Japanese Basic Course 1732 Studios

Japanese · Lesson 46

Lesson 46

Kanji and everyday Japanese

178 lines

Payday timing and location · Dialogue 1 of 4

Payday arrangements

One speaker asks when payday occurs. *あなた方の 月給日は 月まつですか、 月始ですか* means "Is your payday at the end of the month or at the beginning of the month?"

The answer gives the usual time, then explains that payment occurs in the recreation room because the orderly room is crowded.

Kanji: 隊, 務

New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.

  1. 1

    あなたがたのげっきゅうびはげつまつですか、つきはじめですか。

    Is your payday at the end of the month or at the beginning of the month?

    あなたyou all
    方you all
    の's
    月給payday
    日payday
    はtopic
    月month end
    まつmonth end
    ですis
    か、or
    月month beginning
    始month beginning
    ですis
    か。question
  2. 2

    たいていげつまつです。

    It's usually at the end of the month.

  3. 3

    ちゅうたいじむしつではらってもらうのですか。

    Do you get paid in the company orderly room?

  4. 4

    いいえ、ちゅうたいじむしつはせまいから、ごらくしつではらってもらいます。ときどきしょくどうをつかいます。

    No, because the orderly room is not spacious; we are paid in the recreation room. At times they use the dining hall.

  5. 5

    だれがしはらいをしますか。

    Who does the paying?

RERU, RARERU

1. RERU, RARERU

The inflecting suffixes (sometimes called auxiliary verbs) RERU and RARERU are attached to the negative base of verbs to form the passive in Japanese. In the case of consonant verbs (regular verbs) the inflecting suffix RERU is attached to the negative base ---a, as was the case with the causative SERU in Lesson 45. Note the following consonant verbs (regular verbs):

Base form | | Negative Base | Passive
SASOU | (to invite) | SASOWA | SASOWARERU
IKU | (to go) | IKA | IKARERU
DASU | (to put out) | DASA | DASARERU
TATSU | (to stand) | TATA | TATARERU
YOBU | (to call) | YOBA | YOBARERU
YOMU | (to read) | YOMA | YOMARERU
TORU | (to take, steal) | TORA | TORARERU
SHINU | (to die) | SHINA | SHINARERU

The resultant passive verbs lose their original consonant verb characteristics and become ERU vowel verbs. The inflection of causative verbs is as follows:

| 
1. Negative base | SASOWARE NAI
2. Conjunctive base | SASOWARE MASU
3. Conclusive (Base form) | SASOWARERU
4. Attributive form | SASOWARERU TOKI
5. Conditional base | SASOWAREREBA
6. Probability | SASOWAREYOO
7. Imperative base | SASOWARE YO

For vowel verbs the final RU of the base form is replaced with RARERU.

| | 
TABERU | (to eat) | TABERARERU
MIRU | (to see) | MIRARERU

The passive of the irregular verbs KURU and SURU is KORARERU and SARERU. The passive form of the verb SURU was originally considered to be SERARERU, with SARERU as its contraction. However, the colloquial SARERU predominates. In all cases, passive verbs are ERU vowel verbs in their inflection.

The passive in Japanese is different from that of English. The basic psychology expressed behind the passive in Japanese is psychological and/or material suffering of the subject. The exceptions to this are a few verbs of praise, esteem, and affection. Since, in the basic Japanese passive, the subject must be able to feel psychological or material suffering, it is commonly limited to an animate being or a personified thing. However, due to a large influx of U.S. personnel in Japan after World War II, English has strongly influenced the Japanese language and quite often the passive is used with an inanimate thing as the subject. However, expressions such as "The dishes are being washed" or "The door was closed" should not be used.

In Japanese, the passive is formed just as often with intransitive verbs as with transitive verbs. In the former case the rendition into English becomes very awkward:

WATAKUSHI WA KANAI NI KAERARETA, "My wife left me." (literally: I was gone back (to her) home by my wife.)

As was the case with the causative, the doer or the agent of the action is indicated by the particle NI. The subject is the sufferer of the consequence of the agent's action.

As is the case in English, quite often the object of the verb is retained. The particle O remains as is.

WATAKUSHI WA DOROBOO NI OKANE O SUKOSHI NUSUMAREMASHITA. "I was robbed of some money by a thief."
--NI YOTTE CHIGAIMASU, "It differs depending upon ---"

2. --NI YOTTE CHIGAIMASU, "It differs depending upon ---"

Following nouns, NI YOTTE expresses an idea of 'depending on ---' or 'depending upon ---.'

