Japanese Basic Course 1732 Studios

Japanese · Lesson 42

Lesson 42

Kanji and everyday Japanese

221 lines

Choosing a historical film · Dialogue 1 of 3

A historical film on Friday

One speaker wants to see a Japanese film. The other explains historical and modern films, then proposes a historical film on Friday.

*私は まず 時代物を 見たいですね* means "I want to see a Jidai-mono first."

An intention to listen for

In *私は 今週の 金曜日の 晩に 「座頭市果し状」 を 見に 行くつもりです*, *つもり* presents the plan to go see the film.

The invitation *なんなら、 一しょに 行きませんか* means "If it's OK with you, would you like to go with me?"

Kanji: 映 to 晩

New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.

  1. 1

    わたくしはまだにほんえいがをみたことがないのですが、よいのがあったら、みにいきたいとおもっています。

    I have not yet seen a Japanese movie, but if there is a good one, I am hoping to go see it.

    私I
    はtopic
    まだyet
    日本Japanese movie
    映画Japanese movie
    をobject
    見see
    たpast
    事experience
    がsubject
    ないhave not
    のthe fact
    ですis
    が、but
    よいgood
    のone
    がsubject
    あっif there is
    たら、if there is
    見see
    にto
    行きgo
    たいwant to
    とquote
    思っam hoping
    てam hoping
    いam hoping
    ます。am hoping
  2. 2

    そうですか。では、わたくしがあんないしましょう。どんなのがすきですか。じだいもの?げんだいもの?

    Is that right? Well, I'll take you, then. What sort of picture would you like? A Jidai-mono or a Gendai-mono?

  3. 3

    じだいものというのはどんなのですか。

    What is a Jidai-mono?

  4. 4

    じだいものというのは、むかしのはなしやできごとをとりあつかったものです。まあ、さむらいえいがですね。げんだいものはげんだいのはなしやできごとをとりあつかったえいがです。

    A Jidai-mono is a film that has taken up the story or the incident of the ancient period. In short, it is a movie in which "Samurai" appear. A Gendai-mono is a movie that deals with a modern-day story or incident.

  5. 5

    わたくしはまずじだいものをみたいですね。

    I want to see a Jidai-mono first.

  6. 6

    わたくしはこんしゅうのきんようびのばんに「ざとういちはたしじょう」をみにいくつもりです。なんなら、いっしょにいきませんか。

    I intend to go to see "Zatooichi hatashijoo" on Friday evening this week. If it's OK with you, would you like to go with me?

TSUMORI

TSUMORI, used after the conclusive form of verbs, expresses the idea of 'intention.'

Examples:

WATAKUSHI WA EIGA NI IKU TSUMORI DESU. "I intend to go to a movie."

WATAKUSHI WA KONBAN WA BENKYOO SURU TSUMORI DESU. "I intend to study tonight."

ANO HITO WA ATARASHII JIDOOSHA O KAU TSUMORI RASHII. "It seems that he intends to buy a new car."

To express a negative idea "I don't intend to go," the Japanese is usually "I intend not to go." Therefore, WATAKUSHI WA IKANAI TSUMORI DESU is the way the idea is expressed.
--NI SURU

NI SURU following a substantive means 'to decide on,' 'to make it ---'

Examples:

MONTEREI E IKU NO WA NICHIYOO NI SHIMASHITA. "I decided on Sunday as the day to go to Monterey."

WATAKUSHI NO WA SAKANA NI SHITE KUDASAI. "Make mine fish."

BENKYOO SURU NO WA ASHITA NI SHIMASHOO. "Let's make tomorrow the day to study."

Commonly the particle NO is used as a pronoun after I or NA adjectives. In such a case NI SURU follows the NO.

If the noun is an abstract fact, KOTO is used.

Examples:

KUTSU WA YASUI NO NI SHIMASHITA. "As for shoes, I decided on the inexpensive one."

WAISHATSU WA SUKOSHI OOKI NA NO NI SURU HOO GA II DESU. "As for the shirts, you had better decide on a little larger size."

SORE WA WARUI KOTO NI SHITE ARIMASU. "It has been decided as a bad thing."

In case the decision is an action, the verb expressing the action is nominalized by the use of KOTO before NI SURU.

Examples:

WATAKUSHI WA ASHITA KAAMERU E IKU KOTO NI SHIMASHITA. "I have decided to go to Carmel tomorrow."

KONBAN WA BENKYOO SHINAI KOTO NI SHIMASHITA. "I decided not to study tonight."
--HAZU DESU

HAZU is a noun used to express expectation.

Examples:

WATAKUSHI WA KYOO WA ROKUJI NI UCHI E KAERU HAZU DESU. "I'm supposed to go home at 6 today."

TANAKA SAN MO KURU HAZU DESU. "Mr. Tanaka is supposed to come, too."

MISE O ROKUJI NI SHIMERU HAZU DESU. "They are supposed to close the store at 6."

SONO MICHI WA TOORENAI HAZU DESU. "That road is supposed to be impassable."

ICHIGO WA IMAGORO WA YASUI HAZU DESU. "Strawberries are supposed to be cheap nowadays."

SORE WA MOTTO OOKII HAZU DESU. "That is supposed to be a little bigger."

KORE WA ANO KATA NIWA TAISETSU NA HAZU DESU. "This is supposed to be important for him."

SONNA HAZU WA ARIMASEN. "That shouldn't be."

"It is not supposed to be so."

HAZU WA ARIMASEN or HAZU WA NAI is a strong negative. The equivalent impression in English is "Why should one ---," "We have no reason to expect one to ---," etc.

Examples:

ANO KATA WA KURU HAZU WA ARIMASEN. "Why should he come? He won't." "We have no reason to expect him to come."

SONNA NI TAKAI HAZU GA NAI. "It simply can't be so expensive."

