Japanese · Lesson 46
Lesson 46
Kanji and everyday Japanese
Payday timing and location · Dialogue 1 of 4
Payday arrangements
One speaker asks when payday occurs. *あなた方の 月給日は 月まつですか、 月始ですか* means "Is your payday at the end of the month or at the beginning of the month?"
The answer gives the usual time, then explains that payment occurs in the recreation room because the orderly room is crowded.
Kanji: 隊, 務
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 1
あなたがたのげっきゅうびはげつまつですか、つきはじめですか。
Is your payday at the end of the month or at the beginning of the month?
あなたyou all方you allの's月給payday日paydayはtopic月month endまつmonth endですisか、or月month beginning始month beginningですisか。question - 2
たいていげつまつです。
It's usually at the end of the month.
大抵usually月month endまつmonth endです。is - 3
ちゅうたいじむしつではらってもらうのですか。
Do you get paid in the company orderly room?
中隊company orderly room事務company orderly room室company orderly roomでatはらっget paidてget paidもらうreceiveのoneですisか。question - 4
いいえ、ちゅうたいじむしつはせまいから、ごらくしつではらってもらいます。ときどきしょくどうをつかいます。
No, because the orderly room is not spacious; we are paid in the recreation room. At times they use the dining hall.
いいえ、no中隊company orderly room事務company orderly room室company orderly roomはtopicせまいcrampedから、becauseごらくrecreation room室recreation roomでatはらっget paidてget paidもらいreceiveます。polite時々sometimes食堂dining hallをobject使いuseます。polite - 5
だれがしはらいをしますか。
Who does the paying?
だれwhoがsubjectしはらいpaymentをobjectしdoますpoliteか。question
RERU, RARERU
1. RERU, RARERU
The inflecting suffixes (sometimes called auxiliary verbs) RERU and RARERU are attached to the negative base of verbs to form the passive in Japanese. In the case of consonant verbs (regular verbs) the inflecting suffix RERU is attached to the negative base ---a, as was the case with the causative SERU in Lesson 45. Note the following consonant verbs (regular verbs):
Base form | | Negative Base | Passive
SASOU | (to invite) | SASOWA | SASOWARERU
IKU | (to go) | IKA | IKARERU
DASU | (to put out) | DASA | DASARERU
TATSU | (to stand) | TATA | TATARERU
YOBU | (to call) | YOBA | YOBARERU
YOMU | (to read) | YOMA | YOMARERU
TORU | (to take, steal) | TORA | TORARERU
SHINU | (to die) | SHINA | SHINARERU
The resultant passive verbs lose their original consonant verb characteristics and become ERU vowel verbs. The inflection of causative verbs is as follows:
|
1. Negative base | SASOWARE NAI
2. Conjunctive base | SASOWARE MASU
3. Conclusive (Base form) | SASOWARERU
4. Attributive form | SASOWARERU TOKI
5. Conditional base | SASOWAREREBA
6. Probability | SASOWAREYOO
7. Imperative base | SASOWARE YO
For vowel verbs the final RU of the base form is replaced with RARERU.
| |
TABERU | (to eat) | TABERARERU
MIRU | (to see) | MIRARERU
The passive of the irregular verbs KURU and SURU is KORARERU and SARERU. The passive form of the verb SURU was originally considered to be SERARERU, with SARERU as its contraction. However, the colloquial SARERU predominates. In all cases, passive verbs are ERU vowel verbs in their inflection.
The passive in Japanese is different from that of English. The basic psychology expressed behind the passive in Japanese is psychological and/or material suffering of the subject. The exceptions to this are a few verbs of praise, esteem, and affection. Since, in the basic Japanese passive, the subject must be able to feel psychological or material suffering, it is commonly limited to an animate being or a personified thing. However, due to a large influx of U.S. personnel in Japan after World War II, English has strongly influenced the Japanese language and quite often the passive is used with an inanimate thing as the subject. However, expressions such as "The dishes are being washed" or "The door was closed" should not be used.
In Japanese, the passive is formed just as often with intransitive verbs as with transitive verbs. In the former case the rendition into English becomes very awkward:
WATAKUSHI WA KANAI NI KAERARETA, "My wife left me." (literally: I was gone back (to her) home by my wife.)
As was the case with the causative, the doer or the agent of the action is indicated by the particle NI. The subject is the sufferer of the consequence of the agent's action.
As is the case in English, quite often the object of the verb is retained. The particle O remains as is.
WATAKUSHI WA DOROBOO NI OKANE O SUKOSHI NUSUMAREMASHITA. "I was robbed of some money by a thief."--NI YOTTE CHIGAIMASU, "It differs depending upon ---"
2. --NI YOTTE CHIGAIMASU, "It differs depending upon ---"
Following nouns, NI YOTTE expresses an idea of 'depending on ---' or 'depending upon ---.'
Examples:
TENKI WA HI NI YOTTE CHIGAIMASU. "The weather differs depending upon the day."
MISE NI YOTTE NEDAN GA CHIGAIMASU. "The price differs depending upon the store."
HITO NI YOTTE HANASHI-KATA GA CHIGAIMASU. "The manner of speaking differs depending upon the person."--YORI HOKA WA ARIMASEN (NAI)
3. --YORI HOKA WA ARIMASEN (NAI)
This is an idiomatic expression that follows the base form of verbs and means 'there is nothing we can do but ---.'
MOTTO BENKYOO SURU YORI HOKA WA ARIMASEN. "There is nothing we can do but study more."
IKU YORI HOKA WA ARIMASEN. "There is nothing we can do but go."---NI KAKETE
4. ---NI KAKETE
This phrase is used to mean 'spanning,' 'extending,' or 'from -- to' in relation to time and area.
MONTANA KARA ARIZONA NI KAKETE SONO BYOOKI WA OOI DESU. "That disease is very common, extending from Montana to Arizona."
JUUICHI GATSU KARA SHIGATSU NI KAKETE AME GA YOKU FURIMASU. "It rains often from November to April."
This phrase has one other meaning. When it is followed by WA, it means 'concerning.' Usually the particle WA goes with it in this usage.
ANO HITO WA KABUKI NI KAKETE WA YOKU SHITTE IMASU. "Concerning KABUKI, he knows it well."
