Japanese · Lesson 47
Lesson 47
Kanji and everyday Japanese
Selecting military language students · Dialogue 1 of 3
Selection by written examination
Two speakers discuss how the school selects students, who are practically all military personnel.
*この 学校へ しがんする 人に 試験を うけさせます* says that applicants must take an examination. The school selects from those who pass.
*いいえ、 ひっき 試験です* means "No, it is a written examination."
Kanji: 試, 験, 頭
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
Kanji: 口, 学
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 1
このがっこうへくるせいとはみなぐんじんですか。
Are all the students who come to this school soldiers?
このthis学校schoolへtoward来るcome生徒studentsはtopic皆all軍人soldiersですareか。question - 2
そう、ほとんどみなぐんじんです。
Yes, they are practically all soldiers.
そう、yesほとんどpractically皆all軍人soldiersです。are - 3
せいとはみなえらばれてくるのですか。
Do all the students come here after being selected?
生徒studentsはtopic皆allえらばselectedれselectedてafter来るcomeのexplanationですareか。question - 4
このがっこうへしがんするひとにしけんをうけさせます。そしてそのしけんにパスしたもののなかからえらぶのです。
Persons who volunteer for this school are required (caused) to take an examination. And then they select students from among those who passed the examination.
このthis学校schoolへtowardしvolunteerがんvolunteerするvolunteer人peopleにto試験examinationをobjectうけtakeさせare required toます。politeそしてand thenそのthat試験examinationにinパスpassしpassedたpast者peopleのof中amongからfromえらぶselectのexplanationです。is - 5
それはこうとうしけんですか。
Is it an oral examination?
それthatはtopic口頭oral試験examinationですisか。question - 6
いいえ、ひっきしけんです。
No, it is a written examination.
いいえ、noひっきwritten試験examinationです。is
SERARERU and SASERARERU
1. SERARERU and SASERARERU
The construction and the use of the causative and the passive was already introduced in Lessons 45 and 46 respectively, e.g.,
|
KAWASERU | 'make one buy'
KAWARERU | 'be bought'
When one of the suffixes SERU, SASERU, RERU, or RARERU is suffixed to a verb, that verb takes on the --ERU vowel verb characteristics and loses its original identity as far as further inflections of the verb is concerned. To construct a causative-passive combination in Japanese, the passive suffix RERU or RARERU is always suffixed to the causative SERU stem, e.g.,
|
IKASERU | 'make one go'
IKASERARERU | 'be made to go'
WATAKUSHI WA ISHA NO TOKORO E IKASERAREMASHITA. "I was made to go to a doctor."
|
TABESASERU | 'make one eat; feed'
TABESASERARERU | 'be made to eat'
WATAKUSHI WA KIRAI NA SAKANA O TABESASERARETA. "I was made to eat fish that I don't like."
In Japanese this combination is, therefore, a causative-passive combination. The agent who causes the action is indicated by the particle NI; the direct object is always retained and indicated by the particle O.
WATAKUSHI WA YAMADA NI TANAKA-SAN NO SAIFU O NUSUMASERARETA. "I was made to steal Mr. Tanaka's wallet by Yamada."
The causative-passive form of the irregular verb SURU is SASERARERU.
WATAKUSHI WA IROIRO NO KOTO O BENKYOO SASERAREMASU. "I'm made to study various things."DATTA
2. DATTA
DATTA is the past tense of the copulative verb DA meaning 'be.' Since this DA is not as polite as DESU, its use is also restricted. For the conversation between close friends, however, this is commonly used. DATTA occurs after a noun or a copulative noun.
WATAKUSHI WA SHOOKOO DATTA. "I was an officer (military)"
SONO HANA WA KIREI DATTA. "That flower was beautiful."
Very often the idea 'used to' is incorporated in the expression when DATTA follows a noun or a copulative noun.
ANO HITO WA WAKAI TOKI NI WA KIREI DATTA. "She used to be pretty when she was young."
ANO HITO WA EIGO GA HETA DATTA. "He used to be poor in English."
ANO HITO WA NINKI-HAIYUU DATTA. "He used to be a popular actor."
WATAKUSHI WA SENSEI DATTA. "I used to be a teacher." "I was a teacher."- へ
- to (See Gram. Notes)
- は
- leaves
- です
- to be (See Gram. Notes)
- か。
- either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)
- そう、
- numerical counter for ships
- ほとんど
- almost (See Gram. Notes)
- の
- See Grammar Notes
- し
- city
- 人
- people
- に
- on (See Gram. Notes)
- を
- particle denoting direct object (See Pattern Drill)
- ます。
- trout
- 者
- person
- から
- from (See Gram. Notes)
- えらぶ
- to select, choose
Why soldiers study languages · Dialogue 2 of 3
A smaller world
Two speakers discuss why soldiers need foreign languages and what students do besides study.
*私たちが 子供だった 頃には* places their childhood in the past. They considered Europe and Asia very distant places then.
Past childhood and required work
In *子供だった*, *だった* describes the speakers as children in the past.
*中隊で 色々の 事を やらせられます* means "They are made to do various things at their companies." The verb marks required work.
Kanji: 国, 頃
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 7
ぐんじんががいこくごをべんきょうするといえば、ちょっとへんにきこえませんか。
Isn't it odd that soldiers study foreign language?
軍人soldiersがsubject外国foreign language語foreign languageをobject勉強studyするdoとquote言えsayば、ifちょっとsomewhatへんoddにin manner聞こえsoundませpoliteんnotか。question - 8
それはふるいかんがえですよ。かがくがすすんできたので、このせかいはどんどんちぢまってくるのです。こんにちではとおいくに、ちかいくにのべつはありません。
That's an old idea, I would say. This world is rapidly shrinking because of the advance of science. Today there is no differentiation between distant countries and neighboring countries.