Examples:

TENKI WA HI NI YOTTE CHIGAIMASU. "The weather differs depending upon the day."

MISE NI YOTTE NEDAN GA CHIGAIMASU. "The price differs depending upon the store."

HITO NI YOTTE HANASHI-KATA GA CHIGAIMASU. "The manner of speaking differs depending upon the person."
--YORI HOKA WA ARIMASEN (NAI)

3. --YORI HOKA WA ARIMASEN (NAI)

This is an idiomatic expression that follows the base form of verbs and means 'there is nothing we can do but ---.'

MOTTO BENKYOO SURU YORI HOKA WA ARIMASEN. "There is nothing we can do but study more."

IKU YORI HOKA WA ARIMASEN. "There is nothing we can do but go."
---NI KAKETE

4. ---NI KAKETE

This phrase is used to mean 'spanning,' 'extending,' or 'from -- to' in relation to time and area.

MONTANA KARA ARIZONA NI KAKETE SONO BYOOKI WA OOI DESU. "That disease is very common, extending from Montana to Arizona."

JUUICHI GATSU KARA SHIGATSU NI KAKETE AME GA YOKU FURIMASU. "It rains often from November to April."

This phrase has one other meaning. When it is followed by WA, it means 'concerning.' Usually the particle WA goes with it in this usage.

ANO HITO WA KABUKI NI KAKETE WA YOKU SHITTE IMASU. "Concerning KABUKI, he knows it well."

In this usage the meaning is the same as that of NI TSUITE (WA).
の
See Grammar Notes
月給
monthly wage
は
leaves
月
moon, month (See Grammar Notes)
です
to be (See Gram. Notes)
か、
either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)
中隊
company
で
--is and -- (See Grammar Notes)
もらう
to receive (tangible things)
せまい
narrow, crowded
から、
from (See Gram. Notes)
ごらく
amusement, recreation
ます。
trout
時々
sometimes, occasionally
食堂
dining hall, dining room
を
particle denoting direct object (See Pattern Drill)
だれ
who?
が
but (See Gram. Notes)
しはらい
payment
し
city

Salaries, cheques and allowances · Dialogue 2 of 4

Cash, checks, and allowances

The speakers compare salary payments in cash and by check. *所によって ちがいます* means "It differs, depending upon the place."

They then discuss allowances sent to a service member's family.

What changes and what is sent

In *所によって ちがいます*, *によって* marks the place that determines the difference.

In *家の方へ ゆうびんで 送られます*, the passive *送られます* reports that the allowance is sent home by mail.

Kanji: 将

New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.

Kanji: 行

New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.

  1. 6

    たいていかかりのしょうこうがしはらいます。

    Usually the officer in charge does the paying.

  2. 7

    きゅうりょうはげんきんでしはらうのですか、こぎってですか。

    Is the salary paid in cash or paid by check?

  3. 8

    ところによってちがいます。あるところではげんきんですが、あるところではこぎってです。

    It differs, depending upon the place. At some places it is cash but at some places it is check.

  4. 9

    げっきゅうのほかにてあてもあるのでしょうが、それもきゅうりょうといっしょにもらうのですか。

    I imagine you get allowances besides your salary, but do you receive them, too, with your salary?

  5. 10

    ええ、でもかぞくにいくてあてはかないのなでうちのほうへゆうびんでおくられます。

    Yes, but the allowance going to the family is sent through the mail to the home and in the wife's name.

給料
wage, salary
現金
cash
しはらう
to pay
小切手
check
所
address, place
に
on (See Gram. Notes)
ある
certain, some
手当
medical treatment
でしょう
probably (See Gram. Notes)
と
and (See Gram. Notes)
ええ、
Yes
家ぞく
family
名
name
家
house, home
へ
to (See Gram. Notes)
ゆうびん
postal service

Protecting pay from theft · Dialogue 3 of 4

Theft after payday

The speakers discuss money stolen in the barracks after payday. *月給日の あと、 兵しゃで お金を ぬすまれる 事が あるそうですね* asks whether this occurs.

*お金を 大切にするように ちゅういされます* reports that the soldiers are cautioned to take good care of their money.

The conversation ends by asking whether pay can be sent to a bank.

Kanji: 兵, 箱

New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.

Kanji: 銀, 私, 物

New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.

  1. 11

    げっきゅうびのあと、へいしゃでおかねをぬすまれることがあるそうですね。

    I understand that your money is stolen at the barracks after payday, isn't that right?

