Japanese · Lesson 31
Lesson 31
Sounds, kana, and the first conversations
Darkness, blindness and deafness · Dialogue 1 of 3
Darkness, sight, and hearing
One speaker finds the room very dark, and another offers to turn on the light. *明りを つけなければ 何も 見えませんよ* states that nothing can be seen without light.
*めくらは 目が 見えない 人ですが、 耳が 聞こえない 人を 何と 言いますか* contrasts a person who cannot see with one who cannot hear.
Kanji: 聞
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
Kanji: 明
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 1
このへやはずいぶんくらいですが、あかるいへやはありませんか。
This room is very dark, but isn't there a light room?
このthisへやroomはtopicずい分veryくらいdarkですisが、but明るいlightへやroomはtopicありexistsませnot, politeんnot, politeか。question - 2
ええ、あかるいへやがないのです。
No, there is no light room.
ええ、no明るいlightへやroomがsubjectないdoes not existのthe fact isです。is - 3
では、あかりをつけましょう。あかりをつけなければなにもみえませんよ。
Let's turn on the light, then. If we don't turn on the light, we can't see anything, you see.
でthenは、then明りlightをobjectつけturn onましょう。let's明りlightをobjectつけturn onなけれdo notばif何anythingもanything見えcan seeませnot, politeんnot, politeよ。I tell you - 4
そうですね。にんげんはあかりがなければ、めくらとおなじですね。
That's right, isn't it? If a man doesn't have any light, he is as good as blind.
そうthat is rightですisね。right?にんげんpeopleはtopic明りlightがsubjectなけれdoes not existば、ifめくらblind personとas同じsameですisね。right? - 5
めくらはめがみえないひとですが、みみがきこえないひとをなんといいますか。
The blind are people who cannot see, but what do you call a person who cannot hear?
めくらblind peopleはtopic目eyesがsubject見えcan seeないnot人peopleですareが、but耳earsがsubject聞こえcan hearないnot人personをobject何whatとquote言いcallますpoliteか。question - 6
つんぼといいます。
He is called deaf.
つんぼdeafとquote言いcallます。polite
--NAKEREBA NARIMASEN 'must ---,' 'have to'
1. --NAKEREBA NARIMASEN 'must ---,' 'have to'
a. In Japanese there are several possibilities that express the idea of obligation '--- must or has to do such-and-such.' The pattern --NAKUTEWA IKEMASEN has already been introduced, e.g.,
IKANAKUTEWA IKEMASEN. "I must go."
b. Instead of the above expression of obligation, the pattern '--NAKEREBA NARIMASEN' may be used, e.g.,
IKANAKEREBA NARIMASEN. "I must go."
c. Since --NAKUTEWA and --NAKEREBA are equivalent, as are IKEMASEN and NARIMASEN, the following four expressions mean about the same thing:
IKANAKUTEWA IKEMASEN.
IKANAKUTEWA NARIMASEN.
IKANAKEREBA IKEMASEN.
IKANAKEREBA NARIMASEN.
"I must go."SOO DESU "I hear," "They say," "I understand."
2. SOO DESU "I hear," "They say," "I understand."
Occurring after the informal non-past basic ending or the informal past of an inflected word, soo desu means 'I hear that,' 'they say that,' 'I understand that.'
a. Verbs:
(1) TANAKA-SAN WA ASHITA KAERIMASU. "Mr. Tanaka will come home tomorrow."
(2) TANAKA-SAN WA ASHITA KAERU SOO DESU. "I understand that Mr. Tanaka is coming home tomorrow."
(3) YAMADA-SAN WA KINOO KAERIMASHITA. "Mr. Yamada came home yesterday."
(4) YAMADA-SAN WA KINOO KAETTA SOO DESU. "I hear Mr. Yamada came home yesterday."
b. I-adjectives:
(1) TENKI GA WARUI DESU. "The weather is bad."
(2) TENKI GA WARUI SOO DESU. "I understand that the weather is bad."
(3) OKANE GA ARIMASEN. "I have no money."
(4) OKANE GA NAI SOO DESU. "I understand there is no money."
c. Auxiliary Verbs:
(1) ANO HITO WA NIHON E IKU KOTO GA DEKIMASEN. "He can't go to Japan."
(2) ANO HITO WA NIHON E IKU KOTO GA DEKINAI SOO DESU. "I understand he can't go to Japan."
(3) ANO HITO WA NIHONGO GA NARAITAI DESU. "He wants to learn Japanese."
(4) NIHONGO GA NARAITAI SOO DESU. "I understand he wants to learn Japanese."
d. Copula:
(1) SUZUKI-SAN WA SENSEI DESU. "Mr. Suzuki is a teacher."
(2) SUZUKI-SAN WA SENSEI DA SOO DESU. "I understand that Mr. Suzuki is a teacher."
(3) BURAUN-SAN WA NIHONGO GA JOOZU DESU. "Mr. Brown is good in Japanese."
(4) BURAUN-SAN WA NIHONGO GA JOOZU DA SOO DESU. "I understand Mr. Brown is good in Japanese."
Thus, the speaker uses SOO DESU at the end of his statement when he wants to report something he hasn't actually witnessed himself. Even when he specifically states the source of his report, his statement must end
in SOO DESU if the fact reported is not from his own observation or knowledge, e.g.,
SHINBUN NI YORU TO, ASHITA WA AME GA FURU SOO DESU. "According to the newspaper, it will rain tomorrow."BA-form vs. TEMO-form
3. BA-form vs. TEMO-form
a. BA-form means 'if,' and TEMO-form means 'even if.'
b. If the question is asked by using BA-form,
(1) if the answer is HAI, just repeat the question dropping KA.
(2) if the answer is IIE, use TEMO-form in place of BA-form and change the predicate from negative to affirmative or from affirmative to negative.
c. If the question is asked by using TEMO-form,
(1) if the answer is HAI, just repeat the question dropping KA.
(2) if the answer is IIE, use BA-form in place of TEMO-form and change the predicate from negative to affirmative or from affirmative to negative.
Examples:
AME GA FUREBA IKIMASEN KA. "Are you not going if it rains?"
HAI, AME GA FUREBA IKIMASEN. "No, I won't go if it rains."
IIE, AME GA FUTTEMO IKIMASU. "Yes, I am going even if it rains."
AME GA FUTTEMO IKIMASU KA. "Are you going even if it rains?"
HAI, AME GA FUTTEMO IKIMASU. "Yes, I am going even if it rains."
IIE, AME GA FUREBA IKIMASEN. "No, I am not going if it rains."NAN + Counter + MO "many ---"
4. NAN + Counter + MO "many ---"
NAN plus a counter plus MO means 'many of whatever the counter indicates,' e.g.,
NAN-NICHI MO many days
NAN-NIN MO many people
NAN-MAI MO many (sheets of ---)
NAN-BON MO many (long objects)
NAN-JIKAN MO many hours
Examples:
HON-YA GA NAN-GEN MO ARIMASU. "There are many book stores."
NAN-NICHI MO KAKARIMASU. "It takes many days."MOSHI 'if'
5. MOSHI 'if'
The word MOSHI may occur at the beginning of a conditional sentence just to act as a signal telling the listener to expect a conditional form. However, the conditional clause must end in the conditional form even if the word MOSHI is used at the beginning of the clause.
Examples:
MOSHI AME GA FUREBA, IKIMASEN. "I won't go if it rains."
MOSHI YASUKEREBA, KAIMASU. "I'll buy if it's cheap."TO 'with' (accompaniment)
6. TO 'with' (accompaniment)
The use of the particle TO with the meaning 'and,' 'if,' 'when,' and 'what is quoted' has already been introduced. Occurring after a noun, the particle TO also means 'with' denoting a relation of accompaniment or association, e.g.,
YAMADA-SAN WA TANAKA-SAN TO HANASHIMASHITA. "Mr. Yamada talked with Mr. Tanaka."