それthatはtopic古いoldかんがえideaですisよ。I tell youかscience学scienceがsubjectすすんadvancedでand来hasたpastのexplanationで、becauseこのthisせかいworldはtopicどんどんrapidlyちぢまっshrinkingてand来るbecomingのexplanationです。is今日todayでatはtopic遠いdistant国、countries近いnearby国countriesのofべつdistinctionはtopicありexistませpoliteん。not - 9
そのとおりです。わたくしたちがこどもだったごろには、ヨーロッパやアジアはずいぶんとおいところとかんがえていましたよ。
That's right. When we were children, we used to consider Europe and Asia very distant places.
そのthat通りwayです。is私weたちweがsubject子供childrenだっwereたpast頃timeにatは、topicヨーロッパEuropeやand suchアジアAsiaはtopicずい分very遠いdistant所placesとasかんがえused to considerてused to considerいused to considerましused to considerたused to considerよ。used to consider - 10
べいこくのへいたいはせかいじゅうのくにぐににおくられているのですから、がいこくごをしっていなければならないのです。
Since American soldiers are sent to countries throughout the world, they must know foreign languages.
米国United Statesのof兵隊soldiersはtopicせかいworld中throughoutのof国々countriesにto送らare sentれare sentてare sentいるare sentのexplanationですareから、because外国foreign languages語foreign languagesをobject知っknowてknowいknowなけれmustばmustならmustないmustのexplanationです。is - 11
このがっこうのせいとはべんきょうのほかにはなにもさせられないのですか。
Aren't the students of this school made to do anything other than study?
このthis学校schoolのof生徒studentsはtopic勉強studyのof外besidesにtoはtopic何anythingもalsoさdoせmade toられare madeないnotのexplanationですareか。question - 12
いいえ、ぐんじんですから、ちゅうたいでいろいろのことをやらせられます。あさはやくからすいじばではたらかせられることもあります。
Since they are soldiers, they are made to do various things at their companies. Sometimes, they are made to work from early in the morning in the kitchen.
いいえ、no軍人soldiersですareから、because中隊companiesでat色々variousのof事thingsをobjectやらdoせmade toられare madeます。polite朝morning早くearlyからfromすいkitchenじkitchen場kitchenでin働かworkせmade toられるare made事timesもalsoありexistます。polite
- が
- but (See Gram. Notes)
- と
- and (See Gram. Notes)
- ちょっと
- a little
- 古い
- old, antique
- かんがえ
- idea, thinking
- で
- --is and -- (See Grammar Notes)
- せかい
- world
- どんどん
- rapidly
- 今日
- today
- 遠い
- far
- 国、
- country, nation
- 近い
- near, close
- べつ
- difference, distinction
- 通り
- street
- 頃
- approximate point of time (See Gram. Notes)
- や
- and---among others (See Gram. Notes)
- アジア
- Asia
- ずい分
- very much
- 所
- address, place
- 兵隊
- soldier
- 国々
- countries
- いる
- to need (See Gram. Notes)
- から、
- from (See Gram. Notes)
- なら
- if it is (See Gram. Notes)
- 中隊
- company
- 朝
- morning
- じ
- character, word
Homework and course lengths · Dialogue 3 of 3
Homework and course lengths
Two speakers discuss homework and the length of the courses.
*次の 日の ダイアログを あんきして 来なければなりません* says that students must memorize the next day's dialogue.
*三か月、 六か月、 九か月、 十二か月の コースが ありますが、 大抵は 十二か月です* lists four course lengths and says most last twelve months.
Kanji: 次, 宿
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
Kanji: 題, 出
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 13
しゅくだいはないのですか。
Don't they have homework?
宿題homeworkはtopicないnot haveのexplanationですisか。question - 14
ありますよ。つぎのひのダイアログをあんきしてこなければなりません。ときどき、はなしをかいてださなければなりません。
Yes, they have. They are required to memorize the next day's dialogue. Sometimes, they are required to write a story and hand it in.
ありhaveますpoliteよ。I tell you次nextのof日dayのofダイアログdialogueをobjectあんきmemorizeしdoてand来comeなけれare required toばare required toなりare required toませpoliteん。not時々、sometimes話しstoryをobject書いwriteてand出さsubmitなけれare required toばare required toなりare required toませpoliteん。not - 15
せいとはなんかげつでこのがっこうをそつぎょうするのですか。
How many months does it take before the students of this school can graduate?
生徒studentsはtopic何how manyか月monthsでinこのthis学校schoolをobjectそつぎょうgraduateするdoのexplanationですisか。question - 16
さんかげつ、ろっかげつ、きゅうかげつ、じゅうにかげつのコースがありますが、たいていはじゅうにかげつです。
There are three months, six months, nine months, and twelve months courses, but most of them are twelve months.
三threeか月、months六sixか月、months九nineか月、months十twelve二twelveか月monthsのofコースcoursesがsubjectありexistますpoliteが、but大抵mostはtopic十twelve二twelveか月monthsです。are
- 宿題
- homework
- ます
- trout
- ダイアログ
- dialogue
- 時々、
- sometimes, occasionally
- 三
- three
- 六
- six
- 九
- nine
- 十
- ten
- 二
- two
- コース
- course (of study)
Being made to study · Perception drill, Block 1
The subject is made to act
*生徒は 先生に 毎日 新しい 言葉を 二三十 おぼえさせられます* means "The students are made by the teacher to learn twenty or thirty new words every day."
A passive suffix follows the causative stem. The combined verb says that the subject is made to act.
The causer and the object
The person who causes the action takes *に*. In the first line, *先生に* identifies the teacher.
A direct object keeps *を*. *生徒は 先生に 本を とじさせられます* means "The students are made by the teacher to close their books."
With *する*, the form is *SASERARERU*. *勉強させられます* means "We are made to study."
- 17
わたくしたちはいかせられます。
We are made to go.
私weたちweはtopic行かgoせare made toられare madeます。polite - 18
たべさせられます。
We are made to eat.
食べeatさせare made toられare madeます。polite - 19
べんきょうさせられます。
We are made to study.
勉強studyさdoせare made toられare madeます。polite - 20
せんせいはせいとにまいにちあたらしいことばをにさんじゅうおぼえさせます。
The teacher makes the students learn twenty or thirty new words every day.