In this usage the meaning is the same as that of NI TSUITE (WA).- の
- See Grammar Notes
- 月給
- monthly wage
- は
- leaves
- 月
- moon, month (See Grammar Notes)
- です
- to be (See Gram. Notes)
- か、
- either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)
- 中隊
- company
- で
- --is and -- (See Grammar Notes)
- もらう
- to receive (tangible things)
- せまい
- narrow, crowded
- から、
- from (See Gram. Notes)
- ごらく
- amusement, recreation
- ます。
- trout
- 時々
- sometimes, occasionally
- 食堂
- dining hall, dining room
- を
- particle denoting direct object (See Pattern Drill)
- だれ
- who?
- が
- but (See Gram. Notes)
- しはらい
- payment
- し
- city
Salaries, cheques and allowances · Dialogue 2 of 4
Cash, checks, and allowances
The speakers compare salary payments in cash and by check. *所によって ちがいます* means "It differs, depending upon the place."
They then discuss allowances sent to a service member's family.
What changes and what is sent
In *所によって ちがいます*, *によって* marks the place that determines the difference.
In *家の方へ ゆうびんで 送られます*, the passive *送られます* reports that the allowance is sent home by mail.
Kanji: 将
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
Kanji: 行
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 6
たいていかかりのしょうこうがしはらいます。
Usually the officer in charge does the paying.
大抵usuallyかかりin chargeのof将校officerがsubjectしはらいpayます。polite - 7
きゅうりょうはげんきんでしはらうのですか、こぎってですか。
Is the salary paid in cash or paid by check?
給料salaryはtopic現金cashでinしはらうpayのoneですisか、or小切手checkですisか。question - 8
ところによってちがいます。あるところではげんきんですが、あるところではこぎってです。
It differs, depending upon the place. At some places it is cash but at some places it is check.
所placeにatよっdependingてdependingちがいdifferます。politeあるsome所placeでatはtopic現金cashですisが、butあるsome所placeでatはtopic小切手checkです。is - 9
げっきゅうのほかにてあてもあるのでしょうが、それもきゅうりょうといっしょにもらうのですか。
I imagine you get allowances besides your salary, but do you receive them, too, with your salary?
月給monthly salaryのof外outsideにin手当allowanceもalsoあるexistのoneでしょうprobablyが、butそれthoseもtoo給料salaryとwith一しょtogetherにtogetherもらうreceiveのoneですisか。question - 10
ええ、でもかぞくにいくてあてはかないのなでうちのほうへゆうびんでおくられます。
Yes, but the allowance going to the family is sent through the mail to the home and in the wife's name.
ええ、yesでbutもbut家ぞくfamilyにto行くgoing手当allowanceはtopic家内wifeの's名nameでin家homeのof方directionへtowardゆうびんmailでby送らsendれis sentます。polite
- 給料
- wage, salary
- 現金
- cash
- しはらう
- to pay
- 小切手
- check
- 所
- address, place
- に
- on (See Gram. Notes)
- ある
- certain, some
- 手当
- medical treatment
- でしょう
- probably (See Gram. Notes)
- と
- and (See Gram. Notes)
- ええ、
- Yes
- 家ぞく
- family
- 名
- name
- 家
- house, home
- へ
- to (See Gram. Notes)
- ゆうびん
- postal service
Protecting pay from theft · Dialogue 3 of 4
Theft after payday
The speakers discuss money stolen in the barracks after payday. *月給日の あと、 兵しゃで お金を ぬすまれる 事が あるそうですね* asks whether this occurs.
*お金を 大切にするように ちゅういされます* reports that the soldiers are cautioned to take good care of their money.
The conversation ends by asking whether pay can be sent to a bank.
Kanji: 兵, 箱
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
Kanji: 銀, 私, 物
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 11
げっきゅうびのあと、へいしゃでおかねをぬすまれることがあるそうですね。
I understand that your money is stolen at the barracks after payday, isn't that right?
月給payday日paydayのofあと、after兵barracksしゃbarracksでatおmoney金moneyをobjectぬすまstealれるis stolen事occurrenceがsubjectあるhappensそうI understandですisね。right? - 12
ええ、まいつきそのころになると、しぶつばこにかぎをかけたり、おかねをたいせつにするようにちゅういされます。
Yes, we are cautioned every month about that time, to lock our footlockers and to take good care of our money.
ええ、yes毎月every monthそのthat頃timeにaroundなるbecomesと、when私物footlocker箱footlockerにonかぎlockをobjectかけlockたり、among other thingsおmoney金moneyをobject大切good careにwithするtakeようso thatにtoちゅういcautionさdoれare cautionedます。polite - 13
げんきんをぬすまれると、こまりますね。
You don't know what to do, when you have cash stolen, do you?
現金cashをobjectぬすまstealれるis stolenと、whenこまりbe at a lossますpoliteね。right? - 14
ええ、だれがどろぼうかわかりませんからね。
Yes, because you don't know who the thief is.
ええ、yesだれwhoがsubjectどろぼうthiefかwhetherわかりknowませnotんnotからbecauseね。you know - 15
ぎんこうにきゅうりょうをおくってもらうことはできませんか。
Can't you have your salary sent to the bank?
銀行bankにto給料salaryをobject送っsendてsendもらうhave done事actはtopic出来canませnotんnotか。question
- そう
- numerical counter for ships
- ね。
- isn't it (See Grammar Notes)
- 頃
- approximate point of time (See Gram. Notes)
- と、
- and (See Gram. Notes)
- ちゅうい
- first lieutenant
- どろぼう
- thief, robber
- か
- either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)
- から
- from (See Gram. Notes)
- 銀行
- bank
Investigating theft and staying careful · Dialogue 4 of 4
When property disappears
A company commander gathers and searches the soldiers when property disappears or is stolen. Cash remains hard to trace.
*中隊で 物が なくなったり、 だれかに 物を ぬすまれたり した 時には、 中隊長は どうしますか* asks what the commander does in such cases.
The only remaining action
*自分で ちゅういするより 外は ありません* means "There is nothing you can do but be careful yourself."
Listen for *より 外は ありません* after the action that remains when no alternative is available.
Kanji: 長
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 16
できます。しょうこうにはおくってもらうひとがおおいようです。
You can. It seems there are many among officers who have theirs sent.
出来canます。polite将校officersにamongはtopic送っsendてsendもらうhave done人peopleがsubject多いmanyようseemsです。is - 17
ちゅうたいでものがなくなったり、だれかにものをぬすまれたりしたときには、ちゅうたいちょうはどうしますか。
When things disappear or are stolen in the company, what does the company commander do?