  2. 12

    ええ、まいつきそのころになると、しぶつばこにかぎをかけたり、おかねをたいせつにするようにちゅういされます。

    Yes, we are cautioned every month about that time, to lock our footlockers and to take good care of our money.

  3. 13

    げんきんをぬすまれると、こまりますね。

    You don't know what to do, when you have cash stolen, do you?

  4. 14

    ええ、だれがどろぼうかわかりませんからね。

    Yes, because you don't know who the thief is.

  5. 15

    ぎんこうにきゅうりょうをおくってもらうことはできませんか。

    Can't you have your salary sent to the bank?

そう
numerical counter for ships
ね。
isn't it (See Grammar Notes)
頃
approximate point of time (See Gram. Notes)
と、
and (See Gram. Notes)
ちゅうい
first lieutenant
どろぼう
thief, robber
か
either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)
から
from (See Gram. Notes)
銀行
bank

Investigating theft and staying careful · Dialogue 4 of 4

When property disappears

A company commander gathers and searches the soldiers when property disappears or is stolen. Cash remains hard to trace.

*中隊で 物が なくなったり、 だれかに 物を ぬすまれたり した 時には、 中隊長は どうしますか* asks what the commander does in such cases.

The only remaining action

*自分で ちゅういするより 外は ありません* means "There is nothing you can do but be careful yourself."

Listen for *より 外は ありません* after the action that remains when no alternative is available.

Kanji: 長

New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.

  1. 16

    できます。しょうこうにはおくってもらうひとがおおいようです。

    You can. It seems there are many among officers who have theirs sent.

  2. 17

    ちゅうたいでものがなくなったり、だれかにものをぬすまれたりしたときには、ちゅうたいちょうはどうしますか。

    When things disappear or are stolen in the company, what does the company commander do?

  3. 18

    ちゅうたいのへいをみなあつめて、ひとりひとりしらべます。だがげんきんですと、なかなかわかりませんね。

    He assembles the soldiers of the company and searches them one by one. But if it's cash, you can't find it easily.

  4. 19

    じぶんでちゅういするよりほかはありませんね。

    There is nothing you can do but be careful (yourself), is there?

  5. 20

    そうです。

    That's right.

人
people
です。
to be (See Gram. Notes)
時
time
一人一人
one by one, one person at a time
だ
to be (informal equivalent of DESU. See Grammar Notes)
中々
considerably, very
自分
self
より
than (See Gram. Notes)

Passive actions and misfortunes · Perception drill, Block 1

An action experienced by the subject

*私は 町で 先生に 見られました* means "I was seen by a teacher in town." The passive reports an action directed at the subject.

A consonant verb adds *RERU* to its negative base. A vowel verb replaces its final *RU* with *RARERU*.

The person affected and the agent

The subject often suffers from the action. The agent takes *に*, while an object keeps *を*.

*私は いぬに 肉を 食べられました* means "I had my beef eaten by a dog." The dog acts, and the speaker suffers the result.

  1. 21

    あのいしゃはよくしられています。

    That doctor is well-known.

  2. 22

    わたくしはまちでせんせいにみられました。

    I was seen by a teacher in town.

  3. 23

    わたくしはいぬににくをたべられました。

    I had my beef eaten by a dog.

  4. 24

    かないにびょうきになられました。

    I suffered the misfortune of having my wife becoming sick.

  5. 25

    わたくしはこどものときににほんへつれていかれました。

    I was taken to Japan when I was a child.

  6. 26

    わたくしはせんせいにたびたびことばのはつおんをなおされます。

    My teacher often corrects my pronunciation of words.

  7. 27

    せいとはこのがっこうをでてからにほんへおくられます。

    The students are sent to Japan after graduating from this school.

  8. 28

    たいせつなさくらのきをこどもにきられました。

    A child cut down my precious cherry tree.

  9. 29

    このがっこうはべいこくではよくしられています。

    This school is well known in the United States.

医者
medical doctor
よく
well, skillfully
町
town
いぬ
dog
肉
meat, flesh
なら
if it is (See Gram. Notes)
たびたび
often, frequently
さくら
cherry (flower)
木
tree, wood

Differences depending on circumstances · Perception drill, Block 2

A difference that depends on place

*所によって ちがいます* means "It differs depending upon the place." *によって* follows the noun that determines the difference.

The noun that determines the difference

The same form follows other nouns. *生徒によって ちがいます* means "It depends on the student."

The lines contrast places, days, years, kanji, and students by changing the noun before *によって*.

  1. 30

    ところによってちがいます。

    It differs depending upon the place.

