Japanese · Lesson 61
Lesson 61
Kanji and everyday Japanese
Tokyo's circular railway routes · Dialogue 1 of 3
The electric trains of Tokyo
A speaker describes Tokyo rail travel. *国電には 線が 沢山 ありますが、まず山手線 について 話しましょう* means "There are many National Electric Railway lines, but first I will discuss the Yamate Line."
*国電* is short for *KOKUTETSU DENSHA*. Seven lines run around Tokyo.
The *山手線* returns to *品川駅*. The *中おう線* crosses the center and runs west to *高お*.
Actions along the route
*山手線は 品川駅を出て、北に行き、上のを 通ってから 西に走り、いけぶくろに 出ます* traces successive movements from Shinagawa to Ikebukuro.
In that line, *行き* and *走り* link actions without another TE-form.
Kanji: 線, 北, 南, 品
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
Kanji: 御, 東, 西
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
Kanji: 上
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 1
とうきょうのこおつうについてはなしてくださいませんか。さそくつうこうにはもうなれましたが、こくでん、こくてつなどについて。
Won't you please talk a little about transportation in Tokyo? I am already accustomed to left-side traffic, but please talk about the National Electric Railways and the National Railways.
東京Tokyoの's交通transportationにaboutついaboutてabout話しtalkてpleaseくださいpleaseませnot, politeんnot, politeか。questionさそleft-sideくleft-side通行trafficにtoはtopicもうalreadyなれaccustomedましpoliteたpastが、but国電、National Electric Railways国鉄National Railwaysなどand so forthにaboutついaboutて。about - 2
こくでんにはせんがたくさんありますが、まずやまてせんについてはなしましょう。
There are many lines in the National Electric Railways, but first of all, I'll talk about the Yamate Line.
国電National Electric Railwaysにinはtopic線linesがsubject沢山manyありexistますpoliteが、butまずfirst山手Yamate Line線Yamate Lineにaboutついaboutてabout話しtalkましょう。will, polite - 3
ええ、どうぞ。
Yes, please.
ええ、yesどうぞ。please - 4
やまてせんはしながわえきをでて、きたにいき、うえのをとおってからにしにはしり、いけぶくろにでます。そこからみなみにはしり、しんじゅく、しぶや、めぐろをとおってまたしながわえきにかえります。
The Yamate Line starts from Shinagawa station and runs north and after passing through Ueno, it runs west and comes out at Ikebukuro. From there it runs south and after passing through Shinjuku, Shibuya, Meguro, it again returns to Shinagawa station.
山手Yamate Line線Yamate Lineはtopic品川Shinagawa Station駅Shinagawa Stationをfrom出leaveて、and北northにto行き、go上UenoのUenoをthrough通っpass throughてpass throughからafter西westにto走り、runいけIkebukuroぶくろIkebukuroにat出come outます。politeそこthereからfrom南southにto走り、run新Shinjukuじゅく、Shinjukuしぶや、Shibuya目MeguroぐろMeguroをthrough通っpass throughてpass through又again品川Shinagawa Station駅Shinagawa Stationにto帰りreturnます。polite - 5
では、やまてせんというのはとうきょうをひとまわりしているのですね。
Then the Yamate Line loops once around Tokyo, doesn't it?
でthenは、then山手Yamate Line線Yamate Lineとquote言うcalledのoneはtopic東京Tokyoをaround一oneまわりloopしdoてongoingいるongoingのoneですisね。right? - 6
そうです。そしてそのまんなかをちゅうおうせんがよこぎっています。よよぎでやまてせんといっしょになって、そこからにしにはしってたかおまでいきます。
That's right. And right through the center, the Chuuoo Line crosses. It comes together with the Yamate Line at Yoyogi and from there it runs west and goes to Takao.
そうthat is rightです。isそしてandそのthatまん中centerをobject中Chuo LineおうChuo Line線Chuo Lineがsubjectよこぎっcrossesてcrossesいcrossesます。crossesよよYoyogiぎYoyogiでat山手Yamate Line線Yamate Lineとwith一緒togetherにintoなっcome togetherて、come togetherそこthereからfrom西westにtoward走っrunsてruns高TakaoおTakaoまでto行きgoesます。polite
1 Second base or Continuative
The TE-form of verbs is usually used in continuing a statement, but when too many TE-forms run together, the second base (MASU form without MASU), which has the continuative function in literary style, is sometimes used.
Examples:
ASAKUSA O TOOTTE KARA NISHI NI HASHIRI --- After passing through ASAKUSA, it runs west and ---.
KYOO WA SAKANA O TABE, ASU WA GYUUNIKU O TABEMASU. I'll eat fish today and beef tomorrow.
ARU TOKI WA HITORI DE BENKYOO SHI MATA ARU TOKI WA MINNA TO ISSHO NI BENKYOO SHIMASHITA. I studied by myself at one time, and at another time I studied with everybody.AREBA ARU MONO DESU
The BA-form (conditional form) of verbs + the basic form of the same verb + MONO DESU expresses the idea of a very emphatic ARU and can be translated as "There surely are many."
Examples:
TABEREBA TABERU MONO DESU. He surely eats a lot.
NOMEBA NOMU MONO DESU NE. He surely drinks, doesn't he?
FUREBA FURU MONO DESU NE. It surely rains a lot, doesn't it?
NEREBA NERU MONO DESU NE. He surely sleeps, doesn't he?--OKI NI
OKI NI which literally means 'putting aside' is used to denote intervals of time or space and can best be translated 'every ---,' 'at intervals of ---.'
Examples:
ICHI NICHI OKI NI. 'every other day' or 'one day apart'
FUTSUKA OKI NI 'every third day' or 'two days apart'
ICHIJIKAN OKI NI 'every other hour' or 'at intervals of one hour'
ICHIMAIRU OKI NI 'every other mile' or 'at intervals of one mile' or 'one mile apart'
ISSHUUKAN OKI NI 'every other week,' 'one week apart,' or 'at intervals of one week'--MO AREBA -- MO ARU 'there are both -- and --'
The sentence pattern 'noun MO + BA-form (conditional form) of verbs + noun MO + basic form (both polite and non-polite) of the same verb' expresses the idea of 'one does both --- and ---' or 'there are both --- and ---.'
Examples:
HON MO AREBA KAMI MO ARIMASU. There are both books and papers.
SAKANA MO TABEREBA NIKU MO TABERU. I eat both fish and meat.
NIHONGO MO HANASEBA EIGO MO HANASU. He speaks both Japanese and English.
The sentence pattern 'noun MO + BA-form (conditional form) of I-adjectives + noun MO + basic form (both polite and non-polite forms) of the same adjective or other adjectives' expresses the idea of 'both are ---.'
Note: Depending upon the sentence, sometimes such particles as NI, E, etc., are inserted between the noun and MO.
Examples:
KYOOTO MO CHIKAKEREBA, NARA MO CHIKAI. Both Kyoto and Nara are close.
KYOOTO NI MO CHIKAKEREBA, NARA NI MO CHIKAI. It is close both to Kyoto and to Nara.