中隊companyでin物thingsがsubjectなくなっdisappearたり、orだれsomeoneかsomeoneにby物thingsをobjectぬすまstealれare stolenたりorしdoたpast時whenにatは、topic中隊company commander長company commanderはtopicどうwhatしdoますpoliteか。question - 18
ちゅうたいのへいをみなあつめて、ひとりひとりしらべます。だがげんきんですと、なかなかわかりませんね。
He assembles the soldiers of the company and searches them one by one. But if it's cash, you can't find it easily.
中隊companyのof兵soldiersをobject皆allあつめassembleて、and一人一人one by oneしらべsearchます。politeだbutがbut現金cashですisと、if中々easilyわかりfind outませnotんnotね。right? - 19
じぶんでちゅういするよりほかはありませんね。
There is nothing you can do but be careful (yourself), is there?
自分oneselfでbyちゅういcautionするbe carefulよりother than外alternativeはtopicありexistsませnotんnotね。right? - 20
そうです。
That's right.
そうthat's rightです。is
- 人
- people
- です。
- to be (See Gram. Notes)
- 時
- time
- 一人一人
- one by one, one person at a time
- だ
- to be (informal equivalent of DESU. See Grammar Notes)
- 中々
- considerably, very
- 自分
- self
- より
- than (See Gram. Notes)
Passive actions and misfortunes · Perception drill, Block 1
An action experienced by the subject
*私は 町で 先生に 見られました* means "I was seen by a teacher in town." The passive reports an action directed at the subject.
A consonant verb adds *RERU* to its negative base. A vowel verb replaces its final *RU* with *RARERU*.
The person affected and the agent
The subject often suffers from the action. The agent takes *に*, while an object keeps *を*.
*私は いぬに 肉を 食べられました* means "I had my beef eaten by a dog." The dog acts, and the speaker suffers the result.
- 21
あのいしゃはよくしられています。
That doctor is well-known.
あのthat医者doctorはtopicよくwell知らknowれis knownてis knownいis knownます。polite - 22
わたくしはまちでせんせいにみられました。
I was seen by a teacher in town.
私Iはtopic町townでin先生teacherにby見seeられwas seenましpoliteた。past - 23
わたくしはいぬににくをたべられました。
I had my beef eaten by a dog.
私Iはtopicいぬdogにby肉beefをobject食べeatられwas eatenましpoliteた。past - 24
かないにびょうきになられました。
I suffered the misfortune of having my wife becoming sick.
家内wifeにby病気sickにbecomeならbecomeれbecame sickましpoliteた。past - 25
わたくしはこどものときににほんへつれていかれました。
I was taken to Japan when I was a child.
私Iはtopic子供childのof時timeにat日本Japanへtowardつれtakeてtake行かgoれwas takenましpoliteた。past - 26
わたくしはせんせいにたびたびことばのはつおんをなおされます。
My teacher often corrects my pronunciation of words.
私Iはtopic先生teacherにbyたびたびoften言葉wordsのofはpronunciationつpronunciationおんpronunciationをobjectなおさcorrectれis correctedます。polite - 27
せいとはこのがっこうをでてからにほんへおくられます。
The students are sent to Japan after graduating from this school.
生徒studentsはtopicこのthis学校schoolをfrom出leaveてleaveからafter日本Japanへtoward送らsendれare sentます。polite - 28
たいせつなさくらのきをこどもにきられました。
A child cut down my precious cherry tree.
大切preciousなpreciousさくらcherryのof木treeをobject子供childにby切らcut downれwas cut downましpoliteた。past - 29
このがっこうはべいこくではよくしられています。
This school is well known in the United States.
このthis学校schoolはtopic米国United Statesでinはtopicよくwell知らknowれis knownてis knownいis knownます。polite
- 医者
- medical doctor
- よく
- well, skillfully
- 町
- town
- いぬ
- dog
- 肉
- meat, flesh
- なら
- if it is (See Gram. Notes)
- たびたび
- often, frequently
- さくら
- cherry (flower)
- 木
- tree, wood
Differences depending on circumstances · Perception drill, Block 2
A difference that depends on place
*所によって ちがいます* means "It differs depending upon the place." *によって* follows the noun that determines the difference.
The noun that determines the difference
The same form follows other nouns. *生徒によって ちがいます* means "It depends on the student."
The lines contrast places, days, years, kanji, and students by changing the noun before *によって*.
- 30
ところによってちがいます。
It differs depending upon the place.
所placeにbyよっdependingてdependingちがいdiffersます。polite - 31
モンテレーはいつもあさきりがありますか。
Is there always fog in Monterey in the morning?
モンテレーMontereyはtopicいつalwaysもalways朝morningきりfogがsubjectありexistsますpoliteか。question - 32
ひによってちがいます。
It differs from day to day.
日dayにbyよっdependingてdependingちがいdiffersます。polite - 33
かんじはみなむずかしいですか。
Are all kanji difficult?
かん字kanjiはtopic皆allむずかしいdifficultですisか。question - 34
いいえ、かんじによってちがいます。あるかんじはやさしいです。
No, it depends on the kanji. Some kanji are easy.
いいえ、noかん字kanjiにbyよっdependingてdependingちがいdiffersます。politeあるsomeかん字kanjiはtopicやさしいeasyです。is - 35
まいねんいちがつにはあめがふりますか。
Does it rain every January?
毎年every year一January月Januaryにinはtopic雨rainがsubject降りfallますpoliteか。question - 36
としによってちがいます。
It differs from year to year.
年yearにbyよっdependingてdependingちがいdiffersます。polite - 37
このがっこうのせいとはみなおなじようにべんきょうしますか。
Do all the students at this school study in the same way?
このthis学校schoolのof生徒studentsはtopic皆all同じsameようwayにin勉強studyしdoますpoliteか。question - 38
いいえ。せいとによってちがいます。
No. It depends on the student.
いいえ。no生徒studentにbyよっdependingてdependingちがいdiffersます。polite - 39
べいこくのなつはどうですか。
What are summers like in the United States?
米国United Statesのof夏summersはtopicどうhowですisか。question - 40
べいこくはひろいくにですから、ところによってちがいます。あるところはあついですが、あるところはすずしいです。
Because the United States is a large country, it differs from place to place. Some places are hot, but others are cool.