先生teacherはtopic生徒studentsにto毎日every day新しいnew言葉wordsをobject二三十twenty or thirtyおぼえlearnさせmakesます。polite - 21
せいとはせんせいにまいにちあたらしいことばをにさんじゅうおぼえさせられます。
The students are made by the teacher to learn twenty or thirty new words every day.
生徒studentsはtopic先生teacherにby毎日every day新しいnew言葉wordsをobject二三十twenty or thirtyおぼえlearnさせmade toられare madeます。polite - 22
せんせいはせいとにまいにちかんじをやっつぐらいならわせます。
The teacher makes the students learn about eight kanji every day.
先生teacherはtopic生徒studentsにto毎日every dayかん字kanjiをobject八eightつitemsぐらいabout習わせmakes learnます。polite - 23
せいとはせんせいにまいにちかんじをやっつぐらいならわせられます。
The students are made by the teacher to learn about eight kanji every day.
生徒studentsはtopic先生teacherにby毎日every dayかん字kanjiをobject八eightつitemsぐらいabout習わせmade to learnられare madeます。polite - 24
せんせいはせいとにおおきいこえでよませます。
The teacher makes the students read aloud.
先生teacherはtopic生徒studentsにto大きいloud声voiceでwith読まreadせmakesます。polite - 25
せいとはせんせいにおおきいこえでよませられます。
The students are made by the teacher to read aloud.
生徒studentsはtopic先生teacherにby大きいloud声voiceでwith読まreadせmade toられare madeます。polite - 26
せんせいはせいとにほんをとじさせます。
The teacher makes the students close their books.
先生teacherはtopic生徒studentsにto本booksをobjectとじcloseさせmakesます。polite - 27
せいとはせんせいにほんをとじさせられます。
The students are made by the teacher to close their books.
生徒studentsはtopic先生teacherにby本booksをobjectとじcloseさせmade toられare madeます。polite - 28
せんせいはせいとにじしょをもってこさせます。
The teacher makes the students bring their dictionaries.
先生teacherはtopic生徒studentsにtoじdictionary書dictionaryをobject持っbringてbring来bringさせmakesます。polite - 29
せいとはせんせいにじしょをもってこさせられます。
The students are made by the teacher to bring their dictionaries.
生徒studentsはtopic先生teacherにbyじdictionary書dictionaryをobject持っbringてbring来bringさせmade toられare madeます。polite
- 八
- eight
- ぐらい
- about
- 声
- voice
- 本
- numerical counter for counting long slender objects (See Notes)
Describing past states · Perception drill, Block 2
The plain form for was
*田中たいいは 先生だった* means "Captain Tanaka was a teacher." *だった* is the plain past of *だ* and is less polite than *です*.
Close friends commonly use this form. It follows a noun or a NA-adjective.
A former quality
*あの 女の 方は 若い 時には きれいだった* means "That woman was beautiful when she was young."
After a noun or a NA-adjective, *だった* often expresses "used to be."
- 30
たなかたいいはせんせいだった。
Captain Tanaka was a teacher.
田中Tanakaたいcaptainいcaptainはtopic先生teacherだっwasた。past - 31
そこはしずかだった。
That place was quiet.
そこthereはtopic静かquietだっwasた。past - 32
せんしゅうのかようびはじゅうよっかだった。
Last Tuesday was the fourteenth.
先週last weekのof火曜Tuesday日Tuesdayはtopic十fourteenth四fourteenth日fourteenthだっwasた。past - 33
きのうはいいてんきだった。
The weather was good yesterday.
昨日yesterdayはtopicいいgood天気weatherだっisた。past - 34
スミスさんはしょうこうだった。
Mr. Smith was an officer.
スミスSmithさんMr.はtopic将校officerだっisた。past - 35
あのおんなのかたはわかいときにはきれいだった。
That woman was beautiful when she was young.
あのthat女womanのof方personはtopic若いyoung時timeにinはtopicきれいbeautifulだっisた。past - 36
あのせんせいはえいごがへただった。
That teacher was poor at English.
あのthat先生teacherはtopic英語Englishがsubject下手poor atだっisた。past - 37
ジョンズさんはぐんじんだった。
Mr. Jones was a serviceman.
ジョンズJonesさんMr.はtopic軍人servicemanだっisた。past - 38
わたくしはこどものときにはさかながきらいだった。
I disliked fish when I was a child.
私Iはtopic子供childのof時timeにinはtopicさかなfishがsubjectきらいdislikeだっisた。past
- そこ
- there
- 先週
- last week
- 四
- four
- 昨日
- yesterday
- いい
- good (See Gram. Notes)
- 天気
- weather
- 女
- female
- 時
- time
- 下手
- unskilled, poor in doing things
- さかな
- fish
- きらい
- dislike (See Gram. Notes)
Required school activities · Pattern 1 1 of 3
Required school activities
*生徒は 先生に 本を 読ませられます* means "Students are made to read a book." The causative-passive form marks the required activity.
Time and amount
*私たちは 毎晩 三時間ぐらい 勉強させられます* means "We are made to study for about three hours every evening."
A time or amount can accompany the required action.
- 39
せいとはせんせいにほんをよませられます。
Students are made to read a book.
生徒studentsはtopic先生teacherにby本bookをobject読まreadせmakeられbe madeます。polite - 40
わたくしはきものをきさせられました。
I was made to wear kimonos.
私Iはtopic着物kimonoをobject着wearさせmakeられbe madeましdid, politeた。past - 41
わたくしたちはときどきうんどうさせられます。
Sometimes we are made to exercise.
私weたちweはtopic時々sometimes運動exerciseさdoせmakeられbe madeます。polite - 42
わたくしたちはまいにちにほんごをはなさせられます。
We are made to speak Japanese every day.
私weたちweはtopic毎日every day日本Japanese語Japaneseをobject話さspeakせmakeられbe madeます。polite - 43
きんようびにはいつもさかなをたべさせられます。
We are always made to eat fish on Fridays.