  2. 31

    モンテレーはいつもあさきりがありますか。

    Is there always fog in Monterey in the morning?

  3. 32

    ひによってちがいます。

    It differs from day to day.

  4. 33

    かんじはみなむずかしいですか。

    Are all kanji difficult?

  5. 34

    いいえ、かんじによってちがいます。あるかんじはやさしいです。

    No, it depends on the kanji. Some kanji are easy.

  6. 35

    まいねんいちがつにはあめがふりますか。

    Does it rain every January?

  7. 36

    としによってちがいます。

    It differs from year to year.

  8. 37

    このがっこうのせいとはみなおなじようにべんきょうしますか。

    Do all the students at this school study in the same way?

  9. 38

    いいえ。せいとによってちがいます。

    No. It depends on the student.

  10. 39

    べいこくのなつはどうですか。

    What are summers like in the United States?

  11. 40

    べいこくはひろいくにですから、ところによってちがいます。あるところはあついですが、あるところはすずしいです。

    Because the United States is a large country, it differs from place to place. Some places are hot, but others are cool.

モンテレー
Monterey
いつ
when?
朝
morning
きり
fog
か。
either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)
むずかしい
difficult
やさしい
easy
毎年
every year (See Grammar Notes)
一
one
雨
rain
年
year (See Grammar Notes)
夏
summer
ひろい
wide
あつい
hot
すずしい
cool

Grammar Perception Drill, Block 3

The only action available

*気を つけるより外は ありません* means "There is nothing to do but be careful."

*より外は ありません* follows the base form of a verb. It presents that verb's action as the only available course.

A longer action before the expression

*かん字は 何度も 書いて おぼえるより外は ありません* means "There is nothing to do but write kanji over and over to learn them."

The full action comes before *より外は ありません*.

  1. 41

    せいとはダイアログをおぼえるよりほかはありません。

    There is nothing students can do but memorize the dialogue.

  2. 42

    かんじはなんどもかいておぼえるよりほかはありません。

    There is nothing to do but write kanji over and over to learn them.

  3. 43

    きをつけるよりほかはありません。

    There is nothing to do but be careful.

  4. 44

    あたらしいくるまをかうよりほかはありません。

    There is nothing to do but buy a new car.

  5. 45

    うちでさんじかんぐらいべんきょうするよりほかはありません。

    There is nothing to do but study at home for about three hours.

  6. 46

    にゅういんするよりほかはありません。

    There is nothing to do but go into the hospital.

ダイアログ
dialogue
おぼえる
to memorize, remember (v.t.)
車
vehicle, car
買う
to buy
三
three
時間
hour, time
ぐらい
about

Experiencing passive actions · Pattern 1 1 of 3

Passive actions and their effects

*私は うで時計を ぬすまれました* means "I had my wrist watch stolen." The passive from *RERU* and *RARERU* reports an action received by a person.

*雨に 降られて、 ゴルフが 出来ませんでした* means "I was rained on and couldn't play golf." An intransitive verb can also report an adverse experience.

  1. 47

    あのいしゃはよくしられています

    That doctor is well-known.

  2. 48

    わたくしはうでどけいをぬすまれました。

    I had my wrist watch stolen.

  3. 49

    ともだちにえいがへさそわれました。

    I was invited to a movie by a friend.

  4. 50

    あめにふられて、ゴルフができませんでした。

    I was rained on and couldn't play golf.

  5. 51

    わたくしはせんせいにじむしょへよばれました。

    I was called to the office by the teacher.

  6. 52

    パーカーさんはかみをみじかくかられました。

    Mr. Parker had his hair cut short.

  7. 53

    スミスさんはベトナムへおくられました。

    Mr. Smith was sent to Vietnam.

  8. 54

    やまもとさんはきょうかしょをぬすまれました。

    Mr. Yamamoto had his textbook stolen.

  9. 55

    せんせいにまちがいをなおされました。

    My mistake was corrected by the teacher.

  10. 56

    わたくしはさけをのむのをきんじられました。

    I was forbidden to drink liquor.

ます
trout
映画
movie
ゴルフ
golf
かみ
hair

Reporting unwanted actions · Pattern 1 2 of 3

An unwanted action and its result

*あなたは この間 車を ぬすまれたそうですね* means "I hear you had your car stolen the other day." The passive reports the unwanted completed action.

*中から かぎを かけられて、 はいる 事が 出来ないのです* means "Someone locked the door from the inside, so I can't get in."

  1. 57

    あなたはせんしゅうかぶきにいったそうですね。

    I hear you went to kabuki last week.