米国United Statesはtopicひろいlargeくにcountryですisから、because所placeにbyよっdependingてdependingちがいdiffersます。politeあるsome所placesはtopicあついhotですisが、butあるsome所placesはtopicすずしいcoolです。is
- モンテレー
- Monterey
- いつ
- when?
- 朝
- morning
- きり
- fog
- か。
- either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)
- むずかしい
- difficult
- やさしい
- easy
- 毎年
- every year (See Grammar Notes)
- 一
- one
- 雨
- rain
- 年
- year (See Grammar Notes)
- 夏
- summer
- ひろい
- wide
- あつい
- hot
- すずしい
- cool
Grammar Perception Drill, Block 3
The only action available
*気を つけるより外は ありません* means "There is nothing to do but be careful."
*より外は ありません* follows the base form of a verb. It presents that verb's action as the only available course.
A longer action before the expression
*かん字は 何度も 書いて おぼえるより外は ありません* means "There is nothing to do but write kanji over and over to learn them."
The full action comes before *より外は ありません*.
- 41
せいとはダイアログをおぼえるよりほかはありません。
There is nothing students can do but memorize the dialogue.
生徒studentsはtopicダイアログdialogueをobjectおぼえるmemorizeよりother than外alternativeはtopicありexistsませnotん。not - 42
かんじはなんどもかいておぼえるよりほかはありません。
There is nothing to do but write kanji over and over to learn them.
かん字kanjiはtopic何many度timesもagain and again書いwriteてwriteおぼえるlearnよりother than外alternativeはtopicありexistsませnotん。not - 43
きをつけるよりほかはありません。
There is nothing to do but be careful.
気careをobjectつけるtakeよりother than外alternativeはtopicありexistsませnotん。not - 44
あたらしいくるまをかうよりほかはありません。
There is nothing to do but buy a new car.
新しいnew車carをobject買うbuyよりother than外alternativeはtopicありexistsませnotん。not - 45
うちでさんじかんぐらいべんきょうするよりほかはありません。
There is nothing to do but study at home for about three hours.
家homeでat三three時間hoursぐらいabout勉強studyするdoよりother than外alternativeはtopicありexistsませnotん。not - 46
にゅういんするよりほかはありません。
There is nothing to do but go into the hospital.
入院hospitalizationするenter hospitalよりother than外alternativeはtopicありexistsませnotん。not
- ダイアログ
- dialogue
- おぼえる
- to memorize, remember (v.t.)
- 車
- vehicle, car
- 買う
- to buy
- 三
- three
- 時間
- hour, time
- ぐらい
- about
Experiencing passive actions · Pattern 1 1 of 3
Passive actions and their effects
*私は うで時計を ぬすまれました* means "I had my wrist watch stolen." The passive from *RERU* and *RARERU* reports an action received by a person.
*雨に 降られて、 ゴルフが 出来ませんでした* means "I was rained on and couldn't play golf." An intransitive verb can also report an adverse experience.
- 47
あのいしゃはよくしられています
That doctor is well-known.
あのthat医者doctorはtopicよくwell知らknowれis knownてis knownいis knownますpolite - 48
わたくしはうでどけいをぬすまれました。
I had my wrist watch stolen.
私Iはtopicうwristwatchでwristwatch時計wristwatchをobjectぬすまstealれwas stolenましpoliteた。past - 49
ともだちにえいがへさそわれました。
I was invited to a movie by a friend.
友だちfriendにby映画movieへtowardさそわinviteれwas invitedましpoliteた。past - 50
あめにふられて、ゴルフができませんでした。
I was rained on and couldn't play golf.
雨rainにby降らfallれwas rained onて、andゴルフgolfがsubject出来canませnotんnotでしpoliteた。past - 51
わたくしはせんせいにじむしょへよばれました。
I was called to the office by the teacher.
私Iはtopic先生teacherにby事務office所officeへtowardよばcallれwas calledましpoliteた。past - 52
パーカーさんはかみをみじかくかられました。
Mr. Parker had his hair cut short.
パーカーParkerさんMr.はtopicかみhairをobject短かくshortからcutれhad cutましpoliteた。past - 53
スミスさんはベトナムへおくられました。
Mr. Smith was sent to Vietnam.
スミスSmithさんMr.はtopicベトナムVietnamへtoward送らsendれwas sentましpoliteた。past - 54
やまもとさんはきょうかしょをぬすまれました。
Mr. Yamamoto had his textbook stolen.
山本YamamotoさんMr.はtopic教textbookかtextbookしょtextbookをobjectぬすまstealれwas stolenましpoliteた。past - 55
せんせいにまちがいをなおされました。
My mistake was corrected by the teacher.
先生teacherにbyまちがいmistakeをobjectなおさcorrectれwas correctedましpoliteた。past - 56
わたくしはさけをのむのをきんじられました。
I was forbidden to drink liquor.
私Iはtopicさけliquorをobject飲むdrinkのact ofをobjectきんじforbidられwas forbiddenましpoliteた。past
- ます
- trout
- 映画
- movie
- ゴルフ
- golf
- かみ
- hair
Reporting unwanted actions · Pattern 1 2 of 3
An unwanted action and its result
*あなたは この間 車を ぬすまれたそうですね* means "I hear you had your car stolen the other day." The passive reports the unwanted completed action.
*中から かぎを かけられて、 はいる 事が 出来ないのです* means "Someone locked the door from the inside, so I can't get in."
- 57
あなたはせんしゅうかぶきにいったそうですね。
I hear you went to kabuki last week.
あなたyouはtopic先週last weekかぶきKabukiにto行っgoたpastそうI hearですisね。right? - 58
ええ、たなかさんにさそわれていきました。
Yes, Mr. Tanaka invited me, so I went.
ええ、yes田中TanakaさんMr.にbyさそわinviteれwas invitedてand行きgoましpoliteた。past - 59
あなたはこのあいだくるまをぬすまれたそうですね。
I hear you had your car stolen the other day.
あなたyouはtopicこのthe other day間the other day車carをobjectぬすまstealれwas stolenたpastそうI hearですisね。right? - 60
そうですよ。このごろはどろぼうがおおいですね。
That’s right. There are a lot of thieves these days, aren’t there?
そうthat's rightですisよ。I tell youこの頃these daysはtopicどろぼうthievesがsubject多いmanyですisね。right? - 61
なぜここにたっているのですか。
Why are you standing here?
なぜwhyここhereにatたっare standingてare standingいるare standingのthatですisか。question - 62
なかからかぎをかけられて、はいることができないのです。
Someone locked the door from the inside, so I can’t get in.
