Japanese · Lesson 44
Lesson 44
Kanji and everyday Japanese
Comparing Kabuki and opera · Dialogue 1 of 4
Kabuki and opera
Two speakers compare Kabuki with opera. *ええ、 オペラが 西洋で 人気が あるのと 同じでしょう*, "Yes, it is. It is to Japan what opera is to the West."
They agree only to a degree. *あるてい度まで にていると 言えますね*, "You can say that they resemble each other to a certain extent."
Kanji: 有
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
Kanji: 西, 洋, 名
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 1
かぶきはゆうめいですね。
Kabuki is famous, isn't it?
かぶきKabukiはtopic有名famousですisね。right? - 2
ええ、オペラがせいようでにんきがあるのとおなじでしょう。
Yes, it is. It is to Japan what opera is to the West.
ええ、yesオペラoperaがsubject西洋the Westでin人気popularがsubjectあるisのthe wayとas同じsameでしょう。probably is - 3
かぶきとオペラはにていますか。
Do Kabuki and opera resemble each other?
かぶきKabukiとandオペラoperaはtopicにresemble each otherてresemble each otherいresemble each otherますresemble each otherか。question - 4
あるていどまでにているといえますね。
You can say that they resemble each other to a certain extent.
あるa certainてい度extentまでtoにresemble each otherてresemble each otherいるresemble each otherとquote言えcan sayますpoliteね。right? - 5
どうちがいますか。
How do they differ?
どうhowちがいdifferますpoliteか。question
---MAMA
The word MAMA is basically a noun meaning 'in the state,' 'as it is,' 'with,' etc. It describes a condition or a state in which a person or a thing exists. For example, YOGORETA KIMONO O KITA MAMA WATAKUSHI WA MACHI E IKIMASHITA means literally: "I went to town in the condition in which I was wearing dirty clothes." Of course, this is more commonly translated: "I went to town without changing into clean clothes," or "I went to town in dirty clothes." The word MAMA may be used adverbially with or without the particles DE or NI. It may be used as an adjective by adding the particle NO.
Examples:
YOGORETA MAMA NI SHITE OKINASAI. "Leave it dirty."
KUTSU O HAITA MAMA DE IE NI HAIRIMASHITA. "He entered a house with his shoes on."
MUKASHI NO MAMA NO SHUUKAN GA TAKUSAN ARIMASU. "There are many customs that are as they were long ago."--TE SHIMAU
SHIMAU is a verb meaning 'to finish' or 'to complete.' This verb is often used after the TE-form of a verb as a post-verb, to mean that the action has been finished completely. In this use, it has the force of the perfect tense in English. This TE-SHIMAU also indicates depletion of whatever the object of the verb may be.
SONO HON WA YONDE SHIMAIMASHITA. "I (have) finished reading that book."
"I have already read that book."
WATAKUSHI GA SONO RINGO O TABETE SHIMAIMASHITA. "I ate those apples up."
In the latter expression the idea conveyed is not completion of the act of eating but of depletion of the apples. So it is not "I have finished eating the apples." Whether the meaning is the former or the latter depends on the context.YOO NI IU
KAU YOO NI ITTE KUDASAI.
KAU YOO NI ITTE OKIMASU.
KAU YOO NI IIMASHOO.
KAU YOO NI IIMASU. (ITTE IMASU)
KAU YOO NI IIMASHITA. (ITTE IMASHITA)
YOO NI IU following the conclusive form of a verb has different meanings. Generally, it is used to make a request. Sometimes, full understanding of this is complicated by the omission of the subject and either the direct or indirect object.
The above examples are fairly clear in their meaning. Example "a" is a request or an indirect command to a third person (he) through a second person (you). That is, "I request you to tell him to do ---" expression. In this expression, of course, the subject is omitted. Examples "b" and "c" are usually the types of expressions used to show requests going from the first person to the third person. That is, "I request him to do --" sentence.
Examples (d) and (e) can be one of the following:
I (or you) request him to do
He request me to do
He said he'll do (quote)
In these expressions the subject clarifies the meaning.
In the sentences below, the performer of the action is denoted by the use of the particle NI.
AKIYAMA SAN NI SONO HON O KAU YOO NI ITTE KUDASAI. "Please tell Mr. Akiyama to buy that book."
AKIYAMA SAN NI SONO HON O KAU YOO NI ITTE OKIMASU. "I'll tell Mr. Akiyama to buy that book."
AKIYAMA SAN NI SONO HON O KAU YOO NI IIMASHOO. "I'll tell Mr. Akiyama to buy that book."
WATAKUSHI WA AKIYAMA SAN NI SONO HON O KAU YOO NI IIMASU. "I'll tell Mr. Akiyama to buy that book."
AKIYAMA SAN WA WATAKUSHI NI SONO HON O KAU YOO NI IIMASU. "Mr. Akiyama tells me to buy that book."
In the last three examples the tense may be in the past or the past progressive tense as in example (e). The subject may be omitted as understood.- かぶき
- Kabuki
- は
- leaves
- です
- to be (See Gram. Notes)
- ね。
- isn't it (See Grammar Notes)
- ええ、
- Yes
- オペラ
- opera
- が
- but (See Gram. Notes)
- 西洋
- occident, the West
- で
- --is and -- (See Grammar Notes)
- 人気
- popularity
- ある
- certain, some
- の
- See Grammar Notes
- と
- and (See Gram. Notes)
- でしょう。
- probably (See Gram. Notes)
- に
- on (See Gram. Notes)
- ます
- trout
- か。
- either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)
- まで
- as far as, to (See Gram. Notes)
- いる
- to need (See Gram. Notes)
Actors in Kabuki · Dialogue 2 of 4
Drama without actresses
The speakers turn from opera to Kabuki actors. *かぶきでは 役者は うたいません*, "In Kabuki, actors don't sing."
Women performed in the past, but a ban ended that practice. *とく川時代に 女の かぶき役者を きんじてから、 居なくなりました* says female Kabuki actors disappeared after the ban.
Men in feminine roles
The question *女がたは 男の 役者が えんじるのですか* asks whether male actors perform feminine roles. The answer is *そうです*, "That's right."