ANO SEITO WA KAKU NO MO MAZUKEREBA, YOMU NO MO MAZUI. He is poor in both writing and reading.
ANO ONNA NO HITO WA ATAMA MO YOKEREBA, KAO MO KIREI DESU. She is both smart and beautiful.KOOTSUUJOO
Following some compound nouns, JOO expresses the idea of 'from the standpoint of ---' or 'from --- point of view.'
Examples:
KOOTSUUJOO 'from the point of view of transportation'
KENKOOJOO 'from the standpoint of health'
KYOOIKUJOO 'from an educational point of view'
SHOOGYOOJOO 'so far as commerce is concerned'NOBORI versus KUDARI
Trains of the main trunk line that leave Tokyo
station for Osaka, Kyuushuu area and those that leave Ueno station for Niigata, Nagano, Hokkaido area are called KUDARI, and conversely trains that head toward Tokyo and Ueno stations are called NOBORI.
Branch line trains that move toward main trunk lines are NOBORI, and those that move away are KUDARI.
Ordinarily, NOBORI trains are given even numbers and KUDARI trains are given odd numbers. However, there are exceptions to this.SHITETSU
Besides the National Railways and the National Electric Railways there are many private lines that run thru Tokyo. The names of some of them are: KEIHIN KYUUKOO DENTETSU, TOKYO KYUUKOO DENTETSU, ODAKYUU DENTETSU, SEIBU TETSUDOO, TOOBU TETSUDOO, KEIOO TEITO DENTETSU, etc.KOKUDEN
KOKUDEN is an abbreviated form of KOKUTETSU DENSHA. There are seven lines around the Tokyo area. They are the YAMATE line (from SHINAGAWA TO SHINAGAWA), the CHUUOO line (Tokyo to Takao), the KEIHIN-TOOHOKUSEN (Oomiya to Isogo), the NANBU line (Kawasaki to Tachikawa), the SOOMU line (Ocha-no-mizu to Chiba), the JOOBAN line (Ueno to Toride), the TSURUMI line (Tsurumi to Oogimachi).
There are four lines around Osaka. They are the TOOKAIDOO main line (Kyoto to Nishi-Akashi), the OSAKA loop line (Osaka to Osaka), the KATAMACHI line (Nagao to Katamachi), and the HANWA line (Tennooji to Higashi-Wakayama).- の
- See Grammar Notes
- 交通
- traffic, transportation
- に
- on (See Gram. Notes)
- ください
- please give me (See Gram. Notes)
- か。
- either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)
- は
- leaves
- もう
- already (See Gram. Notes)
- が、
- but (See Gram. Notes)
- 国電、
- National Railway Electric Train (See Cultural Notes)
- 国鉄
- National Railways
- など
- and so forth, etc.
- 線
- line
- ます
- trout
- まず
- first, first of all
- ましょう。
- let's (See Gram. Notes)
- ええ、
- Yes
- 駅
- railroad station
- を
- particle denoting direct object (See Pattern Drill)
- 北
- north
- から
- from (See Gram. Notes)
- 西
- west
- そこ
- there
- 南
- south
- で
- --is and -- (See Grammar Notes)
- と
- and (See Gram. Notes)
- 言う
- to say
- 一
- one
- し
- city
- いる
- to need (See Gram. Notes)
- です
- to be (See Gram. Notes)
- ね。
- isn't it (See Grammar Notes)
- そう
- numerical counter for ships
- まん中
- center, middle
- まで
- as far as, to (See Gram. Notes)
Regional trains and busy railways · Dialogue 2 of 3
Private railways in Tokyo
The speakers compare national and private rail travel. *国鉄の外に 私鉄が 十本いじょう あります* means "Besides the National Railways, there are over ten private railway lines."
*私鉄* means "private railway line". Tokyo has many such lines besides the National Railways and National Electric Railways.
*あれば あるものですね* reacts to that number with "There surely are many."
Important for transportation
*鉄道は 日本の交通上 一番大切なものです* says railways are the most important thing from the standpoint of Japanese transportation.
*上* follows some compound nouns and means "from the standpoint of". *交通上* means "from a transportation standpoint".
*三分おきぐらいに 電車が 出ます* says trains leave about every three minutes. *おき* marks the interval.
Kanji: 立
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
Kanji: 私
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 7
ちほおにりょこうしたいときには、こくてつをりようするのですね。
When you want to travel to the country, you utilize the National Railways, don't you?
地方countryにto旅行travelしdoたいwant to時whenにatは、topic国鉄National Railwaysをobject利用useするdoのthe caseですisね。right? - 8
ええ、とうほくちほお、うらにほん、またはひがしのほうにいくれっしゃはたいていうえのからでます。かんさいちほおにいくれっしゃはとうきょうえきからでます。こくてつのほかにしてつがじゅっぽんいじょうあります。
Yes. Trains that go to the northeast region, the back side of Japan along the Sea of Japan or to the east, usually leave from Ueno. Trains that go to the Kansai region leave from Tokyo Station. Besides the National Railways, there are over ten private railway lines.
ええ、yes東北northeast地方、regionうらback side日本、Japan又orはor東eastのof方directionにto行くgoれtrainっtrain車trainはtopic大抵usually上UenoのUenoからfrom出leaveます。politeかんKansai西Kansai地方regionにto行くgoれtrainっtrain車trainはtopic東京Tokyo Station駅Tokyo Stationからfrom出leaveます。polite国鉄National Railwaysのof外besidesにin私鉄private railway linesがsubject十ten本linesいじょうmore thanありexistます。polite - 9
へえ、あればあるものですね。
Is that so? There surely are many, aren't there?
へえ、is that soあれexistばifあるthere areものso manyですisね。right? - 10
なにしろてつどおはにほんのこおつうじょういちばんたいせつなものですからね。それでダイヤもつめてあります。
At any rate, railways are most important from the standpoint of Japanese transportation, you see. So the diagrams for running trains are crammed.
何しろat any rate鉄道railwaysはtopic日本Japanのof交通transportation上standpoint一番most大切importantなimportantものthingですisからbecauseね。you seeそれsoでsoダイヤtrain schedulesもalsoつめare crammedてare crammedありare crammedます。are crammed - 11
とうきょうえきのホームにたっていると、でんしゃがまいふんいくほんもついたり、でたりしていますね。
If you stand on the platform of Tokyo station, you'll see many electric trains arriving and leaving every minute, isn't that right?
東京Tokyo Station駅Tokyo Stationのofホームplatformにon立っstandてstandいるstandと、when電車electric trainsがsubject毎分every minuteいくhow many本trainsもeven着いarriveたり、and such出leaveたりand suchしkeep doing soてkeep doing soいkeep doing soますkeep doing soね。right? - 12
やまてせんでは、ひるまはさんぷんおきぐらいにでんしゃがでます。そのほかのせんもありますから、こおつうはじつにひんぱんです。
On the Yamate Line, trains leave about every three minutes during daytime. Since there are other lines, traffic is really busy (frequent).
