですから、ほとんどやりません。
I play golf but I am not good at it. I dislike tennis, so I hardly ever play it.
ゴルフgolfはtopicやりplayますpoliteがbut下手unskilledです。isテニスtennisはtopicきらいdislikeですisから、becauseほとんどhardly everやりplayませnot, politeん。not, polite - 7
わたくしはゴルフがすきです。じょうずではありませんがね。
I like golf. I'm not good at it, though.
私Iはtopicゴルフgolfがsubject好きlikeです。is上手skillfulでisはtopicありbeませnot, politeんnot, politeがthoughね。right? - 8
では、いつかやりましょうか。
Shall we play sometime, then?
でthenは、thenいつwhenかsomeやりplayましょうlet'sか。question - 9
そうですね。ゴルフをやるのなら、あしたがいいですが、どこでやりましょうか。
Well. If we are going to play golf, tomorrow will be nice, but where shall we play?
そうsoですisね。right?ゴルフgolfをobjectやるplayのthe caseなら、if明日tomorrowがsubjectいいgoodですisが、butどこwhereでatやりplayましょうlet'sか。question - 10
フォートオードのコースはどうですか。
How about a course at Fort Ord?
フォートFortオードOrdの'sコースgolf courseはtopicどうhowですisか。question
- ます
- trout
- が
- but (See Gram. Notes)
- 下手
- unskilled, poor in doing things
- です。
- to be (See Gram. Notes)
- きらい
- dislike (See Gram. Notes)
- から、
- from (See Gram. Notes)
- ほとんど
- almost (See Gram. Notes)
- 好き
- to like, be fond of (See Grammar Notes)
- 上手
- skillful, fluent (See Grammar Notes)
- で
- --is and -- (See Grammar Notes)
- いつ
- when?
- か
- either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)
- ましょう
- let's (See Gram. Notes)
- やる
- to do
- の
- See Grammar Notes
- なら、
- if it is (See Gram. Notes)
- 明日
- tomorrow
Swimming and other recreation · Dialogue 3 of 4
A course and other recreation
The speakers choose a military golf course, then discuss swimming and other recreation. *そこなら、 外の 所より 安いです* means "It will be cheaper there than other places."
*その 外 どんな レクリエーションが ありますか* means "What other recreations are there?"
A place as the condition
In *そこなら*, *なら* presents that place as the condition for the comparison.
*夕方には 大てい さむくなります* adds that it usually gets cold in the evening.
Kanji: 軍, 外
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
Kanji: 安, 夕
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 11
そうですね。ぐんじんのコースですから、そこなら、ほかのところよりやすいです。
Well, since it's a course for military personnel, it will be cheaper there than other places.
そうsoですisね。right?軍人military personnelのforコースgolf courseですisから、becauseそこthereなら、if there外otherのof所placesよりthan安いcheapです。is - 12
では、そこでやりましょう。
Let's play there, then.
でthenは、thenそこthereでatやりplayましょう。let's - 13
あなたはすいえいをやりますか。
Do you swim?
あなたyouはtopic水swimmingえいswimmingをobjectやりdoますpoliteか。question - 14
たまにやりますが、ここのきこうはあつくないから、あまりおよぎません。ゆうがたにはたいていさむくなります。
Once in a while I swim, but the climate here is not hot, so I don't swim very much. It usually gets cold in the evening.
たまにoccasionallyやりdoますpoliteが、butここhereの's気climateこうclimateはtopicあつくhotないnotから、becauseあまりvery muchおよぎswimませnot, politeん。not, polite夕方eveningにinはtopic大ていusuallyさむくcoldなりbecomeます。polite - 15
そのほかどんなレクリエーションがありますか。
What other recreations are there?
そのthat外besidesどんなwhat kind ofレクリエーションrecreationがsubjectありexistますpoliteか。question
- そこ
- there
- より
- than (See Gram. Notes)
- は、
- leaves
- ましょう。
- let's (See Gram. Notes)
- たまに
- rarely, once in a while
- が、
- but (See Gram. Notes)
- ここ
- here
- 夕方
- evening
- レクリエーション
- recreation
Fishing in rivers and sea · Dialogue 4 of 4
Fishing after school
The speakers discuss fishing in rivers and the sea. *川には ますが 居ます* means "There are trout in the stream."
*夏には 学校から かえると すぐ、 ほとんど 毎日 出かけます* means "In summer I go almost every day as soon as I come home from school."
One event immediately after another
In *かえると すぐ*, coming home is followed immediately by going out.
The verb *かえる* is non-past, while *出かけます* states the action that follows.
Kanji: 出
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
Kanji: 川
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 16
つりがあります。
There is fishing.
つりfishingがsubjectありexistます。polite - 17
あなたはつりをやるんですか。
Do you fish?
あなたyouはtopicつりfishをobjectやるdoんthe caseですisか。question - 18
ええ、なつにはがっこうからかえるとすぐ、ほとんどまいにちでかけます。
Yes, in summer I go almost everyday as soon as I come home from school.
ええ、yes夏summerにinはtopic学校schoolからfromかえるreturn homeとwhenすぐ、immediatelyほとんどalmost毎日every day出かけgo outます。polite - 19
どんなさかながいますか。
What sort of fish are there?
どんなwhat kind ofさかなfishがsubject居existますpoliteか。question - 20
かわにはますがいます。うみにはいろいろのさかながたくさんいます。
There are trout in the stream. There are many kinds of fish in the sea.
川streamにinはtopicますtroutがsubject居existます。polite海seaにinはtopicいろいろvariousのofさかなfishがsubject沢山many居existます。polite
- つり
- fishing
- 夏
- summer
- から
- from (See Gram. Notes)
- すぐ、
- right away, immediately
- さかな
- fish
- 川
- river
- 海
- sea, ocean
Listing varied activities · Perception drill, Block 1
Writing, reading, and such
*書いたり、 読んだり します* means "I write, read, and such." The two actions are representative, not a complete sequence.
A たり form adds *り* to the past form. *書いた* becomes *書いたり*, and *読んだ* becomes *読んだり*.
The last action takes する
Paired たり forms normally end with a form of *する*. In *日本語を べんきょうしたり、 さんぽしたり します*, *します* completes the series.
Here studying Japanese and taking walks are examples of what the speaker does.
- 21
---たり---たりする。
to do --- among other things" "Sometimes do --- and sometimes do ---
---somethingたり---among other thingsたりamong other thingsする。do - 22
かいたり、よんだりします。
I write, read, and such.
書いwriteたり、among other things読んreadだりamong other thingsしdoます。polite - 23
みたり、きいたりします。
I look, listen, and such.
見lookたり、among other things聞いlistenたりamong other thingsしdoます。polite - 24
べんきょうしたり、あそんだりします。
I study, play, and such.
べんきょうstudyしdoたり、among other thingsあそんplayだりamong other thingsしdoます。polite - 25
たったり、こしかけたりします。
I stand up, sit down, and such.
たっstand upたり、among other thingsこしかけsit downたりamong other thingsしdoます。polite - 26
あなたはどようびにはなにをしますか。
What do you do on Saturdays?
あなたyouはtopic土曜Saturday日Saturdayにonはtopic何whatをobjectしdoますpoliteか。question - 27
にほんごをべんきょうしたり、さんぽしたりします。
I study Japanese, take walks, and such.
日本Japanese語Japaneseをobjectべんきょうstudyしdoたり、among other thingsさんぽtake walksしdoたりamong other thingsしdoます。polite - 28
にちようびにはなにをしますか。
What do you do on Sundays?
日曜Sunday日Sundayにonはtopic何whatをobjectしdoますpoliteか。question - 29
しんぶんやざっしをよんだり、こどもたちとあそんだりします。
I read newspapers and magazines, play with the children, and such.