中insideからfromかぎkeyをobjectかけlockられwas lockedて、soはいるget in事the actがsubject出来cannotないcannotのthatです。is - 63
よむ
to read
読むread - 64
つれていく
to take someone along
つれtake alongてtake along行くtake along - 65
よろこぶ
to be pleased
よろこぶbe pleased - 66
かえる
to return
帰るreturn
- 先週
- last week
- かぶき
- Kabuki
- この頃
- these days, nowadays
- なぜ
- why?
- ここ
- here
- いる
- to need (See Gram. Notes)
- はいる
- to enter, to go in
- よろこぶ
- to rejoice, be delighted
Taking, eating and forgetting · Pattern 1 3 of 3
Verbs with different passive forms
*取る* means "to take," and *食べる* means "to eat." They supply consonant and vowel verbs for the passive forms from *RERU* and *RARERU*.
*来る*, "to come," and *病気をする*, "to become ill," supply irregular verbs.
- 67
とる
to take
取るtake - 68
たべる
to eat
食べるeat - 69
わすれる
to forget
わすれるforget - 70
しらべる
to investigate
しらべるinvestigate - 71
きんじる
to forbid
きんじるforbid - 72
おしえる
to teach
教えるteach - 73
くる
to come
来るcome - 74
びょうきをする
to become ill
病気illnessをobjectするbecome - 75
しめる
to close
しめるclose
- わすれる
- to forget
- しらべる
- to investigate
- きんじる
- to forbid, prohibit
Differences between people and places · Pattern 2 1 of 2
The source of a difference
*気こうは 所によって ちがいます* means "The weather differs, depending upon the place." *によって* after the noun marks what determines the difference.
*人によって 話し方が ちがいます* means "The way people speak differs from person to person."
- 76
きこうはところによってちがいます。
The weather differs, depending upon the place.
気climateこうclimateはtopic所placeにbyよっdepending onてdepending onちがいdifferます。polite - 77
しゅうかんはくにによってちがいます。
Customs differ from country to country.
習customsかんcustomsはtopicくにcountryにbyよっdepending onてdepending onちがいdifferます。polite - 78
モンテレーのてんきはひによってちがいます。
The weather in Monterey differs from day to day.
モンテレーMontereyの's天気weatherはtopic日dayにbyよっdepending onてdepending onちがいdifferます。polite - 79
せいとによってべんきょうのしかたがちがいます。
The way of studying differs from student to student.
生徒studentにbyよっdepending onてdepending on勉強studyingの's仕方wayがsubjectちがいdifferます。polite - 80
ひとによってはなしかたがちがいます。
The way people speak differs from person to person.
人personにbyよっdepending onてdepending on話しway of speaking方way of speakingがsubjectちがいdifferます。polite - 81
せんせいによっておしえかたがすこしちがいます。
The way of teaching differs a little from teacher to teacher.
先生teacherにbyよっdepending onてdepending on教えway of teaching方way of teachingがsubject少しa littleちがいdifferます。polite - 82
としによってあんまりあめがふらないことがあります。
In some years, it does not rain very much.
年yearにbyよっdepending onてdepending onあんまりvery much雨rainがsubject降らdoes not rainないdoes not rain事timesがsubjectありthere areます。polite - 83
かんじのおしえかたはみなおなじですか。
Is the way kanji are taught always the same?
かん字kanjiの's教えway of teaching方way of teachingはtopic皆all同じsameですisか。question - 84
いいえ、せんせいによってちがいます。
No, it differs from teacher to teacher.
いいえ、no先生teacherにbyよっdepending onてdepending onちがいdifferます。polite - 85
べいこくのなつのてんきはどうですか。
What is the summer weather like in the United States?
米国United Statesの's夏summerの's天気weatherはtopicどうhowですisか。question
- 天気
- weather
- 少し
- little (quantity)
Describing changing weather · Pattern 2 2 of 2
Changing conditions
*日によって ちがいます* means "It differs from day to day." *によって* marks the noun that determines the difference.
*さむい 日も あるし、 あったかい 日も あります* expands the contrast: "There are cold days and warm days."
- 86
べいこくはひろいくにですから、ところによってちがいます。あるところはあついですが、あるところはすずしいです。
Because the United States is a large country, it differs from place to place. Some places are hot, but others are cool.
米国United Statesはtopicひろいlargeくにcountryですisから、because所placeにbyよっdepending onてdepending onちがいdifferます。politeあるsome所placesはtopicあついhotですisが、butあるother所placesはtopicすずしいcoolです。is - 87
モンテレーのふゆはどうですか。
What are winters like in Monterey?
モンテレーMontereyの's冬winterはtopicどうhowですisか。question - 88
ひによってちがいます。さむいひもあるし、あったかいひもあります。
It differs from day to day. There are cold days and warm days.
日dayにbyよっdepending onてdepending onちがいdifferます。politeさむいcold日daysもalsoあるthere areし、andあったかいwarm日daysもalsoありthere areます。polite - 89
ひとびとはみなおなじようにはなしますか。
Does everyone speak in the same way?
人々everyoneはtopic皆all同じsameようwayにin話しspeakますpoliteか。question - 90
にほんではろくがつにはいつもあめがたくさんふりますか。
Does it always rain a lot in Japan in June?
日本Japanでinはtopic六June月Juneにinはtopicいつalwaysもalways雨rainがsubject沢山a lot降りrainますpoliteか。question - 91
せいとはみなおなじようにべんきょうしますか。
Do all the students study in the same way?
生徒studentsはtopic皆all同じsameようwayにin勉強studyしdoますpoliteか。question - 92
べいこくのふゆのてんきはどこでもおなじですか。
Is the winter weather the same everywhere in the United States?
米国United Statesの's冬winterの's天気weatherはtopicどこwhereでatもalso同じsameですisか。question - 93
きこうはどこでもおなじですか。
Is the climate the same everywhere?
気climateこうclimateはtopicどこwhereでatもalso同じsameですisか。question - 94
モンテレーはまいとしなつにはすずしいですか。
Is Monterey cool every summer?
モンテレーMontereyはtopic毎年every year夏summerにinはtopicすずしいcoolですisか。question
- が、
- but (See Gram. Notes)
- 冬
- winter
- さむい
- cold
- し、
- city
- あったかい
- warm
- 人々
- people
- 六
- six
Pattern 3
One course of action
*医者に かかるより 外は ありません* means "There is nothing to do but see a doctor." *より外は ありません* follows the action that remains.