山手Yamate Line線Yamate Lineでonは、topic昼間daytimeはtopic三three分minutesおきintervalsぐらいaboutにat電車electric trainsがsubject出leaveます。politeそのthose外otherのof線linesもalsoありexistますpoliteから、because交通trafficはtopic実reallyにreallyひんぱんfrequentです。is
- 地方
- country, region
- 時
- time
- は、
- leaves
- うら
- back, reverse side
- 東
- east
- 車
- vehicle, car
- ます。
- trout
- 私鉄
- private railway line
- が
- but (See Gram. Notes)
- 十
- ten
- 本
- numerical counter for counting long slender objects (See Notes)
- いじょう
- more than
- ある
- certain, some
- もの
- things (tangible)
- 何しろ
- at any rate, in any case
- 鉄道
- railway, railroad
- 一番
- number one (See Grammar Notes)
- ダイヤ
- diagram for running trains
- ホーム
- platform
- と、
- and (See Gram. Notes)
- 電車
- streetcar, electric train
- 昼間
- daytime
- 三
- three
- 分
- minute
- ぐらい
- about
- ひんぱん
- frequent, busy
Railway lines and endpoints · Dialogue 3 of 3
Lines and endpoints
The principal National Electric Railway lines are identified by their endpoints. *山手線* runs from *品川* back to *品川*.
The repeated endpoint marks a loop. *中央線* runs from *東京* to *高尾*.
*常磐線* runs from *上野* to *取手*.
- 13
やまてせん—しながわ→しながわ
Yamate Line—Shinagawa to Shinagawa.
山手Yamate Line線—Yamate Line品川→Shinagawa品川Shinagawa - 14
ちゅうおうせん—とうきょう→たかお
Chuo Line—Tokyo to Takao.
中央Chuo Line線—Chuo Line東京→Tokyo高尾Takao - 15
けいひんとうほくせん—おおみや→いそご
Keihin-Tohoku Line—Omiya to Isogo.
京浜Keihin-Tohoku Line東北Keihin-Tohoku Line線—Keihin-Tohoku Line大宮→Omiya磯子Isogo - 16
なんぶせん—かわさき→たちかわ
Nambu Line—Kawasaki to Tachikawa.
南部Nambu Line線—Nambu Line川崎→Kawasaki立川Tachikawa - 17
そうぶせん—おちゃのみず→ちば
Sobu Line—Ochanomizu to Chiba.
総武Sobu Line線—Sobu Lineお茶の水→Ochanomizu千葉Chiba - 18
じょうばんせん—うえの→とりで
Joban Line—Ueno to Toride.
常磐Joban Line線—Joban Line上野→Ueno取手Toride
- 線—
- line
Linking actions and settings · Perception drill, Block 1
Actions in one route
*うえのを 通ってから 西に走り、いけぶくろに 出ます* means "It passes through Ueno, runs west, and comes out at Ikebukuro."
The TE-form usually continues a statement. Here, *走り* is the second base, the polite form without *ます*, and links the last two actions.
This use sometimes replaces repeated TE-forms and has a literary style.
Different settings in one sentence
*ジョンズさんは 家では英語を話し、学校では 日本語を話します* means "Mr. Jones speaks English at home and Japanese at school."
The second base *話し* links contrasting settings. The final verb *話します* completes the sentence and supplies the polite ending.
- 19
うえのをとおってからにしにはしり、いけぶくろにでます。
It passes through Ueno and runs toward the west and comes out at Ikebukuro.
うえのUenoをobject通っpasses throughてpasses throughからafter西westにtoward走り、runsいけIkebukuroぶくろIkebukuroにat出comes outます。polite - 20
スミスさんはにほんでうまれ、にほんでおおきくなりました。
Mr. Smith was born in Japan and grew up in Japan.
スミスSmithさんMr.はtopic日本Japanでin生れ、was born日本Japanでin大きくgrew upなりgrew upましdid, politeた。past - 21
やまださんはえいごもわかり、にほんごもわかります。
Mr. Yamada understands both English and Japanese.
山田YamadaさんMr.はtopic英語Englishもalsoわかり、understands日本Japanese語Japaneseもalsoわかりunderstandsます。polite - 22
せいとはがっこうでろくじかんべんきょうし、いえでさんじかんべんきょうします。
The students study for six hours at school and for three hours at home.
生徒studentsはtopic学校schoolでat六six時間hours勉強studyし、do家homeでat三three時間hours勉強studyしdoます。polite - 23
ジョンズさんはいえではえいごをはなし、がっこうではにほんごをはなします。
Mr. Jones speaks English at home and Japanese at school.
ジョンズJonesさんMr.はtopic家homeでatはtopic英語Englishをobject話し、speaks学校schoolでatはtopic日本Japanese語Japaneseをobject話しspeaksます。polite - 24
やまもとさんはまいあさしちじにおき、しちじはんにがっこうへいきます。
Mr. Yamamoto gets up at seven every morning and goes to school at seven thirty.
山本YamamotoさんMr.はtopic毎朝every morning七seven時o'clockにat起き、gets up七seven時o'clock半halfにat学校schoolへtoward行きgoesます。polite
- 六
- six
- 時間
- hour, time
- し、
- city
- 家
- house, home
- 七
- seven
- へ
- to (See Gram. Notes)
Emphasising surprising amounts · Perception drill, Block 2
There surely are many
*あれば あるものですね* means "There surely are many." The repeated verb makes the statement emphatic.
Put the BA-form of a verb first, then its basic form and *ものです*. The same verb appears in both forms.
A remarkable amount
*よく食べれば食べるものですね* means "He certainly eats a lot, doesn't he?"
The BA-form *食べれば* is followed by the basic form *食べる* and *ものです*. This pattern stresses the remarkable amount of eating.
- 25
あればあるものですね。
There surely are many.
あれexistばifあるthere areものso manyですisね。right? - 26
いればいるものですね。(にほんじんが)
There certainly are a lot of Japanese people, aren't there?
居れare presentばif居るare presentものso manyですisね。right?(日本Japanese people人Japanese peopleが)subject - 27
ほんとにのめばのむものですね。(ビールを)
He certainly drinks a lot of beer, doesn't he?
ほんとreallyにreally飲めdrinkばif飲むdrinksものso muchですisね。right?(ビールbeerを)object - 28
よくふればふるものですね。(あめが)
It certainly rains a lot, doesn't it?
よくreally降れrainばif降るrainsものso muchですisね。right?(雨rainが)subject - 29
ねればねるものですね。
He certainly sleeps a lot, doesn't he?
ねれsleepばifねるsleepsものso muchですisね。right? - 30
よくたべればたべるものですね。
He certainly eats a lot, doesn't he?
よくreally食べれeatばif食べるeatsものso muchですisね。right? - 31
よくはなせばはなすものです。
He certainly talks a lot.
よくreally話せtalkばif話すtalksものso muchです。is
- 人
- people
- が)
- but (See Gram. Notes)
- (ビール
- beer
- を)
- particle denoting direct object (See Pattern Drill)
- よく
- well, skillfully
- 降る
- to fall (rain) (v.i.)