TABAKO WA KARADA NI II HAZU GA NAI. "Tobacco is never good for the health."
--ZU NI

ZU, the imperfective stem of the auxiliary verb NU, means 'not.' It occurs most commonly adverbially, usually in conjunction with NI. ZU NI means the same as NAI DE and they are used interchangeably. It usually means 'without.'

Examples:

YUUHAN O TABEZU NI KITE KUDASAI.

YUUHAN O TABENAI DE KITE KUDASAI. "Please come without eating supper."

YOSHUU SEZU NI GAKKOO E KIMASHITA.

YOSHUU SHINAI DE GAKKOO E KIMASHITA. "I came to school without preparation."

When ZU is attached to the SURU verb, it is attached to the SE form and not the SHI form. Compare SEZU and SHINAI in the above examples.
NINKI

The word NINKI means popularity. 'To be not popular' or 'to have no popularity' is NINKI GA NAI. 'To gain 'popularity' is NINKI GA DERU. 'To lose popularity' is NINKI GA NAKU NARU. To use NINKI attributively, the form NINKI GA ARU or NINKI GA NAI is used. 'A popular man' is NINKI GA ARU HITO and not NINKI NO HITO. 'Not a popular man' is NINKI NO NAI HITO. However, the word NINKI forms a compound word by having no particle or verb in between the noun and itself; for example, NINKI MONO, 'popular person.'
は
leaves
まだ
yet, still
映画
movie
を
particle denoting direct object (See Pattern Drill)
が
but (See Gram. Notes)
の
See Grammar Notes
です
to be (See Gram. Notes)
よい
good (See Gram. Notes)
に
on (See Gram. Notes)
と
and (See Gram. Notes)
ます。
trout
そう
numerical counter for ships
か。
either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)
で
--is and -- (See Grammar Notes)
し
city
ましょう。
let's (See Gram. Notes)
どんな
what kind of; what sort of
好き
to like, be fond of (See Grammar Notes)
時代
era, period
現代
present time, modern time
言う
to say
むかし
ancient, old
や
and---among others (See Gram. Notes)
出来事
event, incident
さむらい
warrior, SAMURAI
ね。
isn't it (See Grammar Notes)
まず
first, first of all
今週
this week
なら、
if it is (See Gram. Notes)

Changing movie plans to Saturday · Dialogue 2 of 3

Saturday instead of Friday

Friday is not possible, so the speakers choose Saturday and invite Mr. Smith.

*それでは 土曜日にしましょう* means "Well then, I'll make it Saturday evening." *スミスさんも 行ける はずです* presents the expectation that he can go.

In *わすれずに 買っておきます*, *わすれずに* means the tickets will be bought without forgetting.

A film with popularity

*今 日本で 一番 人気の ある 映画* means "the most popular movie in Japan now."

Within this phrase, *人気の ある* describes the film as popular.

Kanji: 用

New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.

  1. 7

    いきたいのですが、きんようびのばんはあいにくようじがあっていけません。どようびのばんならさしつかえありませんが。

    I would like to go, but unfortunately, I am busy Friday night and I can't go. If it's Saturday night, I am free, but ---

  2. 8

    そうですか。それではどようびにしましょう。それにどようびでしたら、スミスさんもいけるはずですから、スミスさんもさそいましょう。

    Is that right? Well then, I'll make it Saturday evening. Besides, if it's Saturday, Mr. Smith is supposed to be able to go, so let's invite Mr. Smith, too.

  3. 9

    そのえいがはおもしろいのですか。

    Is that movie interesting?

  4. 10

    ええ、とても。いまにほんでいちばんにんきのあるえいがですね。

    Yes, it is very interesting. It's the most popular movie in Japan now.

  5. 11

    にゅうじょうけんのまえうりをしているのですか。

    Are they selling tickets in advance?

  6. 12

    たぶんしているでしょう。こんばん、わすれずにかっておきます。

    They probably are. I'll buy them tonight without fail.

が、
but (See Gram. Notes)
あいにく
unfortunately
用事
personal business
なら
if it is (See Gram. Notes)
さしつかえ
hindrance, engagement
から、
from (See Gram. Notes)
おもしろい
interesting, to be fun
ええ、
Yes
とても。
very, indeed
一番
number one (See Grammar Notes)
人気
popularity
ある
certain, some
けん
numerical counter for houses (See Gram. Notes)
前売り
advance sale
いる
to need (See Gram. Notes)
分
minute
でしょう。
probably (See Gram. Notes)

Choosing an evening showing · Dialogue 3 of 3

The seven-forty showing

The speakers expect evening tickets to be available and compare two showing times.

*どちらに しましょうか* asks which showing they should select. The reply chooses *七時四十分のに*, the seven-forty one.

That time permits a leisurely supper before they leave.

Kanji: 部

New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.

  1. 13

    おねがいします。よるのぶのきっぷがなければひるのぶのでもいいですよ。

    Would you please. If there are no tickets for the evening show, matinee ones will do, OK?

  2. 14

    わかりました。ふうきりがあさってですから、きっとよるのぶのがありますよ。

    I understand. Since the first-run showing will begin day after tomorrow, I am sure there will be tickets for the evening show.

  3. 15

    なんじにはじまるのですか。

    What time does it start?

  4. 16

    よるのぶはじょうえいがよじにじゅっぷんとしちじよんじゅっぷんです。どちらにしましょうか。

    The evening showings are at 4:20 and 7:40. Which showing shall we decide on?

  5. 17

    しちじよんじゅっぷんのにしましょう。ゆっくりしょくじをしてでかけることができますから。

    Let's make it the 7:40 one. We can have supper leisurely and go, so ---

  6. 18

    そうですね。それでは、そうしましょう。

    That's right, too. Then, let's do that.