*家内を つれて 行くより外は ありません* means "There is nothing to do but take my wife along." A longer action can fill the same place.
- 95
じぶんでちゅういするよりほかはありません。
There is nothing you can do but to be careful yourself.
自分oneselfでbyちゅういcarefulするbeよりother than外anything elseはtopicありexistませnot, politeん。not, polite - 96
もっとかんじをべんきょうするよりほかはありません。
There is nothing to do but study more kanji.
もっとmoreかん字kanjiをobject勉強studyするdoよりother than外anything elseはtopicありexistませnot, politeん。not, polite - 97
いしゃにかかるよりほかはありません。
There is nothing to do but see a doctor.
医者doctorにtoかかるconsultよりother than外anything elseはtopicありexistませnot, politeん。not, polite - 98
にゅういんするよりほかはありません。
There is nothing to do but go into the hospital.
入院hospitalizationするdoよりother than外anything elseはtopicありexistませnot, politeん。not, polite - 99
あさはやくおきるよりほかはありません。
There is nothing to do but get up early in the morning.
朝morning早くearlyおきるget upよりother than外anything elseはtopicありexistませnot, politeん。not, polite - 100
かないをつれていくよりほかはありません。
There is nothing to do but take my wife along.
家内my wifeをobjectつれtake alongてtake along行くtake alongよりother than外anything elseはtopicありexistませnot, politeん。not, polite - 101
ならうよりほかはありません。
There is nothing to do but learn it.
習うlearnよりother than外anything elseはtopicありexistませnot, politeん。not, polite
- もっと
- more (See Gram. Notes)
- かかる
- to consult, to contract, to be attacked by
- おきる
- to rise, get up (v.i.)
Advice when choices are limited · Pattern 3 2 of 2
Advice with no alternative
*歩いて 行く より外は ありません* means "There is nothing to do but walk there." The narrow road removes the option of driving.
*くすりを 飲んで ねるより外は ありませんね* presents taking medicine and going to bed as the remaining advice.
- 102
たなかさんのいえへじどうしゃでいけますか。
Can you go to Mr. Tanaka's house by car?
田中TanakaさんMr.の's家houseへtoward自動car車carでby行けcan goますpoliteか。question - 103
いいえ、みちがせまいから、あるいていくよりほかはありません。
No, because the road is narrow, there is nothing to do but walk there.
いいえ、no道roadがsubjectせまいnarrowから、because歩いwalkてand行くgoよりother than外anything elseはtopicありexistませnot, politeん。not, polite - 104
かんじはどんなふうにべんきょうしますか。
How do you study kanji?
かん字kanjiはtopicどんなwhat kindふうwayにin勉強studyしdoますpoliteか。question - 105
なんどもかいておぼえるよりほかはありませんね。
There is nothing to do but write them many times and memorize them, is there?
何many times度many timesもalso書いwriteてandおぼえるmemorizeよりother than外anything elseはtopicありexistませnot, politeんnot, politeね。right? - 106
かぜをひいたときには、どうするほうがいいですか。
What is the best thing to do when you catch a cold?
かぜa coldをobjectひいcaughtたpast時timeにatは、topicどうwhatするdo方wayがsubjectいいbestですisか。question - 107
くすりをのんでねるよりほかはありませんね。
There is nothing to do but take medicine and go to bed, is there?
くすりmedicineをobject飲んtakeでandねるgo to bedよりother than外anything elseはtopicありexistませnot, politeんnot, politeね。right?
- 道
- road, street
- どんな
- what kind of; what sort of
- かぜ
- wind
- いい
- good (See Gram. Notes)
- くすり
- medicine
- ねる
- to sleep
Military pay and allowances · Reading Selection 1 of 2
How military personnel receive pay
The passage compares monthly Army pay with twice-monthly Navy and Air Force pay. Payments occur in a recreation room or dining hall.
*給料の しはらいは 所によって ちがいます* means "The way salaries are paid differs depending on the place." The place may use cash or checks.
- 108
りくぐんのぐんじんはつきまつにいちどげっきゅうをもらいます。
Army personnel receive their pay once at the end of the month.
りくarmy軍armyの's軍人personnelはtopic月month endまつmonth endにat一once度once月給payをobjectもらいreceiveます。polite - 109
たいてい、つきのさいごのひがげっきゅうびです。
Usually, the last day of the month is payday.
大抵、usually月monthの'sさい後lastのof日dayがsubject月給payday日paydayです。is - 110
かいぐんやくうぐんのぐんじんはいっかげつににどきゅうりょうをもらいます。
Navy and Air Force personnel receive their pay twice a month.
かいnavy軍navyやandくうair force軍air forceの's軍人personnelはtopic一one monthか月one monthにper二twice度twice給料salaryをobjectもらいreceiveます。polite - 111
しはらいはかかりのしょうこうがちゅうたいのごらくしつかしょくどうでします。
The officer in charge makes the payments in the company recreation room or dining hall.
しはらいpaymentはtopicかかりin chargeのof将校officerがsubject中隊companyの'sごらくrecreation room室recreation roomかor食堂dining hallでatしdoます。polite - 112
きゅうりょうのしはらいはところによってちがいます。
The way salaries are paid differs depending on the place.
給料salaryのofしはらいpaymentはtopic所placeにonよっdepending onてdepending onちがいdifferます。polite - 113
あるところでは、げんきんでしはらいます。
At some places, they pay in cash.
あるsome所placeでatは、topic現金cashでinしはらいpayます。polite - 114
またあるところではこぎってでしはらいます。
At other places, they pay by check.
又alsoあるsome所placeでatはtopic小切手checkでbyしはらいpayます。polite - 115
げっきゅうのほかにてあてもあります。
In addition to the monthly salary, there are also allowances.
月給monthly salaryのof外additionにto手当allowanceもalsoありexistます。polite
- さい後
- last
- や
- and---among others (See Gram. Notes)
- 二
- two
Preventing payday theft · Reading Selection 2 of 2
Protecting money near payday
The passage describes theft in the barracks around payday. The passive from *RERU* and *RARERU* reports money being stolen.
*ですから、 ぬすまれないように 自分で ちゅういするより外は ありません* means "Therefore, there is nothing to do but take care yourself so that it is not stolen."
Some officers avoid the risk by having their pay sent to a bank.