- (雨
- rain
- ねる
- to sleep
Saying how often things happen · Perception drill, Block 3
Every five minutes
*五分おきに 電車が 出ます* means "The streetcar leaves every five minutes."
A duration followed by *おきに* marks a regular interval. It means "every" or "at intervals of".
The interval before the action
*私は 四時間おきに このくすりを 飲みます* means "I take this medicine every four hours."
The measured interval *四時間* comes directly before *おきに*.
- 32
ごふんおきにでんしゃがでます。
The streetcar leaves every five minutes.
五five分minutesおきintervalsにat電車streetcarがsubject出leavesます。polite - 33
たなかさんはにねんおきにあたらしいくるまをかいます。
Mr. Tanaka buys a new car every two years.
田中TanakaさんMr.はtopic二two年yearsおきintervalsにat新しいnew車carをobject買いbuysます。polite - 34
このバスはいちじかんおきにでます。
This bus leaves every hour.
このthisバスbusはtopic一one時間hourおきintervalsにat出leavesます。polite - 35
あのかたはいっしゅうかんおきにてがみをだします。
That person sends a letter every week.
あのthat方personはtopic一one週間weekおきintervalsにat手紙letterをobject出しsendsます。polite - 36
わたくしはよじかんおきにこのくすりをのみます。
I take this medicine every four hours.
私Iはtopic四four時間hoursおきintervalsにatこのthisくすりmedicineをobject飲みtakeます。polite - 37
あのかたはにしゅうかんおきにいえへかえります。
That person goes home every two weeks.
あのthat方personはtopic二two週間weeksおきintervalsにat家homeへtoward帰りreturnsます。polite
- 五
- five
- 二
- two
- 年
- year (See Grammar Notes)
- バス
- bus
- 手紙
- letter (correspondence)
- 四
- four
- くすり
- medicine
Saying both things apply · Perception drill, Block 4
Both books and papers
*本も あれば 紙も あります* means "There are both books and papers." Each noun takes *も*.
The first verb is in the BA-form. The second uses the basic form of the same verb, either polite or plain.
Both actions or qualities
*田中さんは 読むのも早ければ 話すのも早いです* means "Mr. Tanaka both reads quickly and speaks quickly."
I-adjectives use the same pattern. A particle can stand before *も*, as in *京都にも近ければ ならにも近い*.
- 38
ほんもあればかみもあります。
There are both books and papers.
本booksもalsoあれexistばif紙paperもalsoありexistます。polite - 39
きょうとにもちかければならにもちかい。
It is close both to Kyoto and to Nara.
京都Kyotoにtoもalso近けれcloseばifならNaraにtoもalso近い。close - 40
このがっこうにはおとこのせいともいればおんなのせいともいます。
There are both male and female students at this school.
このthis学校schoolにatはtopic男maleのof生徒studentsもalso居れare presentばif女femaleのof生徒studentsもalso居are presentます。polite - 41
にほんごにはかんじもあればかなもあります。
Japanese has both kanji and kana.
日本Japanese語Japaneseにinはtopicかん字kanjiもalsoあれexistばifかなkanaもalsoありexistます。polite - 42
スミスさんはえいごもはなせばにほんごもはなします。
Mr. Smith speaks both English and Japanese.
スミスSmithさんMr.はtopic英語Englishもalso話せspeaksばif日本Japanese語Japaneseもalso話しspeaksます。polite - 43
たなかさんはよむのもはやければはなすのもはやいです。
Mr. Tanaka both reads quickly and speaks quickly.
田中TanakaさんMr.はtopic読むreadsのthe actもalso早けれquicklyばif話すspeaksのthe actもalso早いquicklyです。is - 44
ジョンズさんはあしもながければてもながい。
Mr. Jones has both long legs and long arms.
ジョンズJonesさんMr.はtopic足legsもalso長けれlongばif手armsもalso長い。long - 45
にほんごはかくのもむずかしければよむのもむずかしい。
Japanese is difficult both to write and to read.
日本Japanese語Japaneseはtopic書くwriteのthe actもalsoむずかしけれdifficultばif読むreadのthe actもalsoむずかしい。difficult
- なら
- if it is (See Gram. Notes)
- 近い。
- near, close
- 男
- male
- 女
- female
- かな
- Japanese syllabary
- です。
- to be (See Gram. Notes)
- むずかしい。
- difficult
Linking contrasting daily actions · Pattern 1 1 of 2
From east to west
*日は 東から出、西に はいります* means "The sun rises from the east and sets in the west."
The second base *出* links the first action to *はいります*, the final verb.
Contrasts across one sentence
*今日は 牛肉を 食べ、明日は さかなを 食べます* means "Today I will eat beef, and tomorrow I will eat fish."
The second base *食べ* links actions at different times. Other lines contrast direction, place, or means in the same position.
Kanji: 見
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 46
ひはひがしからで、にしにはいります。
The sun rises from the east and sets in the west.
日sunはtopic東eastからfrom出、rises西westにinはいりsetsます。polite - 47
わたくしはあさしちじはんにがっこうへいき、ごごごじにいえへかえります。
I go to school at seven thirty in the morning and return home at five in the afternoon.
私Iはtopic朝morning七seven時o'clock半halfにat学校schoolへtoward行き、go午後afternoon五five時o'clockにat家homeへtoward帰りreturnます。polite - 48
このがっこうはごぜんはちじにはじまり、ごごよじにおわります。
This school starts at eight in the morning and ends at four in the afternoon.
このthis学校schoolはtopic午前morning八eight時o'clockにat始まり、starts午後afternoon四four時o'clockにat終りendsます。polite - 49
きょうはぎゅうにくをたべ、あしたはさかなをたべます。
Today I will eat beef, and tomorrow I will eat fish.
今日todayはtopic牛肉beefをobject食べ、eat明日tomorrowはtopicさかなfishをobject食べeatます。polite - 50
たなかさんはアメリカでうまれ、アメリカでおおきくなりました。
Mr. Tanaka was born in America and grew up in America.
田中TanakaさんMr.はtopicアメリカAmericaでin生れ、was bornアメリカAmericaでin大きくgrew upなりgrew upましdid, politeた。past - 51
わたくしたちはめでみ、みみでききます。
We see with our eyes and hear with our ears.
私weたちweはtopic目eyesでwith見、see耳earsでwith聞きhearます。polite
- 朝
- morning
- 午後
- p.m., afternoon
- 午前
- a.m., morning
- 八
- eight
- 今日
- today
- 牛肉
- beef
- 明日
- tomorrow
- さかな
- fish
- アメリカ
- America; U.S.A.
Daytime and nighttime routines · Pattern 1 2 of 2
Day and night
*ええ、昼間は 休み、夜 働くのです* means "No, he rests during the day and works at night."
The second base *休み* links routines at two different times, as *出* linked two directions.
Home and school
*いいえ、家では 英語を話し、学校では 日本語を 話します* means "No, I speak English at home and Japanese at school."
The second base *話し* links actions in contrasting places. The final verb carries the polite ending.