しんぶんnewspapersやand suchざっしmagazinesをobject読んreadだり、among other things子供childrenたちpluralとwithあそんplayだりamong other thingsしdoます。polite - 30
あなたはよるいえでどんなことをしますか。
What sort of things do you do at home in the evening?
あなたyouはtopic夜evening家homeでatどんなwhat kind ofことthingsをobjectしdoますpoliteか。question - 31
ふくしゅうしたり、よしゅうしたりします。
I review, prepare for lessons, and such.
ふくしゅうreviewしdoたり、among other thingsよprepare lessonsしゅうprepare lessonsしdoたりamong other thingsしdoます。polite
- さんぽ
- strolling
- 夜
- night, evening
- 家
- house, home
- ふくしゅう
- review
- しゅう
- state
Plain statements and probability · Perception drill, Block 2
Plain だ and probable だろう
*これは いい 本だ* means "This is a good book." After a noun, plain *だ* corresponds to polite *です*.
*あの人は 知らないだろう* means "He probably does not know." Plain *だろう* states a guess and can follow a verb directly.
Assurance at the end
*SOO DESU YO* means "That is absolutely right." Final *YO* shows that the speaker states the sentence with assurance.
In informal speech, men may say *SOO DA YO*. Women normally omit *DA* before *YO* and say *SOO YO*.
- 32
これはいいほんだ。
This is a good book.
これthisはtopicいいgood本bookだ。is - 33
あのひとはしらないだろう。
He probably doesn't know.
あのthat人personはtopic知らknowないnotだろう。probably - 34
いいあめだね。
It's a nice rain, isn't it?
いいnice雨rainだisね。right? - 35
これできやくさがあおくなるだろう。
This will probably make the trees and grass green.
これthisでwith木treesやand such草grassがsubjectあおくgreenなるbecomeだろう。probably - 36
やまもとさんはにほんへいきますか。
Is Mr. Yamamoto going to Japan?
山本YamamotoさんMr.はtopic日本Japanへtoward行きgoますpoliteか。question - 37
ええ、いくだろうとおもいます。
Yes, I think he probably will.
ええ、yes行くgoだろうprobablyとquote思いthinkます。polite - 38
モンテレーはいいところだとおもいますか。
Do you think Monterey is a nice place?
モンテレーMontereyはtopicいいnice所placeだisとquote思いthinkますpoliteか。question - 39
ええ、とてもいいところだとおもいます。
Yes, I think it's a very nice place.
ええ、yesとてもveryいいnice所placeだisとquote思いthinkます。polite - 40
きょうはかようびだね。
Today is Tuesday, isn't it?
今日todayはtopic火曜Tuesday日Tuesdayだisね。right? - 41
そうだ。
That's right.
そうthat wayだ。is
- 本
- numerical counter for counting long slender objects (See Notes)
- だ。
- to be (informal equivalent of DESU. See Grammar Notes)
- 人
- people
- 雨
- rain
- 木
- tree, wood
- へ
- to (See Gram. Notes)
- 今日
- today
Conditional statements with if · Perception drill, Block 3
If this is the case
*ひらがななら 知っています* means "If you mean hiragana, I know it." Here *なら* directly follows the noun condition.
*あなたが 行くのなら、 私も 行きます* means "If you are going, I will go too." After the verb, *の* comes before *なら*.
- 42
なら
if", "if it is
ならif it is - 43
ひらがなならしっています。
If you mean hiragana, I know it.
ひらがなhiraganaならif it is知っknowてknowいknowます。know - 44
じどうしゃならはやいです。
If you mean an automobile, it is fast.
じどうautomobileしゃautomobileならif it isはやいfastです。is - 45
いいてんきならいきます。
If the weather is good, I will go.
いいgood天気weatherならif it is行きgoます。polite - 46
あなたがいくのなら、わたくしもいきます。
If you are going, I will go too.
あなたyouがsubject行くgoのthe caseなら、if私Iもtoo行きgoます。polite - 47
あなたがいかないのなら、わたくしもいきません。
If you aren't going, I won't go either.
あなたyouがsubject行かgoないnotのthe caseなら、if私Iもeither行きgoませnot, politeん。not, polite - 48
さむいのなら、これをきなさい。
If you're cold, put this on.
さむいcoldのthe caseなら、ifこれthisをobjectきput onなさい。command - 49
はくぼくはどこにありますか。
Where is the chalk?
はくchalkぼくchalkはtopicどこwhereにinありexistますpoliteか。question - 50
はくぼくなら、そのおおきいはこのなかにあります。
If you mean the chalk, it is in that large box.
はくchalkぼくchalkなら、if it isそのthat大きいlargeはboxこのbox中insideにinありexistます。polite - 51
あのじどうしゃをかいませんか。
Won't you buy that automobile?
あのthatじどうautomobileしゃautomobileをobject買いbuyませnot, politeんnot, politeか。question - 52
やすいのならかいますが、やすいんですか。
I'll buy it if it's cheap, but is it cheap?
安いcheapのthe caseならif買いbuyますpoliteが、but安いcheapんthe caseですisか。question - 53
さむいのなら、これをきなさい。
If you're cold, put this on.
さむいcoldのthe caseなら、ifこれthisをobjectきput onなさい。command - 54
ありがとうございますが、さむくはありません。
Thank you, but I'm not cold.
ありがとうthank youございthank youますthank youが、butさむくcoldはtopicありbeませnot, politeん。not, polite - 55
これはみんなのひとがかうのですか。
Does everyone buy this?
これthisはtopicみんなeveryoneのof人peopleがsubject買うbuyのthe caseですisか。question - 56
そうです。
That's right.
そうthat is rightです。is - 57
みんなのひとがかうのなら、わたくしもかいます。
If everyone buys it, I will buy it too.
みんなeveryoneのof人peopleがsubject買うbuy itのthe caseなら、if私Iもtoo買いbuy itます。polite
- なら
- if it is (See Gram. Notes)
- ひらがな
- HIRAGANA syllabary
- はやい
- fast, quick, early
- 天気
- weather
- さむい
- cold
- き
- counter for airplanes (See Gram. Notes)
- はく
- to wear (on feet or legs)
- 買う
- to buy
Actions happening immediately · Perception drill, Block 4
As soon as it happens
*家へ かえると すぐ しんぶんを 読みます* means "I read the newspaper as soon as I get home."
A non-past verb plus *と すぐ* means that the next event happens immediately. *に* may follow *すぐ* without changing the meaning.
The first event stays non-past
*雨が 降ると すぐ あおく なります* means "It turns green as soon as it rains."
The event before *とすぐ* uses the non-past form, while the ending states the resulting change.
- 58
がっこうからかえるとすぐ(に)でかけます。
As soon as I come home from school, I go out.
学校schoolからfromかえるcome homeとas soon asすぐimmediately(に)then出かけgo outます。polite - 59
あなたはいえへかえるとすぐなにをしますか。
What do you do as soon as you get home?
あなたyouはtopic家homeへtowardかえるget homeとas soon asすぐimmediately何whatをobjectしdoますpoliteか。question - 60
いえへかえるとすぐしんぶんをよみます。
I read the newspaper as soon as I get home.
家homeへtowardかえるget homeとas soon asすぐimmediatelyしんぶんnewspaperをobject読みreadます。polite - 61
あなたはいえへかえるとすぐよしゅうをはじめますか。
Do you start preparing for your lessons as soon as you get home?
あなたyouはtopic家homeへtowardかえるget homeとas soon asすぐimmediatelyよlesson preparationしゅうlesson preparationをobjectはじめstartますpoliteか。question - 62
いいえ、ゆうはんのあとでよしゅうやふくしゅうをします。
No, I prepare for my lessons and review after dinner.