  2. 58

    ええ、たなかさんにさそわれていきました。

    Yes, Mr. Tanaka invited me, so I went.

  3. 59

    あなたはこのあいだくるまをぬすまれたそうですね。

    I hear you had your car stolen the other day.

  4. 60

    そうですよ。このごろはどろぼうがおおいですね。

    That’s right. There are a lot of thieves these days, aren’t there?

  5. 61

    なぜここにたっているのですか。

    Why are you standing here?

  6. 62

    なかからかぎをかけられて、はいることができないのです。

    Someone locked the door from the inside, so I can’t get in.

  7. 63

    よむ

    to read

  8. 64

    つれていく

    to take someone along

  9. 65

    よろこぶ

    to be pleased

  10. 66

    かえる

    to return

先週
last week
かぶき
Kabuki
この頃
these days, nowadays
なぜ
why?
ここ
here
いる
to need (See Gram. Notes)
はいる
to enter, to go in
よろこぶ
to rejoice, be delighted

Taking, eating and forgetting · Pattern 1 3 of 3

Verbs with different passive forms

*取る* means "to take," and *食べる* means "to eat." They supply consonant and vowel verbs for the passive forms from *RERU* and *RARERU*.

*来る*, "to come," and *病気をする*, "to become ill," supply irregular verbs.

  1. 67

    とる

    to take

  2. 68

    たべる

    to eat

  3. 69

    わすれる

    to forget

  4. 70

    しらべる

    to investigate

  5. 71

    きんじる

    to forbid

  6. 72

    おしえる

    to teach

  7. 73

    くる

    to come

  8. 74

    びょうきをする

    to become ill

  9. 75

    しめる

    to close

わすれる
to forget
しらべる
to investigate
きんじる
to forbid, prohibit

Differences between people and places · Pattern 2 1 of 2

The source of a difference

*気こうは 所によって ちがいます* means "The weather differs, depending upon the place." *によって* after the noun marks what determines the difference.

*人によって 話し方が ちがいます* means "The way people speak differs from person to person."

  1. 76

    きこうはところによってちがいます。

    The weather differs, depending upon the place.

  2. 77

    しゅうかんはくにによってちがいます。

    Customs differ from country to country.

  3. 78

    モンテレーのてんきはひによってちがいます。

    The weather in Monterey differs from day to day.

  4. 79

    せいとによってべんきょうのしかたがちがいます。

    The way of studying differs from student to student.

  5. 80

    ひとによってはなしかたがちがいます。

    The way people speak differs from person to person.

  6. 81

    せんせいによっておしえかたがすこしちがいます。

    The way of teaching differs a little from teacher to teacher.

  7. 82

    としによってあんまりあめがふらないことがあります。

    In some years, it does not rain very much.

  8. 83

    かんじのおしえかたはみなおなじですか。

    Is the way kanji are taught always the same?

  9. 84

    いいえ、せんせいによってちがいます。

    No, it differs from teacher to teacher.

  10. 85

    べいこくのなつのてんきはどうですか。

    What is the summer weather like in the United States?

天気
weather
少し
little (quantity)

Describing changing weather · Pattern 2 2 of 2

Changing conditions

*日によって ちがいます* means "It differs from day to day." *によって* marks the noun that determines the difference.

*さむい 日も あるし、 あったかい 日も あります* expands the contrast: "There are cold days and warm days."

  1. 86

    べいこくはひろいくにですから、ところによってちがいます。あるところはあついですが、あるところはすずしいです。

    Because the United States is a large country, it differs from place to place. Some places are hot, but others are cool.

  2. 87

    モンテレーのふゆはどうですか。

    What are winters like in Monterey?

  3. 88

    ひによってちがいます。さむいひもあるし、あったかいひもあります。

    It differs from day to day. There are cold days and warm days.

  4. 89

    ひとびとはみなおなじようにはなしますか。

    Does everyone speak in the same way?

  5. 90

    にほんではろくがつにはいつもあめがたくさんふりますか。

    Does it always rain a lot in Japan in June?

  6. 91

    せいとはみなおなじようにべんきょうしますか。

    Do all the students study in the same way?

  7. 92

    べいこくのふゆのてんきはどこでもおなじですか。

    Is the winter weather the same everywhere in the United States?

  8. 93

    きこうはどこでもおなじですか。

    Is the climate the same everywhere?

  9. 94

    モンテレーはまいとしなつにはすずしいですか。

    Is Monterey cool every summer?