夜
night, evening
いい
good (See Gram. Notes)
明後日
day after tomorrow
きっと
surely
時
time
上映
showing (movie)
四
four
二十
20
七
seven
四十
40
どちら
which of two (See Grammar Notes)
ましょう
let's (See Gram. Notes)
ゆっくり
slowly; deliberately; leisurely

Stating intentions and plans · Perception drill, Block 1

An intention after the verb

*私は 日本へ 行くつもりです* means "I intend to go to Japan."

The affirmative verb *行く* comes before *つもりです* to state the intended action.

Intending not to act

*私は 家を 売らない つもりです* means "I don't intend to sell my home."

The negative verb *売らない* comes before *つもりです*. Japanese presents this as intending not to perform the action.

Kanji: 新

New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.

  1. 19

    わたくしはにほんへいくつもりです。

    I intend to go to Japan.

  2. 20

    わたくしはいえをうらないつもりです。

    I don't intend to sell my home.

  3. 21

    ことしあたらしいじどうしゃをかうつもりです。

    I intend to buy a new car this year.

  4. 22

    わたくしはこんばんはやくやすむつもりです。

    I intend to go to bed early tonight.

  5. 23

    わたくしはにほんへかぞくをつれていくつもりです。

    I intend to take my family with me to Japan.

  6. 24

    ことしのなつやすみにはどこへもいかないつもりです。

    I do not intend to go anywhere during summer vacation this year.

  7. 25

    がつははやくおきないつもりです。

    I do not intend to get up early that month.

へ
to (See Gram. Notes)
です。
to be (See Gram. Notes)
家
house, home
今年
this year
車
vehicle, car
買う
to buy
家ぞく
family
月
moon, month (See Grammar Notes)

Making decisions and choices · Perception drill, Block 2

A decided action

*日本へ 十月に 行く 事にしました* means "I have decided to go to Japan in October."

To decide on an action, *事* stands between the verb and *にしました*.

A chosen time or thing

*日本へ 行くのは 十月にしました* means "I have decided on October as the time to go to Japan." A chosen time takes *にしました* directly.

*安いのにしました* means "I have decided on the cheap one." After an adjective, *の* stands for the chosen thing.

Kanji: 聞

New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.

  1. 26

    にほんへじゅうがつにいくことにしました。

    I have decided to go to Japan in October.

  2. 27

    にほんへいくのはじゅうがつにしました。

    I have decided on October as the time to go to Japan.

  3. 28

    やすいのにしました。

    I have decided on the cheap one.

  4. 29

    わたくしはまいにちにほんしんぶんをよむことにしました。

    I decided to read a Japanese newspaper every day.

  5. 30

    あたらしいテレビをかうことにしました。

    I decided to buy a new television.

  6. 31

    サンフランシスコへいくのはしがつとおかにしました。

    I decided to go to San Francisco on April 10.

  7. 32

    にほんへいくのはふねにしました。

    I decided to go to Japan by ship.

  8. 33

    ぼうしはあかいのにしました。

    I decided on the red hat.

  9. 34

    こんどかうじどうしゃはふるいのにしました。

    I decided that the next car I buy will be an old one.

十
ten
テレビ
television
サンフランシスコ
San Francisco
あかい
red
今度
this time, next time
古い
old, antique

Saying what is expected · Perception drill, Block 3

An expected action

*スミスさんは 来月 日本へ 行く はずです* means "Mr. Smith is supposed to go to Japan next month."

*はず* is a noun that expresses expectation. A verb can stand directly before *はずです*.

Expectation after adjectives

*あの方は 日本語が 上手な はずです* means "He is supposed to be fluent in Japanese." A NA-adjective takes *な* before *はずです*.

*いい物は 高いはずです* means "Good things are supposed to be expensive." An I-adjective stands directly before *はずです*.

  1. 35

    スミスさんはらいげつにほんへいくはずです。

    Mr. Smith is supposed to go to Japan next month.

  2. 36

    あのみせはなんでもやすいはずです。

    Anything is supposed to be cheaper at that store.

  3. 37

    あのかたはにほんごがじょうずなはずです。

    He is supposed to be fluent in Japanese.

  4. 38

    こんばんごろあめがふるはずです。

    It is supposed to rain around this evening.

  5. 39

    このがっこうはよじにおわるはずです。

    This school is supposed to finish at four o’clock.

  6. 40

    いいものはたかいはずです。

    Good things are supposed to be expensive.

  7. 41

    かたかなはひらがなよりやさしいはずです。

    Katakana is supposed to be easier than hiragana.

  8. 42

    わかいひとはげんきなはずです。

    Young people are supposed to be energetic.

  9. 43

    このがっこうがおわるのはよじのはずです。

    This school is supposed to finish at four o’clock.

来月
next month
店
store, shop
上手
skillful, fluent (See Grammar Notes)
頃
approximate point of time (See Gram. Notes)
雨
rain
降る
to fall (rain) (v.i.)
かたかな
KATAKANA syllabary
ひらがな
HIRAGANA syllabary
より
than (See Gram. Notes)
やさしい
easy
人
people

Doing things without preparation · Perception drill, Block 4

Without doing an action

*日曜日には 夕はんを 食べずに 来てください* means "Please come without eating supper on Sunday."

*食べずに* names eating as the action not done before coming. *TABENAI DE* has the same meaning as *TABEZU NI*.

The form with する

*昨晩 べんきょうせずに 休みました* means "I went to bed last night without studying."

With *SURU*, *ず* attaches to *SE*, not *SHI*.

  1. 44

    にちようびにはゆうはんをたべずにきてください。

    Please come without eating supper on Sunday.

  2. 45

    けさひげをそらずにがっこうにきました。

    I came to school this morning without shaving.

  3. 46

    さくばんべんきょうせずにやすみました。

    I went to bed last night without studying.

  4. 47

    きってをはらずにてがみをだしました。

    I mailed the letter without putting a stamp on it.