金曜Friday日Fridayにonはtopicいつalwaysもalwaysさかなfishをobject食べeatさせmakeられbe madeます。polite - 44
わたくしはいちがつにここへこさせられました。
I was made to come here in January.
私Iはtopic一January月Januaryにinここhereへtoward来comeさせmakeられbe madeましdid, politeた。past - 45
わたくしたちはまいにちこくばんにかんじをかかせられます。
We are made to write kanji on the blackboard every day.
私weたちweはtopic毎日every day黒ばんblackboardにonかん字kanjiをobject書かwriteせmakeられbe madeます。polite - 46
わたくしたちはまいばんさんじかんぐらいべんきょうさせられます。
We are made to study for about three hours every evening.
私weたちweはtopic毎晩every evening三three時間hoursぐらいabout勉強studyさdoせmakeられbe madeます。polite
- 時々
- sometimes, occasionally
- いつ
- when?
- 一
- one
- 月
- moon, month (See Grammar Notes)
- ここ
- here
- 時間
- hour, time
What students must do · Pattern 1 2 of 3
What students are made to do
*あなた方は 毎日 学校で どんな 事を させられますか* asks "What kinds of things are you made to do at school every day?"
*ダイアログを あんきさせられたり、 本を 読ませられたり します* names memorizing dialogues and reading books as examples.
How much students learn
*あなた方は かん字を いくつぐらい 習わせられるのですか* asks how many kanji the students will be made to learn.
*八百ぐらい 習わせられるそうです* reports that they will be made to learn about eight hundred.
- 47
わたくしはともだちにながいあいだまたせられました。
My friend made me wait a long time.
私Iはtopic友だちfriendにby長いlong間time待たwaitせmakeられbe madeましdid, politeた。past - 48
あなたがたはまいにちがっこうでどんなことをさせられますか。
What kinds of things are you made to do at school every day?
あなたyou方you allはtopic毎日every day学校schoolでatどんなwhat kind of事thingsをobjectさdoせmakeられbe madeますpoliteか。question - 49
ダイアログをあんきさせられたり、ほんをよませられたりします。
We are made to do such things as memorize dialogues and read books.
ダイアログdialoguesをobjectあんきmemorizeさせmakeられbe madeたり、such things as本booksをobject読まreadせmakeられbe madeたりsuch things asしdoます。polite - 50
あなたがたはかんじをいくつぐらいならわせられるのですか。
About how many kanji are you going to be made to learn?
あなたyou方you allはtopicかん字kanjiをobjectいくhowつmanyぐらいabout習わせlearnられるbe madeのthe factですisか。question - 51
はっぴゃくぐらいならわせられるそうです。
I hear that we are going to be made to learn about eight hundred.
八百eight hundredぐらいabout習わせlearnられるbe madeそうI hearです。is - 52
せいとはせんせいのしつもんににほんごでこたえさせられますか。
Are the students made to answer the teacher's questions in Japanese?
生徒studentsはtopic先生teacherのsしつもんquestionsにto日本Japanese語Japaneseでinこたえanswerさせmakeられbe madeますpoliteか。question - 53
はい、にほんごでこたえさせられます。
Yes, they are made to answer in Japanese.
はい、yes日本Japanese語Japaneseでinこたえanswerさせmakeられbe madeます。polite - 54
わたくしはちゅうたいのすいじばで、にしゅうかんにいちどはたらきます。
I work in the company kitchen once every two weeks.
私Iはtopic中隊companyのsすいkitchenじkitchen場kitchenで、at二two週間weeksにper一one度time働きworkます。polite
- どんな
- what kind of; what sort of
- 八百
- 800
- そう
- numerical counter for ships
- しつもん
- question
Making soldiers work and exercise · Pattern 1 3 of 3
Making people act
*あの 将校は 兵に 運動させています* means "That officer is making the soldiers exercise."
These lines use causative forms without passive forms. An officer, teacher, or commander makes other people act.
*中隊長は 私たちを 二十マイルぐらい 歩かせます* says that the company commander makes the group walk about twenty miles.
- 55
わたくしはげっきゅうびにはぎんこうへいきます。
I go to the bank on payday.
私Iはtopic月給payday日paydayにonはtopic銀行bankへtoward行きgoます。polite - 56
わたくしはまいしゅうどようびには、にわのていれをします。
I take care of the garden every Saturday.
私Iはtopic毎週every week土曜Saturday日Saturdayにonは、topicにわgardenのof手入れcareをobjectしdoます。polite - 57
じだいものえいがはきらいですが、みました。
I dislike period movies, but I saw it.
時代period物period映画moviesはtopicきらいdislikeですisが、but見seeましdid, politeた。past - 58
あのしょうこうはへいにうんどうさせています。
That officer is making the soldiers exercise.
あのthat将校officerはtopic兵soldiersにto運動exerciseさdoせmakeてis doingいis doingます。polite - 59
せんせいはせいとにはなさせています。
The teacher is having the students speak.
先生teacherはtopic生徒studentsにto話さspeakせmakeてis doingいis doingます。polite - 60
ちゅうたいちょうはわたくしたちをにじゅうマイルぐらいあるかせます。
The company commander makes us walk about twenty miles.
中隊company commander長company commanderはtopic私weたちweをobject二十twentyマイルmilesぐらいabout歩かwalkせmakeます。polite
- 月給
- monthly wage
- 銀行
- bank
- にわ
- garden, yard
- 手入れ
- care, mending
- 時代
- era, period
- 映画
- movie
- が、
- but (See Gram. Notes)
- 二十
- 20
- マイル
- mile
People and places in the past · Pattern 2 1 of 2
Former identities and qualities
*私は この 学校の 生徒 だった* means "I was a student at this school."
The plain past *だった* describes former identities and qualities. *あの方は 日本語が 上手 だった* means "He was good in Japanese."
Former dates and places
*二十年前には ここは 小さな ぎょ港 だった* means "This was a small fishing port twenty years ago."
The same form identifies a place as it was in the past.
- 61
わたくしはこのがっこうのせいとだった。
I was a student at this school.