From one time to another
*月まつから 月始に かけて* means "From the end of the month through the beginning of the month."
*から* names the starting point. *に かけて* follows the ending point and marks a span of time or area.
- 116
かぞくにいくてあては、おくさんのなでいえのほうへゆうびんでおくられます。
The allowance that goes to the family is sent home by mail in the wife's name.
家ぞくfamilyにto行くgoes手当allowanceは、topic奥wifeさんwifeの's名nameでin家homeのof方directionへtowardゆうびんmailでby送らis sentれis sentます。polite - 117
つきまつからつきはじめにかけてへいしゃでは、おかねを
From the end of the month through the beginning of the month, money is often stolen in the barracks.
月month endまつmonth endからfrom月beginning of the month始beginning of the monthにthroughかけthroughてthrough兵barracksしゃbarracksでatは、topicおmoney金moneyをobject - 118
ぬすまれることがおおいです。
Money is often stolen.
ぬすまis stolenれるis stolen事instancesがsubject多いmanyです。is - 119
ですから、そのころになると、しぶつばこにかぎをかけたり、おかねにきをつけるようにちゅういしなければなりません。
Therefore, around that time, we must warn people to lock their personal-effects boxes and watch their money.
ですisから、becauseそのthat頃timeにaroundなるbecomesと、when私物footlocker箱footlockerにonかぎlockをobjectかけlockたり、such asおmoney金moneyにwith気careをobjectつけるtakeようtoにtoちゅういwarnしdoなけれif notばifなりbecomeませnot, politeん。not, polite - 120
げんきんをぬすまれると、だれがどろぼうかわかりませんから、こまります。
When cash is stolen, it is a problem because we do not know who the thief is.
現金cashをobjectぬすまis stolenれるis stolenと、whenだれwhoがsubjectどろぼうthiefかwhetherわかりknowませnot, politeんnot, politeから、becauseこまりis a problemます。polite - 121
ですから、ぬすまれないようにじぶんでちゅういするよりほかはありません。
Therefore, there is nothing to do but take care yourself so that it is not stolen.
ですisから、becauseぬすまis stolenれis stolenないnotようso thatにso that自分oneselfでbyちゅういbe carefulするdoよりother than外alternativeはtopicありexistませnot, politeん。not, polite - 122
しょうこうのなかにはきゅうりょうをぎんこうにおくってもらうひとがあります。
Among the officers, there are some who have their pay sent to a bank.
将校officersのof中amongにinはtopic給料salaryをobject銀行bankにto送っsendてsendもらうhave done人peopleがsubjectありexistます。polite - 123
そうすればおかねをぬすまれるしんぱいはありません。
If they do that, there is no worry that their money will be stolen.
そうthatすれdoばifおmoney金moneyをobjectぬすまis stolenれるis stolenしんぱいworryはtopicありexistませnot, politeん。not, polite
- は、
- leaves
Military pay procedures · Questions 1 of 2
Military pay procedures
The questions ask when Army, Navy, and Air Force personnel receive pay, who pays them, and whether payment is always cash.
*りく軍の 軍人は 大抵 いつ 月給を はらってもらいますか* asks "When do Army personnel usually get paid?" An answer gives the usual time.
- 124
げっきゅうびというのはなんですか。
What does “payday” mean?
月給payday日paydayとquote言うsayのthingはtopic何whatですisか。question - 125
りくぐんのぐんじんはたいていいつげっきゅうをはらってもらいますか。
When do Army personnel usually get paid?
りくArmy軍Armyのof軍人military personnelはtopic大抵usuallyいつwhen月給salaryをobjectはらっpayてpayもらいreceiveますpoliteか。question - 126
かいぐんのぐんじんは。
What about Navy personnel?
かいNavy軍Navyのof軍人military personnelは。topic - 127
くうぐんのぐんじんは。
What about Air Force personnel?
くうAir Force軍Air Forceのof軍人military personnelは。topic - 128
だれがきゅうりょうのしはらいをしますか。
Who makes the salary payments?
だれwhoがsubject給料salaryのofしはらいpaymentをobjectしdoますpoliteか。question - 129
きゅうりょうはみなげんきんでしはらいますか。
Are all salaries paid in cash?
給料salaryはtopic皆all現金cashでinしはらいpayますpoliteか。question
- 言う
- to say
Allowances, theft and banking · Questions 2 of 2
Allowances and protection from theft
The questions cover allowances, theft near payday, locked footlockers, and pay sent to a bank.
*現金を ぬすまれると、 こまりますか* asks "Is it a problem if your cash is stolen?" An answer states whether it is a problem.
- 130
げっきゅうのほかになにがありますか。
What is there in addition to the monthly salary?
月給monthly salaryのof外additionにto何whatがsubjectありexistますpoliteか。question - 131
げっきゅうといっしょにてあてももらいますか。
Do they receive their allowances together with their monthly salary?
月給monthly salaryとwith一しょtogetherにtogether手当allowanceもalsoもらいreceiveますpoliteか。question - 132
げつまつからつきはじめにかけて、へいしゃではどろぼうがおおいですか。
Are there many thieves in the barracks from the end of the month through the beginning of the month?
月month endまつmonth endからfrom月beginning of the month始beginning of the monthにthroughかけthroughて、through兵barracksしゃbarracksでatはtopicどろぼうthievesがsubject多いmanyですisか。question - 133
げんきんをぬすまれると、こまりますか。
Is it a problem if your cash is stolen?
現金cashをobjectぬすまis stolenれるis stolenと、ifこまりis a problemますpoliteか。question - 134
しぶつばこにはかぎをかけるほうがいいですか。
Is it better to lock your personal-effects box?
私物footlocker箱footlockerにonはtopicかぎlockをobjectかけるlock方optionがsubjectいいbetterですisか。question - 135
しょうこうのなかにはきゅうりょうをぎんこうにおくってもらうひとがありますか。
Are there officers who have their pay sent to a bank?
将校officersのof中amongにinはtopic給料salaryをobject銀行bankにto送っsendてsendもらうhave done人peopleがsubjectありexistますpoliteか。question
Words for military payments · Word list 1 of 4
Payday, pay, and timing
The words cover military payday, payment locations, compensation, and month boundaries.
*月給日* means "payday," *ごらく室* means "day room, recreation room," and *手当* means "allowance, allotment."