  5. 48

    あのひとはなにもいわずにいえへかえりました。

    That person went home without saying anything.

  6. 49

    かいものにいきましたが、なにもかわずにかえりました。

    I went shopping, but came home without buying anything.

ください。
please give me (See Gram. Notes)
今朝
this morning
ひげ
beard, whiskers
そら
sky
切手
postage stamp
手紙
letter (correspondence)
買物
shopping

Plans for future activities · Pattern 1 1 of 2

Plans to act or not act

*私は 今晩 映画を 見に 行くつもりです* means "I intend to go to see a movie tonight." The verb before *つもり* states the plan.

*今晩は 働かない つもりです* means "I do not intend to work tonight." A negative verb states a negative plan.

Asking about an intention

*日本語を 習って、 どうする つもりですか* means "What do you intend to do after learning Japanese?"

The answer names the intended action: *日本へ あそびに 行くつもりです*, "I intend to go to Japan for pleasure."

  1. 50

    わたくしはこんばんえいがをみにいくつもりです。

    I intend to go to see a movie tonight.

  2. 51

    わたくしはこんばんはえいがにいかないつもりです。

    I don't intend to go to a movie tonight.

  3. 52

    あしたのあさはやくおきるつもりです。

    I intend to get up early tomorrow morning.

  4. 53

    もうにねんにほんごのべんきょうをつづけるつもりです。

    I intend to continue studying Japanese for two more years.

  5. 54

    あたらしいカラーテレビをかうつもりです。

    I intend to buy a new color television.

  6. 55

    こんばんははたらかないつもりです。

    I do not intend to work tonight.

  7. 56

    かないをにほんへつれていかないつもりです。

    I do not intend to take my wife with me to Japan.

  8. 57

    にほんごをならって、どうするつもりですか。

    What do you intend to do after learning Japanese?

  9. 58

    にほんへあそびにいくつもりです。

    I intend to go to Japan for pleasure.

  10. 59

    そんなふるいじどうしゃをかってどうするのですか。

    What are you going to do with such an old car?

明日
tomorrow
朝
morning
おきる
to rise, get up (v.i.)
もう
already (See Gram. Notes)
二
two
年
year (See Grammar Notes)
つづける
to continue (v.t.)

Asking about intended actions · Pattern 1 2 of 2

A plan in the answer

*あなたは モンテレーに 住むつもりですか* means "Do you intend to live in Monterey?"

The answer replaces the place: *いいえ、 サリナスに 住むつもりです*, "No, I intend to live in Salinas."

From a future question to an intention

*行きますか ――→ はい、 行くつもりです* pairs "Will you go?" with "Yes, I intend to go."

The remaining questions ask about future actions. An answer with *つもりです* confirms or changes the intended action.

  1. 60

    しごとにいくのにつかうつもりです。

    I intend to use it to go to work.

  2. 61

    あなたはモンテレーにすむつもりですか。

    Do you intend to live in Monterey?

  3. 62

    いいえ、サリナスにすむつもりです。

    No, I intend to live in Salinas.

  4. 63

    いきますか――→はい、いくつもりです。

    Will you go? — Yes, I intend to go.

  5. 64

    にちようびにはうえださんをさそいますか。

    Will you invite Mr. Ueda on Sunday?

  6. 65

    ぎゅうにくをわすれずにかっておきますか。

    Will you remember to buy the beef?

  7. 66

    いえへかえってからふくをきかえますか。

    Will you change your clothes after you get home?

  8. 67

    このほんをにほんのともだちにおくってあげますか。

    Will you send this book to your friend in Japan?

  9. 68

    あしたおべんとうをもってきますか。

    Will you bring a boxed lunch tomorrow?

使う
to use, employ
モンテレー
Monterey
住む
to live, reside
サリナス
Salinas
ます
trout
牛肉
beef
から
from (See Gram. Notes)
服
clothes, suits, uniform
本
numerical counter for counting long slender objects (See Notes)
べんとう
box lunch

Decisions about times and actions · Pattern 2 1 of 3

A decided action

*土曜日に 行く事 にしました* means "I have decided to go on Saturday." *事にしました* marks the action as decided.

*私は さけを 飲まない 事にしました* means "I decided not to drink sake." The action can be negative.

A chosen time or thing

*日本へ 行くのは 来年の 春にしました* means "I decided to go to Japan next spring." The chosen time takes *にしました* directly.

*新しい のにしました* means "I have decided on a new one." The adjective plus *の* names the chosen thing.

  1. 69

    どようびにいくことにしました。

    I have decided to go on Saturday.

  2. 70

    それではどようびにしましょう。

    Let's make it a Saturday, then.

  3. 71

    あたらしいのにしました。

    I have decided on a new one.

  4. 72

    にゅういんすることにしました。

    I decided to enter the hospital.

  5. 73

    モンテレーにすむことにしました。

    I decided to live in Monterey.

  6. 74

    にほんへいくのはらいねんのはるにしました。

    I decided to go to Japan next spring.

  7. 75

    つりにでかけるのはあさのろくじにしました。

    I decided to leave for the fishing trip at six in the morning.

  8. 76

    わたくしはさけをのまないことにしました。

    I decided not to drink sake.

春
spring
つり
fishing
六
six

Choosing dates and routines · Pattern 2 2 of 3

A date selected for an action

With *事にしました* after the action, *来週の 日曜日に 帰る 事にしました* means "I decided to go back next Sunday."

A short answer can give only the chosen time: *今年の 秋に しました*, "I decided on this fall."

A decision kept as a routine

*毎日 やさいを 食べる 事にしています* means "I make it a rule to eat vegetables every day."

The present *しています* presents the decision as a continuing routine, not one completed choice.

  1. 77

    いえはちいさいのにしました。

    I decided on the small house.