いいえ、no夕はんdinnerのof後afterでatよlesson preparationしゅうlesson preparationやand suchふくしゅうreviewをobjectしdoます。polite - 63
いま、やまのくさはちゃいろですね。
The grass on the mountains is brown now, isn’t it?
今、now山mountainsのon草grassはtopicちゃいろbrownですisね。right? - 64
ええ、でもあめがふるとすぐあおくなります。
Yes, but it turns green as soon as it rains.
ええ、yesでbutもbut雨rainがsubject降るfallsとwhenすぐimmediatelyあおくgreenなりbecomeます。polite - 65
こどもさんたちはどうしましたか。
What did the children do?
子供childrenさんpolite titleたちpluralはtopicどうwhatしdoましpoliteたpastか。question - 66
あなたをみるとすぐいえのなかにはいりました。
As soon as they saw you, they went into the house.
あなたyouをobject見るsawとas soon asすぐimmediately家houseのof中insideにintoはいりwent inましpoliteた。past
- すぐ
- right away, immediately
- (に)
- on (See Gram. Notes)
- はじめ
- beginning
- 山
- mountain
- ちゃいろ
- brown
- 降る
- to fall (rain) (v.i.)
Skill, preference and appearance · Perception drill, Block 5
Quality words before です
*あの生徒の 日本語は きれいです* means "That student's Japanese is beautiful." *きれい* describes a quality but is not an I-adjective.
*上手*, *下手*, *好き*, *きらい*, and *きれい* belong to the same group. Each can stand before *です*.
な before a noun
Before a noun, these words take *な* and form a NA-adjective. *KORE WA KIREI NA HANA DESU* means "This is a pretty flower."
At the end of *あの生徒の 日本語は きれいです*, there is no *な*.
- 67
じょうず、へた、すき、きらい、きれい
skillful", "unskillful", "like", "dislike", "pretty
上手、skillful下手、unskillful好き、likeきらい、dislikeきれいpretty - 68
あのせいとのにほんごはきれいです。
That student's Japanese is beautiful.
あのthat生徒studentの's日本Japanese語Japaneseはtopicきれいbeautifulです。is
- 上手、
- skillful, fluent (See Grammar Notes)
- 下手、
- unskilled, poor in doing things
- 好き、
- to like, be fond of (See Grammar Notes)
- きらい、
- dislike (See Gram. Notes)
Listing activities and events · Pattern 1 1 of 3
Examples, not a full sequence
*テニスを やったり、 ゴルフを やったり します* means "I play tennis and golf among other things."
The two sports are examples of the activities the speaker does, not a complete sequence.
Events also use the pattern
*冬には 雨が 降ったり、 雪が 降ったり します* means "In winter, it rains, snows, and such."
Here the paired forms present rain and snow as representative winter events.
- 69
テニスをやったり、ゴルフをやったりします。
I play tennis and golf among other things.
テニスtennisをobjectやっplayたり、and suchゴルフgolfをobjectやっplayたりand suchしdoます。polite - 70
ふゆにはあめがふったり、ゆきがふったりします。
In winter, it rains, snows, and such.
冬winterにinはtopic雨rainがsubject降っfallたり、and such雪snowがsubject降っfallたりand suchしdoます。polite - 71
にちようびには、さんぽしたり、つりにいったりします。
On Sundays, I take walks, go fishing, and such.
日曜Sunday日Sundayにonは、topicさんぽtake walksしdoたり、and suchつりfishingにto行っgoたりand suchしdoます。polite - 72
にほんではひとびとはくつをはいたり、げたをはいたりします。
In Japan, people wear shoes, wooden clogs, and such.
日本Japanでinはtopic人々peopleはtopicくつshoesをobjectはいwearたり、and suchげたwooden clogsをobjectはいwearたりand suchしdoます。polite - 73
あめがふったり、かぜがふいたりします。
It rains, the wind blows, and such.
雨rainがsubject降っfallたり、and suchかぜwindがsubjectふいblowたりand suchしdoます。polite - 74
がっこうではほんをよんだり、じをかいたりします。
At school, we read books, write characters, and such.
学校schoolでatはtopic本booksをobject読んreadだり、and such字charactersをobject書いwriteたりand suchしdoます。polite - 75
にほんじんはどんなものをきますか。
What sort of things do Japanese people wear?
日本Japanese people人Japanese peopleはtopicどんなwhat sort ofものthingsをobjectきwearますpoliteか。question - 76
きものをきたり、ようふくをきたりします。
They wear kimonos, Western-style clothes, and such.
きものkimonosをobjectきwearたり、and suchようふくWestern clothesをobjectきwearたりand suchしdoます。polite - 77
せんしゅうのにちようびにはどんなことをしましたか。
What sort of things did you do last Sunday?
先週last weekのof日曜Sunday日Sundayにonはtopicどんなwhat sort ofことthingsをobjectしdoましpoliteたpastか。question
- 冬
- winter
- 雪
- snow
- くつ
- shoes
- げた
- wooden clogs
- かぜ
- wind
- もの
- things (tangible)
- きもの
- KIMONO
- ようふく
- suit, western-style clothes
- 先週
- last week
Recreation, school and movement · Pattern 1 2 of 3
Present and past series
*つりを したり、 ボーリングを したり します* means "I fish, bowl, and such." The final *します* places the series in the non-past.
*ゴルフを やったり、 ともだちの 家へ 行ったり しました* means "I played golf, went to a friend's house, and such."
The ending sets the time
The たり forms remain unchanged. The final *します* or *しました* sets the series in the non-past or past.
- 78
ゴルフをやったり、ともだちのいえへいったりしました。
I played golf, went to a friend's house, and such.
ゴルフgolfをobjectやっplayたり、and suchともだちfriendの's家houseへtoward行っgoたりand suchしdoましpoliteた。past - 79
あなたはレクリエーションにはどんなことをしますか。
What sort of things do you do for recreation?
あなたyouはtopicレクリエーションrecreationにforはtopicどんなwhat sort ofことthingsをobjectしdoますpoliteか。question - 80
つりをしたり、ボーリングをしたりします。
I fish, bowl, and such.
つりfishingをobjectしdoたり、and suchボーリングbowlingをobjectしdoたりand suchしdoます。polite - 81
がっこうでなにをしますか。
What do you do at school?
学校schoolでat何whatをobjectしdoますpoliteか。question - 82
ほんをよみます。
I read books.
本booksをobject読みreadます。polite - 83
かんじをかきます。
I write kanji.
かん字kanjiをobject書きwriteます。polite - 84
こどもたちはどうしましたか。
What did the children do?
子供childrenたちpluralはtopicどうwhatしdoましpoliteたpastか。question - 85
でました。
They went out.
出went outましpoliteた。past - 86
はいりました。
They came in.
はいりcame inましpoliteた。past
- ともだち
- friend
- ボーリング
- bowling
Reasons, posture and evidence · Pattern 1 3 of 3
Two events become examples
*雨が 降りました* means "It rained." *かぜが ふきました* means "The wind blew."
Their past forms can become representative events in a paired *たり* pattern.
Posture and evidence
*たって おしえます* and *こしかけて おしえます* give two ways of teaching.
*見ました* and *ききました* give two sources of evidence. Each pair can become representative actions.
- 87
なぜいきませんでしたか。
Why didn't you go?
なぜwhy行きgoませnotんnotでしwasたpastか。question - 88
あめがふりました。
It rained.
雨rainがsubject降りfallましpoliteた。past - 89
かぜがふきました。
The wind blew.
かぜwindがsubjectふきblowましpoliteた。past - 90
せんせいはいつもたっておしえますか。
Does the teacher always teach standing up?