Kanji: 役
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
Kanji: 川
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 6
オペラはうた、かぶきはしばいといえるでしょう。かぶきではやくしゃはうたいません。
The emphasis in opera is on music; in Kabuki, it is on drama. In Kabuki, actors don't sing.
オペラoperaはtopicうた、musicかぶきKabukiはtopicしばいdramaとquote言えるcan be saidでしょう。probablyかぶきKabukiでinはtopic役者actorsはtopicうたいsingませnot, politeん。not, polite - 7
かぶきやくしゃにはおんなはいないのですか。
Are there actresses among Kabuki players?
かぶきKabuki役者playersにamongはtopic女womenはtopic居existないnotのthe caseですisか。question - 8
ええ、いませんね。むかしはいたのですが、とくがわじだいにおんなのかぶきやくしゃをきんじてから、いなくなりました。
No, there are not. Ever since women were banned from playing in Kabuki dramas during the Tokugawa era, they disappeared.
ええ、no居existませnot, politeんnot, politeね。right?むかしlong agoはtopic居existたpastのthe caseですisが、butとくTokugawa川Tokugawa時代eraにduring女womenの'sかぶきKabuki役者playersをobjectきんじbannedてbannedから、since居existなくnotなりbecameましpoliteた。past - 9
では、このごろでは、おんながたはおとこのやくしゃがえんじるのですか。
Then, are feminine roles played by male actors these days?
でthenは、topicこのthis頃timeでinは、topic女female rolesがたfemale rolesはtopic男menの's役者actorsがsubjectえんじるplayのthe caseですisか。question - 10
そうです。それはそうと、いまいいかぶきがきていますが、みにいきませんか。
That's right. By the way, there is a good Kabuki here now. Wouldn't you like to go?
そうthat is soです。isそれthatはtopicそうsoと、as for今nowいいgoodかぶきKabukiがsubject来is hereてis hereいis hereますis hereが、but見seeにto行きgoませnot, politeんnot, politeか。question
- うた、
- song
- しばい
- play, drama
- 言える
- can be said
- 役者
- actor, player
- 女
- female
- むかし
- ancient, old
- が、
- but (See Gram. Notes)
- 川
- river
- 時代
- era, period
- を
- particle denoting direct object (See Pattern Drill)
- から、
- from (See Gram. Notes)
- 頃
- approximate point of time (See Gram. Notes)
- 男
- male
- えんじる
- to perform, play
- そう
- numerical counter for ships
- いい
- good (See Gram. Notes)
Planning an evening performance · Dialogue 3 of 4
The evening performance
*それでは、 六日の 夜の 部に しましょう* settles on the evening performance on the sixth.
*始まるのは 何時ですか* asks when it starts. The answer *五時です* gives five o'clock.
Kanji: 丁
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 11
それはちょうどいいことですね。わたくしもぜひいちどかぶきをみたいとおもっていたのですから。
Yes, I was hoping to see a Kabuki once, at least.
それthatはtopic丁度justいいgood事thingですisね。right?私Iもalsoぜひdefinitely一one度timeかぶきKabukiをobject見seeたいwant toとquote思っwas hopingてwas hopingいwas hopingたwas hopingのthe caseですisから。because - 12
それでは、むいかのよるのぶにしましょう。
Well then, let's go to the evening performance on the 6th.
それthatでbyは、topic六sixth日sixthのof夜eveningの's部performanceにforしdoましょう。let's - 13
はじまるのはなんじですか。
What time does it start?
始まるstartのthe oneはtopic何時what timeですisか。question - 14
ごじです。
At five o'clock.
五five時o'clockです。is - 15
すこしはやいですね。
Isn't that a little early?
少しa little早いearlyですisね。right?
- ぜひ
- by all means
- 一
- one
- から。
- from (See Gram. Notes)
- 六
- six
- 夜
- night, evening
- し
- city
- ましょう。
- let's (See Gram. Notes)
- 何時
- what time
- 五
- five
- 時
- time
- 少し
- little (quantity)
Tickets, dinner and transport · Dialogue 4 of 4
Plans before the performance
The speakers arrange dinner, tickets, and transportation. *先に 買っておく方が いいです*, "It's better to buy ahead of time."
They buy early because good seats sell out quickly. *よい ざせきは 早く 売り切れてしまいますから* means "Because good seats sell out quickly."
A completely finished event
In *売り切れてしまいます*, *しまいます* follows the TE-form. Here it presents the selling out as complete.
Kanji: 堂
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
Kanji: 先
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 16
ええ、すこしはやいので、しごとをおわったら、すぐいきましょう。かぶきざのしょくどうのテーブルをよやくしておきますから、そこでなにかたべましょう。
Yes, it's a little early, so let's go as soon as you finish your work. I'll reserve a table in the Kabuki theater restaurant. Let's eat something there.
ええ、yes少しa little早いearlyのthe factで、because仕事workをobject終っfinishたら、whenすぐimmediately行きgoましょう。let'sかぶKabuki theaterきざKabuki theaterの's食堂restaurantの'sテーブルtableをobjectよreserveやくしreserveてin advanceおきin advanceますpoliteから、becauseそこthereでat何someかthing食べeatましょう。let's - 17
にゅうじょうけんはそのばんかうのですか。
Are you going to buy admission tickets that evening?
入場admission ticketけんadmission ticketはtopicそのthat晩evening買うbuyのthe caseですisか。question - 18
いいえ、さきにかっておくほうがいいです。よいざせきははやくうりきれてしまいますから。
No, it's better to buy ahead of time, because good seats sell out quickly.
いいえ、no先aheadにof time買っbuyてbuyおくin advance方optionがsubjectいいgoodです。isよいgoodざせきseatsはtopic早くquickly売り切れsell outてcompletelyしまいcompletelyますpoliteから。because - 19
それでは、そのひにはわたくしがくるまでむかえにいきますから、かいしゃのほうでまっていてください。
Well then, I shall go after you in my car on that day. Please be waiting at your firm.