SUZUKI-SAN TO ISSHO NI IKIMASHITA. "I went with Mr. Suzuki."- へや
- room
- は
- leaves
- ずい分
- very much
- くらい
- dark
- です
- to be (See Gram. Notes)
- が、
- but (See Gram. Notes)
- 明るい
- light
- か。
- either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)
- ええ、
- Yes
- の
- See Grammar Notes
- で
- --is and -- (See Grammar Notes)
- 明り
- light
- を
- particle denoting direct object (See Pattern Drill)
- ましょう。
- let's (See Gram. Notes)
- ね。
- isn't it (See Grammar Notes)
- めくら
- blind, blind person
- と
- and (See Gram. Notes)
- 人
- people
- ます
- trout
- つんぼ
- deaf
Hearing and special schools · Dialogue 2 of 3
Hearing and special schools
The speakers compare limited hearing with inability to hear or speak. *目が 見えない 人や ものを 言うことが 出来ない 人の ために、 とくべつな 学校が あるそうですね* reports that special schools exist.
*その人たちは そこで とくべつな きょういくを うけます* states that these people receive special education there.
A signal for if
*もし 耳が 遠ければ* means "if one is hard of hearing." The opening *もし* signals that the conditional form *遠ければ* follows.
*耳が 遠くても* means "even if one is hard of hearing."
The *そうです* in the school report marks information the speaker has heard.
Kanji: 話
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 7
もしみみがとおければ、なにもきくことができませんか。
If one is hard of hearing, can he not hear anything?
もしif耳hearingがsubject遠けれhard of hearingば、if何anythingもat all聞くhearことact ofがsubject出来canませnot, politeんnot, politeか。question - 8
いいえ、みみがとおくても、ひとがちかくではなせばきこえますよ。
Even if he is hard of hearing, if a person speaks to him close, he can hear.
いいえ、no耳hearingがsubject遠くhard of hearingてeven ifも、even if人personがsubject近くnearbyでat話せspeakばif聞こえcan hearますpoliteよ。I tell you - 9
おしというのはなんですか。
What is a deaf-mute?
おしdeaf-muteとcalled言うcalledのoneはtopic何whatですisか。question - 10
おしというのはうまれつきみみがきこえないひとで、ものをいうこともできないのです。
A deaf-mute is a person who cannot hear by nature and he can neither talk nor hear.
おしdeaf-muteとcalled言うcalledのoneはtopicうまれつきby birth耳hearingがsubject聞こえcannot hearないcannot hear人personで、whoものwordsをobject言うspeakことact ofもalso出来cannotないcannotのthe factです。is - 11
めがみえないひとやものをいうことができないひとのために、とくべつながっこうがあるそうですね。
I hear that there are special schools for the blind and deaf-mute, isn't that right?
目eyesightがsubject見えcannot seeないcannot see人personやandものwordsをobject言うspeakことact ofがsubject出来cannotないcannot人personのforためbenefitに、forとくべつspecialなspecial学校schoolがsubjectあるexistそうI hearですisね。right? - 12
ええ、あります。そのひとたちはそこでとくべつなきょういくをうけます。
Yes, there are. Blind people and deaf-mutes receive special education there.
ええ、yesありexistます。politeそのthose人peopleたちpeopleはtopicそこthereでatとくべつspecialなspecialきょうeducationいくeducationをobjectうけreceiveます。polite
- もし
- if
- が
- but (See Gram. Notes)
- 遠く
- distant (place)
- 近く
- vicinity
- おし
- deaf-mute
- 言う
- to say
- うまれつき
- by birth, by nature
- もの
- things (tangible)
- や
- and---among others (See Gram. Notes)
- に、
- on (See Gram. Notes)
- ある
- certain, some
- そこ
- there
Guide dogs and training · Dialogue 3 of 3
Training people and dogs
The speakers discuss dogs used by blind people and the training these dogs receive. *長い くんれんが おわってから* places the joint training after the dog's long training.
*目が 見えない 人は その いぬを 買わなければ なりませんか* asks whether a blind person must buy the dog.
Doing something with someone
*その いぬを もらう 人と 一しょに* means "together with the person who receives that dog." After a noun, the particle *と* can mean "with."
The line also has *何日も*, "many days," and *くんれん しなければ なりません*, "must train."
*もらうことも 出来るそうです* reports that a person without money can receive a dog.
Kanji: 米, 国
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
Kanji: 多
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 13
べいこくでは、このごろはつえをつかわなくて、いぬをつかうめくらのひとがおおいそうですね。
I understand that nowadays in the United States there are many blind people who use dogs without using canes, is that right?
米国United Statesでinは、topicこの頃nowadaysはtopicつえcaneをobject使わnot useなくnot useて、withoutいぬdogsをobject使うuseめくらblindのof人peopleがsubject多いmanyそうI hearですisね。right? - 14
ええ、おおいです。
Yes, that's right. There are many.
ええ、yes多いmanyです。are - 15
そのいぬはとくべつなくんれんをうけるのですか。
Do those dogs receive special training?
そのthoseいぬdogsはtopicとくべつspecialなspecialくんれんtrainingをobjectうけるreceiveのthe factですisか。question - 16
ええ。そして、ながいくんれんがおわってから、こんどはそのいぬをもらうひとといっしょに、またなんにちもくんれんしなければなりません。
That's right. After the long training is over, this time they must go through training for many days together with the persons who receive them.
ええ。yesそして、and then長いlongくんれんtrainingがsubjectおわっis overてis overから、after今度this timeはtopicそのthoseいぬdogsをobjectもらうreceive人peopleとwith一しょtogetherに、together又again何many日daysもmanyくんれんtrainingしdoなけれmustばmustなりmustませmustん。must - 17
めがみえないひとはそのいぬをかわなければなりませんか。
Must a blind person buy that dog?
目eyesightがsubject見えcannot seeないcannot see人personはtopicそのthatいぬdogをobject買わbuyなけれmustばmustなりmustませmustんmustか。question - 18
ええ、かわなければなりません。しかし、おかねがなければもらうこともできるそうです。
That's right. However, I understand that if he has no money, he can receive one (free of charge), too.
ええ、yes買わbuyなけれmustばmustなりmustませmustん。mustしかし、howeverおmoney金moneyがsubjectなけれdo not haveばifもらうreceiveことact ofもalso出来るcanそうI hearです。is
- は、
- leaves
- この頃
- these days, nowadays
- つえ
- cane
- いぬ
- dog
- 使う
- to use, employ
- くんれん
- training
- うける
- to receive (intangible things) (v.t.)
- から、
- from (See Gram. Notes)
- 今度
- this time, next time
- もらう
- to receive (tangible things)
- し
- city
- しかし、
- however, but
Saying what must happen · Perception drill, Block 1
What someone must do
*たつ* means "stand up." *たたなければなりません* means "must stand up."
A verb ending in *なければ* followed by *なりません* states an obligation. *買わなければなりません* means "He must buy."
Obligations in questions and answers
*生徒は 家でも べんきょうしなければなりませんか* asks "Must the students study at home too?"
*三時間ぐらい べんきょうしなければなりません* answers that they have to study for about three hours.
Kanji: 習
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 19
かわなければなりません。
He must buy.
買わbuyなけれmustばmustなりmustませmustん。must - 20
たつ——たたなければなりません。
stand up — must stand up.
たつ——stand upたたstand upなけれmustばmustなりmustませmustん。must - 21
いく——いかなければなりません。
go — must go.
行く——go行かgoなけれmustばmustなりmustませmustん。must - 22
はなす——はなさなければなりません。
speak — must speak.
話す——speak話さspeakなけれmustばmustなりmustませmustん。must - 23
ならう——ならわなければなりません。
learn — must learn.