が、
but (See Gram. Notes)
冬
winter
さむい
cold
し、
city
あったかい
warm
人々
people
六
six

Pattern 3

One course of action

*医者に かかるより 外は ありません* means "There is nothing to do but see a doctor." *より外は ありません* follows the action that remains.

*家内を つれて 行くより外は ありません* means "There is nothing to do but take my wife along." A longer action can fill the same place.

  1. 95

    じぶんでちゅういするよりほかはありません。

    There is nothing you can do but to be careful yourself.

  2. 96

    もっとかんじをべんきょうするよりほかはありません。

    There is nothing to do but study more kanji.

  3. 97

    いしゃにかかるよりほかはありません。

    There is nothing to do but see a doctor.

  4. 98

    にゅういんするよりほかはありません。

    There is nothing to do but go into the hospital.

  5. 99

    あさはやくおきるよりほかはありません。

    There is nothing to do but get up early in the morning.

  6. 100

    かないをつれていくよりほかはありません。

    There is nothing to do but take my wife along.

  7. 101

    ならうよりほかはありません。

    There is nothing to do but learn it.

もっと
more (See Gram. Notes)
かかる
to consult, to contract, to be attacked by
おきる
to rise, get up (v.i.)

Advice when choices are limited · Pattern 3 2 of 2

Advice with no alternative

*歩いて 行く より外は ありません* means "There is nothing to do but walk there." The narrow road removes the option of driving.

*くすりを 飲んで ねるより外は ありませんね* presents taking medicine and going to bed as the remaining advice.

  1. 102

    たなかさんのいえへじどうしゃでいけますか。

    Can you go to Mr. Tanaka's house by car?

  2. 103

    いいえ、みちがせまいから、あるいていくよりほかはありません。

    No, because the road is narrow, there is nothing to do but walk there.

  3. 104

    かんじはどんなふうにべんきょうしますか。

    How do you study kanji?

  4. 105

    なんどもかいておぼえるよりほかはありませんね。

    There is nothing to do but write them many times and memorize them, is there?

  5. 106

    かぜをひいたときには、どうするほうがいいですか。

    What is the best thing to do when you catch a cold?

  6. 107

    くすりをのんでねるよりほかはありませんね。

    There is nothing to do but take medicine and go to bed, is there?

道
road, street
どんな
what kind of; what sort of
かぜ
wind
いい
good (See Gram. Notes)
くすり
medicine
ねる
to sleep

Military pay and allowances · Reading Selection 1 of 2

How military personnel receive pay

The passage compares monthly Army pay with twice-monthly Navy and Air Force pay. Payments occur in a recreation room or dining hall.

*給料の しはらいは 所によって ちがいます* means "The way salaries are paid differs depending on the place." The place may use cash or checks.

  1. 108

    りくぐんのぐんじんはつきまつにいちどげっきゅうをもらいます。

    Army personnel receive their pay once at the end of the month.

  2. 109

    たいてい、つきのさいごのひがげっきゅうびです。

    Usually, the last day of the month is payday.

  3. 110

    かいぐんやくうぐんのぐんじんはいっかげつににどきゅうりょうをもらいます。

    Navy and Air Force personnel receive their pay twice a month.

  4. 111

    しはらいはかかりのしょうこうがちゅうたいのごらくしつかしょくどうでします。

    The officer in charge makes the payments in the company recreation room or dining hall.

  5. 112

    きゅうりょうのしはらいはところによってちがいます。

    The way salaries are paid differs depending on the place.

  6. 113

    あるところでは、げんきんでしはらいます。

    At some places, they pay in cash.

  7. 114

    またあるところではこぎってでしはらいます。

    At other places, they pay by check.

  8. 115

    げっきゅうのほかにてあてもあります。

    In addition to the monthly salary, there are also allowances.

さい後
last
や
and---among others (See Gram. Notes)
二
two

Preventing payday theft · Reading Selection 2 of 2

Protecting money near payday

The passage describes theft in the barracks around payday. The passive from *RERU* and *RARERU* reports money being stolen.

*ですから、 ぬすまれないように 自分で ちゅういするより外は ありません* means "Therefore, there is nothing to do but take care yourself so that it is not stolen."

Some officers avoid the risk by having their pay sent to a bank.

From one time to another

*月まつから 月始に かけて* means "From the end of the month through the beginning of the month."

*から* names the starting point. *に かけて* follows the ending point and marks a span of time or area.

  1. 116

    かぞくにいくてあては、おくさんのなでいえのほうへゆうびんでおくられます。

    The allowance that goes to the family is sent home by mail in the wife's name.