それthatでbyは、topicそのthat日dayにonはtopic私Iがsubject車carでbyむかえpick you upにto行きgoますpoliteから、because会社companyの's方placeでat待っbe waitingてbe waitingいbe waitingてbe waitingください。please - 20
そうですか。それはどうも。
Very well, I shall.
そうthat is soですisか。questionそれthatはtopicどうveryも。much obliged
- で、
- --is and -- (See Grammar Notes)
- すぐ
- right away, immediately
- 食堂
- dining hall, dining room
- そこ
- there
- か
- either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)
- けん
- numerical counter for houses (See Gram. Notes)
- 買う
- to buy
- よい
- good (See Gram. Notes)
- ざせき
- seats
- 車
- vehicle, car
- 会社
- company, firm
- ください。
- please give me (See Gram. Notes)
Leaving things unchanged · Perception drill, Block 1
A state left unchanged
*その ままにして おきなさい* means "Leave it as it is." *まま* names the state in which a person or thing remains.
*まま* follows the words that name the state. *くつを はいたまま へやに はいります* means "I go into a room with my shoes on."
A state that describes a noun
With *の*, *まま* describes a noun. *むかしの ままの しゅうかん* means "a custom as it was in ancient times."
- 21
このたてものはむかしのままです。
This building is as it was long ago.
このthisたてものbuildingはtopicむかしlong agoの'sままas it wasです。is - 22
そのままにしておきなさい。
Leave it as it is.
そのthatままas it isにinしleaveてleaveおきleaveなさい。command - 23
くつをはいたままへやにはいります。
I go into a room with my shoes on.
くつshoesをobjectはいwearingたwearingままstill onへやroomにintoはいりenterます。polite - 24
これはむかしのままのしゅうかんです。
This is a custom as it was in ancient times.
これthisはtopicむかしancient timesの'sままas it wasのofしゅうかんcustomです。is - 25
きょうしつのまどをあけたままいえへかえってはいけません。
You must not go home leaving the classroom window open.
きょうしつclassroomの'sまどwindowをobjectあけopenたpastままleft that way家homeへtoward帰っreturnてandはtopicいけallowedませnot, politeん。not, polite - 26
さくばんあかりをつけたままやすみました。
Last night I went to bed with the light on.
昨晩last night明りlightをobjectつけturned onたpastままleft that way休みwent to bedましpoliteた。past - 27
こんばんはそのままきてください。
Please come tonight just as you are.
今晩はtonightそのthatままas you are来comeてcomeください。please - 28
スミスさんはにほんへいったままかえってきません。
Mr. Smith went to Japan and has not come back.
スミスSmithさんMr.はtopic日本Japanへto行っwentたpastままand stayed帰っcome backてcome back来come backませnot, politeん。not, polite - 29
そのままはなしてください。
Please tell it just as it is.
そのthatままas it is話しtellてtellください。please - 30
むかしのままのしゅうかんがたくさんのこっています。
Many customs remain just as they were in the old days.
むかしold daysの'sままas they wereのofしゅうかんcustomsがsubject沢山manyのこっremainてremainいremainます。remain
- たてもの
- building
- です。
- to be (See Gram. Notes)
- くつ
- shoes
- へや
- room
- ます。
- trout
- しゅうかん
- custom, habit
- 家
- house, home
- へ
- to (See Gram. Notes)
- 明り
- light
Actions brought to completion · Perception drill, Block 2
An action finished completely
In *私は もう その本を 読んで しまいました*, the speaker has finished reading. After a TE-form, *しまう* presents the action as completely finished.
*かん字を 皆 わすれてしまいました* means "I have forgotten all the kanji." The same form presents the loss as complete.
An object completely consumed
The form can instead present an object as depleted. *スミスさんは 一人で 天ぷらを 食べてしまいました* means "Mr. Smith ate the tempura all by himself."
The context distinguishes a finished action from a depleted object.
- 31
わたくしはもうそのほんをよんでしまいました。
I have already read that book.
私Iはtopicもうalreadyそのthat本bookをobject読んhave readでhave readしまいhave readましpoliteた。past - 32
かんじをみなわすれてしまいました。
I have forgotten all the kanji.
かん字kanjiをobject皆allわすれhave forgottenてhave forgottenしまいhave forgottenましpoliteた。past - 33
きょうのダイアログはもうおぼえてしまいました。
I've already memorized today's dialog.
今日todayの'sダイアログdialogはtopicもうalreadyおぼえhave memorizedてhave memorizedしまいhave memorizedましpoliteた。past - 34
ビールをのんでしまいました。
I drank the beer.
ビールbeerをobject飲んdrinkでdrinkしまいcompletelyましpoliteた。past - 35
かりたおかねをはらってしまいました。
I paid back the money I borrowed.
かりborrowたpastおmoney金moneyをobjectはらっpay backてpay backしまいcompletelyましpoliteた。past - 36
スミスさんはひとりでてんぷらをたべてしまいました。
Mr. Smith ate the tempura all by himself.
スミスSmithさんMr.はtopic一人aloneでby天ぷらtempuraをobject食べeatてeatしまいcompletelyましpoliteた。past
- もう
- already (See Gram. Notes)
- 本
- numerical counter for counting long slender objects (See Notes)
- 今日
- today
- ダイアログ
- dialogue
- ビール
- beer
- 一人
- one person
Telling others what to do · Perception drill, Block 3
Telling a person to act
*田村さんに 入場けんを 買うように 言います* means "I'll tell Mr. Tamura to buy admission tickets." *ように 言います* follows the conclusive form and usually relays a request.
The person who is to act takes *に*. In this line, *田村さんに* marks Mr. Tamura as that person.
Passing the request through someone
*パーカーさんに まどを あけるように 言ってください* means "Please tell Mr. Parker to open the window." The speaker asks someone to pass on the request.
An omitted subject can change who requests the action. The stated subject makes that meaning clear.
- 37
たむらさんににゅうじょうけんをかうようにいいます。
I'll tell Mr. Tamura to buy admission tickets.
田村TamuraさんMr.にto入場admission ticketけんadmission ticketをobject買うbuyようtoにto言いtellます。polite - 38
せんせいはせいとにこくばんのところへいくようにいいます。
The teacher tells the student to go to the blackboard.