- 52
パーカーさんはひるまははたらかないのですか。
Doesn't Mr. Parker work during the day?
パーカーParkerさんMr.はtopic昼間daytimeはtopic働かworkないnotのthe caseですisか。question - 53
ええ、ひるまはやすみ、よるはたらくのです。
No, he rests during the day and works at night.
ええ、no昼間daytimeはtopic休み、rests夜night働くworksのthe caseです。is - 54
せんしゅうまつどうしましたか。
What did you do last weekend?
先週last weekend末last weekendどうwhatしdoましdid, politeたpastか。question - 55
てんきがよかったので、あさのあいだべんきょうし、ごごはつりにでかけました。
Since the weather was good, I studied during the morning and went fishing in the afternoon.
天気weatherがsubjectよかっgoodたpastのthe factで、because朝morningのof間during勉強studyし、do午後afternoonはtopicつりfishingにfor出かけwent outましdid, politeた。past - 56
あなたはいえでもがっこうでもにほんごをはなしますか。
Do you speak Japanese both at home and at school?
あなたyouはtopic家homeでatもalso学校schoolでatもalso日本Japanese語Japaneseをobject話しspeakますpoliteか。question - 57
いいえ、いえではえいごをはなし、がっこうではにほんごをはなします。
No, I speak English at home and Japanese at school.
いいえ、no家homeでatはtopic英語Englishをobject話し、speak学校schoolでatはtopic日本Japanese語Japaneseをobject話しspeakます。polite
- 夜
- night, evening
- 先週
- last week
- 天気
- weather
- で、
- --is and -- (See Grammar Notes)
- つり
- fishing
Emphasising remarkable extent · Pattern 2 1 of 2
A remarkable number
*居れば居るものです* means "There surely are many animate objects."
The BA-form and repeated basic form before *ものです* give an emphatic reaction.
Large amounts and changes
*人が あつまれば あつまるものですね* means "People certainly gather in large numbers, don't they?"
The same repeated pattern reacts to a remarkable extent. Other lines apply it to blowing, raining, becoming dirty, eating, and growing.
- 58
いればいるものです。
There surely are many (animate objects).
居れthere areばif居るthere areものindeedです。is - 59
かぜがふけばふくものですね。
The wind can really blow, can't it?
風windがsubjectふけblowsばifふくblowsものreallyですisね。right? - 60
あめがふればふるものですね。
It can really rain, can't it?
雨rainがsubject降れrainsばif降るrainsものreallyですisね。right? - 61
ひとがあつまればあつまるものですね。
People certainly gather in large numbers, don't they?
人peopleがsubjectあつまれgatherばifあつまるgatherものin large numbersですisね。right? - 62
よごれればよごれるものですね。
It certainly gets dirty, doesn't it?
よごれれgets dirtyばifよごれるgets dirtyものcertainlyですisね。right? - 63
たべられればたべられるものですね。
You certainly can eat a lot, can't you?
食べcan eatられれcan eatばif食べcan eatられるcan eatものa lotですisね。right? - 64
おおきくなれば(おおきく)なるものですね。
It certainly grows large, doesn't it?
大きくlargeなれbecomesばif(大きく)largeなるbecomesものcertainlyですisね。right?
- ふく
- to blow (v.i.)
- 雨
- rain
- あつまる
- to gather
- よごれる
- to become soiled (v.i.)
Reacting to large changes · Pattern 2 2 of 2
A large increase
*そうですか。ふえればふえるものですね* means "Is that so? It certainly increased a lot, didn't it?"
It reacts to Tokyo's population increasing by about five million.
The BA-form and repeated verb before *ものですね* emphasize the size of the increase.
A large capacity
*そうですか。飲めば飲めるものですね* means "Is that so? He certainly can drink a lot, can't he?"
Here the two verb forms differ. The reaction still stresses a remarkable capacity.
- 65
とうきょうのじんこおはにじゅうねんのあいだにごひゃくまんぐらいふえました。
Tokyo's population increased by about five million over twenty years.
東京Tokyoの's人口populationはtopic二十twenty years年twenty yearsのof間periodにin五百five million万five millionぐらいaboutふえincreaseましpoliteた。past - 66
そうですか。ふえればふえるものですね。
Is that so? It certainly increased a lot, didn't it?
そうsoですisか。questionふえれincreasesばifふえるincreasesものa lotですisね。right? - 67
スミスさんはもうじゅっぽんもビールをのみましたよ。
Mr. Smith has already drunk ten bottles of beer.
スミスSmithさんMr.はtopicもうalready十ten本bottlesもas many asビールbeerをobject飲みdrinkましpoliteたpastよ。I tell you - 68
そうですか。のめばのめるものですね。
Is that so? He certainly can drink a lot, can't he?
そうsoですisか。question飲めcan drinkばif飲めるcan drinkものa lotですisね。right? - 69
そうですか。のめればのめるものですね。
Is that so? If he is able to drink, he certainly can drink a lot, can't he?
そうsoですisか。question飲めれcan drinkばif飲めるcan drinkものa lotですisね。right? - 70
そうですか、ほんとうにのびればのびるものですね。
Is that so? It really does grow when it starts growing, doesn't it?
そうsoですisか、question本reallyとうreallyにreallyのびれgrowsばwhenのびるgrowsものindeedですisね。right?
- 人口
- population
- 二十
- 20
- 五百
- 500
- ふえる
- to increase (v.i.)
- ビール
- beer
- のびる
- to grow tall, grow long, stretch
Stating regular time intervals · Pattern 3 1 of 2
Every half-hour
*この電車は 三十分おきに 出ます* means "This streetcar leaves every half-hour."
*おきに* marks the measured interval. The duration stands before it.
Intervals of distance
*二メートルおきに 木が うえてあります* means "Trees have been planted every two meters."
The measure can state distance as well as time. The same pattern covers minutes, years, weeks, hours, and meters.
- 71
このでんしゃはさんじゅっぷんおきにでます。
This streetcar leaves every half-hour.
このthis電車streetcarはtopic三十thirty minutes分thirty minutesおきintervalにevery出leaveます。polite - 72
さんじゅっぷんおきにバスがここをとおります。
A bus passes here every thirty minutes.
三十thirty minutes分thirty minutesおきintervalにeveryバスbusがsubjectここhereをthrough通りpassます。polite - 73
あのひとはいちねんおきにあたらしいくるまをかいます。
That person buys a new car every year.
あのthat人personはtopic一one year年one yearおきintervalにevery新しいnew車carをobject買いbuyます。polite - 74
わたくしはいっしゅうかんおきにともだちにてがみをだします。
I send a letter to my friend every week.
私Iはtopic一one week週間one weekおきintervalにevery友だちfriendにto手紙letterをobject出しsendます。polite - 75
いちじかんおきにじゅっぷんのきゅうけいがあります。
There is a ten-minute break every hour.
一one hour時間one hourおきintervalにevery十ten minutes分ten minutesのofきゅうけいbreakがsubjectありthere isます。polite - 76
にメートルおきにきがうえてあります。
Trees have been planted every two meters.