習う——learn習わlearnなけれmustばmustなりmustませmustん。must - 24
みる——みなければなりません。
see — must see.
見る——see見seeなけれmustばmustなりmustませmustん。must - 25
おきる——おきなければなりません。
get up — must get up.
おget upきる——get upおきget upなけれmustばmustなりmustませmustん。must - 26
くる——こなければなりません。
come — must come.
来る——come来comeなけれmustばmustなりmustませmustん。must - 27
する——しなければなりません。
do — must do.
する——doしdoなけれmustばmustなりmustませmustん。must - 28
せいとはいえでもべんきょうしなければなりませんか。
Must the students study at home too?
生徒studentsはtopic家homeでatもtooべんきょうstudyしdoなけれmustばmustなりmustませmustんmustか。question - 29
はい、たいていさんじかんぐらいべんきょうしなければなりません。
Yes, they usually have to study for about three hours.
はい、yes大ていusually三three時間hoursぐらいaboutべんきょうstudyしdoなけれmustばmustなりmustませmustん。must - 30
てがみにはなんセントのきってをはらなければなりませんか。
How many cents in stamps must I put on a letter?
手紙letterにonはtopic何how manyセントcentsのof切手stampsをobjectはらput onなけれmustばmustなりmustませmustんmustか。question - 31
ふつうゆうびんなら、ろくセントのきってをはらなければなりません。
If it is regular mail, you must put a six-cent stamp on it.
ふつうregularゆうびんmailなら、if六sixセントcentsのof切手stampをobjectはらput onなけれmustばmustなりmustませmustん。must - 32
せいとたちはダイアログをおぼえなければなりませんか。
Must the students memorize the dialogues?
生徒studentsたちstudentsはtopicダイアログdialoguesをobjectおぼえmemorizeなけれmustばmustなりmustませmustんmustか。question - 33
はい、まいにちダイアログをおぼえなければなりません。
Yes, they must memorize a dialogue every day.
はい、yes毎日every dayダイアログdialogueをobjectおぼえmemorizeなけれmustばmustなりmustませmustん。must - 34
せんせいはまいにちなんじかんぐらいおしえなければなりませんか。
About how many hours must the teacher teach every day?
先生teacherはtopic毎日every day何how many時間hoursぐらいaboutおしえteachなけれmustばmustなりmustませmustんmustか。question - 35
まいにちごじかんぐらいおしえなければなりません。
The teacher must teach for about five hours every day.
毎日every day五five時間hoursぐらいaboutおしえteachなけれmustばmustなりmustませmustん。must
- きる——
- to wear (v.t.)
- 家
- house, home
- 三
- three
- 時間
- hour, time
- ぐらい
- about
- 手紙
- letter (correspondence)
- に
- on (See Gram. Notes)
- 切手
- postage stamp
- ゆうびん
- postal service
- なら、
- if it is (See Gram. Notes)
- 六
- six
- ダイアログ
- dialogue
- 五
- five
Reporting what you heard · Perception drill, Block 2
Information from another source
*とくべつな 学校が ある そうです* means "I understand that there is a special school." The reporting *そうです* follows the informal non-past or past form.
*とうきょうの 夏は むしあつい そうです* reports an I-adjective: "I hear that summer in Tokyo is humid."
After a noun or NA-adjective
*あの方は ゴルフが 上手だそうですね* means "I hear that person is good at golf." A noun or NA-adjective uses *だ* before *そうです*.
*かなり 上手です* gives the direct reply: "He is quite good."
- 36
とくべつながっこうがあるそうです。
I understand that there is a special school.
とくべつspecialなspecial学校schoolがsubjectあるexistsそうI hearです。is - 37
とうきょうのなつはむしあついそうです。
I hear that summer in Tokyo is humid.
とうきょうTokyoの's夏summerはtopicむしあついhumidそうI hearです。is - 38
にほんごはかなりむずかしいそうですね。
I hear Japanese is rather difficult.
日本Japanese語JapaneseはtopicかなりratherむずかしいdifficultそうI hearですisね。right? - 39
ええ、とてもむずかしいです。
Yes, it is very difficult.
ええ、yesとてもveryむずかしいdifficultです。is - 40
あのひとはフランスごができるそうですね。
I hear that person can speak French.
あのthat人personはtopicフランスFrench語Frenchがsubject出来るcan speakそうI hearですisね。right? - 41
はい、できます。
Yes, he can.
はい、yes出来canます。polite - 42
あのかたはゴルフがじょうずだそうですね。
I hear that person is good at golf.
あのthat方personはtopicゴルフgolfがat上手goodだisそうI hearですisね。right? - 43
ええ、かなりじょうずです。
Yes, he is quite good.
ええ、yesかなりquite上手goodです。is - 44
にほんはきれいなところだそうですね。
I hear Japan is a beautiful place.
日本Japanはtopicきれいbeautifulなbeautiful所placeだisそうI hearですisね。right? - 45
ええ、たいへんきれいなところです。
Yes, it is a very beautiful place.
ええ、yes大へんveryきれいbeautifulなbeautiful所placeです。is
- です。
- to be (See Gram. Notes)
- 夏
- summer
- むしあつい
- sultry, humid
- かなり
- fairly
- むずかしい
- difficult
- とても
- very, indeed
- ます。
- trout
- ゴルフ
- golf
- 上手
- skillful, fluent (See Grammar Notes)
- だ
- to be (informal equivalent of DESU. See Grammar Notes)
- 所
- address, place
- 大へん
- very
If and even if · Perception drill, Block 3
If and even if
*話せば* means "if one speaks." *話しても* means "even if one speaks." The BA-form marks "if," while the TEMO-form marks "even if."
A *はい* answer repeats the question without *か*.
A negative answer reverses the result
*雨が 降れば 行きませんか* asks "Won't you go if it rains?"
*いいえ、 雨が 降っても 行きます* answers "No, I will go even if it rains." BA changes to TEMO, and the predicate becomes affirmative.
A TEMO question changes to BA in the same way when the answer is *いいえ*.
- 46
--ればブイエス--ても
'if' vs. 'even if'
--endingれifばifvs.--versusてeven ifもeven if - 47
はなす——はなせば——はなしても
speak — if one speaks — even if one speaks.
話す——speak話せspeakば——if話しspeakてeven ifもeven if - 48
よむ——よめば——よんでも
read — if one reads — even if one reads.
読む——read読めreadば——if読んreadでeven ifもeven if - 49
ふる——ふれば——ふっても
fall — if it falls — even if it falls.
降る——fall降れfallば——if降っfallてeven ifもeven if - 50
くる——くれば——きても
come — if one comes — even if one comes.
来る——come来れcomeば——if来comeてeven ifもeven if - 51
する——すれば——しても
do — if one does — even if one does.
する——doすれdoば——ifしdoてeven ifもeven if - 52
ならう——ならえば——ならっても
learn — if one learns — even if one learns.
習う——learn習えlearnば——if習っlearnてeven ifもeven if - 53
ながい——ながければ——ながくても
long — if it is long — even if it is long.
長い——long長けれlongば——if長くlongてeven ifもeven if - 54
あめがふればいきませんか。
Won't you go if it rains?
雨rainがsubject降れrainばif行きgoませnot, politeんnot, politeか。question - 55
いいえ、あめがふってもいきます。
No, I will go even if it rains.
いいえ、no雨rainがsubject降っrainてeven ifもeven if行きgoます。polite - 56
このひもはみじかくてもつかうことができますか。
Can this cord be used even if it is short?
このthisひもcordはtopic短くshortてeven ifもeven if使うuseことact ofがsubject出来canますpoliteか。question - 57
いいえ、みじかければつかうことはできません。
No, if it is short, it cannot be used.