先生teacherはtopic生徒studentにtoこくばんblackboardの's所placeへtoward行くgoようtoにto言いtellます。polite - 39
スミスさんにもっとべんきょうするようにいいます。
I tell Mr. Smith to study more.
スミスSmithさんMr.にtoもっとmore勉強studyするdoようtoにto言いtellます。polite - 40
かないはわたくしにあんまりたべないようにいいます。
My wife tells me not to eat too much.
家内my wifeはtopic私meにtoあんまりtoo much食べeatないnotようtoにto言いtellます。polite - 41
パーカーさんにまどをあけるようにいってください。
Please tell Mr. Parker to open the window.
パーカーParkerさんMr.にtoまどwindowをobjectあけるopenようtoにto言っtellてtellください。please - 42
ジョンズさんににほんごではなすようにいってください。
Please tell Mr. Jones to speak in Japanese.
ジョンズJonesさんMr.にto日本Japanese語Japaneseでin話すspeakようtoにto言っtellてtellください。please - 43
たなかさんにすこしうんどうするようにいってください。
Please tell Mr. Tanaka to get a little exercise.
田中TanakaさんMr.にto少しa little運動exerciseするdoようtoにto言っtellてtellください。please
- 所
- address, place
- もっと
- more (See Gram. Notes)
Describing unchanged states · Pattern 1 1 of 3
A condition that remains
*この 町は むかしの ままです* means "This town is as it was long ago." The *まま* marks an unchanged state.
The state can result from an action. *昨晩 着物を 着たまま 休みました* means "I went to bed last night with my clothes on."
- 44
このまちはむかしのままです。
This town is as it was long ago.
このthis町townはtopicむかしlong agoのofままunchangedです。is - 45
そのままたべます。
I'll eat it as is.
そのthatままas is食べeatます。polite - 46
でんとうをつけたままいえへかえってはいけません。
You must not go home leaving the light on.
電とうlightをobjectつけturn onたpastままleft on家homeへtoward帰っgo homeてgo homeはtopicいけallowedませpoliteん。not - 47
たなかさんはよごれたままのくつをはいています。
Mr. Tanaka is wearing dirty shoes (as they had become dirty).
田中TanakaさんMr.はtopicよごれbecome dirtyたpastままunchangedのofくつshoesをobjectはいis wearingてis wearingいis wearingます。is wearing - 48
たなかさんのにわはくさがのびたままです。
The grass in Mr. Tanaka's yard has been left to grow.
田中TanakaさんMr.の'sにわyardはtopic草grassがsubjectのびgrowたpastままleft as isです。is - 49
つかれていたので、さくばんきものをきたままやすみました。
Because I was tired, I went to bed last night with my clothes on.
つかwas tiredれwas tiredてwas tiredいwas tiredたwas tiredのbecauseで、because昨晩last night着物clothesをobject着wearたpastままwhile wearing休みgo to bedましpoliteた。past - 50
このくつはまだかったままで、いちどもはいていません。
These shoes are still just as I bought them, and I have never worn them.
このtheseくつshoesはtopicまだstill買っbuyたpastままas boughtで、and一once度onceもevenはいhave not wornてhave not wornいhave not wornませhave not wornん。have not worn - 51
わたくしがにほんですんでいたいえは、まだそのままのこっています。
The house I lived in in Japan is still there just as it was.
私Iがsubject日本Japanでin住んlivedでlivedいlivedたlived家houseは、topicまだstillそのthatままunchangedのこっis still thereてis still thereいis still thereます。is still there
- 町
- town
- にわ
- garden, yard
- まだ
- yet, still
Leaving things as they are · Pattern 1 2 of 3
As it is
*このまま 行っても いいでしょうか* asks whether the speaker may go in his current state. *まま* marks the unchanged condition.
*この映画は ほんとうの 出来事を そのまま 映画に したのです* says the movie reproduces the actual event without changing it.
Leaving a condition unchanged
*つけたままに しておいてください* means "Please leave it on." The light stays in the condition produced by *つけた*.
- 52
このきはさんかげつまえにうえたままで、まだいちどもこやしをやっていません。
This tree was planted three months ago, and I have not fertilized it even once yet.
このthis木treeはtopic三threeか月months前agoにatうえplantたpastままleft as plantedで、andまだyet一once度onceもevenこやしfertilizerをobjectやっhave not fertilizedてhave not fertilizedいhave not fertilizedませhave not fertilizedん。have not fertilized - 53
このえいがはほんとうのできごとをそのままえいがにしたのです。
This movie depicts an actual event just as it happened.
このthis映画movieはtopicほんとうactualのof出来事eventをobjectそのthatままas happened映画movieにintoしdoたpastのthe factです。is - 54
えいがにいきませんか。
Would you like to go to the movies?
映画moviesにto行きgoませpoliteんnotか。question - 55
このままいってもいいでしょうか。
May I go just as I am?
このthisままas I am行っgoてgoもevenいいokayでしょうprobablyか。question - 56
ええ、そのままでいいです。
Yes, you are fine just as you are.
ええ、yesそのthatままas you areでinいいfineです。is - 57
でんとうをけしましょうか。
Shall I turn off the light?
電とうlightをobjectけしturn offましょうshallか。question - 58
いいえ、つけたままにしておいてください。
No, please leave it on.
いいえ、noつけturn onたpastままleft onにasしdoてdoおいkeepてkeepください。please - 59
やまもとさんはいえにいますか。
Is Mr. Yamamoto at home?
山本YamamotoさんMr.はtopic家homeにat居beますpoliteか。question
- 木
- tree, wood
- 三
- three
- 前
- before, front
- こやし
- fertilizer
- 映画
- movie
- 出来事
- event, incident
- でしょう
- probably (See Gram. Notes)
- ましょう
- let's (See Gram. Notes)
Actions continuing without change · Pattern 1 3 of 3
An earlier action still in effect
*今朝 町へ 行ったまま、 まだ 帰ってこないのです* means "He went into town this morning and has not come back yet."
The past verb before *まま* marks the action that produced the continuing state. Here, going to town still results in his absence.
- 60
いいえ、けさまちへいったまま、まだかえってこないのです。
No, he went into town this morning and has not come back yet.