  2. 117

    つきまつからつきはじめにかけてへいしゃでは、おかねを

    From the end of the month through the beginning of the month, money is often stolen in the barracks.

  3. 118

    ぬすまれることがおおいです。

    Money is often stolen.

  4. 119

    ですから、そのころになると、しぶつばこにかぎをかけたり、おかねにきをつけるようにちゅういしなければなりません。

    Therefore, around that time, we must warn people to lock their personal-effects boxes and watch their money.

  5. 120

    げんきんをぬすまれると、だれがどろぼうかわかりませんから、こまります。

    When cash is stolen, it is a problem because we do not know who the thief is.

  6. 121

    ですから、ぬすまれないようにじぶんでちゅういするよりほかはありません。

    Therefore, there is nothing to do but take care yourself so that it is not stolen.

  7. 122

    しょうこうのなかにはきゅうりょうをぎんこうにおくってもらうひとがあります。

    Among the officers, there are some who have their pay sent to a bank.

  8. 123

    そうすればおかねをぬすまれるしんぱいはありません。

    If they do that, there is no worry that their money will be stolen.

は、
leaves

Military pay procedures · Questions 1 of 2

Military pay procedures

The questions ask when Army, Navy, and Air Force personnel receive pay, who pays them, and whether payment is always cash.

*りく軍の 軍人は 大抵 いつ 月給を はらってもらいますか* asks "When do Army personnel usually get paid?" An answer gives the usual time.

  1. 124

    げっきゅうびというのはなんですか。

    What does “payday” mean?

  2. 125

    りくぐんのぐんじんはたいていいつげっきゅうをはらってもらいますか。

    When do Army personnel usually get paid?

  3. 126

    かいぐんのぐんじんは。

    What about Navy personnel?

  4. 127

    くうぐんのぐんじんは。

    What about Air Force personnel?

  5. 128

    だれがきゅうりょうのしはらいをしますか。

    Who makes the salary payments?

  6. 129

    きゅうりょうはみなげんきんでしはらいますか。

    Are all salaries paid in cash?

言う
to say

Allowances, theft and banking · Questions 2 of 2

Allowances and protection from theft

The questions cover allowances, theft near payday, locked footlockers, and pay sent to a bank.

*現金を ぬすまれると、 こまりますか* asks "Is it a problem if your cash is stolen?" An answer states whether it is a problem.

  1. 130

    げっきゅうのほかになにがありますか。

    What is there in addition to the monthly salary?

  2. 131

    げっきゅうといっしょにてあてももらいますか。

    Do they receive their allowances together with their monthly salary?

  3. 132

    げつまつからつきはじめにかけて、へいしゃではどろぼうがおおいですか。

    Are there many thieves in the barracks from the end of the month through the beginning of the month?

  4. 133

    げんきんをぬすまれると、こまりますか。

    Is it a problem if your cash is stolen?

  5. 134

    しぶつばこにはかぎをかけるほうがいいですか。

    Is it better to lock your personal-effects box?

  6. 135

    しょうこうのなかにはきゅうりょうをぎんこうにおくってもらうひとがありますか。

    Are there officers who have their pay sent to a bank?

Words for military payments · Word list 1 of 4

Payday, pay, and timing

The words cover military payday, payment locations, compensation, and month boundaries.

*月給日* means "payday," *ごらく室* means "day room, recreation room," and *手当* means "allowance, allotment."

  1. 136

    げっきゅうび

    payday

  2. 137

    ちゅうたい

    company

  3. 138

    ちゅうたいちょう

    company commander

  4. 139

    ちゅうたいじむしつ

    company orderly room

  5. 140

    ごらくしつ

    day room, recreation room

  6. 141

    しはらい

    payment

  7. 142

    げんきん

    cash

  8. 143

    こぎって

    check

  9. 144

    てあて

    allowance, allotment

  10. 145

    げつまつ

    month end

  11. 146

    つきはじめ

    beginning of the month

月給日
payday
中隊長
company commander
中隊事務室
company orderly room
ごらく室
day room, recreation room
月まつ
month end
月始
beginning of the month

Barracks, banking and theft · Word list 2 of 4

Property, payment, and protection

The words cover places, possessions, theft, payment, donations, and protection.

*兵しゃ* means "barracks," *ぬすむ* means "to steal," and *かぎをかける* means "to lock."