- 136
げっきゅうび
payday
月給日payday - 137
ちゅうたい
company
中隊company - 138
ちゅうたいちょう
company commander
中隊長company commander - 139
ちゅうたいじむしつ
company orderly room
中隊事務室company orderly room - 140
ごらくしつ
day room, recreation room
ごらく室recreation room - 141
しはらい
payment
しはらいpayment - 142
げんきん
cash
現金cash - 143
こぎって
check
小切手check - 144
てあて
allowance, allotment
手当allowance - 145
げつまつ
month end
月まつmonth end - 146
つきはじめ
beginning of the month
月始beginning of the month
- 月給日
- payday
- 中隊長
- company commander
- 中隊事務室
- company orderly room
- ごらく室
- day room, recreation room
- 月まつ
- month end
- 月始
- beginning of the month
Barracks, banking and theft · Word list 2 of 4
Property, payment, and protection
The words cover places, possessions, theft, payment, donations, and protection.
*兵しゃ* means "barracks," *ぬすむ* means "to steal," and *かぎをかける* means "to lock."
- 147
へいしゃ
barracks
兵しゃbarracks - 148
しぶつばこ
footlocker
私物箱footlocker - 149
どろぼう
thief, robber
どろぼうthief - 150
ぎんこう
bank
銀行bank - 151
きふきん
monetary contribution, donation money
きふ金monetary contribution - 152
わたす
to hand over, transfer
わたすhand over - 153
さしひく
to deduct
さしひくdeduct - 154
きふする
to donate
きふするdonate - 155
ぬすむ
to steal
ぬすむsteal - 156
しはらう
to pay
しはらうpay - 157
かぎをかける
to lock
かぎをかけるlock
- 兵しゃ
- barracks
- 私物箱
- footlocker
- きふ金
- monetary contribution, donation money
- わたす
- to hand over, transfer
- さしひく
- to deduct
- きふする
- to donate
- ぬすむ
- to steal
- かぎをかける
- to lock
Caution, loss and awkwardness · Word list 3 of 4
Caution, loss, and investigation
The words cover caution, loss, investigation, care, awkwardness, and circumstances that determine a difference.
*なくなる* means "to become lost, disappear," *しらべる* means "to investigate," and *によって* means "depending upon."
- 158
ちゅういされる
to be cautioned
ちゅういされるbe cautioned - 159
なくなる
to become lost, disappear
なくなるbecome lost - 160
しらべる
to investigate
しらべるinvestigate - 161
たいせつにする
to take good care of --
大切にするtake good care of - 162
せまい
not roomy, narrow, crowded
せまいnarrow - 163
きまりがわるい
embarrassing, awkward
きまりが悪いembarrassing - 164
かかりの
in charge
かかりのin charge - 165
むりに
forcibly, against one's will
むりにforcibly - 166
ひとりひとり
one by one, one person at a time
一人一人one by one - 167
さっき
a while ago, a short time ago
さっきa while ago - 168
---によって
depending upon --- (See Grammar Notes)
---によってdepending upon
- ちゅういされる
- to be cautioned
- なくなる
- to become lost, disappear
- 大切にする
- to take good care of --
- きまりが悪い
- embarrassing, awkward
- かかりの
- in charge
- むりに
- forcibly, against one's will
- さっき
- a while ago, a short time ago
- ---によって
- depending upon --- (See Grammar Notes)
Deductions, donations and stolen money · Word list 4 of 4
Money given, deducted, and stolen
The examples contrast voluntary donations with money affected by passive actions. *月給日には 月給から きふ金を さしひかれます* says that contribution money is deducted from salary.
*私は さっき お金を ぬすまれました* means "I had my money stolen a while ago." *月まつから 月始 にかけて* marks a span between two times.
- 169
--にかけて
extending to (See Grammar Notes)
--にかけてextending to - 170
よりほかはありません
nothing one can do, but (See Grammar Notes)
より外はありませんcan only - 171
なかなか--ん
by no means, not easily
中々--んnot easily - 172
げっきゅうびにはげっきゅうからきふきんをさしひかれます。
On payday (you'll get) your contribution money is deducted from your salary.
月給日には月給からきふ金をさしひかれます。salary donation is deducted - 173
きふしなくてはいけませんか。
Don't you have to donate?
きふしなくてはいけませんか。must you donate - 174
いいえ、むりにきふしなくてもいいのです。
No, you are not forced to donate.
いいえ、むりにきふしなくてもいいのです。donation is not compulsory - 175
きふしないと、きまりがわるいから、たいていします。
If you don't donate, it is embarrassing; so you usually donate.
きふしないと、きまりが悪いから、大抵します。usually donate from embarrassment - 176
わたくしはさっきおかねをぬすまれました。
I had my money stolen a while ago.
私はさっきお金をぬすまれました。my money was stolen - 177
へいはちゅうたいちょうにきふきんをわたします。
Soldiers hand the donation money over to the company commander.
兵は中隊長にきふ金をわたします。soldiers hand over donations - 178
げつまつからつきはじめにかけていっしゅうかんぐらいのあいだ、ロスアンゼルスへいきます。
I'll go to Los Angeles for about one week from the end of the month to the beginning of the month.
月まつから月始にかけて一週間ぐらいの間、ロスアンゼルスへ行きます。week in Los Angeles
- --にかけて
- extending to (See Grammar Notes)
- より外はありません
- nothing one can do, but (See Grammar Notes)
- 中々--ん
- by no means, not easily
- 月給日には月給からきふ金をさしひかれます。
- "On payday (you'll get) your contribution money is deducted from your salary."
- きふしなくてはいけませんか。
- "Don't you have to donate?"
- いいえ、むりにきふしなくてもいいのです。
- "No, you are not forced to donate."
- きふしないと、きまりが悪いから、大抵します。
- "If you don't donate, it is embarrassing; so you usually donate."
- 私はさっきお金をぬすまれました。
- "I had my money stolen a while ago."
- 兵は中隊長にきふ金をわたします。
- "Soldiers hand the donation money over to the company commander."
- 月まつから月始にかけて一週間ぐらいの間、ロスアンゼルスへ行きます。
- "I'll go to Los Angeles for about one week from the end of the month to the beginning of the month."
The particulars
- The course
- Defense Language Institute, Japanese Basic Course, 1967 to 1971. Public domain. The teaching pages and the narration are ours.
- Reading aloud
- Digital narration, directed by 1732 Studios.
- The book
- Botchan, the work this course leads to, free to read here.
- Data
- JSON · Markdown · A guide for agents