二twoメートルmetersおきintervalにevery木treesがsubjectうえhave been plantedてhave been plantedありhave been plantedます。polite
- 三十
- 30
- ここ
- here
- 通り
- street
- きゅうけい
- recess
- メートル
- meter
- 木
- tree, wood
Asking about regular intervals · Pattern 3 2 of 2
Dates at an interval
*一日から 十日まで、一日おきに 言ってください* asks for every other date from the first through the tenth.
The answer gives *一日、三日、五日、七日、九日*. It leaves one date between each stated date.
Correcting an interval
*このバスは 一時間おきに、ここを 通るのですか* asks whether the bus passes every hour.
*いいえ、三十分おきに ここを 通ります* answers that it passes every thirty minutes. The answer replaces the proposed interval.
- 77
ついたちからとおかまで、いちにちおきにいってください。
Please say every other date from the first through the tenth.
一first日firstからfrom十tenth日tenthまで、through一one day日one dayおきevery otherにeach言っsayてpleaseください。please - 78
はい、ついたち、みっか、いつか、なのか、ここのか
Yes, the first, third, fifth, seventh, and ninth.
はい、yes一日、first三third日、third五fifth日、fifth七seventh日、seventh九ninth日ninth - 79
まいねんあたらしいくるまをかうのですか。
Do you buy a new car every year?
毎年every year新しいnew車carをobject買うbuyのthatですisか。question - 80
いいえ、たいていにねんおきぐらいにかいます。
No, I usually buy one about every two years.
いいえ、no大抵usually二two years年two yearsおきintervalぐらいaboutにevery買いbuyます。polite - 81
このバスはいちじかんおきに、ここをとおるのですか。
Does this bus pass here every hour?
このthisバスbusはtopic一one hour時間one hourおきintervalに、everyここhereをthrough通るpassのthatですisか。question - 82
いいえ、さんじゅっぷんおきにここをとおります。
No, it passes here every thirty minutes.
いいえ、no三十thirty minutes分thirty minutesおきintervalにeveryここhereをthrough通りpassます。polite
- まで、
- as far as, to (See Gram. Notes)
- ください。
- please give me (See Gram. Notes)
- 一日、
- first day of the month (See Grammar Notes)
- 九
- nine
- 毎年
- every year (See Grammar Notes)
- 買う
- to buy
- 通る
- to pass
Pairing people, skills and places · Pattern 4 1 of 2
Both people are included
*男の人も 居れば 女の人も 居ます* means "There are both men and women."
Each noun takes *も*, and the first verb *居れば* takes the BA-form.
Abilities, activities, and places
*モンテレーは 海にも近ければ 山にも近い* means "Monterey is close to both the ocean and the mountains."
The same pattern includes two abilities, activities, or qualities. Particles such as *に* stand before *も*.
- 83
おとこのひともいればおんなのひともいます。
There are both men and women.
男manのman人manもalso居れthere areばand女womanのwoman人womanもalso居there areます。polite - 84
てもながければあしもながい。
Both hands and legs are long.
手handsもalso長けれare longばand足legsもalso長い。are long - 85
わたくしはぎゅうにくもたべればさかなもたべます。
I eat both beef and fish.
私Iはtopic牛肉beefもalso食べれeatばandさかなfishもalso食べeatます。polite - 86
あのひとはにほんごもできればえいごもできます。
That person can speak both Japanese and English.
あのthat人personはtopic日本Japanese語Japaneseもalso出来れcan speakばand英語Englishもalso出来can speakます。polite - 87
あのひとはゴルフもやればテニスもやります。
That person plays both golf and tennis.
あのthat人personはtopicゴルフgolfもalsoやれplayばandテニスtennisもalsoやりplayます。polite - 88
あのせいとはかくのもおそければはなすのもおそいです。
That student is slow both at writing and at speaking.
あのthat生徒studentはtopic書くwritingのwritingもalsoおそけれis slowばand話すspeakingのspeakingもalsoおそいslowです。is - 89
モンテレーはうみにもちかければやまにもちかい。
Monterey is close to both the ocean and the mountains.
モンテレーMontereyはtopic海oceanにtoもalso近けれis closeばand山mountainsにtoもalso近い。is close
- ゴルフ
- golf
- テニス
- tennis
- おそい
- be late
- モンテレー
- Monterey
- 海
- sea, ocean
- 山
- mountain
Saying both options are included · Pattern 4 2 of 2
More than one group
*いいえ、りく軍の生徒も居れば 海軍の生徒も居ます* means "No, there are both Army students and Navy students."
It answers a question that asks whether the school has only Army students.
The *も* and BA-form pattern corrects the assumption that only one option applies.
More than one skill
*いいえ、読み方も教えれば 書き方も教えます* means "No, it teaches both reading and writing."
The same pattern replaces an assumption of speaking alone with two included skills.
- 90
このがっこうにはりくぐんのせいとしかいないのですか。
Are there only Army students at this school?
このthis学校schoolにatはtopicりくArmy軍Armyの's生徒studentsしかonly居there areないnotのthatですisか。question - 91
いいえ、りくぐんのせいともいればかいぐんのせいともいます。
No, there are both Army students and Navy students.
いいえ、noりくArmy軍Armyの's生徒studentsもalso居れthere areばand海軍Navyの's生徒studentsもalso居there areます。polite - 92
このがっこうでははなしかたしかおしえないのですか。
Does this school teach only speaking?
このthis学校schoolでatはtopic話しspeaking方speakingしかonly教えteachないnotのthatですisか。question - 93
いいえ、よみかたもおしえればかきかたもおしえます。
No, it teaches both reading and writing.
いいえ、no読みreading方readingもalso教えれteachばand書きwriting方writingもalso教えteachます。polite - 94
あなたのいえはがっこうにもちかければ、みせにもちかいので、べんりですね。
Your house is close to both the school and the stores, so it is convenient, isn’t it?
あなたyouの's家houseはtopic学校schoolにtoもalso近けれis closeば、and店storesにtoもalso近いcloseのbecauseで、because便利convenientですisね。right? - 95
ええ、がっこうへあるいていくこともできれば、みせへあるいていくこともできます。
Yes, I can walk both to the school and to the stores.
ええ、yes学校schoolへtoward歩いwalkてwalk行くgo事doing soもalso出来れcanば、and店storesへtoward歩いwalkてwalk行くgo事doing soもalso出来canます。polite
- 軍
- army, military
- 店
- store, shop
- 近い
- near, close
Railways serving Tokyo · Reading Selection 1 of 3
Railways and Tokyo transportation
The passage presents railways as especially important in Japan. *鉄道は日本の交通上一番大切なものであって* says they are the most important means of transportation.
The *上* in *交通上* gives the transportation standpoint.
National and private systems
*東京には国鉄、国電の外に 私鉄が十本いじょうあります* says Tokyo has over ten private lines besides the two national systems.
*私鉄* again names private railway lines. The passage describes Tokyo rail traffic as *ひんぱん*, "frequent" or "busy".