いいえ、no今朝this morning町townへtoward行っgoたpastまま、left that wayまだstill帰っreturnてreturnこcomeないnotのthe factです。is - 61
そのまちはじゅうねんまえとおなじです。
That town is the same as it was ten years ago.
そのthat町townはtopic十ten年years前agoとas同じsameです。is - 62
わたくしはよごれたふくをきかえずにえいがをみにいきました。
I went to see a movie without changing out of my dirty clothes.
私Iはtopicよごれbecome dirtyたpast服clothesをobject着かえchange clothesずnotにwithout映画movieをobject見seeにto行きgoましpoliteた。past - 63
あきやまさんはにじかんまえにまちへいってまだかえりません。
Mr. Akiyama went into town two hours ago and has not returned yet.
秋山AkiyamaさんMr.はtopic二two時間hours前agoにat町townへtoward行っgoてgoまだstill帰りreturnませpoliteん。not - 64
どうぞたたないでください。
Please do not stand up.
どうぞpleaseたたstand upないnotでnotください。please - 65
たなかさんはまどをしめないでいえへかえりました。
Mr. Tanaka went home without closing the window.
田中TanakaさんMr.はtopicまどwindowをobjectしめcloseないnotでwithout家homeへtoward帰りgo homeましpoliteた。past
- 今朝
- this morning
- 十
- ten
- 年
- year (See Grammar Notes)
- 服
- clothes, suits, uniform
- 二
- two
- 時間
- hour, time
Finishing things completely · Pattern 2 1 of 2
Complete events
*入場けんは もう 売り切れて しまいました* means "Admission tickets are all sold out." The TE-form plus *しまいました* presents complete results.
The same form covers actions such as reading and forgetting. *その本を 読んでしまいました* means "I finished reading that book."
Nothing remains
Completion can apply to the object. *お金を 皆 使ってしまいました* means "I spent all the money." Here, the money is exhausted.
- 66
にゅうじょうけんはもううりきれてしまいました。
Admission tickets are all sold out.
入場admission ticketけんadmission ticketはtopicもうalready売り切れsold outてsold outしまいcompletelyましpoliteた。past - 67
そのほんをよんでしまいました。
I finished reading that book.
そのthat本bookをobject読んreadでreadしまいfinishましpoliteた。past - 68
そのビールはわたくしがのんでしまいました。
I drank that beer.
そのthatビールbeerはtopic私Iがsubject飲んdrinkでdrinkしまいcompletelyましpoliteた。past - 69
そのかんじをわすれてしまいました。
I have forgotten that kanji.
そのthatかん字kanjiをobjectわすれforgetてforgetしまいcompletelyましpoliteた。past - 70
いえがやけてしまいました。
The house burned down.
家houseがsubjectやけburn downてburn downしまいcompletelyましpoliteた。past - 71
おかねをみなつかってしまいました。
I spent all the money.
おmoney金moneyをobject皆all使っspendてspendしまいcompletelyましpoliteた。past
Things used up or forgotten · Pattern 2 2 of 2
Used or lost completely
*いいえ、 私が 食べてしまいました* means "No, I ate it all." The TE-form plus *しまいました* presents the sukiyaki as completely consumed.
*もう わすれてしまいました* says the Spanish has been forgotten. Here, the loss of the remembered Spanish is complete.
A command to finish
*そんな ひげは そってしまいなさい* commands the listener to shave off the beard. *しまいなさい* presents shaving as an action to complete.
- 72
すきやきがまだのこっていますか。
Is there any sukiyaki left?
すきやきsukiyakiがsubjectまだstillのこっis leftてis leftいis leftますis leftか。question - 73
いいえ、わたくしがたべてしまいました。
No, I ate it all.
いいえ、no私Iがsubject食べeatてeatしまいcompletelyましpoliteた。past - 74
あなたはスペインごができますか。
Can you speak Spanish?
あなたyouはtopicスペインSpanish語Spanishがsubject出来canますpoliteか。question - 75
じゅうねんまえにならったのですから、もうわすれてしまいました。
Since I learned it ten years ago, I have already forgotten it.
十ten年years前agoにat習っlearnたpastのthe factですisから、becauseもうalreadyわすれforgetてforgetしまいcompletelyましpoliteた。past - 76
このひげをどうおもいますか。
What do you think of this beard?
このthisひげbeardをobjectどうhow思いthinkますpoliteか。question - 77
そんなひげはそってしまいなさい、きたないですよ。
Shave off a beard like that; it looks dirty.
そんなthat kind ofひげbeardはtopicそっshaveてshaveしまいoffなさい、do itきたないdirtyですisよ。I tell you
- すきやき
- SUKIYAKI
- ひげ
- beard, whiskers
Relaying requests and instructions · Pattern 3 1 of 2
A request passed on
*スミスさんに ここへ 来るように 言ってください* means "Please tell Mr. Smith to come here." In this line, *ように* introduces the relayed request.
*言ってください* asks another person to relay the request. *言っておきます* states that the speaker will relay it.
Relaying a negative instruction
The verb before *ように* can be negative. *山田さんに あんまり 金を 使わないように 言っておきます* tells Mr. Yamada not to spend too much money.
Kanji: 枚
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 78
たむらさんににゅうじょうけんをにまいかうようにいっておきます。
I'll ask Mr. Tamura to buy two admission tickets.
田村TamuraさんMr.にto入場admission ticketけんadmission ticketをobject二two枚flat-item counter買うbuyようtoにto言っaskてaskおきin advanceます。polite - 79
スミスさんにここへくるようにいってください。
Please tell Mr. Smith to come here.
スミスSmithさんMr.にtoここhereへtoward来るcomeようtoにto言っtellてtellください。please - 80
はやくこのしごとをすませるようにいってください。
Please tell him to finish this work quickly.
早くquicklyこのthis仕事workをobjectすまfinishせるfinishようtoにto言っtellてtellください。please - 81
ジョンズさんにでんとうをつけるようにいってください。
Please tell Mr. Jones to turn on the light.