いいえ、no短かけれis shortばif使うuseことact ofはtopic出来canませnot, politeん。not, polite - 58
えんぴつがみじかければじをかくことができませんか。
Can't you write if the pencil is short?
えんぴつpencilがsubject短かけれis shortばif字writingをobject書くwriteことact ofがsubject出来canませnot, politeんnot, politeか。question - 59
いいえ、みじかくてもじをかくことができます。
No, you can write even if it is short.
いいえ、no短くis shortてeven ifもeven if字writingをobject書くwriteことact ofがsubject出来canます。polite - 60
みみがなければみることができませんか。
Can't you see if you have no ears?
耳earsがsubjectなけれdo not haveばif見るseeことact ofがsubject出来canませnot, politeんnot, politeか。question - 61
いいえ、みみがなくてもみることができます。
No, you can see even if you have no ears.
いいえ、no耳earsがsubjectなくdo not haveてeven ifもeven if見るseeことact ofがsubject出来canます。polite
- 降る——
- to fall (rain) (v.i.)
- 雨
- rain
- ひも
- cord, string
Saying how many · Perception drill, Block 4
Many of what the counter counts
*何日も くんれんします* means "We train for many days." *何* plus a counter plus *も* means many of what that counter counts.
*何人も* means "many people," while *何本も* means "many long objects."
A large quantity instead of a number
*つくえの上に えんぴつが 何本 ありますか* asks how many pencils are on the desk.
*何本も あります* answers "There are many." With *も*, the answer gives a large quantity instead of a number.
- 62
なんにちもくんれんします。
We train for many days.
何many days日many daysもmanyくんれんtrainしdoます。polite - 63
なんにん——なんにんも
how many people — many people.
何how many people人——how many people何many people人many peopleもmany - 64
なんかげつ——なんかげつも
how many months — many months.
何how many monthsか月——how many months何many monthsか月many monthsもmany - 65
なんぼん——なんぼんも
how many long objects — many long objects.
何how many long objects本——how many long objects何many long objects本many long objectsもmany - 66
なんど——なんども
how many times — many times.
何how many times度——how many times何many times度many timesもmany - 67
なんまい——なんまいも
how many flat objects — many flat objects.
何how many flat objectsまい——how many flat objects何many flat objectsまいmany flat objectsもmany - 68
なんじかん——なんじかんも
how many hours — many hours.
何how many hours時間——how many hours何many hours時間many hoursもmany - 69
あなたはにほんじんのともだちがありますか。
Do you have any Japanese friends?
あなたyouはtopic日本Japanese人Japaneseのof友だちfriendsがsubjectありhaveますpoliteか。question - 70
はい、なんにんもあります。
Yes, I have many.
はい、yes何many people人many peopleもmanyありhaveます。polite - 71
にほんへなんどもいきましたか。
Have you been to Japan many times?
日本Japanへtoward何many times度many timesもmany行きgoましdid, politeたdid, politeか。question - 72
はい、なんどもいきました。
Yes, I have been there many times.
はい、yes何many times度many timesもmany行きgoましdid, politeた。did, polite - 73
つくえのうえにえんぴつがなんぼんありますか。
How many pencils are there on the desk?
つくえdeskのof上topにonえんぴつpencilがsubject何how many long objects本how many long objectsありexistますpoliteか。question - 74
なんぼんもあります。
There are many.
何many long objects本many long objectsもmanyありexistます。polite - 75
じしょがなんさつありますか。
How many dictionaries are there?
字dictionaryしょdictionaryがsubject何how many volumesさつhow many volumesありexistますpoliteか。question - 76
じしょがなんさつもあります。
There are many dictionaries.
字dictionaryしょdictionaryがsubject何many volumesさつmany volumesもmanyありexistます。polite
- 人——
- people
- 本——
- numerical counter for counting long slender objects (See Notes)
- 時間——
- hour, time
- へ
- to (See Gram. Notes)
- さつ
- numerical counter for counting books (See Grammar Notes)
Daily obligations · Pattern 1 1 of 3
Obligations in daily life
*明日は 朝早く おきなければなりません* means "I must get up early tomorrow morning." The *なければなりません* pattern states the obligation.
*日本語で 話さなければなりません* means "I must speak in Japanese." Other lines apply the pattern to going, repairing, studying, walking, and memorizing.
Kanji: 歩
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 77
らいげつにほんへいかなければなりません。
I must go to Japan next month.
来月next month日本Japanへtoward行かgoなけれnotばifなりdoませnot, politeん。not, polite - 78
わたくしはうでどけいをなおさなければなりません。
I must have my wristwatch repaired.
私Iはtopicうwristwatchでwristwatchどけいwristwatchをobjectなおさhave repairedなけれnotばifなりdoませnot, politeん。not, polite - 79
こんばんべんきょうしなければなりません。
I must study tonight.
今tonightばんtonightべんきょうstudyしdoなけれnotばifなりdoませnot, politeん。not, polite - 80
あしたはあさはやくおきなければなりません。
I must get up early tomorrow morning.
明日tomorrowはtopic朝morning早くearlyおきget upなけれnotばifなりdoませnot, politeん。not, polite - 81
じどうしゃがないから、あるいていかなければなりません。
Since I do not have a car, I must walk.
自どうcarしゃcarがsubjectないdo not haveから、because歩いwalkてand行かgoなけれnotばifなりdoませnot, politeん。not, polite - 82
にほんごではなさなければなりません。
I must speak in Japanese.
日本Japanese語Japaneseでin話さspeakなけれnotばifなりdoませnot, politeん。not, polite - 83
このダイアログをみんなおぼえなければなりませんか。
Must everyone memorize this dialogue?
このthisダイアログdialogueをobjectみんなeveryoneおぼえmemorizeなけれnotばifなりdoませnot, politeんnot, politeか。question - 84
はい、みんなおぼえなければなりません。
Yes, everyone must memorize it.
はい、yesみんなeveryoneおぼえmemorizeなけれnotばifなりdoませnot, politeん。not, polite
- 来月
- next month
- ばん
- evening, night
- 明日
- tomorrow
- 朝
- morning
- みんな
- all
Asking about obligations · Pattern 1 2 of 3
An obligation or no need
*この ぶんしょうを やくさなければなりませんか* asks "Do I have to translate this passage?"
*やくさなくても いいです* answers that translating it is not necessary.
An obligation in the past
*学校へ 行かなければ なりませんでした* places the obligation in the past: "I had to go to school."
The ending *から* gives that obligation as the reason the speaker could not visit.
- 85
このぶんしょうをやくさなければなりませんか。
Do I have to translate this passage?
このthisぶんしょうpassageをobjectやくさtranslateなけれnotばifなりdoませnot, politeんnot, politeか。question - 86
いいえ、やくさなくてもいいです。
No, you don't have to translate it.
いいえ、noやくさtranslateなくnotてeven ifもeven ifいいall rightです。is - 87
さくばんいえへきませんでしたね。
You didn't come to my house last night, did you?
昨last nightばんlast night家houseへtoward来comeませnot, politeんnot, politeでしpast, politeたpast, politeね。right? - 88
ええ、さくばんはがっこうへいかなければなりませんでしたから、あなたのいえへいくことができませんでした。
No, I had to go to school last night, so I couldn't go to your house.
ええ、no昨last nightばんlast nightはtopic学校schoolへtoward行かgoなけれnotばifなりdoませnot, politeんnot, politeでしpast, politeたpast, politeから、becauseあなたyouの's家houseへtoward行くgoことact ofがsubject出来canませnot, politeんnot, politeでしpast, politeた。past, polite - 89
にほんごをならいます。
I learn Japanese.
日本Japanese語Japaneseをobject習いlearnます。polite - 90
おかねをはらいます。
I pay the money.
おmoney金moneyをobjectはらいpayます。polite - 91
てがみをかきます。
I write a letter.