先生teacherはtopicいつalwaysもalwaysたっstanding upてstanding upおしえteachますpoliteか。question - 91
たっておしえます。
He teaches standing up.
たってstanding upおしえteachます。polite - 92
こしかけておしえます。
He teaches sitting down.
こしかけsitting downてsitting downおしえteachます。polite - 93
どうしてわかりましたか。
How did you know?
どうhowしhowてhowわかりknowましpoliteたpastか。question - 94
みました。
I saw it.
見saw itましpoliteた。past - 95
ききました。
I heard it.
ききheard itましpoliteた。past
- なぜ
- why?
Likes and dislikes · Pattern 2 1 of 2
The thing liked takes が
*私は さかなが 好きです* means "I like fish." With *好き*, the liked thing takes *が*.
*私は つりが 好きです* uses the same pattern for an activity: "I like fishing."
An activity can take の
*あの方は たべるのが 好きです* means "That person likes to eat." Here *の* makes the verb an activity that *が* can mark.
*あの方は やさいが きらいです* uses *が* with the thing disliked.
- 96
わたくしはあなたがすきです。
I like you.
私Iはtopicあなたyouがsubject好きlikeです。is - 97
わたくしはさかながすきです。
I like fish.
私Iはtopicさかなfishがsubject好きlikeです。is - 98
わたくしはつりがすきです。
I like fishing.
私Iはtopicつりfishingがsubject好きlikeです。is - 99
あのかたはたべるのがすきです。
That person likes to eat.
あのthat方personはtopicたべるeatのthe actがsubject好きlikesです。is - 100
あのかたはやさいがきらいです。
That person dislikes vegetables.
あのthat方personはtopicやさいvegetablesがsubjectきらいdislikesです。is - 101
わたくしはべんきょうがきらいです。
I dislike studying.
私Iはtopicべんきょうstudyingがsubjectきらいdislikeです。is
Asking about preferences · Pattern 2 2 of 2
Asking what someone likes
*あなたは 何が 一番 好きですか* means "What do you like best?" The answer keeps *が*: *「てんぷら」が 一番 好きです*.
The question uses *何が* for the unknown preference, and the answer replaces it with *「てんぷら」が*.
Contrasting a dislike
*いいえ、 ゴルフは 好きでは ありません* means "No, I do not like golf."
The negative answer changes *が* to contrastive *は*, placing golf against things the speaker may like.
- 102
あなたは「すきやき」がすきですか。
Do you like sukiyaki?
あなたyouはtopic「すきやき」sukiyakiがsubject好きlikeですisか。question - 103
はい、すきです。
Yes, I do.
はい、yes好きlikeです。is - 104
あなたはなにがいちばんすきですか。
What do you like best?
あなたyouはtopic何whatがsubject一番best好きlikeですisか。question - 105
「てんぷら」がいちばんすきです。
I like tempura best.
「てんぷら」tempuraがsubject一番best好きlikeです。is - 106
あなたはゴルフがすきですか。
Do you like golf?
あなたyouはtopicゴルフgolfがsubject好きlikeですisか。question - 107
いいえ、ゴルフはすきではありません。
No, I don't like golf.
いいえ、noゴルフgolfはtopic好きlikeでisはcontrastありnotませnot, politeん。not, polite
- 一番
- number one (See Grammar Notes)
Describing people’s abilities · Pattern 3 1 of 2
Ability with が
*あの アメリカ人は 日本語が 上手です* means "That American is good in Japanese language." The area of ability takes *が*.
*私は えい語が 下手です* uses the same pattern for being poor at English.
な before the person described
The NA-adjective form also applies to *上手* and *下手*.
*書くのが 下手な 生徒が 居ます* means "There is a student who is not good at writing." *な* joins *下手* to *生徒*.
- 108
A.あのアメリカじんはにほんごがじょうずです。
That American is good in Japanese language.
A.speaker AあのthatアメリカAmerican人Americanはtopic日本Japanese語Japaneseがsubject上手fluentです。is - 109
あのアメリカじんはにほんごがじょうずです。
That American is good in Japanese language.
あのthatアメリカAmerican人Americanはtopic日本Japanese語Japaneseがsubject上手fluentです。is - 110
B.にほんごがじょうずなアメリカじんがたくさんいます。
There are many Americans who are good in Japanese language.
B.speaker B日本Japanese語Japaneseがsubject上手fluentなwho isアメリカAmerican人Americanがsubject沢山many居there areます。polite - 111
にほんごがじょうずなアメリカじんがたくさんいます。
There are many Americans who are good in Japanese language.
日本Japanese語Japaneseがsubject上手fluentなwho isアメリカAmerican人Americanがsubject沢山many居there areます。polite - 112
あのせいとはかんじがじょうずです。
That student is good at kanji.
あのthat生徒studentはtopicかん字kanjiがsubject上手good atです。is - 113
わたくしはえいごがへたです。
I am not good at English.
私Iはtopicえい語Englishがsubject下手poor atです。am - 114
あのひとはよむのがじょうずです。
That person is good at reading.
あのthat人personはtopic読むreadのthe act ofがsubject上手good atです。is - 115
かくのがへたなせいとがいます。
There is a student who is not good at writing.
書くwriteのthe act ofがsubject下手poor atなwho is生徒studentがsubject居there isます。polite
- アメリカ
- America; U.S.A.
People with preferences and skills · Pattern 3 2 of 2
Preference before a person
*たべるのが きらいな 人は 居ません* means "There is no one who dislikes eating."
In *きらいな 人*, *な* joins the preference word to the noun *人*.
A quality inside a larger statement
*ゴルフが 好きな 人には、 モンテレーは いい 所ですね* means "Monterey is a nice place for people who like golf."
The whole phrase *ゴルフが 好きな 人* identifies people by their preference.
- 116
たべるのがきらいなひとはいません。
There is no one who dislikes eating.
たべるeatのthe act ofがsubjectきらいdislikeなwho does人personはtopic居there isませnot, politeん。not, polite - 117
にほんにはゴルフがじょうずなひとがいますか。
Are there people in Japan who are good at golf?
日本Japanにinはtopicゴルフgolfがsubject上手good atなwho is人peopleがsubject居there areますpoliteか。question - 118
ええ、かなりたくさんいます。
Yes, there are quite a few.
ええ、yesかなりquite沢山many居there areます。polite - 119
ゴルフがすきなひとには、モンテレーはいいところですね。
Monterey is a nice place for people who like golf, isn't it?
ゴルフgolfがsubject好きlikeなwho do人peopleにforは、topicモンテレーMontereyはtopicいいnice所placeですisね。right? - 120
ええ、いいゴルフコースがたくさんありますから。
Yes, because there are many good golf courses.
ええ、yesいいgoodゴルフgolf courseコースgolf courseがsubject沢山manyありthere areますpoliteから。because - 121
あなたはべんきょうがすきですか。
Do you like studying?
あなたyouはtopicべんきょうstudyingがsubject好きlikeですdoか。question - 122
いいえ、べんきょうはきらいです。
No, I dislike studying.
いいえ、noべんきょうstudyingはtopicきらいdislikeです。do
- かなり
- fairly
- から。
- from (See Gram. Notes)
Plain and polite statements · Pattern 4 1 of 3
Plain and polite endings
*今日は 水曜日だ* and *今日は 水曜日です* both mean "Today is Wednesday." Plain *だ* corresponds to polite *です* after the noun.
The same contrast appears in *それは 間ちがいだ* and *それは 間ちがいです*.
After a preference or skill word
NA-adjectives such as *上手* also take plain *だ* at the end of a statement.
*日本語が 上手だ* is plain, while *日本語が 上手です* is polite. Both mean "He is good at Japanese."
- 123
これはいいほんだ。
This is a good book.