- 96
てつどうはにほんのこうつうじょういちばんたいせつなものであって、
Railways are the most important means of transportation in Japan, and
鉄道railwaysはtopic日本Japanの's交通transportation上standpoint一番most大切importantなimportantものmeansでisあっisて、and - 97
にほんぐらいてつどうをりようしているくにはあまりありません。
There are few countries that use railways as much as Japan does.
日本Japanぐらいas much as鉄道railwaysをobject利用useしdoてare usingいるare using国countriesはtopicあまりmanyありthere areませpoliteん。not - 98
ことに
In particular,
ことin particularにin particular - 99
とうきょうのこうつうはひんぱんです。
rail traffic in Tokyo is frequent.
東京Tokyoの's交通rail trafficはtopicひんぱんfrequentです。is - 100
とうきょうにはこくてつ、こくでんのほかに
In Tokyo, besides the National Railways and the National Electric Railways,
東京Tokyoにinはtopic国鉄、National Railways国電National Electric Railwaysのof外besidesにin addition - 101
してつがじゅっぽんいじょうあります。
there are more than ten private railway lines.
私鉄private railway linesがsubject十ten本linesいじょうmore thanありthere areます。polite
- 国
- country, nation
- 国鉄、
- National Railways
- 国電
- National Railway Electric Train (See Cultural Notes)
Tokyo railways and routes · Reading Selection 2 of 3
Routes to different regions
The passage includes trains from Tokyo to Kansai and trains to Tohoku and the Japan Sea side.
*国鉄には東京からかん西地方に行くのも あれば東北地方、うら日本などに行くのもあります* uses the pattern for two included destinations.
The Yamate loop
*おもなのは山手線* identifies the Yamate Line as the main National Electric Railway line.
It leaves Shinagawa, passes through Ueno, Ikebukuro, Shinjuku, Shibuya, and Meguro, then returns to Shinagawa. This is the *国電* loop.
Kanji: 下
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 102
またこれらのほかにとでん、ちかてつ
Besides these, there are also the municipal streetcars and the subway.
又alsoこれtheseらtheseのof外besidesにin addition都電、municipal streetcars地下subway鉄subway - 103
こくてつにはとうきょうからかんさいちほうにいくのも
On the National Railways, there are trains that go from Tokyo to the Kansai region,
国鉄National Railwaysにonはtopic東京TokyoからfromかんKansai西Kansai地方regionにto行くgoのonesもalso - 104
あればとうほくちほう、うらにほんなどにいくのもあります。
and there are also trains that go to the Tohoku region, the Japan Sea side of Japan, and other places.
あれthere areばand東北Tohoku地方、regionうらJapan Sea side日本Japan Sea sideなどand othersにto行くgoのonesもalsoありthere areます。polite - 105
こくでんの
Of the National Electric Railway lines,
国電National Electric Railwaysのof - 106
おもなのはやまてせんで、それはしながわえきをでて、うえの、いけぶくろ、
the main one is the Yamanote Line, which leaves Shinagawa Station and goes through Ueno and Ikebukuro,
おもなmainのoneはtopic山手Yamanote Line線Yamanote Lineで、isそれitはtopic品川Shinagawa Station駅Shinagawa Stationをobject出leavesて、leaves上Uenoの、UenoいけIkebukuroぶくろ、Ikebukuro - 107
しんじゅく、しぶや、めぐろをとおってまたしながわえきにかえります。
then passes through Shinjuku, Shibuya, and Meguro and returns to Shinagawa Station.
新Shinjukuじゅく、Shinjukuしぶや、Shibuya目MeguroぐろMeguroをobject通っpasses throughてpasses through又then品川Shinagawa Station駅Shinagawa Stationにto帰りreturnsます。polite
- 鉄
- steel, iron
Inbound and outbound trains · Reading Selection 3 of 3
Toward and away from Tokyo
*大たいに東京に来るのが上りで、東京を出て行くのが下り* says trains toward Tokyo are generally *上り*. Trains leaving Tokyo are *下り*.
The direction determines whether the train is *上り* or *下り*.
Direction on a branch line
*かん線にむかって行く* describes movement toward a main line. *のが上りで、そこからはんたいの方にむかって行くのが下りです* contrasts the two directions.
A branch train moving toward a main trunk line is *上り*. One moving away is *下り*.
The passage also says trains leave about every three to six minutes, using *おき* for the interval.
- 108
このせんではでんしゃはさんぷんからろっぷんおきぐらいにでます。
On this line, trains depart about every three to six minutes.
このthis線lineでonはtopic電車trainsはtopic三three分minutesからfrom六six分minutesおきeveryぐらいaboutにat出departます。polite - 109
こくてつのれっしゃでは、のぼり、くだりということばをつかって
On National Railway trains, the terms “inbound” and “outbound” are used,
国鉄National Railwaysの'sれtrainsっtrains車trainsでonは、topic上り、inbound下りoutboundとquote言うcalled言葉termsをobject使っare usedてare used - 110
いますが、だいたいにとうきょうにくるのがのぼりで、とうきょうをでていくのがくだり
and generally, trains coming to Tokyo are inbound, while trains leaving Tokyo are outbound.
いare usedますare usedが、and大たいgenerallyにgenerally東京Tokyoにto来るcomeのonesがsubject上りinboundで、while東京Tokyoをobject出leaveてleave行くleaveのonesがsubject下りoutbound - 111
です。
That is how it is.
です。is - 112
とうきょうにむかってはしらないれっしゃでは、かんせんにむかっていく
For trains that do not run toward Tokyo, those going toward the main line
東京Tokyoにtowardむかっtowardてtoward走らrunないnotれtrainsっtrains車trainsでwithは、topicかん線main lineにtowardむかっtowardてtoward行くgoing - 113
のがのぼりで、そこからはんたいのほうにむかっていくのがくだりです。
are inbound, and those going in the opposite direction from there are outbound.
のthoseがsubject上りinboundで、areそこthereからfromはんたいoppositeのof方directionにtowardむかっtowardてtoward行くgoingのthoseがsubject下りoutboundです。is
- 上り、
- up train (See Cultural Notes)
- 下り
- down train (See Cultural Notes)
- かん線
- trunk line
Japan's railway network · Questions 1 of 2
Japan's railway network
The questions ask why railways matter and which national, electric, and private systems serve Tokyo.
*鉄道は 日本の交通上 どんなものですか* asks what railways are from Japan's transportation standpoint. An answer identifies them as the most important means.
*国電の おもなものは どの線ですか* asks for the main line. An answer names the Yamate Line.
- 114
などもあります
There are also such things.
などsuch thingsもalsoありexistますpolite - 115
てつどうはにほんのこうつうじょうどんなものですか。
What are railways in terms of transportation in Japan?
鉄道railwaysはtopic日本Japanの's交通transportation上in terms ofどんなwhat kindものthingsですisか。question - 116
にほんぐらいてつどうをりようしているくにはあまりありませんか。
Are there few countries that use railways as much as Japan does?