  1. 147

    へいしゃ

    barracks

  2. 148

    しぶつばこ

    footlocker

  3. 149

    どろぼう

    thief, robber

  4. 150

    ぎんこう

    bank

  5. 151

    きふきん

    monetary contribution, donation money

  6. 152

    わたす

    to hand over, transfer

  7. 153

    さしひく

    to deduct

  8. 154

    きふする

    to donate

  9. 155

    ぬすむ

    to steal

  10. 156

    しはらう

    to pay

  11. 157

    かぎをかける

    to lock

兵しゃ
barracks
私物箱
footlocker
きふ金
monetary contribution, donation money
わたす
to hand over, transfer
さしひく
to deduct
きふする
to donate
ぬすむ
to steal
かぎをかける
to lock

Caution, loss and awkwardness · Word list 3 of 4

Caution, loss, and investigation

The words cover caution, loss, investigation, care, awkwardness, and circumstances that determine a difference.

*なくなる* means "to become lost, disappear," *しらべる* means "to investigate," and *によって* means "depending upon."

  1. 158

    ちゅういされる

    to be cautioned

  2. 159

    なくなる

    to become lost, disappear

  3. 160

    しらべる

    to investigate

  4. 161

    たいせつにする

    to take good care of --

  5. 162

    せまい

    not roomy, narrow, crowded

  6. 163

    きまりがわるい

    embarrassing, awkward

  7. 164

    かかりの

    in charge

  8. 165

    むりに

    forcibly, against one's will

  9. 166

    ひとりひとり

    one by one, one person at a time

  10. 167

    さっき

    a while ago, a short time ago

  11. 168

    ---によって

    depending upon --- (See Grammar Notes)

ちゅういされる
to be cautioned
なくなる
to become lost, disappear
大切にする
to take good care of --
きまりが悪い
embarrassing, awkward
かかりの
in charge
むりに
forcibly, against one's will
さっき
a while ago, a short time ago
---によって
depending upon --- (See Grammar Notes)

Deductions, donations and stolen money · Word list 4 of 4

Money given, deducted, and stolen

The examples contrast voluntary donations with money affected by passive actions. *月給日には 月給から きふ金を さしひかれます* says that contribution money is deducted from salary.

*私は さっき お金を ぬすまれました* means "I had my money stolen a while ago." *月まつから 月始 にかけて* marks a span between two times.

  1. 169

    --にかけて

    extending to (See Grammar Notes)

  2. 170

    よりほかはありません

    nothing one can do, but (See Grammar Notes)

  3. 171

    なかなか--ん

    by no means, not easily

  4. 172

    げっきゅうびにはげっきゅうからきふきんをさしひかれます。

    On payday (you'll get) your contribution money is deducted from your salary.

  5. 173

    きふしなくてはいけませんか。

    Don't you have to donate?

  6. 174

    いいえ、むりにきふしなくてもいいのです。

    No, you are not forced to donate.

  7. 175

    きふしないと、きまりがわるいから、たいていします。

    If you don't donate, it is embarrassing; so you usually donate.

  8. 176

    わたくしはさっきおかねをぬすまれました。

    I had my money stolen a while ago.

  9. 177

    へいはちゅうたいちょうにきふきんをわたします。

    Soldiers hand the donation money over to the company commander.

  10. 178

    げつまつからつきはじめにかけていっしゅうかんぐらいのあいだ、ロスアンゼルスへいきます。

    I'll go to Los Angeles for about one week from the end of the month to the beginning of the month.

--にかけて
extending to (See Grammar Notes)
より外はありません
nothing one can do, but (See Grammar Notes)
中々--ん
by no means, not easily
月給日には月給からきふ金をさしひかれます。
"On payday (you'll get) your contribution money is deducted from your salary."
きふしなくてはいけませんか。
"Don't you have to donate?"
いいえ、むりにきふしなくてもいいのです。
"No, you are not forced to donate."
きふしないと、きまりが悪いから、大抵します。
"If you don't donate, it is embarrassing; so you usually donate."
私はさっきお金をぬすまれました。
"I had my money stolen a while ago."
兵は中隊長にきふ金をわたします。
"Soldiers hand the donation money over to the company commander."
月まつから月始にかけて一週間ぐらいの間、ロスアンゼルスへ行きます。
"I'll go to Los Angeles for about one week from the end of the month to the beginning of the month."

The particulars

The course
Defense Language Institute, Japanese Basic Course, 1967 to 1971. Public domain. The teaching pages and the narration are ours.
Reading aloud
Digital narration, directed by 1732 Studios.
The book
Botchan, the work this course leads to, free to read here.
Data
JSON · Markdown · A guide for agents
Two whoopie pies and a pine. An inside joke.