これthisはtopicいいgood本bookだ。is - 124
きょうはすいようびだ。
Today is Wednesday.
今日todayはtopic水曜Wednesday日Wednesdayだ。is - 125
きょうはすいようびです。
Today is Wednesday.
今日todayはtopic水曜Wednesday日Wednesdayです。is - 126
それはまちがいだ。
That's a mistake.
それthatはtopic間ちがいmistakeだ。is - 127
それはまちがいです。
That's a mistake.
それthatはtopic間ちがいmistakeです。is - 128
にほんごがじょうずだ。
He's good at Japanese.
日本Japanese語Japaneseがsubject上手good atだ。is - 129
にほんごがじょうずです。
He's good at Japanese.
日本Japanese語Japaneseがsubject上手good atです。is - 130
にほんがすきだ。
I like Japan.
日本Japanがsubject好きlikeだ。is - 131
にほんがすきです。
I like Japan.
日本Japanがsubject好きlikeです。is
- 間ちがい
- mistake, error
Confirming facts with tags · Pattern 4 2 of 3
A plain fact
*今日は 木曜日だ* means "Today is Thursday." This is the plain *だ* used after a noun.
*そうだ* means "That is right." It confirms the preceding statement in plain speech.
After explanatory ん
*これは スミスが 書いたんだね* means "Smith wrote this, didn't he?"
A verb does not take *だ* directly. Here explanatory *ん* stands between *書いた* and *だ*.
- 132
きょうはなんようびですか。
What day of the week is it today?
今日todayはtopic何曜what weekday日what weekdayですisか。question - 133
きょうはもくようびだ。
Today is Thursday.
今日todayはtopic木曜Thursday日Thursdayだ。is - 134
それはいいほんだね。
That's a good book, isn't it?
それthatはtopicいいgood本bookだisね。right? - 135
ええ、とてもいいほんです。
Yes, it's a very good book.
ええ、yesとてもveryいいgood本bookです。is - 136
これはスミスがかいたんだね。
Smith wrote this, didn't he?
これthisはobjectスミスSmithがsubject書いwriteたpastんthe factだisね。right? - 137
そうだ。
That's right.
そうthat is rightだ。is - 138
これはわたくしのです。
This is mine.
これthisはtopic私Iのmineです。is - 139
このはなはきれいですね。
This flower is pretty, isn't it?
このthis花flowerはtopicきれいprettyですisね。right? - 140
これはさくらです。
This is a cherry blossom.
これthisはtopicさくらcherry blossomです。is
- さくら
- cherry (flower)
Plain statements about people · Pattern 4 3 of 3
Three places for だ
*ぼうしだ* means "It is a hat." The plain ending follows the noun directly.
*さけは きらいだ* means "I dislike sake." The NA-adjective *きらい* also takes *だ*.
A verb before んだ
*あの人は 日本へ 行くんだ* means "That person is going to Japan."
Here explanatory *ん* stands between the verb *行く* and *だ*.
- 141
わたくしはさかながきらいです。
I dislike fish.
私Iはtopicさかなfishがsubjectきらいdislikeです。do - 142
あのせいとはにほんごがじょうずです。
That student is good at Japanese.
あのthat生徒studentはtopic日本Japanese語Japaneseがsubject上手fluentです。is - 143
ぼうしだ。
It's a hat.
ぼうしhatだ。is - 144
よこはまでかったんだ。
I bought it in Yokohama.
よこはまYokohamaでin買っbuyたpastんthe factだ。is - 145
さけはきらいだ。
I dislike sake.
さけsakeはtopicきらいdislikeだ。do - 146
そうだ。
That's right.
そうthat is rightだ。is - 147
あのひとはにほんへいくんだ。
That person is going to Japan.
あのthat人personはtopic日本Japanへtoward行くgoんthe factだ。is
Making probable predictions · Pattern 5 1 of 2
A plain guess
*あの人は 日本語の 先生だろう* means "That person is probably a Japanese teacher." *だろう* is the plain counterpart of polite *でしょう*.
The paired polite line, *あの人は 日本語の 先生でしょう*, has the same meaning.
Guesses beyond nouns
*あの人は さかなが 好きだろう* gives a probable preference. *明日 サンフランシスコへ 行くんだろう* gives a probable event.
In each line, *だろう* marks the statement as a guess rather than a direct assertion.
- 148
あれはおんなのこだろう。
That probably is a girl.
あれthatはtopic女の子girlだろう。probably is - 149
あのひとはにほんごのせんせいだろう。
That person is probably a Japanese teacher.
あのthat人personはtopic日本Japanese語Japaneseのof先生teacherだろう。probably is - 150
あのひとはにほんごのせんせいでしょう。
That person is probably a Japanese teacher.
あのthat人personはtopic日本Japanese語Japaneseのof先生teacherでしょう。probably is - 151
あのひとはさかながすきだろう。
That person probably likes fish.
あのthat人personはtopicさかなfishがsubject好きlikesだろう。probably - 152
あのひとはさかながすきでしょう。
That person probably likes fish.
あのthat人personはtopicさかなfishがsubject好きlikesでしょう。probably - 153
あしたサンフランシスコへいくんだろう。
He's probably going to San Francisco tomorrow.
明日tomorrowサンフランシスコSan Franciscoへtoward行くgoんthe factだろう。probably - 154
あしたサンフランシスコへいくんでしょう。
He's probably going to San Francisco tomorrow.
明日tomorrowサンフランシスコSan Franciscoへtoward行くgoんthe factでしょう。probably - 155
あしたはあめでしょう。
It will probably rain tomorrow.
明日tomorrowはtopic雨rainでしょう。probably - 156
あめがふるといかないでしょう。
If it rains, he probably won't go.
雨rainがsubject降るrainとif行かgoないnotでしょう。probably
- 女の子
- girl
- でしょう。
- probably (See Gram. Notes)
- サンフランシスコ
- San Francisco
Guessing ownership and outcomes · Pattern 5 2 of 2
Ownership and completed action
*山本さんのだろう* means "It is probably Mr. Yamamoto's." The particle *の* comes before *だろう*.
*あの人は もう かえっただろう* gives a probable completed return home. *だろう* follows the past verb directly.
Future events and qualities
*明日は 雨が 降るだろう* states a probable future event. *かん字は むずかしいだろう* states a probable quality.
Plain *だろう* can follow verbs and I-adjectives directly.
- 157
どようびでしょう。
It's probably Saturday.
土曜Saturday日Saturdayでしょう。probably - 158
さかなをかいにいくんでしょう。
You're going to buy fish, aren't you?
さかなfishをobject買いbuyにto行くgoんthe factでしょう。right? - 159
これはあのひとのでしょう。
This is probably that person's.
これthisはtopicあのthat人personの'sでしょう。probably - 160
やまもとさんのだろう。
It's probably Mr. Yamamoto's.
山本YamamotoさんMr.の'sだろう。probably - 161
あのひとはもうかえっただろう。
That person has probably gone home already.
あのthat人personはtopicもうalreadyかえっgo homeたpastだろう。probably - 162
あしたはあめがふるだろう。
It will probably rain tomorrow.
明日tomorrowはtopic雨rainがsubject降るrainだろう。probably - 163
やまもとさんはどこにいるんだろうか。
I wonder where Mr. Yamamoto is.
山本YamamotoさんMr.はtopicどこwhereにat居るbeんthe factだろうwonderか。question - 164
かんじはむずかしいだろう。
Kanji is probably difficult.
かん字kanjiはtopicむずかしいdifficultだろう。probably
- もう
- already (See Gram. Notes)
- むずかしい
- difficult
If conditions and responses · Pattern 6 1 of 2
A noun condition
*その 本なら、 私が もっています* means "If it is that book, I have it." *なら* follows the noun directly.