手紙letterをobject書きwriteます。polite - 92
くつをはきます。
I put on shoes.
くつshoesをobjectはきput onます。polite
- いい
- good (See Gram. Notes)
- くつ
- shoes
Mailing, reading and teaching · Pattern 1 3 of 3
Six actions as obligations
*葉書を 出します* means "I mail a postcard." In this pattern, the action becomes an obligation.
*早く やすみます* means "I go to bed early." The other actions are teaching, reading, remaining until six, and asking a question.
- 93
はがきをだします。
I mail a postcard.
葉書postcardをobject出しmailます。polite - 94
はやくやすみます。
I go to bed early.
早くearlyやすみgo to bedます。polite - 95
ごじかんおしえます。
I teach for five hours.
五five hours時間five hoursおしえteachます。polite - 96
しんぶんをよみます。
I read the newspaper.
しんぶんnewspaperをobject読みreadます。polite - 97
ろくじまでのこります。
I stay until six o'clock.
六six o'clock時six o'clockまでuntilのstayこりstayます。polite - 98
しつもんします。
I ask a question.
しつもんask a questionしdoます。polite
- 時
- time
- まで
- as far as, to (See Gram. Notes)
- しつもん
- question
Reporting facts you heard · Pattern 2 1 of 2
Reports in the non-past
*今ばん 雨が 降るそうです* means "I understand it is going to rain tonight." The reporting *そうです* follows the informal form *降る*.
*スミスさんは フランス語が 上手だそうです* reports a NA-adjective with *だ*.
A report about the past
*ブラウンさんは 日本へ 行ったそうです* means "I hear Mr. Brown went to Japan." The informal past form *行った* stands before *そうです*.
- 99
こんばんあめがふるそうです。
I understand it's going to rain tonight.
今tonightばんtonight雨rainがsubject降るwill fallそうI hearです。is - 100
アラスカのふゆはたいへんさむいそうです。
I understand that the winter in Alaska is very cold.
アラスカAlaskaの's冬winterはtopic大へんveryさむいcoldそうI hearです。is - 101
あのひとはみみがきこえないそうです。
I hear that person cannot hear.
あのthat人personはtopic耳earsがsubject聞こえhearないcannotそうI hearです。is - 102
あのせいとはまいばんさんじかんべんきょうするそうです。
I hear that student studies for three hours every evening.
あのthat生徒studentはtopic毎every eveningばんevery evening三three hours時間three hoursべんきょうstudyするdoそうI hearです。is - 103
やまもとさんはみみがとおいそうです。
I hear Mr. Yamamoto is hard of hearing.
山本YamamotoさんMr.はtopic耳hearingがsubject遠いhard of hearingそうI hearです。is - 104
スミスさんはフランスごがじょうずだそうです。
I hear Mr. Smith is good at French.
スミスSmithさんMr.はtopicフランスFrench語Frenchがsubject上手good atだisそうI hearです。is - 105
ブラウンさんはにほんへいったそうです。
I hear Mr. Brown went to Japan.
ブラウンBrownさんMr.はtopic日本Japanへtoward行っgoたpastそうI hearです。is - 106
あのひとはひだりのめがよくみえないそうですね。
I hear that person cannot see well out of his left eye.
あのthat人personはtopic左leftのof目eyeがsubjectよくwell見えseeないcannotそうI hearですisね。right?
- 降る
- to fall (rain) (v.i.)
- アラスカ
- Alaska
- 冬
- winter
- さむい
- cold
- 遠い
- far
- よく
- well, skillfully
Discussing secondhand information · Pattern 2 2 of 2
A report followed by confirmation
*ニューヨークの 夏は あついそうですね* means "I hear summers in New York are hot." The reporting form with *ね* invites confirmation.
*とても むしあついです* gives direct information: "They are very hot and humid." The reply can confirm the report with a more exact fact.
- 107
すこしはみえるのですが、かなりわるいのでしょう。
He can see a little, but it is probably quite bad.
少しa littleはtopic見えるcan seeのit is thatですisが、butかなりquiteわるいbadのit is thatでしょう。probably - 108
にほんじんはきものをきると、くつをはかないそうですね。
I hear that when Japanese people wear kimono, they do not wear shoes.
日本Japanese people人Japanese peopleはtopicきものkimonoをobjectきるwearと、whenくつshoesをobjectはかないdo not wearそうI hearですisね。right? - 109
ええ、たいていきものをきると、げたをはきます。
Yes, when they wear kimono, they usually wear wooden clogs.
ええ、yes大ていusuallyきものkimonoをobjectきるwearと、whenげたwooden clogsをobjectはきwearます。polite - 110
ニューヨークのなつはあついそうですね。
I hear summers in New York are hot.
ニューヨークNew Yorkの's夏summersはtopicあついhotそうI hearですisね。right? - 111
ええ、とてもむしあついです。
Yes, they are very hot and humid.
ええ、yesとてもveryむしあついhot and humidです。is - 112
スミスさんはにほんごがよくできるそうですね。
I hear Mr. Smith is very good at Japanese.
スミスMr. SmithさんMr. Smithはtopic日本Japanese language語Japanese languageがsubjectよくvery well出来るis good atそうI hearですisね。right? - 113
ええ、クラスでいちばんよくできますね。
Yes, he is the best in the class.
ええ、yesクラスclassでin一番bestよくwell出来doesますpoliteね。right?
- 少し
- little (quantity)
- 見える
- to be visible, can see (v.i.)
- わるい
- bad
- でしょう。
- probably (See Gram. Notes)
- きもの
- KIMONO
- きる
- to wear (v.t.)
- と、
- and (See Gram. Notes)
- げた
- wooden clogs
- ニューヨーク
- New York
- あつい
- hot
- 一番
- number one (See Grammar Notes)
Contrasting if and even if · Pattern 3 1 of 3
From if to even if
*雨が 降れば、 行きませんか* asks "Won't you go if it rains?"
*いいえ、 雨が 降っても 行きます* answers "No, I will go even if it rains." The if-form becomes the even-if form, and the predicate becomes affirmative.
From even if to if
*雨が 降っても 行きますか* asks whether the speaker will go even if it rains.
*いいえ、 雨が 降れば 行きません* answers "No, if it rains, I will not go." The even-if form becomes the if-form, and the predicate becomes negative.
- 114
あめがふれば、いきませんか。
Won't you go if it rains?
雨rainがsubject降れrainsば、if行きgoませnot, politeんnot, politeか。question - 115
いいえ、あめがふってもいきます。
No, I'll go even if it rains.
いいえ、no雨rainがsubject降っrainsてrainsもeven if行きgoます。polite - 116
あめがふってもいきますか。
Will you go even if it rains?
雨rainがsubject降っrainsてrainsもeven if行きgoますpoliteか。question - 117
いいえ、あめがふればいきません。
No, if it rains, I won't go.
いいえ、no雨rainがsubject降れrainsばif行きgoませnot, politeん。not, polite - 118
あめがふれば、あなたははたらきませんか。
If it rains, don't you work?
雨rainがsubject降れrainsば、ifあなたyouはtopicはたらきworkませnot, politeんnot, politeか。question - 119
いいえ、あめがふってもわたくしははたらきます。
No, I work even if it rains.
いいえ、no雨rainがsubject降っrainsてrainsもeven if私Iはtopicはたらきworkます。polite - 120
みみがとおければ、はなすことはできませんか。
If you are hard of hearing, can't you speak?
耳hearingがsubject遠けれis poorば、if話すspeakことactはtopic出来canませnot, politeんnot, politeか。question - 121
いいえ、みみがとおくてもはなすことはできます。
No, even if you are hard of hearing, you can speak.