  2. 78

    いつにほんへかえるのですか。

    When are you going back to Japan?

  3. 79

    らいしゅうのにちようびにかえることにしました。

    I decided to go back next Sunday.

  4. 80

    やさいはからだにいいそうですね。

    I hear vegetables are good for you.

  5. 81

    ええ、それでわたくしもまいにちやさいをたべることにしています。

    Yes, so I make it a rule to eat vegetables every day.

  6. 82

    いつにほんへいくことにしましたか。

    When did you decide to go to Japan?

  7. 83

    ことしのあきにしました。

    I decided on this fall.

  8. 84

    いきますか。

    Will you go?

いつ
when?
来週
next week
やさい
vegetable
体
body, health
秋
autumn, fall

Asking about regular habits · Pattern 2 3 of 3

A regular rule

*行く 事にしています* means "I make it a rule to go."

*行かない 事にしています* means "I make it a rule not to go." The negative verb states the opposite rule.

A routine in the answer

*金曜日に さかなを 食べますか* asks about eating fish on Fridays. The answer reports the repeated action as an adopted rule.

An affirmative or negative verb before *事にしています* states that rule.

  1. 85

    いくことにしています。

    I make it a rule to go.

  2. 86

    いかないことにしています。

    I make it a rule not to go.

  3. 87

    きんようびにさかなをたべますか。

    Do you eat fish on Fridays?

  4. 88

    にちようびにもはたらきますか。

    Do you work on Sundays too?

  5. 89

    べんきょうしないひはどようびだけですか。

    Is Saturday the only day you do not study?

  6. 90

    どようびにりはつやにいきますか。

    Do you go to the barber shop on Saturdays?

  7. 91

    ゆうはんをたべるのはろくじですか。

    Do you eat dinner at six?

さかな
fish
だけ
only, just (See Grammar Notes)

Expectations from known facts · Pattern 3 1 of 3

An expectation from information

*スミスさんも 行ける はずです* means "Mr. Smith is supposed to be able to go, too." *はずです* presents the expectation.

*この 映画は おもしろい はずです* applies the same form to an expected quality of the film.

The reason supports the conclusion

*田中さんは えい語を 六年 べんきょうしたのですから、 上手な はずです* gives six years of study as the reason for the expectation.

The conclusion is that Mr. Tanaka should be good at English.

  1. 92

    スミスさんもいけるはずです。

    Mr. Smith is supposed to be able to go, too.

  2. 93

    このえいがはおもしろいはずです。

    This movie is supposed to be interesting.

  3. 94

    あのかたはにほんごがじょうずなはずです。

    He is supposed to be good in Japanese.

  4. 95

    さくらのはなはしがつのはじめにさくはずです。

    The cherry blossoms are supposed to bloom at the beginning of April.

  5. 96

    このがっこうははちじにはじまるはずです。

    This school is supposed to start at eight o’clock.

  6. 97

    スミスさんはにほんごがわかるはずです。

    Mr. Smith should understand Japanese.

  7. 98

    このかきはまだあおいから、まずいはずです。

    This persimmon is still green, so it should taste bad.

  8. 99

    たなかさんはえいごをろくねんべんきょうしたのですから、じょうずなはずです。

    Mr. Tanaka studied English for six years, so he should be good at it.

さくら
cherry (flower)
さく
to bloom (v.i.)
八
eight
かき
persimmon
まずい
poor, tasteless

Drawing likely conclusions · Pattern 3 2 of 3

A reason before the expectation

*雪が 降っているから、 さむい はずです* means "It is snowing, so it must be cold."

The clause before *から* gives the reason. The clause with *はずです* gives the expected conclusion.

Expectation against observation

*今日は 日が よく てっているから、 あったかい はずですが、 さむいですね* expects warmth from the sunshine, then reports cold.

The next line attributes the result to the cold wind.

  1. 100

    ゆきがふっているから、さむいはずです。

    It is snowing, so it must be cold.

  2. 101

    パーカーさんはあまりたべませんね。

    Mr. Parker does not eat very much, does he?

  3. 102

    ええ、からだがおおきいから、よくたべるはずですがね。

    No, but he is big, so he ought to eat a lot.

  4. 103

    スミスさんのおくさんはすきやきがすきだそうですね。

    I hear that Mrs. Smith likes sukiyaki.

  5. 104

    すきなはずですよ。にほんにながいあいだいたのですから。

    She ought to like it, since she lived in Japan for a long time.

  6. 105

    きょうはひがよくてっているから、あったかいはずですが、さむいですね。

    The sun is shining brightly today, so it ought to be warm, but it is cold, isn’t it?

  7. 106

    かぜがつめたいからでしょう。

    It is probably because the wind is cold.

  8. 107

    ごじかんはたらくと、おなかがすきます。

    When I work for five hours, I get hungry.

雪
snow
さむい
cold
よく
well, skillfully
すきやき
SUKIYAKI
だ
to be (informal equivalent of DESU. See Grammar Notes)
今日
today
あったかい
warm
つめたい
cold (not weather)
五
five
時間
hour, time
と、
and (See Gram. Notes)
おなか
stomach

Reasons for expected outcomes · Pattern 3 3 of 3

Facts that support expectations

*四月の 半ばには、 しもは 降りません* means "There is no frost in the middle of April." This timing supports an expected conclusion about frost.

*レモンは 日本では 作りませんから、 高いです* gives production as the reason that lemons are expensive.

Schedules and availability

*二時半に バスが ここを 通ります* supplies a scheduled time. A schedule can support an expected conclusion.

*それは あの店で 売っています* supplies a place of sale for another expected conclusion.

  1. 108

    しがつのなかばには、しもはふりません。

    There is no frost in the middle of April.

  2. 109

    レモンはにほんではつくりませんから、たかいです。

    Lemons are not grown in Japan, so they are expensive.