私Iはtopicこのthis学校schoolのof生徒studentだっisた。past - 62
あのかたはにほんごがじょうずだった。
He was good in Japanese.
あのthat方personはtopic日本Japanese語Japaneseがsubject上手good atだっisた。past - 63
たなかさんはゆうめいなじょゆうだった。
Miss Tanaka was a famous actress.
田中TanakaさんMissはtopic有名famousなfamous女actressゆうactressだっisた。past - 64
むかしのえいがはみなしろくろえいがだった。
Movies in the old days were all black-and-white movies.
むかしold daysのof映画moviesはtopic皆all白黒black-and-white映画moviesだっisた。past - 65
にさんねんまえまであのかたはげんきだった。
That person was well until two or three years ago.
二三two or three年years前agoまでuntilあのthat方personはtopic元気wellだっisた。past - 66
わたくしはきのうはひまだった。
I was free yesterday.
私Iはtopic昨日yesterdayはtopicひまfreeだっisた。past - 67
じゅんねんはきょねんだった。
Last year was a leap year.
じゅんleap year年leap yearはtopicきょ年last yearだっisた。past - 68
にじゅうねんまえにはここはちいさなぎょこうだった。
This was a small fishing port twenty years ago.
二十twenty年years前agoにatはtopicここhereはtopic小さなsmallぎfishing portょfishing port港fishing portだっisた。past - 69
さかいせんせいはぐんじんだったそうですね。
I hear that Mr. Sakai was a serviceman, isn't that right?
さかいSakai先生Mr.はtopic軍人servicemanだっisたpastそうI hearですisね。right? - 70
ええ、さかいさんはりくぐんのしょうこうだったんです。
Yes, Mr. Sakai was an army officer.
ええ、yesさかいSakaiさんMr.はtopicりくarmy軍armyのof将校officerだっisたpastんthe factです。is
- 上手
- skillful, fluent (See Grammar Notes)
- むかし
- ancient, old
- 年
- year (See Grammar Notes)
- 前
- before, front
- まで
- as far as, to (See Gram. Notes)
- ひま
- leisure time, free
- 小さな
- small (See Gram. Notes)
- 港
- port, harbor
- ね。
- isn't it (See Grammar Notes)
- ええ、
- Yes
Past circumstances and descriptions · Pattern 2 2 of 2
A relationship in the past
*あの方は 田村さんの 奥さん だったんですか* means "Was that woman Mr. Tamura's wife?"
The plain past *だった* identifies the relationship as past.
A past intention
*行くつもり だったのですが、 いそがしくて 行けなかったのです* means "I intended to go, but I was busy and couldn't."
Here, *だった* places the intention in the past. Other lines use the polite past *でした* for past conditions and characteristics.
- 71
あのかたはたむらさんのおくさんだったんですか。
Was that woman Mr. Tamura's wife?
あのthat方womanはtopic田村TamuraさんMr.のs奥wifeさんwifeだっisたpastんthe factですisか。question - 72
そうらしいです。わたくしもしらなかったんです。
It seems so. I didn't know either.
そうsoらしいseemsです。is私Iもtoo知らknowなかっnotたpastんthe factです。is - 73
あなたはさくばんのえいがにきていなかったのですね。
You weren't at the movie last night, were you?
あなたyouはtopic昨晩last nightのof映画movieにat来comeてbeいbeなかっnotたpastのthe factですisね。right? - 74
ええ、いくつもりだったのですが、いそがしくていけなかったのです。
No, I intended to go, but I was busy and couldn't.
ええ、no行くgoつもりintentionだっisたpastのthe factですisが、butいそがしくbusyてand行けcan goなかっnotたpastのthe factです。is - 75
ここはちいさいぎょこうでした。
This was a small fishing port.
ここhereはtopic小さいsmallぎfishing portょfishing port港fishing portでしisた。past - 76
あのえいがはてんねんしょくでした。
That movie was in color.
あのthat映画movieはtopic天in colorねんin color色in colorでしisた。past - 77
あのかたはずっとけんこうでしたが、にかげつほどまえからびょうきになっています。
That person had always been healthy, but has been ill for about two months.
あのthat方personはtopicずっとalwaysけんこうhealthyでしisたpastが、but二twoか月monthsほどabout前agoからfrom病気illにintoなっbecomeてis doingいis doingます。polite - 78
やすみでしたからうみにいきました。
Since it was a day off, I went to the seaside.
休day offでしisたpastからbecause海seasideにto行きgoましdid, politeた。past - 79
あのせいとはかんじをかくのがじょうずでした。
That student was good at writing kanji.
あのthat生徒studentはtopicかん字kanjiをobject書くwriteのdoingがsubject上手good atでしisた。past - 80
これはむずかしいしけんでした。
This was a difficult examination.
これthisはtopicむずかしいdifficult試験examinationでしisた。past
- ずっと
- by far; very much
- けんこう
- health
- ほど
- to the extent (See Grammar Notes)
- 海
- sea, ocean
- むずかしい
- difficult
Military need for foreign languages · Reading Selection 1 of 3
Why military personnel need languages
The passage describes a military language school and explains why its students need foreign languages.
*か学が すすんで 来て、 せかいは どん〱 ちぢまって 来ている* says that science has advanced and the world has grown smaller.
*米国の 兵隊は ヨーロッパや アジアの 国々に 行っていますので* gives another reason. American soldiers serve in countries whose languages they must know.
- 81
このがっこうはりくぐん、かいぐん、くうぐん、そしてかいへいたいのぐんじんにがいこくごをおしえるがっこうですが、へいたいでないせいともいます。
This school teaches foreign languages to members of the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps, but there are also civilian students.
このthis学校schoolはtopicりくArmy軍、ArmyかいNavy軍、NavyくうAir Force軍、Air ForceそしてandかいMarine Corps兵Marine CorpsたいMarine Corpsのof軍人military personnelにto外国foreign語languageをobject教えるteach学校schoolですisが、but兵隊soldierでisないnot生徒studentsもalso居existます。polite - 82
ぐんじんががいこくごをならうといえば、すこしへんにきこえるかもしれません。
It may sound a little strange to say that military personnel study foreign languages.