ジョンズJonesさんMr.にto電とうlightをobjectつけるturn onようtoにto言っtellてtellください。please - 82
かないにはやくかえるようにいっておきます。
I will tell my wife to come home early.
家内my wifeにto早くearly帰るcome homeようtoにto言っtellてtellおきin advanceます。polite - 83
やまださんにあんまりかねをつかわないようにいっておきます。
I will tell Mr. Yamada not to spend too much money.
山田YamadaさんMr.にtoあんまりtoo much金moneyをobject使わspendないnotようtoにto言っtellてtellおきin advanceます。polite
- ここ
- here
Passing on specific requests · Pattern 3 2 of 2
A specific time and action
*スミスさんに 明朝 九時頃 来るように 言っておいて ください* means "Please tell Mr. Smith to come around nine tomorrow morning."
In *来るように 言っておいて ください*, *ように* introduces the requested action. The surrounding words specify the person and time.
Passing on what not to do
*山田さんに 明日は おべんとうを 持って 来ないように 言ってください* asks someone to tell Mr. Yamada not to bring a boxed lunch tomorrow.
*そう 言っておきます* confirms that the request will be passed on.
- 84
スミスさんにみょうちょうくじごろくるようにいっておいてください。
Please tell Mr. Smith to come around nine tomorrow morning.
スミスSmithさんMr.にto明朝tomorrow morning九nine時o'clock頃around来るcomeようso as toにto言っtellてtellおいin advanceてin advanceください。please - 85
はい、かしこまりました。そういっておきます。
Yes, certainly; I will tell him that.
はい、yesかしこまりcertainlyましpoliteた。pastそうthat way言っtellてtellおきin advanceます。polite - 86
ジョンズさんにあしたはかんじのじしょをもってくるようにいってください。
Please tell Mr. Jones to bring a kanji dictionary tomorrow.
ジョンズJonesさんMr.にto明日tomorrowはtopicかん字kanjiの'sじdictionary書dictionaryをobject持っbringてbring来るbringようso as toにto言っtellてtellください。please - 87
はい、かしこまりました。
Yes, certainly.
はい、yesかしこまりcertainlyましpoliteた。past - 88
やまださんにあしたはおべんとうをもってこないようにいってください。
Please tell Mr. Yamada not to bring a boxed lunch tomorrow.
山田YamadaさんMr.にto明日tomorrowはtopicおhonorableべんとうboxed lunchをobject持っbringてbring来comeないnotようso as toにto言っtellてtellください。please - 89
はい、そういっておきます。
Yes, I will tell him that.
はい、yesそうthat way言っtellてtellおきin advanceます。polite
- 九
- nine
- 明日
- tomorrow
- じ
- character, word
- べんとう
- box lunch
Origins of Kabuki and opera · Reading Selection 1 of 2
Two old theatrical forms
Kabuki began about 370 years ago, and opera began at almost the same time. Both include singing and resemble each other historically.
*どちらも ほとんど むかしのまま 今日まで のこっています* says both have survived almost unchanged. The *まま* marks that unchanged state.
Kabuki becomes an all-male theater
Women first performed Kabuki, but female actors were banned in 1629. *それからは 男の 役者だけに なってしまいました* says that afterward all the actors were men.
The TE-form plus *しまいました* presents that change as complete.
- 90
かぶきはいまからさんびゃくななじゅうねんほどまえにはじまりました。
Kabuki began about 370 years ago.
かぶきKabukiはtopic今nowからfrom三百three hundred七十seventy年yearsほどabout前beforeにat始まりbeginましpoliteた。past - 91
おもしろいことにはヨーロッパでオペラがはじまったのもほとんどおなじときで、かぶきもオペラもどちらもうたをうたうということです。
Interestingly, opera began in Europe at almost the same time, and both Kabuki and opera feature singing.
おもしろいinteresting事factにinはtopicヨーロッパEuropeでinオペラoperaがsubject始まっbeginたpastのfactもalsoほとんどalmost同じsame時timeで、atかぶきKabukiもalsoオペラoperaもalsoどちらwhichもbothうたsongをobjectうたうsingとquote言うcalled事factです。is - 92
れきしてきにもりょうほうにています。
Historically, too, the two resemble each other.
れきしhistoricalてきhistoricalにinもalsoりょうboth方bothにresemble each otherてresemble each otherいresemble each otherます。resemble each other - 93
どちらもほとんどむかしのままきょうまでのこっています。
Both have survived to the present day almost unchanged from the old days.
どちらbothもbothほとんどalmostむかしold daysのofままunchanged今日todayまでuntilのこっhave survivedてhave survivedいhave survivedます。have survived - 94
かぶきはさいしょはおんなのやくしゃばかりでやっていましたが、せんろっぴゃくにじゅうくねんにおんなのかぶきやくしゃをきんじたので、それからはおとこのやくしゃだけになってしまいました。
At first, Kabuki was performed only by women, but female Kabuki actors were banned in 1629, so after that all the actors were men.
かぶきKabukiはtopicさいしょat firstはtopic女womenの's役者actorsばかりonlyでbyやっwas performedてwas performedいwas performedましwas performedたwas performedが、but千one thousand六百six hundred二十twenty九nine年yearにin女womenの'sかぶきKabuki役者actorsをobjectきんじbanたpastのfactで、becauseそれthatからfromはtopic男menの's役者actorsだけonlyにintoなっbecameてbecameしまいcompletelyましpoliteた。past - 95
そしておとこのやくしゃがおんなにもなってしばいをします。
And the male actors also play women in the dramas.
そしてand男menの's役者actorsがsubject女womenにintoもalsoなっbecomeてbecomeしばいdramasをobjectしdoます。polite
- から
- from (See Gram. Notes)
- 三百
- 300
- 七十
- 70
- ほど
- to the extent (See Grammar Notes)
- おもしろい
- interesting, to be fun
- ほとんど
- almost (See Gram. Notes)
- どちら
- which of two (See Grammar Notes)
- うた
- song
- うたう
- to sing
- 言う
- to say
- さいしょ
- first
- 千
- 1,000
- 六百
- 600
- 二十
- 20
- だけ
- only, just (See Grammar Notes)
Bunraku puppets and performers · Reading Selection 2 of 2
An old puppet theater
Bunraku is a puppet theater that began in Osaka about two hundred years ago. *古くから そのまま のこっている* describes it as remaining unchanged since long ago.