  3. 110

    れんしゅうしないのですから、へたですよ。

    You do not practice, so you are not good at it.

  4. 111

    にじはんにバスがここをとおります。

    A bus passes here at two thirty.

  5. 112

    あさってはパーカーさんがきます。

    Mr. Parker is coming the day after tomorrow.

  6. 113

    それはあのみせでうっています。

    They sell that at that store.

半ば
middle, halfway
は、
leaves
しも
frost
れんしゅう
practice, drill
下手
unskilled, poor in doing things
バス
bus
ここ
here
通り
street

Acting without prior steps · Pattern 4 1 of 4

An omitted prior action

*今朝 朝めしを 食べずに 学校に 来ました* means "I came to school this morning without eating breakfast."

The action before *ずに* is omitted before the action that occurs.

The form with する

*よしゅうせずに 学校に 来る 生徒は 居ません* means "There are no students who come to school without preparing their lessons."

The irregular form from *する* is *せずに*.

  1. 114

    ばんわすれずにきっぷをかっておきます。

    I'll buy tickets tonight without fail.

  2. 115

    よしゅうせずにがっこうにくるせいとはいません。

    There are no students who come to school without preparing their lessons.

  3. 116

    けさあさめしをたべずにがっこうにきました。

    I came to school this morning without eating breakfast.

  4. 117

    ぼうしをかぶらずにそとへでてはいけません。

    You must not go outside without wearing a hat.

  5. 118

    あんまりあそばずにときどきべんきょうしなさい。

    Do not play too much; study once in a while.

  6. 119

    かんじはかかずにおぼえることはできません。

    You cannot learn kanji without writing them.

  7. 120

    きょうしつのまどをしめずにかえってはいけませんよ。

    You must not go home without closing the classroom windows.

  8. 121

    はい、まどをしめてかえります。

    All right, I will close the windows before I go home.

しゅう
state
朝めし
breakfast
時々
sometimes, occasionally
おぼえる
to memorize, remember (v.t.)

Missing steps and consequences · Pattern 4 2 of 4

An omitted step and its result

*明りを つけずに べんきょうすると、 目に 悪いですよ* means "Studying without turning on the light is bad for your eyes."

The action before *ずに* is omitted. The rest states what follows.

One action instead of another

*私は 映画に 行かずに べんきょうしました* means "I studied instead of going to a movie."

Here *ずに* contrasts the omitted trip with the studying that occurred.

  1. 122

    あかりをつけずにべんきょうすると、めにわるいですよ。

    Studying without turning on the light is bad for your eyes.

  2. 123

    はい、あかりをつけてべんきょうします。

    All right, I will turn on the light when I study.

  3. 124

    あなたはけさひげをそらずにがっこうにきたんですね。

    You came to school this morning without shaving, didn’t you?

  4. 125

    ええ、おそくおきましたから。

    Yes, because I got up late.

  5. 126

    わたくしは

    I

  6. 127

    えいがにいく

    go to a movie

  7. 128

    べんきょうする

    study

  8. 129

    わたくしはえいがにいかずにべんきょうしました。

    I studied instead of going to a movie.

明り
light
おそく
late (adverbial form of OSOI, be late, be slow)
から。
from (See Gram. Notes)

Meals, study and planting · Pattern 4 3 of 4

A meal omitted before work

*食事を する* means "eats a meal." *一日中 働いています* means "is working all day."

The first action changes to the form for "without" before the action that occurs. The completed contrast describes working all day without eating a meal.

Study omitted before school

*昨晩 べんきょうしませんでした* means "did not study last night." *学校へ 行きました* means "went to school."

Their completed contrast says Mr. Tanaka went to school without studying the previous night.

  1. 130

    あのかたは

    That person

  2. 131

    しょくじをする。

    eats a meal.

  3. 132

    いちにちじゅうはたらいています。

    is working all day.

  4. 133

    たなかさんは

    Mr. Tanaka

  5. 134

    さくばんべんきょうしませんでした。

    did not study last night.

  6. 135

    がっこうへいきました。

    went to school.

  7. 136

    そのはなは

    That flower

  8. 137

    ここにうえます。

    I will plant it here.

一
one

Buying, browsing and walking · Pattern 4 4 of 4

Buying through another person

*それを 買います* means "will buy it." *田村さんに 買ってもらいます* means "will have Mr. Tamura buy it for me."

The first action takes *ずに* when omitted. The second action states what occurs instead.

Walking without looking

*いそぐ 時には 店の中を* begins with "When you are in a hurry, through the store." *見ます* and *歩きましょう* supply the two actions.

The completed contrast proposes walking without looking through the store when someone is in a hurry.

  1. 138

    そこにうえてください。

    Please plant it there.

  2. 139

    わたくしは

    I

  3. 140

    それをかいます。

    will buy it.

  4. 141

    たむらさんにかってもらいます。

    will have Mr. Tamura buy it for me.

  5. 142

    いそぐときにはみせのなかを

    When you are in a hurry, through the store

  6. 143

    みます。

    look.

  7. 144

    あるきましょう、

    Let’s walk,

そこ
there
ましょう、
let's (See Gram. Notes)

Studying through historical films · Reading Selection 1 of 2

A preference for historical films

The narrator has studied Japanese for three months and can speak a little. Mr. Tanaka took the narrator to a Japanese film.

*現代物より 時代物の方が おもしろい* presents historical films as more interesting than modern films.

Old stories and popularity

*米国でも、 むかしの 話を 映画にしたのは いつも 人気が あります* says films from old stories are always popular in the United States.

The Japanese in historical films differs slightly from the Japanese the narrator studies.

  1. 145

    わたくしはもうさんかげつにほんごをべんきょうしていますから、すこしにほんごではなすことができます。

    I have been studying Japanese for three months now, so I can speak a little Japanese.