いいえ、no耳hearingがsubject遠くis poorてis poorもeven if話すspeakことactはtopic出来canます。polite
Conditional limits and responses · Pattern 3 2 of 3
A result despite the condition
*先生の しつもんを 一度 聞けば、 すぐ わかりますか* asks whether one hearing brings immediate understanding.
*一度 聞いても わかりません* answers "I do not understand it even after hearing it once." The if-form becomes the even-if form, and the result becomes negative.
- 122
せんせいのしつもんをいちどきけば、すぐわかりますか。
If you hear the teacher's question once, do you understand it right away?
先生teacherの'sしつもんquestionをobject一once度once聞けhearば、ifすぐright awayわかりunderstandますpoliteか。question - 123
いいえ、ときどきいちどきいてもわかりません。
No, sometimes I don't understand it even after hearing it once.
いいえ、no時々sometimes一once度once聞いhearingてhearingもeven afterわかりunderstandませnot, politeん。not, polite - 124
めがなくてもみることができますか。
Can you see even if you have no eyes?
目eyesがsubjectなくhave noneてhave noneもeven if見るseeことactがsubject出来canますpoliteか。question - 125
いいえ、めがなければ、みることはできません。
No, if you have no eyes, you cannot see.
いいえ、no目eyesがsubjectなけれhave noneば、if見るseeことactはtopic出来canませnot, politeん。not, polite - 126
へやがくらくてもあかりをつけませんか。
Don't you turn on the light even if the room is dark?
へやroomがsubjectくらくis darkてis darkもeven if明りlightをobjectつけturn onませnot, politeんnot, politeか。question - 127
いいえ、へやがくらければ、あかりをつけます。
No, if the room is dark, I turn on the light.
いいえ、noへやroomがsubjectくらけれis darkば、if明りlightをobjectつけturn onます。polite - 128
そのじどうしゃはたかいですが、たかくてもかいますか。
That car is expensive, but will you buy it even if it is expensive?
そのthat自どうcarしゃcarはtopicたかいexpensiveですisが、butたかくexpensiveてexpensiveもeven if買いbuyますpoliteか。question - 129
いいえ、たかければ、かいません。
No, if it is expensive, I won't buy it.
いいえ、noたかけれexpensiveば、if買いbuyませnot, politeん。not, polite
- 一
- one
- すぐ
- right away, immediately
- 時々
- sometimes, occasionally
- たかい
- expensive
Asking conditional questions · Pattern 3 3 of 3
What happens under a condition
*お金が あれば、 日本へ 行きますか* asks "If you have money, will you go to Japan?" The BA-form sets the condition.
*よく べんきょうしても 上手に なりませんか* asks whether improvement fails even with hard study. The TEMO-form means "even if."
- 130
おかねがあれば、にほんへいきますか。
If you have money, will you go to Japan?
おmoney金moneyがsubjectあれhaveば、if日本Japanへto行きgoますpoliteか。question - 131
やすければ、かいますか。
If it is cheap, will you buy it?
安けれcheapば、if買いbuyますpoliteか。question - 132
やさしければ、べんきょうしませんか。
If it is easy, won't you study it?
やさしけれeasyば、ifべんきょうstudyしdoませnot, politeんnot, politeか。question - 133
たべれば、おおきくなりますか。
If you eat, will you grow bigger?
たべれeatば、if大きくbiggerなりbecomeますpoliteか。question - 134
せんせいがはやくはなせば、わかりませんか。
If the teacher speaks quickly, don't you understand?
先生teacherがsubject早くquickly話せspeaksば、ifわかりunderstandませnot, politeんnot, politeか。question - 135
よくべんきょうしてもじょうずになりませんか。
Won't you get better even if you study hard?
よくhardべんきょうstudyしdoてdoもeven if上手betterにintoなりbecomeませnot, politeんnot, politeか。question
Many times, years and objects · Pattern 4 1 of 2
Many with different counters
*私は 何度も 日本へ 行きました* means "I have been to Japan many times." The counter before *も* identifies what is numerous.
*何年も* means many years, *何本も* many long objects, *何人も* many people, and *何げんも* many buildings.
- 136
なんにちもあめがふりました。
It rained for many days.
何many days日many daysもmany days雨rainがsubject降りrainedましdid, politeた。did, polite - 137
わたくしはなんどもにほんへいきました。
I have been to Japan many times.
私Iはtopic何many times度many timesもmany times日本Japanへto行きwentましdid, politeた。did, polite - 138
あのかたはなんねんもみみがきこえないのです。
That person has been unable to hear for many years.
あのthat方personはtopic何many years年many yearsもmany years耳hearingがsubject聞こえcan hearないnotのit is thatです。is - 139
つくえのうえにはくぼくがなんぼんもあります。
There are many pieces of chalk on the desk.
つくえdeskの's上topにonはくchalkぼくchalkがsubject何many pieces本many piecesもmany piecesありexistます。polite - 140
このがっこうにはおんなのせんせいがなんにんもいます。
There are many women teachers at this school.
このthis学校schoolにatはtopic女womenのof先生teachersがsubject何many people人many peopleもmany people居areます。polite - 141
やまのなかにちいさいいえがなんげんもあります。
There are many small houses in the mountains.
山mountainsのof中midstにin小さいsmall家housesがsubject何many housesげんmany housesもmany housesありexistます。polite
- 年
- year (See Grammar Notes)
- はく
- to wear (on feet or legs)
- 本
- numerical counter for counting long slender objects (See Notes)
- 女
- female
- 山
- mountain
Many people, years and boxes · Pattern 4 2 of 2
Whether the quantity is large
*何年も 日本語を おしえていますか* asks whether the teacher has taught Japanese for many years.
*何人も 居ますか* asks whether many people are present. *はい、 何人も 居ます* confirms that there are many.
- 142
せんせい、あなたはもうなんねんもにほんごをおしえていますか。
Teacher, have you been teaching Japanese for many years now?
先生、teacherあなたyouはtopicもうnow何many years年many yearsもmany years日本Japanese language語Japanese languageをobjectおしえhave been teachingてhave been teachingいhave been teachingますhave been teachingか。question - 143
ええ、もうにじゅうねんぐらいおしえています。
Yes, I have been teaching it for about twenty years now.
ええ、yesもうnow二十twenty年yearsぐらいaboutおしえhave been teachingてhave been teachingいhave been teachingます。have been teaching - 144
このがっこうにはくうぐんのぐんじんがなんにんもいますか。
Are there many Air Force servicemen at this school?
このthis学校schoolにatはtopicくうAir Force軍Air Forceのof軍人servicemenがsubject何many people人many peopleもmany people居areますpoliteか。question - 145
はい、なんにんもいます。
Yes, there are many.
はい、yes何many people人many peopleもmany people居areます。polite - 146
つくえのうえに、はこがいくつもありますか。
Are there several boxes on the desk?
つくえdeskの's上topに、onはこboxesがsubjectいくseveralつseveralもseveralありexistますpoliteか。question - 147
いいえ、ひとつしかありません。
No, there is only one.
いいえ、no一oneつoneしかonlyありexistませnot, politeん。not, polite
- もう
- already (See Gram. Notes)
- 二十
- 20
Blindness and deafness from birth · Reading Selection 1 of 4
Sight, hearing, and speech from birth
The passage describes people who cannot see or speak. *ある人は うまれつきの めくら* means "Some people are blind from birth."
*うまれつき 耳が 聞こえませんから* gives deafness from birth as the reason. *ものを 言うことも 出来ません* states that they cannot speak either.
- 148
まちをあるいていると、めのみえないひとや、ものをいう
When you walk through town, you see people who cannot see and people who cannot
町townをthrough歩いare walkingてare walkingいるare walkingと、when目eyesのof見えcan seeないnot人peopleや、andものwordsをobject言うspeak - 149
ことができないひとをみます。
speak.