The *まま* in this line marks a condition that remains.
Three performers for one puppet
*一つの 人ぎょうを あやつるのに 三人 居ます* says three people operate one puppet because the puppets are large.
The operators are visible. *その 人ぎょうを あやつる 人は ぶたいに 出ています* places them on the stage.
- 96
もうひとつにほんにふるくからそのままのこっているものにぶんらくがあります。
Another thing that has remained unchanged in Japan since long ago is Bunraku.
もうanother一oneつone日本Japanにin古くlong agoからfromそのthatままunchangedのこっhas remainedてhas remainedいるhas remainedものthingにamongぶんBunrakuらくBunrakuがsubjectありexistます。polite - 97
ぶんらくはにんぎょうしばいのひとつで、いまからにひゃくねんほどまえにおおさかではじまりました。
Bunraku is a kind of puppet theater that began in Osaka about two hundred years ago.
ぶんBunrakuらくBunrakuはtopic人puppet theaterぎょうpuppet theaterしばいpuppet theaterのof一one kindつone kindで、is今nowからfrom二百two hundred年yearsほどabout前beforeにat大OsakaさOsakaかOsakaでin始まりbeginましpoliteた。past - 98
ぶんらくにつかうにんぎょうはおんなのにんぎょうにはあしがありません。
Of the puppets used in Bunraku, the female puppets have no legs.
ぶんBunrakuらくBunrakuにin使うused人puppetぎょうpuppetはtopic女femaleの's人puppetぎょうpuppetにamongはtopicあしlegsがsubjectありhaveませpoliteん。not - 99
かなりおおきなにんぎょうをつかいますから、ひとつのにんぎょうをあやつるのにさんにんいます。
Since the puppets used are fairly large, it takes three people to operate one puppet.
かなりfairly大きなlarge人puppetぎょうpuppetをobject使いuseますpoliteから、because一oneつoneのof人puppetぎょうpuppetをobjectあやつるoperateのactにfor三three人people居existます。polite - 100
そのにんぎょうをあやつるひとはぶたいにでています。
The people who operate the puppets are visible on the stage.
そのthose人puppetぎょうpuppetをobjectあやつるoperate人peopleはtopicぶたいstageにon出are visibleてare visibleいare visibleます。are visible
- もの
- things (tangible)
- 人
- people
- 二百
- 200
- 使う
- to use, employ
- かなり
- fairly
- 大きな
- big, large (See Gram. Notes)
- あやつる
- to handle, manipulate
- ぶたい
- stage
Comparing Kabuki, opera and Bunraku · Questions
History and features of three theaters
The questions ask when Kabuki and opera began, who performs Kabuki, and how Bunraku puppets work.
*何人で この 人ぎょうを あやつりますか* means "How many people operate this puppet?" An answer gives the number from the reading.
*かぶきは ほとんど むかしのまま のこっていますか* asks whether Kabuki has remained almost unchanged. The answer states whether it has.
- 101
かぶきはいつごろはじまりましたか。
About when did Kabuki begin?
かぶきKabukiはtopicいつ頃about when始まりbeginましpoliteたpastか。question - 102
オペラはいつごろはじまりましたか。
About when did opera begin?
オペラoperaはtopicいつ頃about when始まりbeginましpoliteたpastか。question - 103
かぶきでもオペラでもうたをうたいますか。
Do they sing in both Kabuki and opera?
かぶきKabukiでinもalsoオペラoperaでinもalsoうたsongsをobjectうたいsingますpoliteか。question - 104
かぶきはほとんどむかしのままのこっていますか。
Has Kabuki remained almost unchanged from the old days?
かぶきKabukiはtopicほとんどalmostむかしold daysのofままunchangedのこっhas remainedてhas remainedいhas remainedますhas remainedか。question - 105
かぶきにはおんなのやくしゃはいませんでしたか。
Were there no actresses in Kabuki?
かぶきKabukiにinはtopic女femaleの's役者actorsはtopic居existませpoliteんnotでしwasたpastか。question - 106
いまでもかぶきにはおんなのやくしゃはいませんか。
Are there still no actresses in Kabuki?
今nowでatもalsoかぶきKabukiにinはtopic女femaleの's役者actorsはtopic居existませpoliteんnotか。question - 107
ぶんらくはにんぎょうしばいですか。
Is Bunraku puppet theater?
ぶんBunrakuらくBunrakuはtopic人puppet theaterぎょうpuppet theaterしばいpuppet theaterですisか。question - 108
ぶんらくはふるいものですか。
Is Bunraku old?
ぶんBunrakuらくBunrakuはtopic古いoldものthingですisか。question - 109
ぶんらくにつかうにんぎょうにはてやあしがありますか。
Do the puppets used in Bunraku have hands and feet?
ぶんBunrakuらくBunrakuにin使うused人puppetぎょうpuppetにamongはtopic手handsやand suchあしfeetがsubjectありhaveますpoliteか。question - 110
なんにんでこのにんぎょうをあやつりますか。
How many people operate this puppet?
何how many人peopleでbyこのthis人puppetぎょうpuppetをobjectあやつりoperateますpoliteか。question
- 古い
- old, antique
- や
- and---among others (See Gram. Notes)
Theatre and performance words · Word list 1 of 4
The people and places of theater
This set names theatrical forms and the places and people involved. *かぶき* is "Kabuki", *オペラ* is "opera", and *役者* is "actor, player".
The set also includes Bunraku terms. *人ぎょうしばい* is "puppet show", and *ぶたい* is "stage".