  2. 146

    このあいだわたくしはたなかさんにあんないしてもらってにほんえいがをみにいきました。

    The other day, Mr. Tanaka took me to see a Japanese movie.

  3. 147

    げんだいものよりじだいもののほうがおもしろいとおもってじだいげきのほうをみました。

    I thought period films were more interesting than modern films, so I watched the period film.

  4. 148

    わたくしはれきしてきなえいががだいすきです。

    I like historical movies very much.

  5. 149

    べいこくでも、むかしのはなしをえいがにしたのはいつもにんきがあります。

    Movies based on old stories are always popular in the United States, too.

  6. 150

    じだいげきでつかっているにほんごはわたくしたちがならっているにほんごとはすこしちがいます。

    The Japanese used in period films is a little different from the Japanese we are learning.

  7. 151

    らいしゅうのどようびにはげんだいもののえいががモンテレーにきます。

    A modern-day movie is coming to Monterey next Saturday.

三
three
少し
little (quantity)
げき
play, drama

Planning for a popular film · Reading Selection 2 of 2

A plan with a condition

*とくべつの 用事が なければ 見に 行く つもりです* states the intention to attend if there is nothing special to do.

The ticket costs one dollar and fifty cents. The film won an award, so the narrator expects it to be good.

A companion and an early arrival

*山本さんも 行けるはずです* presents the expectation that Mr. Yamamoto can go. The narrator has made inviting him and going together a settled plan.

Without advance sales or reservations, the narrator plans to arrive at least thirty minutes before the showing.

  1. 152

    とくべつのようじがなければみにいくつもりです。

    If I do not have anything special to do, I intend to go see it.

  2. 153

    またそのばんは

    Also, that evening

  3. 154

    やまもとさんもいけるはずですから、やまもとさんをさそっていっしょにいくことにしています。

    Mr. Yamamoto should be able to go too, so I have decided to invite him and go with him.

  4. 155

    にゅうじょうけんはいちドルごじゅうセントですから、やすくはありません。

    Admission is one dollar and fifty cents, so it is not cheap.

  5. 156

    しかし、そのえいがはヴェニスのえいがさいで、しょうをもらったえいがですから、いいものだとおもいます。

    However, the movie won an award at the Venice Film Festival, so I think it is a good one.

  6. 157

    たぶんおおぜいのひとがみにいくでしょうから、はやくいかなければ、ざせきがないかもしれません。

    There will probably be a lot of people going to see it, so if we don't go early, there may not be any seats.

  7. 158

    そのえいがのきっぷはまえうりをしないし、ざせきのよやくもできないのですから、じょうえいさんじゅっぷんまえにはいかなければ、せきがないかもしれません。

    They do not sell advance tickets for that movie, and seats cannot be reserved, so if we do not get there thirty minutes before the showing, there may not be any seats.

ドル
dollar
五十
50
しかし、
however, but
で、
--is and -- (See Grammar Notes)
しょう
award, reward
大ぜい
crowd (of people)
でしょう
probably (See Gram. Notes)
ざせき
seats
か
either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)
やく
approximately (See Grammar Notes)
三十
30
前
before, front
せき
seat

Questions about historical films · Questions 1 of 2

Study, films, and the next plan

The questions ask how long the narrator studied, which film was seen, and how historical films differ from modern films.

*時代げきは 米国では 人気が ありませんか* asks whether period dramas are unpopular in the United States. An answer gives the passage's fact about their popularity.

*私は 来週の 土曜日には どうするつもりですか* asks for the narrator's intended action next Saturday.

  1. 159

    わたくしはなんかげつぐらいにほんごをべんきょうしていますか。

    About how many months have I been studying Japanese?

  2. 160

    わたくしはにほんごをはなすのがじょうずですか。

    Am I good at speaking Japanese?

  3. 161

    このあいだだれがわたくしをえいがにあんないしましたか。

    Who took me to the movies the other day?

  4. 162

    そのときみたのはげんだいものでしたか、じだいものでしたか。

    Was the movie I saw then a modern-day film or a period film?

  5. 163

    じだいげきはれきしてきなげきですか。

    Is a period drama a historical drama?

  6. 164

    じだいげきはべいこくではにんきがありませんか。

    Are period dramas unpopular in the United States?

  7. 165

    わたくしのがっこうでおしえているにほんごとじだいげきでつかうにほんごはおなじですか。

    Is the Japanese taught at my school the same as the Japanese used in period dramas?

  8. 166

    わたくしはらいしゅうのどようびにはどうするつもりですか。

    What do I plan to do next Saturday?

ぐらい
about
だれ
who?

Tickets, awards and reservations · Questions 2 of 2

The facts behind the film plan

The questions ask about the expected companion, ticket price, award, advance sales, reserved seats, and intended attendance.

*その日には 山本さんも 行けるはずですか* asks whether Mr. Yamamoto is expected to go. An answer confirms or denies that expectation.

*外の 用事が あっても、 私は その映画に 行くつもりですか* asks whether the narrator still intends to attend when another engagement exists.

  1. 167

    そのひにはやまもとさんもいけるはずですか。

    Is Mr. Yamamoto supposed to be able to go that day too?

  2. 168

    にゅうじょうけんはいくらですか。

    How much is an admission ticket?

  3. 169

    こんどのえいがはどこでしょうをもらいましたか。

    Where did this movie win an award?

  4. 170

    ざせきをよやくしておくことができますか。

    Can seats be reserved in advance?

  5. 171

    にゅうじょうけんのまえうりをしていますか。

    Are advance tickets being sold?

  6. 172

    わたくしはそのばん、じょうえいなんぷんまえにそこへいきたいとおもっていますか。

    How many minutes before the showing do I hope to get there that evening?

  7. 173

    ほかのようじがあっても、わたくしはそのえいがにいくつもりですか。

    Even if I have something else to do, do I plan to go see that movie?