軍人military personnelがsubject外国foreign語languageをobject習うstudyとquote言えsayば、if少しa littleへんstrangeにin聞こえるsoundかperhapsもperhaps知れknowませnot, politeん。not, polite - 83
けれども、かがくがすすんできて、せかいはどんどんちぢまってきているのですから、とおいくに、ちかいくにのべつはなくなりました。
However, as science has advanced and the world has steadily grown smaller, the distinction between distant and nearby countries has disappeared.
けれどhoweverも、howeverかscience学scienceがsubjectすすんhas advancedでhas advanced来has advancedて、has advancedせかいworldはtopicどんsteadily〱steadilyちぢまっhas grown smallerてhas grown smaller来has grown smallerてhas grown smallerいるhas grown smallerのthe factですisから、because遠いdistant国、country近いnearby国countryのofべつdistinctionはtopicなくなりdisappearedましdid, politeた。did, polite - 84
そのため、がいこくごのべんきょうはたいへんたいせつになりました。
For that reason, the study of foreign languages has become very important.
そのthatため、reason外国foreign語languageのof勉強studyはtopic大へんvery大切importantにbecomeなりbecameましdid, politeた。did, polite - 85
そのうえ、べいこくのへいたいはヨーロッパやアジアのくにぐににいっていますので、それらのくにのことばをしっていなければなりません。
Furthermore, since American soldiers are stationed in countries in Europe and Asia, they must know the languages of those countries.
そのthat上、addition米国United Statesの's兵隊soldiersはtopicヨーロッパEuropeやand othersアジアAsiaのof国々countriesにin行っare stationedてare stationedいare stationedますare stationedのbecauseで、becauseそれthoseらthoseのof国countriesのof言葉languagesをobject知っmust knowてmust knowいmust knowなけれmust knowばmust knowなりmust knowませmust knowん。must know - 86
ことばがわからないと、こまります。
If they do not understand the language, they will have difficulty.
言葉languageがsubjectわからdo not understandないdo not understandと、ifこまりhave difficultyます。have difficulty
- 少し
- little (quantity)
- 聞こえる
- to be audible, can hear (v.i.)
- か
- either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)
- 大へん
- very
Selecting and training military linguists · Reading Selection 2 of 3
Selection and required study
The passage follows volunteers who are selected for language study and sent to the school.
*学校では 毎日 色々の 事を 習わせられます* says that students are made to learn various things every day.
*語学の外に その 国の 人々の しゅうかんについても 勉強させられます* adds the customs of the people whose language they study.
- 87
それで、しがんしたへいたいのなかから
So, from among the soldiers who volunteered,
それthatで、soしvolunteeredがんvolunteeredしvolunteeredたvolunteered兵隊soldiersのof中amongからfrom - 88
てきとうなひとをえらんで、ごがくをやらせます。
they select suitable people and have them study languages.
てきとうsuitableなdescribing人peopleをobjectえらんselectで、and語学language studyをobjectやらmake studyせmake studyます。make study - 89
あるぐんじんはがいこくごがわからなければ、しごとができませんから、きらいでもならわせられます。
Some military personnel cannot do their jobs unless they understand a foreign language, so they are made to learn one even if they do not like it.
あるsome軍人military personnelはtopic外国foreign語languageがsubjectわからdo not understandなけれdo not understandば、unless仕事jobsがsubject出来cannot doませcannot doんcannot doから、becauseきらいdislikeでeven ifもeven if習わせmade to learnられmade to learnます。made to learn - 90
わたくしはいちがつにこのがっこうへおくられてきました。
I was sent to this school in January.
私Iはtopic一January月Januaryにinこのthis学校schoolへtoward送らwas sentれwas sentてwas sent来cameましdid, politeた。did, polite - 91
がっこうではまいにちいろいろのことをならわせられます。
At the school, we are made to learn various things every day.
学校schoolでatはtopic毎日every day色々variousのof事thingsをobject習わせmade to learnられmade to learnます。made to learn - 92
ごがくのほかにそのくにのひとびとのしゅうかんについてもべんきょうさせられます。
Besides the language, we are also made to study the customs of the people of that country.
語学language studyのof外besidesにbesidesそのthat国countryのof人々peopleのofしゅうかんcustomsにaboutついaboutてaboutもalso勉強made to studyさmade to studyせmade to studyられmade to studyます。made to study
- で、
- --is and -- (See Grammar Notes)
- 語学
- language study
- ある
- certain, some
- 国
- country, nation
- 人々
- people
- しゅうかん
- custom, habit
Examinations, duties and motivation · Reading Selection 3 of 3
School and company duties
The speaker has homework and examinations and studies late each night.
*勉強の外に 中隊事務室や 中隊の すい事場で、 色々の 仕事も やらせられます* says that the speaker must also perform company duties.
A reason to volunteer
*私の 友だちが この 学校の 生徒だったので* gives the reason. The speaker's friend was a student at the school.
*私も しがんして 語学の 勉強に 来たのです* says that the speaker also volunteered and came to study languages.
- 93
そしてまいにちしゅくだいがあるし、がっこうではこうとう、しけんやひっきしけんもあるので、まいばんおそくまでべんきょうしなければなりません。
And since we have homework every day and there are oral and written examinations at school, we have to study until late every night.
そしてand毎日every day宿題homeworkがsubjectあるthere isし、and also学校schoolでatはtopic口頭、oral試験examinationsやand othersひっきwritten試験examinationsもalsoあるthere areのbecauseで、because毎晩every nightおそくlateまでuntil勉強must studyしmust studyなけれmust studyばmust studyなりmust studyませmust studyん。must study - 94
べんきょうのほかにちゅうたいじむしつやちゅうたいのすいじばで、いろいろのしごともやらせられます。
Besides studying, we are also made to do various jobs in the company office and the company kitchen.