- 111
かぶきざ
Kabuki theater
かぶきざKabuki theater - 112
かぶき
Kabuki
かぶきKabuki - 113
しばい
play, drama
しばいplay or drama - 114
オペラ
opera
オペラopera - 115
せいよう
occident, the West
西洋the West - 116
やくしゃ
actor, player
役者actor - 117
しょくどう
dining hall, dining room
食堂dining hall - 118
ぶんらく
Bunraku puppet show
ぶんらくBunraku puppet show - 119
にんぎょうしばい
puppet show
人ぎょうしばいpuppet show - 120
にんぎょう
doll
人ぎょうdoll - 121
ぶたい
stage
ぶたいstage
- かぶきざ
- Kabuki theater
- ぶんらく
- Bunraku puppet show
- 人ぎょうしばい
- puppet show
- 人ぎょう
- doll
Actors, songs and resemblance · Word list 2 of 4
Actors and what they do
This set covers performers, actions, and change. *女がた* is "feminine role, woman's part, female impersonator", and *うた* is "song".
Several verbs describe comparison and prohibition. *にる* means "to resemble", while *きんじる* means "to forbid, prohibit".
- 122
くるま
car, automobile
車car - 123
ていど
degree, extent
ていどdegree or extent - 124
ひま
leisure time, free
ひまfree time - 125
おんながた
feminine role, woman's part, female impersonator
女がたfemale impersonator - 126
うた
song
うたsong - 127
にる
to resemble
にるresemble - 128
いえる
can be said
言えるcan be said - 129
うたう
to sing
うたうsing - 130
きんじる
to forbid, prohibit
きんじるforbid - 131
しゅつえんする
to appear in a play
しゅつえんするappear in play - 132
かわる
to change
かわるchange
- ていど
- degree, extent
- ひま
- leisure time, free
- 女がた
- feminine role, woman's part, female impersonator
- にる
- to resemble
- きんじる
- to forbid, prohibit
- しゅつえんする
- to appear in a play
- かわる
- to change
Performance and preparation words · Word list 3 of 4
Performance and preparation
This set covers performance and preparation. *えんじる* means "to perform, play", *売り切れる* means "to be sold out", and *先に* means "beforehand".
*--まま* means "as it is, with". It names an unchanged state.
- 133
えんじる
to perform, play
えんじるperform or play - 134
うりきれる
to be sold out
売り切れるbe sold out - 135
むかえる
to welcome
むかえるwelcome - 136
あやつる
to handle, manipulate
あやつるhandle or manipulate - 137
ゆうめいな
famous
有名なfamous - 138
しだいに
gradually
しだいにgradually - 139
ぜひ
by all means
ぜひby all means - 140
さきに
beforehand
先にbeforehand - 141
あるていどまで
to a certain extent
あるていどまでto a certain extent - 142
--まま
as it is, with (See Grammar Notes)
--ままas it is - 143
しかたがない
can't be helped
仕方がないcan't be helped
- 売り切れる
- to be sold out
- むかえる
- to welcome
- 有名な
- famous
- しだいに
- gradually
- 先に
- beforehand
- あるていどまで
- to a certain extent
- --まま
- as it is, with (See Grammar Notes)
- 仕方がない
- can't be helped
Theatre actions and expressions · Word list 4 of 4
Completion and relayed requests
The two expressions name complete action and a relayed request. *--てしまう* means "completely, finish", and *--ように言います* means "I'll tell him to do --".
*中村さんに ぶんらくの 入場けんを 二枚 買うように 言っておきます* means "I'll ask Mr. Nakamura to buy two admission tickets to Bunraku."
- 144
--てしまう
completely, finish (See Grammar Notes)
--てしまうfinish completely - 145
--ようにいいます
I'll tell him to do -- (See Grammar Notes)
--ように言いますtell someone to do - 146
なかむらさんにぶんらくのにゅうじょうけんをにまいかうようにいっておきます。
I'll ask Mr. Nakamura to buy two admission tickets to Bunraku.
中村さんにぶんらくの入場けんを二枚買うように言っておきます。ask Nakamura to buy - 147
わたくしはこんばんはひまです。
I am free tonight.
私は今晩はひまです。I am free tonight - 148
じだいがかわりました。
Time has changed.
時代がかわりました。times have changed - 149
ぶんらくはにんぎょうしばいともいえます。
You can also say that the Bunraku is a puppet show.
ぶんらくは人ぎょうしばいとも言えます。also called puppet theater - 150
ぶんらくでつかうにんぎょうはおおきくて、ひとつのにんぎょうをにさんにんのひとがあやつります。
Dolls that they use in Bunraku are large and two or three people manipulate a doll.
ぶんらくで使う人ぎょうは大きくて、一つの人ぎょうを二三人の人があやつります。large puppets manipulated together - 151
このごろカラーテレビがしだいにふえています。
These days, color television sets have gradually increased in number.
この頃カラーテレビがしだいにふえています。color televisions are increasing - 152
ぶんらくはおおきなぶたいのうえでやります。
Bunraku is performed on the big stage.
ぶんらくは大きなぶたいの上でやります。performed on large stage - 153
おんなのやくしゃはかぶきにしゅつえんしません。
Female actors don't appear in Kabuki.
女の役者はかぶきにしゅつえんしません。women do not perform
- --てしまう
- completely, finish (See Grammar Notes)
- --ように言います
- I'll tell him to do -- (See Grammar Notes)
- 中村さんにぶんらくの入場けんを二枚買うように言っておきます。
- "I'll ask Mr. Nakamura to buy two admission tickets to Bunraku."
- 私は今晩はひまです。
- "I am free tonight."
- 時代がかわりました。
- "Time has changed."
- ぶんらくは人ぎょうしばいとも言えます。
- "You can also say that the Bunraku is a puppet show."
- ぶんらくで使う人ぎょうは大きくて、一つの人ぎょうを二三人の人があやつります。
- "Dolls that they use in Bunraku are large and two or three people manipulate a doll."
- この頃カラーテレビがしだいにふえています。
- "These days, color television sets have gradually increased in number."
- ぶんらくは大きなぶたいの上でやります。
- "Bunraku is performed on the big stage."
- 女の役者はかぶきにしゅつえんしません。
- "Female actors don't appear in Kabuki."
The particulars
- The course
- Defense Language Institute, Japanese Basic Course, 1967 to 1971. Public domain. The teaching pages and the narration are ours.
- Reading aloud
- Digital narration, directed by 1732 Studios.
- The book
- Botchan, the work this course leads to, free to read here.
- Data
- JSON · Markdown · A guide for agents