いくら
how much? how many?

Historical and modern film words · Word list 1 of 4

Films and eras

This field covers films, historical periods, events, releases, and personal business.

*時代物* means "historical movie/play," while *現代物* means "modern movie/play."

*時代* means "era, period."

  1. 174

    えいが

    movie

  2. 175

    じだいもの

    historical movie/play

  3. 176

    じだいげき

    historical movie/play

  4. 177

    げんだいもの

    modern movie/play

  5. 178

    むかし

    ancient, old

  6. 179

    できごと

    event, incident

  7. 180

    さむらい

    warrior, SAMURAI

  8. 181

    げんだい

    present time, modern time

  9. 182

    じだい

    era, period

  10. 183

    ふうきり

    release (film), first-run showing

  11. 184

    げき

    play, drama

  12. 185

    ようじ

    personal business

時代物
historical movie/play
時代げき
historical movie/play
現代物
modern movie/play
ふう切り
release (film), first-run showing

Cinema ticketing words · Word list 2 of 4

At the cinema

This field covers popularity, tickets, advance sales, showings, seats, festivals, and awards.

*入場けん* means "admission ticket," and *前売り* means "advance sale."

*夜の部* means "evening showing."

  1. 186

    さしつかえ

    hindrance, engagement

  2. 187

    にんき

    popularity

  3. 188

    にゅうじょうけん

    admission ticket

  4. 189

    まえうり

    advance sale

  5. 190

    よるのぶ

    evening showing

  6. 191

    ひるのぶ

    matinee

  7. 192

    ざせき

    seats

  8. 193

    じょうえい

    showing (movie)

  9. 194

    えいがさい

    film festival

  10. 195

    しょう

    award, reward

  11. 196

    あんないらん

    classified ads column

  12. 197

    にほんだて

    double feature

入場けん
admission ticket
夜の部
evening showing
ひるの部
matinee
映画さい
film festival
あんないらん
classified ads column
二本だて
double feature

Invitations and reservations vocabulary · Word list 3 of 4

Planning with other people

This field covers guiding, inviting, reserving, forgetting, asking, and intention.

*さそう* means "to invite one to," and *よやくする* means "to make reservation."

*--つもり* means "intention."

  1. 198

    こうこく

    advertisement

  2. 199

    あんないする

    to guide, usher

  3. 200

    とりあつかう

    to handle, deal with

  4. 201

    さそう

    to invite one to ---, entice

  5. 202

    よやくする

    to make reservation

  6. 203

    わすれる

    to forget

  7. 204

    ねがう

    to beg, ask

  8. 205

    れきしてきな

    historical

  9. 206

    まず

    first of all

  10. 207

    --つもり

    intention

  11. 208

    なんなら

    if you don't mind, if it's all right with you

  12. 209

    あいにく

    unfortunately

こうこく
advertisement
あんないする
to guide, usher
とりあつかう
to handle, deal with
さそう
to invite one to ---, entice
よやくする
to make reservation
わすれる
to forget
ねがう
to beg, ask
れきしてきな
historical
--つもり
intention
なんなら
if you don't mind, if it's all right with you

Movie plans and popularity expressions · Word list 4 of 4

Plans and descriptions

This field covers decisions, expectations, omitted actions, and popularity.

*--にする* means "to make it, decide on," and *わすれずに* means "without forgetting."

*人気のある* means "popular."

  1. 210

    さしつかえがある

    to have a prior engagement

  2. 211

    --にする

    to make it, decide on (See Grammar Notes)

  3. 212

    はずです

    is supposed to (See Grammar Notes)

  4. 213

    わすれずに

    without forgetting (See Grammar Notes)

  5. 214

    おねがいします

    Please, will you please

  6. 215

    にんきのある

    popular

  7. 216

    しんぶんのあんないらんにえいがのこうこくがでています。

    Movie advertisements are in the classified advertisement column of the newspaper.

  8. 217

    じだいものというのは、ふるいじだいのできごとをとりあつかったげきです。

    Jidai-mono is a play that has taken up the incident of the ancient period.

  9. 218

    じだいものはれきしてきなえいがです。

    Jidai-mono is a historical play.

  10. 219

    このえいがはヴェニスのえいがさいでしょうをもらいました。

    This movie got an award at the Venice Film Festival.

  11. 220

    こんばんのえいがはじだいものとげんだいもののにほんだてです。

    Tonight's movie is a double feature of Jidai-mono and Gendai-mono.

  12. 221

    ざせきをよやくしておきます。

    I'll reserve the seats.

さしつかえがある
to have a prior engagement
--にする
to make it, decide on (See Grammar Notes)
はずです
is supposed to (See Grammar Notes)
わすれずに
without forgetting (See Grammar Notes)
おねがいします
Please, will you please
人気のある
popular
新聞のあんないらんに映画のこうこくが出ています。
"Movie advertisements are in the classified advertisement column of the newspaper."
時代物と言うのは、古い時代の出来事を取りあつかったげきです。
"Jidai-mono is a play that has taken up the incident of the ancient period."
時代物はれきしてきな映画です。
"Jidai-mono is a historical play."
この映画はヴェニスの映画さいでしょうをもらいました。
"This movie got an award at the Venice Film Festival."
今晩の映画は時代物と現代物の二本だてです。
"Tonight's movie is a double feature of Jidai-mono and Gendai-mono."
ざせきをよやくしておきます。
"I'll reserve the seats."

The particulars

The course
Defense Language Institute, Japanese Basic Course, 1967 to 1971. Public domain. The teaching pages and the narration are ours.
Reading aloud
Digital narration, directed by 1732 Studios.
The book
Botchan, the work this course leads to, free to read here.
Data
JSON · Markdown · A guide for agents
Two whoopie pies and a pine. An inside joke.