ことactがsubject出来canないnot人peopleをobject見seeます。polite - 150
あるひとはうまれつきのめくら
Some people are blind from birth.
あるsome人peopleはtopicうまれつきfrom birthのofめくらblind - 151
です。
They are.
です。are - 152
またあるひとはうまれつきみみがきこえませんから、
Also, some people are deaf from birth, so
又alsoあるsome人peopleはtopicうまれつきfrom birth耳hearingがsubject聞こえcan hearませnot, politeんnot, politeから、because - 153
ものをいうこともできません。
they cannot speak either.
ものwordsをobject言うspeakことactもalso出来canませnot, politeん。not, polite - 154
ものをいうことができない
A person who cannot speak
ものwordsをobject言うspeakことactがsubject出来canないnot
- 町
- town
- いる
- to need (See Gram. Notes)
- や、
- and---among others (See Gram. Notes)
Special schools and lipreading · Reading Selection 2 of 4
Schools and watching speech
The passage says blind and mute people attend special schools. *とくべつな 学校に 行きます* means "They go to special schools."
*話している 人の 口を 見ます* says they watch the speaker's mouth. *話の いみが わかるのです* states that they understand the speech.
Kanji: 外
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 155
ひとをおしといいます。
is called mute.
人personをobjectおしmuteとquote言いcallます。polite - 156
めくらやおしは、そのひとたちの
Blind and mute people
めくらblind peopleやandおしmute peopleは、topicそのthose人peopleたちpluralのtheir - 157
ためにあるとくべつながっこうにいきます。
go to special schools for them.
ためsakeにforあるexistとくべつspecialなspecial学校schoolにto行きgoます。polite - 158
おしはほかのひとが
When other people
おしmute peopleはtopic外otherのof人peopleがsubject - 159
はなしているときに、はなしているひとのくちをみます。
are talking, mute people watch the speaker's mouth.
話しare talkingてare talkingいるare talking時whenに、at話しis talkingてis talkingいるis talking人personの's口mouthをobject見watchます。polite - 160
それではなしの
In this way, they
それthatでby話speechのof - 161
いみがわかるのです。
understand what is being said.
いみmeaningがsubjectわかるunderstandのfactです。is
- いみ
- meaning
Training, touch and education · Reading Selection 3 of 4
Training over many years
The passage describes long training for communication and reading by touch. *何年も うけなければ なりません* combines an obligation with *何年も*, "for many years."
*手を 使って 本を 読む くんれんを うけます* states that blind people receive training to read with their hands.
*これも 又 何年も かかります* says this training also takes many years.
- 162
おしはがっこうでいろいろなくんれんを
Mute people must receive various kinds of training at school
おしmute peopleはtopic学校schoolでatいろいろvariousなvariousくんれんtrainingをobject - 163
なんねんもうけなければなりません。
for many years.
何many年yearsもas many asうけreceiveなけれif notばifなりbecomeませnot, politeん。not, polite - 164
めくらのひとはがっこうにいって、てをつかってほんをよむ
Blind people go to school and read books with their hands
めくらblind peopleのof人peopleはtopic学校schoolにto行っgoて、and手handsをobject使っuseてand本booksをobject読むread - 165
くんれんをうけます。
after receiving training.
くんれんtrainingをobjectうけreceiveます。polite - 166
これもまたなんねんもかかります。
This also takes many years.
これthisもalso又again何many年yearsもas many asかかりtakeます。polite - 167
しかし、
However,
しかし、however - 168
にほんでは、めくらやおしのおおくは、おかねがありませんから、
in Japan, many blind and mute people do not have money, so
日本Japanでinは、topicめくらblind peopleやandおしmute peopleのof多くmanyは、topicおmoney金moneyがsubjectありhaveませnot, politeんnot, politeから、because
Free education and transport · Reading Selection 4 of 4
Transport and education without cost
The passage reports that blind and mute people in the United States go to school by bus or car. *学校に 行くそうです* carries the report.
*お金も いりませんから* gives the absence of cost as the reason few people lack an education.
- 169
がっこうへいくことができません。
they cannot go to school.
学校schoolへtoward行くgoことactがsubject出来canませnot, politeん。not, polite - 170
べいこくでは、めくらやおしのひとたちは
In the United States, blind and mute people
米国United Statesでinは、topicめくらblind peopleやandおしmute peopleのof人peopleたちgroupはtopic - 171
だれでもバスやじどうしゃでがっこうにいくそうです。
all reportedly go to school by bus or car.
だれeveryoneでeveryoneもeveryoneバスbusやor自どうcarしゃcarでby学校schoolにto行くgoそうreportedlyです。is - 172
そして、
And
そして、and - 173
おかねもいりませんから、きょういくのないめくらやおしはすくない
since it does not cost any money, there are few blind or mute people without an education.
おmoney金moneyもevenいりcostませnot, politeんnot, politeから、becauseきょうeducationいくeducationのofないwithoutめくらblind peopleやorおしmute peopleはtopicすくないfew
- だれ
- who?
- バス
- bus
Naming sight and speech disabilities · Questions 1 of 2
Names and abilities
*ものを 言うことの 出来ない 人を 何と 言いますか* means "What do you call a person who cannot speak?" An answer names *おし*.
Other questions ask whether a person can see, hear, or speak and whether blind and mute people attend the same schools.
- 174
そうです。
That's right.
そうthat is rightです。is - 175
まちをあるいていると、ときどきめくらのひとをみますか。
When you walk around town, do you sometimes see blind people?
町townをthrough歩いare walkingてare walkingいるare walkingと、when時々sometimesめくらblindのof人peopleをobject見seeますpoliteか。question - 176
ものをいうことのできないひとをなんといいますか。
What do you call a person who cannot speak?
ものwordsをobject言うspeakことactのof出来canないnot人personをobject何whatとquote言いcallますpoliteか。question - 177
めがみえないひとをなんといいますか。
What do you call a person who cannot see?
目eyesがsubject見えseeないnot人personをobject何whatとquote言いcallますpoliteか。question - 178
めくらやおしはほかのひととおなじがっこうへいきますか。
Do blind and mute people go to the same schools as other people?
めくらblind peopleやandおしmute peopleはtopic外otherのof人peopleとwith同じsame学校schoolへtoward行きgoますpoliteか。question - 179
おしはなにをすることができませんか。
What are mute people unable to do?
おしmute peopleはtopic何whatをobjectするdoことactがsubject出来canませnot, politeんnot, politeか。question - 180
みみがきこえないひとはみんなおしですか。
Are all people who cannot hear mute?
耳earsがsubject聞こえhearないnot人peopleはtopicみんなallおしmuteですareか。question - 181
うまれつきみみがきこえないひとは、ものをいうことができませんか。
Are people who are deaf from birth unable to speak?
うまれつきfrom birth耳earsがsubject聞こえhearないnot人peopleは、topicものwordsをobject言うspeakことactがsubject出来canませnot, politeんnot, politeか。question
Schools, guide dogs and lipreading · Questions 2 of 2
Education and assistance
*おしは 何年も とくべつな くんれんを うけなければ なりませんか* asks whether mute people must receive special training for many years.
*おしは どうして むこうの人の 話の いみが わかりますか* asks for the explanation about watching the speaker's mouth.
Other answers state whether special schools, special books, and trained dogs exist.
- 182
おしやめくらのために、とくべつながっこうがありますか。
Are there special schools for mute and blind people?
おしmute peopleやandめくらblind peopleのofためsakeに、forとくべつspecialなspecial学校schoolsがsubjectありexistますpoliteか。question - 183
めくらのためにとくべつのほんがありますか。
Are there special books for blind people?
めくらblind peopleのofためsakeにforとくべつspecialのspecial本booksがsubjectありexistますpoliteか。question - 184
おしはなんねんもとくべつなくんれんをうけなければなりませんか。
Do mute people have to receive special training for many years?