This direct noun pattern also appears in *明日なら、 行くことが 出来ます*.
Verbs and I-adjectives take の
*あなたが 行くのなら、 私も 行きます* means "If you are going, I am going too."
*さむいのなら、 これを きなさい* means "If you are cold, wear this." After a verb or I-adjective, *の* commonly precedes *なら*.
- 165
A.そのほんなら、わたくしがもっています。
If it's that book, I have it.
A.speaker Aそのthat本bookなら、if私Iがsubjectもっhaveてhaveいhaveます。have - 166
そのほんなら、わたくしがもっています。
If it's that book, I have it.
そのthat本bookなら、if私Iがsubjectもっhaveてhaveいhaveます。have - 167
B.あなたがいくのなら、わたくしもいきます。
If you are going, I'm going too.
B.speaker Bあなたyouがsubject行くgoのthe factなら、if私Iもtoo行きgoます。polite - 168
あなたがいくのなら、わたくしもいきます。
If you are going, I'm going too.
あなたyouがsubject行くgoのthe factなら、if私Iもtoo行きgoます。polite - 169
C.さむいのなら、これをきなさい。
If you are cold, wear this.
C.speaker Cさむいcoldのthe factなら、ifこれthisをobjectきwearなさい。command - 170
さむいのなら、これをきなさい。
If you are cold, wear this.
さむいcoldのthe factなら、ifこれthisをobjectきwearなさい。command - 171
そのざっしなら、ひゃくえんでかうことができます。
If it's that magazine, you can buy it for one hundred yen.
そのthatざっしmagazineなら、if百one hundred円yenでfor買うbuyことdoingがsubject出来canます。polite - 172
あしたなら、いくことができます。
If it's tomorrow, I can go.
明日tomorrowなら、if行くgoことdoingがsubject出来canます。polite - 173
ゴルフをやるのなら、にちようびのほうがいいです。
If you're going to play golf, Sunday is better.
ゴルフgolfをobjectやるplayのthe factなら、if日曜Sunday日Sundayのof方optionがsubjectいいbetterです。is
- 百
- 100
- 円
- yen (unit of money)
Conditional advice and plans · Pattern 6 2 of 2
Advice from a condition
*あついのなら、 まどを あけなさい* means "If you are hot, open the window." The condition supports the advice.
*さむいのなら、 まどを しめなさい* uses the same form with the opposite condition and advice.
Plans from a condition
*あなたが 来るのなら、 家に 居ます* means "If you are coming, I will be home."
The *のなら* pattern makes the other person's action the condition for the plan.
- 174
あついのなら、まどをあけなさい。
If you're hot, open the window.
あついhotのthe factなら、ifまどwindowをobjectあけopenなさい。command - 175
あなたがかえるのなら、わたくしもかえります。
If you're going home, I'll go home too.
あなたyouがsubjectかえるgo homeのthe factなら、if私Iもtooかえりgo homeます。polite - 176
ここからサンフランシスコまで、どのぐらいかかりますか。
How long does it take to get from here to San Francisco?
ここhereからfromサンフランシスコSan Franciscoまで、toどのhow longぐらいhow longかかりtakeますpoliteか。question - 177
ひこうきなら、じゅうごふんしかかかりません。
By plane, it only takes fifteen minutes.
ひairplaneこうきairplaneなら、by十fifteen五fifteen分minutesしかonlyかかりtakeませnot, politeん。not, polite - 178
このきょうしつはすこしさむいですね。
This classroom is a little cold, isn’t it?
このthisきょうしつclassroomはtopic少しa littleさむいcoldですisね。right? - 179
さむいのなら、まどをしめなさい。
If you are cold, close the window.
さむいcoldのthe factなら、ifまどwindowをobjectしめcloseなさい。command - 180
あなたはこんばんいえにいますか。
Will you be home tonight?
あなたyouはtopic今tonightばんtonight家homeにat居beますpoliteか。question - 181
あなたがくるのなら、いえにいます。
If you're coming, I'll be home.
あなたyouがsubject来るcomeのthe factなら、if家homeにat居beます。polite
- あつい
- hot
- まで、
- as far as, to (See Gram. Notes)
- どの
- which (pre-substantive) (See Notes)
- ぐらい
- about
- 十
- ten
- 五
- five
- 分
- minute
- 少し
- little (quantity)
- ばん
- evening, night
Immediate actions after events · Pattern 7 1 of 3
The event before とすぐ
*家へ かえるとすぐ 夕はんを たべます* means "I eat dinner as soon as I get home."
In this pattern, *かえる* is the non-past first event and *たべます* is the immediate action.
Changes also set the first event
*あの人は 軍人に なるとすぐ 日本へ 行きました* means "He went to Japan as soon as he became a serviceman."
The first verb stays non-past even though the immediate action ends in the past.
- 182
わたくしはがっこうへくるとすぐべんきょうをはじめます。
I'll start studying as soon as I come to school.
私Iはtopic学校schoolへto来るcomeとwhenすぐimmediatelyべんきょうstudyをobjectはじめstartます。polite - 183
いえへかえるとすぐゆうはんをたべます。
I eat dinner as soon as I get home.
家homeへtoかえるgo homeとwhenすぐimmediately夕はんdinnerをobjectたべeatます。polite - 184
がっこうがおわるとすぐいえへかえります。
I go home as soon as school is over.
学校schoolがsubjectおわるendとwhenすぐimmediately家homeへtoかえりgo homeます。polite - 185
せいとがまちがいをするとすぐせんせいはなおします。
As soon as a student makes a mistake, the teacher corrects it.
生徒studentがsubject間ちがいmistakeをobjectするmakeとwhenすぐimmediately先生teacherはtopicなおしcorrectます。polite - 186
あさおきるとすぐあさはんをたべます。
I eat breakfast as soon as I get up in the morning.
朝morningおきるget upとwhenすぐimmediately朝breakfastはんbreakfastをobjectたべeatます。polite - 187
あのひとはぐんじんになるとすぐにほんへいきました。
He went to Japan as soon as he became a serviceman.
あのthat人personはtopic軍人servicemanにintoなるbecomeとwhenすぐimmediately日本Japanへto行きgoましpoliteた。past - 188
あなたはいえへかえるとすぐどうしますか。
What do you do as soon as you get home?
あなたyouはtopic家homeへtoかえるgo homeとwhenすぐimmediatelyどうwhatしdoますpoliteか。question - 189
いえへかえるとすぐべんきょうをはじめます。
I start studying as soon as I get home.
家homeへtoかえるgo homeとwhenすぐimmediatelyべんきょうstudyをobjectはじめstartます。polite
- おわる
- ends (v.i.)
- 朝
- morning
- おきる
- to rise, get up (v.i.)
Immediate responses to prompts · Pattern 7 2 of 3
An immediate answer
*先生が しつもんするとすぐ 生徒は こたえます* means "As soon as the teacher asks a question, the students answer."
The non-past event before *とすぐ* sets the point after which the response happens immediately.
Morning and calls
*いいえ、 朝おきるとすぐ 朝めしを たべます* gives eating breakfast as the immediate morning action.
*先生が 生徒を よびます* and *すぐ 生徒は 来ます* present a call and the response as separate statements.
- 190
せんせいがしつもんするとせいとはどうしますか。
What do the students do when the teacher asks a question?
先生teacherがsubjectしつもんask a questionするask a questionとwhen生徒studentsはtopicどうwhatしdoますpoliteか。question - 191
せんせいがしつもんするとすぐせいとはこたえます。
As soon as the teacher asks a question, the students answer.