勉強studyingのof外besidesにbesides中隊company事務office室roomやand中隊companyのofすい事kitchen場kitchenで、at色々variousのof仕事jobsもalsoやらmade to doせmade to doられmade to doます。made to do - 95
わたくしのともだちがこのがっこうのせいとだったので、わたくしもしがんしてごがくのべんきょうにきたのです。
A friend of mine was a student at this school, so I volunteered too and came here to study languages.
私Iの's友だちfriendがsubjectこのthis学校schoolの's生徒studentだっwasたwasのbecauseで、because私Iもalsoしvolunteeredがんvolunteeredしvolunteeredてvolunteered語学language studyのof勉強studyにto来cameたpastのthe factです。is - 96
しがんしたとき、しけんをとらせられましたが、ちっともむずかしくはありませんでした。
When I volunteered, I was made to take an examination, but it was not difficult at all.
しvolunteeredがんvolunteeredしvolunteeredたvolunteered時、when試験examinationをobject取らwas made to takeせwas made to takeられwas made to takeましwas made to takeたwas made to takeが、butちっともnot at allむずかしくdifficultはemphasisありwas notませwas notんwas notでしwas notた。was not - 97
そしてえらばれてきたのですから、よくべんきょうしてにほんごがじょうずになりたいのです。
And since I was selected to come here, I want to study hard and become good at Japanese.
そしてandえらばwas selectedれwas selectedてwas selected来to comeたpastのthe factですisから、becauseよくhard勉強studyしstudyてand日本Japan語languageがsubject上手good atにbecomeなりbecomeたいwant toのthe factです。is
- し、
- city
- おそく
- late (adverbial form of OSOI, be late, be slow)
- です。
- to be (See Gram. Notes)
- 時、
- time
- ちっとも
- not even a little (See Gram. Notes)
- よく
- well, skillfully
Language school purpose and students · Questions 1 of 2
The school and its purpose
The questions ask what the school teaches, who attends, and why military personnel need languages.
*この 学校は 何を 教える 学校ですか* means "What does this school teach?" An answer names foreign languages as the subject.
- 98
このがっこうはなにをおしえるがっこうですか。
What does this school teach?
このthis学校schoolはtopic何whatをobject教えるteaches学校schoolですisか。question - 99
がいこくごのほかになにをおしえますか。
What do they teach besides foreign languages?
外国foreign語languagesのof外besidesにbesides何whatをobject教えteachますpoliteか。question - 100
かがくがすすむと、せかいはせまくなりますか。
As science advances, does the world become smaller?
かscience学scienceがsubjectすすむadvancesと、asせかいworldはtopicせまくsmallerなりbecomeますpoliteか。question - 101
ぐんじんががいこくごをべんきょうするのはへんですか。
Is it odd for military personnel to study foreign languages?
軍人military personnelがsubject外国foreign語languagesをobject勉強studyするdoのthe actはtopicへんoddですisか。question - 102
へいたいでないせいとはこのがっこうにいませんか。
Are there no students at this school who are not soldiers?
兵隊soldiersでareないnot生徒studentsはtopicこのthis学校schoolにat居are thereませare thereんare thereか。question - 103
べいこくのぐんじんはべいこくにしかいませんか。
Are American military personnel only in the United States?
米国United Statesの's軍人military personnelはtopic米国United Statesにinしかonly居are thereませare thereんare thereか。question - 104
べいこくのへいたいはどこのくにぐににいっていますか。
What countries have American soldiers gone to?
米国United Statesの's兵隊soldiersはtopicどこwhereのof国々countriesにto行っhave goneてhave goneいhave goneますhave goneか。question - 105
ぐんじんはだれでもがいこくごをしっていなければなりませんか。
Does every member of the military have to know a foreign language?
軍人military personnelはtopicだれeveryoneでeveryoneもeveryone外国foreign語languageをobject知っmust knowてmust knowいmust knowなけれmust knowばmust knowなりmust knowませmust knowんmust knowか。question - 106
がいこくごはきらいでも、ならわせられるぐんじんがありますか。
Are there military personnel who are made to learn a foreign language even if they do not like it?
外国foreign語languageはtopicきらいdislikeでeven ifも、even if習わせmade to learnられるmade to learn軍人military personnelがsubjectありare thereますare thereか。question - 107
わたくしはなんがつにこのがっこうへおくられましたか。
In what month was I sent to this school?
私Iはtopic何what月monthにinこのthis学校schoolへtoward送らwas sentれwas sentましwas sentたwas sentか。question
- すすむ
- to advance
- と、
- and (See Gram. Notes)
- だれ
- who?
Schoolwork, examinations and company duties · Questions 2 of 2
Required work at school
The questions ask about homework, examinations, language study, and work in the company.
*この 学校では 語学ばかり させられますか* asks whether students are made to do only language study. An answer also names other duties.
- 108
このがっこうではごがくばかりさせられますか。
At this school, are we made to do nothing but study languages?
このthis学校schoolでatはtopic語学language studyばかりnothing butさmade to doせmade to doられmade to doますmade to doか。question - 109
しゅくだいはまいにちありますか。
Is there homework every day?
宿題homeworkはtopic毎日every dayありis thereますis thereか。question - 110
しけんにはどんなのがありますか。
What kinds of examinations are there?
試験examinationsにamongはtopicどんなwhat kindのonesがsubjectありare thereますare thereか。question - 111
まいにちしけんがありますか。
Is there an examination every day?
毎日every day試験examinationがsubjectありis thereますis thereか。question - 112
なぜまいばんおそくまでべんきょうしなければなりませんか。
Why do we have to study until late every night?
なぜwhy毎晩every nightおそくlateまでuntil勉強must studyしmust studyなけれmust studyばmust studyなりmust studyませmust studyんmust studyか。question - 113
このがっこうにきているぐんじんはちゅうたいでしごとをさせられますか。
Are the military personnel attending this school made to work in the company?
このthis学校schoolにto来attendingてattendingいるattending軍人military personnelはtopic中隊companyでin仕事workをobjectさmade to doせmade to doられmade to doますmade to doか。question - 114
わたくしはしがんしてからしけんをとらせられましたか。
Was I made to take an examination after I volunteered?