おしmute peopleはtopic何many年yearsもas many asとくべつspecialなspecialくんれんtrainingをobjectうけreceiveなけれif notばifなりbecomeませnot, politeんnot, politeか。question - 185
べいこくでは、がっこうへいかないめくらやおしがおおいですか。
In the United States, are there many blind and mute people who do not go to school?
米国United Statesでinは、topic学校schoolへtoward行かgoないnotめくらblind peopleやandおしmute peopleがsubject多いmanyですareか。question - 186
つんぼはみんなものをいうことができませんか。
Are all deaf people unable to speak?
つんぼdeaf peopleはtopicみんなallものwordsをobject言うspeakことactがsubject出来canませnot, politeんnot, politeか。question - 187
にほんでは、がっこうへいかないめくらのひとやおしがおおいですか。
In Japan, are there many blind and mute people who do not go to school?
日本Japanでinは、topic学校schoolへtoward行かgoないnotめくらblindのof人peopleやandおしmute peopleがsubject多いmanyですareか。question - 188
めくらのために、とくべつなくんれんをうけたいぬがいますか。
Are there dogs that have received special training to help blind people?
めくらblind peopleのofためsakeに、forとくべつspecialなspecialくんれんtrainingをobjectうけreceiveたpastいぬdogsがsubject居existますpoliteか。question - 189
おしはどうしてむこうのひとのはなしのいみがわかりますか。
How do mute people understand what the other person is saying?
おしmute peopleはtopicどうhowしhowてhowむこうotherのof人personの's話speechのofいみmeaningがsubjectわかりunderstandますpoliteか。question
- むこう
- destination, yonder
Disability, education and assistance words · Word list 1 of 4
People, assistance, and perception
These words cover disability, education, mobility assistance, and training. *つえ* means "cane," *いぬ* means "dog," and *くんれん* means "training."
*見える* means "to be visible" or "can see." *聞こえる* means "to be audible" or "can hear."
- 190
へや
room
へやroom - 191
あかり
light
明りlight - 192
めくら
blind, blind person
めくらblind person - 193
つんぼ
deaf
つんぼdeaf - 194
おし
deaf-mute
おしdeaf-mute - 195
きょういく
education
きょういくeducation - 196
つえ
cane
つえcane - 197
いぬ
dog
いぬdog - 198
くんれん
training
くんれんtraining - 199
みえる
to be visible, can see (v.i.)
見えるcan see - 200
きこえる
to be audible, can hear (v.i.)
聞こえるcan hear
- きょういく
- education
- 聞こえる
- to be audible, can hear (v.i.)
Light, speech and training words · Word list 2 of 4
Light, communication, and training
These entries cover light, speech, education, and training. *明りを けす* means "to switch off a light," while *明りを つける* means "to turn on a light."
*うける* means receiving an intangible thing, such as training. *もらう* means receiving a tangible thing.
- 201
あかりをけす
to switch off a light
明りをけすswitch off light - 202
あかりをつける
to turn on a light
明りをつけるturn on light - 203
ものをいう
to speak, to utter words, talk
ものを言うspeak - 204
うける
to receive (intangible things) (v.t.)
うけるreceive - 205
きょういくする
to educate (v.t.)
きょういくするeducate - 206
くんれんする
to train (v.t.)
くんれんするtrain - 207
もらう
to receive (tangible things)
もらうreceive - 208
あかるい
light
明るいlight - 209
くらい
dark
くらいdark - 210
みみがとおい
to be hard of hearing
耳が遠いhard of hearing - 211
めがみえません
can't see
目が見えませんcannot see
- 明りをけす
- to switch off a light
- 明りをつける
- to turn on a light
- ものを言う
- to speak, to utter words, talk
- きょういくする
- to educate (v.t.)
- くんれんする
- to train (v.t.)
- 耳が遠い
- to be hard of hearing
- 目が見えません
- can't see
Necessity, hearsay and condition words · Word list 3 of 4
Necessity, reports, and conditions
*行かなければ なりません* means "must go." *---そうです* means "I hear that," and *何日も* means "many days."
*もし* means "if" and signals a conditional. Other entries express purpose, contrast, birth, and inability to see or hear.
- 212
みみがきこえません
can't hear
耳が聞こえませんcannot hear - 213
いかなければなりません
must go (See Grammar Notes)
行かなければなりませんmust go - 214
---そうです
I hear that --- (See Grammar Notes)
---そうですI hear that - 215
なんにちも
many days (See Grammar Notes)
何日もmany days - 216
しかし
however, but
しかしhowever - 217
ため(に)
for the purpose of, for the reason
ため(に)for - 218
もし
if
もしif - 219
とくべつな
special
とくべつなspecial - 220
うまれつき
by birth, by nature
うまれつきby nature - 221
めがみえないひと
person who can't see; a blind person
目が見えない人blind person - 222
みみがきこえないひと
person who can't hear; deaf
耳が聞こえない人deaf person
- 耳が聞こえません
- can't hear
- 行かなければなりません
- must go (See Grammar Notes)
- ---そうです
- I hear that --- (See Grammar Notes)
- 何日も
- many days (See Grammar Notes)
- しかし
- however, but
- ため(に)
- for the purpose of, for the reason
- とくべつな
- special
- 目が見えない人
- person who can't see; a blind person
- 耳が聞こえない人
- person who can't hear; deaf
Sight, hearing and ability phrases · Word list 4 of 4
Ability with and without assistance
*めくらは 何も見えません* means "cannot see anything." *つんぼは 何も 聞こえません* means "cannot hear anything."
*めくらは つえが なければ、 歩くことが 出来ません* says a blind person cannot walk without a cane.
Other phrases cover speech, learning Japanese, and switching off a light.
- 223
めくらはなにもみえません。
can't see anything
めくらは何も見えません。cannot see anything - 224
つんぼはなにもきこえません。
can't hear anything
つんぼは何も聞こえません。cannot hear anything - 225
おしはなにもいうことができません。
can't say anything
おしは何も言うことが出来ません。cannot say anything - 226
せんせいのはなしがよくきこえません。
I can't hear the teacher talk very well.
先生の話がよく聞こえません。cannot hear teacher well - 227
めがみえないひとのためにとくべつながっこうがあります。
There are special schools for people who can't see.
目が見えない人のためにとくべつな学校があります。special schools for blind - 228
めくらはつえがなければ、あるくことができません。
... can't walk.
めくらはつえがなければ、歩くことが出来ません。cannot walk without cane - 229
あのせんせいはよっつのがいこくごをはなすことができます。
foreign language
あの先生は四つの外国語を話すことが出来ます。can speak four languages - 230
わたくしはにほんごをならわなければなりません。
... have to learn.
私は日本語を習わなければなりません。must learn Japanese - 231
わたくしはあかりをけします。
I'll switch off the light.
私は明りをけします。will switch off light
- めくらは何も見えません。
- "can't see anything"
- つんぼは何も聞こえません。
- "can't hear anything"
- おしは何も言うことが出来ません。
- "can't say anything"
- 先生の話がよく聞こえません。
- "I can't hear the teacher talk very well."
- 目が見えない人のためにとくべつな学校があります。
- "There are special schools for people who can't see."
- めくらはつえがなければ、歩くことが出来ません。
- "... can't walk."
- あの先生は四つの外国語を話すことが出来ます。
- "foreign language"
- 私は日本語を習わなければなりません。
- "... have to learn."
- 私は明りをけします。
- "I'll switch off the light."
The particulars
- The course
- Defense Language Institute, Japanese Basic Course, 1967 to 1971. Public domain. The teaching pages and the narration are ours.
- Reading aloud
- Digital narration, directed by 1732 Studios.
- The book
- Botchan, the work this course leads to, free to read here.
- Data
- JSON · Markdown · A guide for agents