先生teacherがsubjectしつもんask a questionするask a questionとwhenすぐimmediately生徒studentsはtopicこたえanswerます。polite - 192
あなたはあさおきるとすぐがっこうにきますか。
Do you come to school as soon as you get up in the morning?
あなたyouはtopic朝morningおきるget upとwhenすぐimmediately学校schoolにto来comeますpoliteか。question - 193
いいえ、あさおきるとすぐあさめしをたべます。
No, I eat breakfast as soon as I get up in the morning.
いいえ、no朝morningおきるget upとwhenすぐimmediately朝めしbreakfastをobjectたべeatます。polite - 194
いえへかえります。
I go home.
家homeへtoかえりgo homeます。polite - 195
すぐつりにでかけます。
I immediately go fishing.
すぐimmediatelyつりfishingにto出かけgo outます。polite - 196
せんせいがせいとをよびます。
The teacher calls a student.
先生teacherがsubject生徒studentをobjectよびcallます。polite - 197
すぐせいとはきます。
The student comes immediately.
すぐimmediately生徒studentはtopic来comeます。polite
- しつもん
- question
- 朝めし
- breakfast
Immediate changes and actions · Pattern 7 3 of 3
Rain and an immediate change
*雨が 降ります* means "It rains." *すぐ 草が あおくなります* means "The grass immediately turns green."
A *とすぐ* combination places the change immediately after the rain begins.
Other event and response pairs
*ざっしを 買います* is followed by *すぐ 読みます*. *朝 おきます* is followed by *すぐ まどを あけます*.
Each pair supplies a first event and the action that follows immediately.
- 198
ざっしをかいます。
I buy a magazine.
ざっしmagazineをobject買いbuyます。polite - 199
すぐよみます。
I read it immediately.
すぐimmediately読みreadます。polite - 200
あめがふります。
It rains.
雨rainがsubject降りrainます。polite - 201
すぐくさがあおくなります。
The grass immediately turns green.
すぐimmediately草grassがsubjectあおくgreenなりturnます。polite - 202
あさおきます。
I get up in the morning.
朝morningおきget upます。polite - 203
すぐまどをあけます。
I immediately open the window.
すぐimmediatelyまどwindowをobjectあけopenます。polite
Recreation in Monterey · Reading Selection 1 of 3
Recreation in Monterey
The passage describes Monterey as a place with a good climate and many visitors. *気こうが よい 所で、 沢山の 人が あそびに 来ます* states both points.
*テニス、 水えい、 つりなどが あります* lists tennis, swimming, fishing, and similar recreation.
Facilities for visitors
*ゴルフコースや テニスコートは 沢山 あります* means that there are many golf courses and tennis courts.
- 204
わたくしたちのがっこうはモンテレーにあります。
Our school is in Monterey.
私weたちweの's学校schoolはtopicモンテレーMontereyにinありbeます。polite - 205
ここは
This is
ここhereはtopic - 206
きこうがよいところで、たくさんのひとがあそびにきます。
a place with a good climate, and many people come here for recreation.
気climateこうclimateがsubjectよいgood所placeで、at沢山manyのof人peopleがsubjectあそびrecreationにfor来comeます。polite - 207
そして、あそびにくるひとびとのレクリエーションにはゴルフ、
And recreational activities for visitors include golf,
そして、andあそびrecreationにfor来るcome人々visitorsのofレクリエーションrecreational activitiesにforはtopicゴルフ、golf - 208
テニス、すいえい、つりなどがあります。
tennis, swimming, fishing, and so on.
テニス、tennis水swimmingえい、swimmingつりfishingなどand so onがsubjectありthere areます。polite - 209
ゴルフコースや
There are many golf courses and
ゴルフgolf courseコースgolf courseやand such - 210
テニスコートはたくさんあります。
tennis courts.
テニスtennis courtコートtennis courtはtopic沢山manyありthere areます。polite
- よい
- good (See Gram. Notes)
- で、
- --is and -- (See Grammar Notes)
- ゴルフ、
- golf
- テニス、
- tennis
Swimming and fishing in Monterey · Reading Selection 2 of 3
The ocean and rivers
The passage contrasts Monterey's pools and ocean with its lack of large rivers. *モンテレーには 大きい 川は ありません* means "There are no large rivers in Monterey."
*つりの 好きな 人々は 大てい 海に 行きます* says that people who like fishing usually go to the ocean.
People who like fishing
In *つりの 好きな 人々*, *好きな* joins the fishing preference to *人々*.
In spring and summer, *ますを つりに 行く 人も 沢山 居ます* adds that many people travel to rivers for trout.
- 211
すいえいプールもたくさん
There are also many swimming pools
水swimmingえswimmingいswimmingプールpoolもalso沢山many - 212
あります。
here.
ありthere areます。polite - 213
モンテレーにはおおきいかわはありません。
There are no large rivers in Monterey.
モンテレーMontereyにinはtopic大きいlarge川riversはtopicありthere are noませnot, politeん。not, polite - 214
モンテレーはうみのそばにありますから、つりのすきな
Since Monterey is by the ocean, people who like fishing
モンテレーMontereyはtopic海oceanの'sそばbesideにatありisますpoliteから、becauseつりfishingのof好きfondなwho are - 215
ひとびとはたいていうみにいきます。
usually go to the ocean.
人々peopleはtopic大ていusually海oceanにto行きgoます。polite - 216
はる、なつにはかわへ
In the spring and summer, many people
春、spring夏summerにinはtopic川riverへtoward - 217
ますをつりにいくひともたくさんいます。
go to rivers to fish for trout.
ますtroutをobjectつりfishにto行くgo人peopleもalso沢山many居there areます。polite
- プール
- pool
- そば
- vicinity
- 春、
- spring
Personal sporting habits · Reading Selection 3 of 3
Golf after school
The narrator likes golf despite having little skill. *時々 学校から 家へ かえると すぐ ゴルフに 出かけます* describes going to play immediately after arriving home.
Other sports and conditions
*水曜日頃なら* makes around Wednesday the condition for finding few people there.
*テニスを やったり、 およいだり します* presents tennis and swimming as occasional representative activities. The narrator is not very skilled at either.
- 218
わたくしはゴルフはへたです。
I'm not good at golf.
私Iはtopicゴルフgolfはtopic下手not good atです。am - 219
でも、すきですから、
But since I like it,
でbutも、but好きlikeですdoから、because - 220
ときどきがっこうからいえへかえるとすぐゴルフにでかけます。
I sometimes go out to play golf as soon as I get home from school.
時々sometimes学校schoolからfrom家homeへtowardかえるreturn homeとwhenすぐimmediatelyゴルフgolfにfor出かけgo outます。polite - 221
すいようびごろならゴルフコースにはあまりひとがいませんから、
Around Wednesday, there are not many people on the golf course, so
水曜around Wednesday日頃around Wednesdayならif aroundゴルフgolf courseコースgolf courseにonはtopicあまりnot many人peopleがsubject居there are notませnot, politeんnot, politeから、so - 222
いいです。
it's nice.
いいniceです。is - 223
たまにはテニスをやったり、およいだりしますが
Once in a while I play tennis or go swimming, but
たまにonce in a whileはtopicテニスtennisをobjectやっplayたり、things likeおgo swimmingよいgo swimmingだりor things likeしdoますpoliteがbut - 224
どちらもあまりじょうずではありません。
I'm not very good at either one.
どちらeither oneもalsoあまりnot very上手good atでareはtopicありare notませnot, politeん。not, polite
- 時々
- sometimes, occasionally
- どちら
- which of two (See Grammar Notes)
Monterey recreation questions · Questions 1 of 2
Facts about Monterey
The questions ask where the school is, whether Monterey has a good climate, and which recreation facilities it offers.
*あそびに 来る 人たちの レクリエーションには、 何が ありますか* means "What recreational activities are there for visitors?" An answer names activities from the passage.