私Iはtopicしvolunteeredがんvolunteeredしvolunteeredてvolunteeredからafter試験examinationをobject取らwas made to takeせwas made to takeられwas made to takeましwas made to takeたwas made to takeか。question - 115
わたくしはなんのせいとですか。
What am I studying?
私Iはtopic何whatのof生徒studentですisか。question - 116
よくべんきょうすればがいこくごはいちねんぐらいでならえますか。
If you study hard, can you learn a foreign language in about a year?
よくhard勉強studyすれifばif外国foreign語languageはtopic一one年yearぐらいaboutでin習えcan learnますcan learnか。question
- なぜ
- why?
Science, soldiers and schoolwork · Word list 1 of 4
The world and the school
These words cover the setting and work of a military language school.
*か学* means "science," and *せかい* means "world." At school, *宿題* means "homework."
- 117
ごろ
the time
頃the time - 118
かがく
science
か学science - 119
せかい
world
せかいworld - 120
べつ
difference, distinction
べつdistinction - 121
アジア
Asia
アジアAsia - 122
へいたい
soldier
兵隊soldier - 123
こうとうしけん
oral examination
口頭試験oral examination - 124
すいじじょう
kitchen
すい事場kitchen - 125
ごがく
language study
語学language study - 126
しゅくだい
homework
宿題homework - 127
はなし
story, talk
話story, talk
- か学
- science
- 口頭試験
- oral examination
- すい事場
- kitchen
- 話
- story, talk
Courses, countries and selection · Word list 2 of 4
Countries and selection
These words cover courses, countries, scientific change, and the selection of language students.
*国* means "country" or "nation," while *国々* means "countries." *えらぶ* means "to select" or "choose."
- 128
そつぎょうせい
graduate
そつぎょう生graduate - 129
くに
country, nation
国country - 130
くにぐに
countries
国々countries - 131
ごがくしゃ
linguist
語学者linguist - 132
かんがえ
idea, thinking
かんがえidea, thinking - 133
コース
course (of study)
コースcourse - 134
かんがえる
to think
かんがえるthink - 135
すすむ
to advance
すすむadvance - 136
ちぢまる
to shrink
ちぢまるshrink - 137
えらぶ
to select, choose
えらぶchoose - 138
しがんする
to volunteer
しがんするvolunteer
- そつぎょう生
- graduate
- 語学者
- linguist
- かんがえる
- to think
- ちぢまる
- to shrink
- しがんする
- to volunteer
Examinations, graduation and proficiency · Word list 3 of 4
Progress in study
These words describe progress through a course and the wider setting for language study.
*--にパスする* means "to pass examinations," *そつぎょうする* means "to graduate," and *たっ者* means "proficient."
- 139
--にパスする
to pass (exams)
--にパスするpass exams - 140
だす
to put out, hand in
出すhand in - 141
そつぎょうする
to graduate (from)
そつぎょうするgraduate - 142
あんきする
to memorize
あんきするmemorize - 143
へんに
odd, funny
へんにoddly - 144
どんどん
rapidly
どんどんrapidly - 145
おもに
mainly, chiefly
おもにmainly - 146
たっしゃ
proficient
たっ者proficient - 147
へんにきこえる
to sound odd
へんに聞こえるsound odd - 148
すすんでくる
to advance
すすんで来るadvance - 149
せかいちゅうの
throughout the world
せかい中のthroughout the world
- --にパスする
- to pass (exams)
- 出す
- to mail, send, take out
- そつぎょうする
- to graduate (from)
- あんきする
- to memorize
- へんに
- odd, funny
- おもに
- mainly, chiefly
- たっ者
- proficient
- へんに聞こえる
- to sound odd
- すすんで来る
- to advance
- せかい中の
- throughout the world
Linguists, graduates and proficiency · Word list 4 of 4
Required study and past identity
These entries include two grammar expressions used throughout the lesson.
*勉強させられる* means "to be made to study." *--だった* means "was" or "were."
- 150
こんにちでは
at present, today
今日ではat present - 151
そのとおり
as you say, just like it
その通りthat's right - 152
べんきょうさせられる
to be made to study (See Grammar Notes)
勉強させられるmade to study - 153
--だった
was, were (See Grammar Notes)
--だったwas - 154
そう
yes, that's right
そうthat's right - 155
このがっこうのそつぎょうせいはたいていがいこくへおくられます。
Graduates of this school are usually sent to foreign countries.
この学校のそつぎょう生は大抵外国へ送られます。graduates usually sent abroad - 156
あのせいとはごがくができません。
That student is a poor linguist.
あの生徒は語学が出来ません。student poor at languages - 157
あのせんせいはごがくしゃです。
That teacher is a linguist.
あの先生は語学者です。teacher is a linguist - 158
あのせいとはごがくがたっしゃです。
That student is proficient in language.
あの生徒は語学がたっ者です。student proficient in language - 159
このがっこうのせいとはおもにぐんじんです。
Students of this school are mainly soldiers.
この学校の生徒はおもに軍人です。students are mainly soldiers
- 今日では
- at present, today
- その通り
- as you say, just like it
- 勉強させられる
- to be made to study (See Grammar Notes)
- --だった
- was, were (See Grammar Notes)
- この学校のそつぎょう生は大抵外国へ送られます。
- "Graduates of this school are usually sent to foreign countries."
- あの生徒は語学が出来ません。
- "That student is a poor linguist."
- あの先生は語学者です。
- "That teacher is a linguist."
- あの生徒は語学がたっ者です。
- "That student is proficient in language."
- この学校の生徒はおもに軍人です。
- "Students of this school are mainly soldiers."
The particulars
- The course
- Defense Language Institute, Japanese Basic Course, 1967 to 1971. Public domain. The teaching pages and the narration are ours.
- Reading aloud
- Digital narration, directed by 1732 Studios.
- The book
- Botchan, the work this course leads to, free to read here.
- Data
- JSON · Markdown · A guide for agents