- 225
わたくしたちのがっこうはどこにありますか。
Where is our school?
私weたちweの's学校schoolはtopicどこwhereにatありisますpoliteか。question - 226
そこはきこうがよいところですか。
Is it a place with a good climate?
そこthereはtopic気climateこうclimateがsubjectよいgood所placeですisか。question - 227
ここへたくさんのひとびとがあそびにきますか。
Do many people come here for recreation?
ここhereへtoward沢山manyのof人々peopleがsubjectあそびrecreationにfor来comeますpoliteか。question - 228
あそびにくるひとたちのレクリエーションには、なにがありますか。
What recreational activities are there for visitors?
あそびrecreationにfor来るcome人visitorsたちvisitorsのofレクリエーションrecreational activitiesにforは、topic何whatがsubjectありthere areますpoliteか。question - 229
ゴルフコースがたくさんありますか。
Are there many golf courses?
ゴルフgolf courseコースgolf courseがsubject沢山manyありthere areますpoliteか。question - 230
テニスコートもありますか。
Are there tennis courts too?
テニスtennis courtコートtennis courtもalsoありthere areますpoliteか。question - 231
すいえいプールがありますか。
Are there swimming pools?
水swimmingえswimmingいswimmingプールpoolsがsubjectありthere areますpoliteか。question
Fishing and golf questions · Questions 2 of 2
Fishing and sporting habits
The questions ask where people who like fishing go, whether the narrator dislikes golf, and which occasional activities the narrator does.
*つりの 好きな人は どこへ 行きますか* means "Where do people who like fishing go?" An answer gives the place stated in the passage.
*時々 家へ かえると すぐ 何を しますか* asks for the narrator's action immediately after arriving home.
- 232
おおきいかわがありますか。
Are there any large rivers?
大きいlarge川riversがsubjectありthere areますpoliteか。question - 233
かわにはさかながいますか。
Are there fish in the rivers?
川riversにinはtopicさかなfishがsubject居there areますpoliteか。question - 234
つりのすきなひとはどこへいきますか。
Where do people who like fishing go?
つりfishingのof好きlikeなwho人peopleはtopicどこwhereへtoward行きgoますpoliteか。question - 235
わたくしはゴルフはきらいですか。
Do I dislike golf?
私Iはtopicゴルフgolfはtopicきらいdislikeですdoか。question - 236
ときどきいえへかえるとすぐなにをしますか。
Sometimes, what do you do as soon as you get home?
時々sometimes家homeへtowardかえるreturn homeとwhenすぐimmediately何whatをobjectしdoますpoliteか。question - 237
なんようびごろゴルフコースにはひとがあんまりいませんか。
Around which day of the week are there not very many people on the golf course?
何曜around which day日頃around which dayゴルフgolf courseコースgolf courseにonはtopic人peopleがsubjectあんまりnot very many居there are notませnot, politeんnot, politeか。question - 238
わたくしはたまにはなにをやりますか。
What do I do once in a while?
私Iはtopicたまにonce in a whileはtopic何whatをobjectやりdoますpoliteか。question
Words for sports facilities · Word list 1 of 4
Sports and places
The words cover recreation and the facilities where activities take place. *ゴルフ* means "golf," while *ゴルフ コース* means "golf course."
*テニス* means "tennis," while *テニスコート* means "tennis court." The entries separate an activity from its facility.
- 239
しゅうまつ
weekend
週まつweekend - 240
レクリエーション
recreation
レクリエーションrecreation - 241
ゴルフ
golf
ゴルフgolf - 242
テニス
tennis
テニスtennis - 243
ゴルフコース
golf course
ゴルフコースgolf course - 244
テニスコート
tennis court
テニスコートtennis court - 245
プール
pool
プールpool - 246
すいえい
swimming
水えいswimming - 247
ボーリング
bowling
ボーリングbowling - 248
ハイキング
hiking
ハイキングhiking
- 週まつ
- weekend
- ゴルフコース
- golf course
- テニスコート
- tennis court
- 水えい
- swimming
- ハイキング
- hiking
Words for outdoor recreation · Word list 2 of 4
Outdoor recreation
The words cover climate, time, fishing, and swimming. *気こう* means "climate," and *夕方* means "evening."
*つり* means "fishing," *ます* means "trout," and *さかな* means "fish." The verb *およぐ* means "to swim."
- 249
ローラースケート
roller skate
ローラースケートroller skate - 250
すいじょうスキー
water-ski
水上スキーwater-ski - 251
きこう
climate
気こうclimate - 252
ゆうがた
evening
夕方evening - 253
つり
fishing
つりfishing - 254
かわ
river
川river - 255
ます
trout
ますtrout - 256
さかな
fish
さかなfish - 257
やる
to do
やるto do - 258
およぐ
to swim
およぐto swim
- ローラースケート
- roller skate
- 水上スキー
- water-ski
- 気こう
- climate
- およぐ
- to swim
Ability, preference and condition words · Word list 3 of 4
Ability, preference, and conditions
The words cover ability and preference. *上手* means "skillful," *下手* means "unskilled," and *好き* and *きらい* express preference.
*だ* is the plain equivalent of *DESU*, while *なら* means "if it is."
*たり---たりする* means "do such things as." It presents representative actions in a paired series.
- 259
つる
to fish
つるto fish - 260
へた
unskilled, poor in doing things
下手unskilled - 261
じょうず
skillful, fluent (See Grammar Notes)
上手skillful - 262
すき
to like, be fond of (See Grammar Notes)
好きlike - 263
きらい
dislike (See Gram. Notes)
きらいdislike - 264
だ
to be (informal equivalent of DESU. See Grammar Notes)
だis - 265
なら
if it is (See Gram. Notes)
ならif it is - 266
たり---たりする
do such things as (See Grammar Notes)
たり---たりするdo things such as - 267
でも
however, but
でもhowever - 268
そうですね。
Well, let me see.
そうですね。well, let me see
- つる
- to fish
- たり---たりする
- do such things as (See Grammar Notes)
- でも
- however, but
- そうですね。
- Well, let me see.
Words for facilities and immediacy · Word list 4 of 4
Activities, places, and immediacy
The phrases pair activities with places. *プールで およぎます* names swimming in a pool, and *で* marks the place.
*テニスコートで テニスを します* names playing tennis on a tennis court.
*---とすぐ* means "as soon as" or "immediately," while *それに* means "besides."
- 269
---とすぐ
as soon as, immediately (See Grammar Notes)
---とすぐas soon as - 270
それに
besides
それにbesides - 271
ボーリングをやります。
bowling
ボーリングをやります。bowling - 272
ハイキングをやります。
hiking
ハイキングをやります。hiking - 273
すいじょうスキーをやります。
water-ski
水上スキーをやります。water-ski - 274
ローラースケートをやります。
roller skate
ローラースケートをやります。roller skate - 275
プールでおよぎます。
pool
プールでおよぎます。pool - 276
テニスコートでテニスをします。
tennis court
テニスコートでテニスをします。tennis court
- ---とすぐ
- as soon as, immediately (See Grammar Notes)
- それに
- besides
- ボーリングをやります。
- bowling
- ハイキングをやります。
- hiking
- 水上スキーをやります。
- water-ski
- ローラースケートをやります。
- roller skate
- プールでおよぎます。
- pool
- テニスコートでテニスをします。
- tennis court
The particulars
- The course
- Defense Language Institute, Japanese Basic Course, 1967 to 1971. Public domain. The teaching pages and the narration are ours.
- Reading aloud
- Digital narration, directed by 1732 Studios.
- The book
- Botchan, the work this course leads to, free to read here.
- Data
- JSON · Markdown · A guide for agents