日本Japanぐらいas much as鉄道railwaysをobject利用useしuseてuseいるuse国countriesはtopicあまりmanyありexistませnot, politeんnot, politeか。question - 117
とうきょうではこくてつ、こくでんのほかにどんなてつどうがはしっていますか。
Besides the National Railways and the National Electric Railways, what kinds of railways operate in Tokyo?
東京Tokyoでinはtopic国鉄、National Railways国電National Electric Railwaysのof外besidesにin additionどんなwhat kinds鉄道railwaysがsubject走っoperateてoperateいoperateますoperateか。question - 118
こくてつにはどんなのがありますか。
What kinds of lines does the National Railways have?
国鉄National Railwaysにtoはtopicどんなwhat kindsのonesがsubjectありexistますpoliteか。question - 119
こくでんのおもなものはどのせんですか。
Which is the main National Electric Railway line?
国電National Electric Railwaysの'sおもなmainものoneはtopicどのwhich線lineですisか。question
- どんな
- what kind of; what sort of
- どの
- which (pre-substantive) (See Notes)
Railway routes and directions · Questions 2 of 2
Routes, intervals, and directions
The questions ask about the Yamate route, its departure interval, and the distinction between *上り* and *下り* trains.
*山手線の電車は 何分おきぐらいに 出ますか* asks about the interval. An answer gives about three to six minutes.
Other answers state the route's endpoints and distinguish movement toward Tokyo or a trunk line from movement away.
- 120
やまてせんはどこからでて、どこにつきますか。
Where does the Yamanote Line leave from, and where does it arrive?
山手Yamanote Line線Yamanote Lineはtopicどこwhereからfrom出leaveて、leaveどこwhereにto着きarriveますpoliteか。question - 121
とちゅうどこをとおりますか。
Where does it pass along the way?
とalong the way中along the wayどこwhereをobject通りpassますpoliteか。question - 122
やまてせんのでんしゃはなんぷんおきぐらいにでますか。
About how many minutes apart do trains on the Yamanote Line depart?
山手Yamanote Line線Yamanote Lineの's電車trainsはtopic何分how many minutesおきeveryぐらいaboutにat出departますpoliteか。question - 123
のぼりれっしゃというのは、どんなれっしゃですか。
What kind of train is called an inbound train?
上りinboundれtrainっtrain車trainとquote言うcalledのoneは、topicどんなwhat kindれtrainっtrain車trainですisか。question - 124
くだりれっしゃはどんなれっしゃですか。
What kind of train is an outbound train?
下りれoutbound trainっoutbound train車outbound trainはtopicどんなwhat kindれtrainっtrain車trainですisか。question - 125
とうきょうにむかってはしらないれっしゃではどうですか。
What about trains that do not run toward Tokyo?
東京Tokyoにtowardむかっtowardてtoward走らrunないnotれtrainsっtrains車trainsでwithはtopicどうwhat aboutですisか。question
- 上り
- up train (See Cultural Notes)
Railway directions and line names · Word list 1 of 4
Railway lines and movement
These words name Tokyo railway systems, routes, compass directions, and movement.
*国鉄* means "National Railways". *西* means "west", and *よこぎる* means "to traverse" or "to cross".
- 126
こくてつ
National Railways
国鉄National Railways - 127
さそくつうこう
left-side traffic
さそく通行left-side traffic - 128
せん
line
線line - 129
やまてせん
Yamate Line (Tokyo Loop Line)
山手線Yamanote Line - 130
きた
north
北north - 131
にし
west
西west - 132
みなみ
south
南south - 133
ひとまわりする
to go around once
一まわりするgo around once - 134
ちゅうおうせん
Chuuoosen Line
中おう線Chuo Line - 135
よこぎる
to traverse, cross
よこぎるcross - 136
いっしょになる
to come together
一緒になるcome together
- さそく通行
- left-side traffic
- 山手線
- Yamate Line (Tokyo Loop Line)
- 一まわりする
- to go around once
- 中おう線
- Chuuoosen Line
- よこぎる
- to traverse, cross
- 一緒になる
- to come together
Regional and private railway words · Word list 2 of 4
Regions, railways, and viewpoint
These words cover regions, private railways, emphatic quantity, and the transportation point of view.
*東北地方* means "northeast region". *私鉄* means "private railway line", and *交通上* means "from a transportation standpoint".
- 137
ちほう
country, region
地方region - 138
りようする
to utilize, take advantage
利用するmake use of - 139
とうほくちほう
northeast region
東北地方northeast region - 140
うらにほん
backside of Japan along the Sea of Japan
うら日本Sea of Japan side - 141
ひがし
east
東east - 142
かんさいちほう
Kansai region (Kyoto, Osaka, Kobe, Nara area)
かん西地方Kansai region - 143
してつ
private railway line
私鉄private railway line - 144
あればあるものです
there surely are many (See Grammar Notes)
あればあるものですsurely many exist - 145
なにしろ
at any rate, in any case
何しろat any rate - 146
こうつうじょう
from a transportation standpoint (See Grammar Notes)
交通上transportation standpoint - 147
ダイヤ
diagram for running trains
ダイヤtrain schedule
- 利用する
- to utilize, take advantage
- 東北地方
- northeast region
- うら日本
- backside of Japan along the Sea of Japan
- かん西地方
- Kansai region (Kyoto, Osaka, Kobe, Nara area)
- あればあるものです
- there surely are many (See Grammar Notes)
- 交通上
- from a transportation standpoint (See Grammar Notes)
Words for railway traffic · Word list 3 of 4
Railway traffic and direction
These words cover railway frequency, regular intervals, and inbound and outbound directions.
*ひんぱん* means "frequent" or "busy". *上り* means "up train", and *下り* means "down train".
- 148
つめる
to cram, pack, crowd
つめるpack - 149
ホーム
platform
ホームplatform - 150
--おき
at intervals of ---, every --- (See Grammar Notes)
--おきat intervals - 151
ひんぱん
frequent, busy
ひんぱんfrequent - 152
だいたいに
generally speaking
大たいにgenerally speaking - 153
のぼり
up train (See Cultural Notes)
上りinbound train - 154
くだり
down train (See Cultural Notes)
下りoutbound train - 155
むかって
toward, facing toward
むかってtoward - 156
かんせん
trunk line
かん線trunk line - 157
はんたいのほう
opposite direction
はんたいの方opposite direction - 158
とうりゅうする
to stay, sojourn
とうりゅうするstay
- つめる
- to cram, pack, crowd
- --おき
- at intervals of ---, every --- (See Grammar Notes)
- 大たいに
- generally speaking
- むかって
- toward, facing toward
- はんたいの方
- opposite direction
- とうりゅうする
- to stay, sojourn
Travel, sightseeing and convenience · Word list 4 of 4
Travel, direction, and access
These lines cover travel plans, train directions, and access to two places or railway systems.
*大たいに 東京に来る れっ車を 上りと 言い、東京を 出て行くのを 下りと 言います* identifies trains coming to and leaving Tokyo.
*一週間ぐらい とまる つもりです* means "I intend to stay about a week." *大さかは 京都にも近ければ ならにも近いし、よい所です* says Osaka is close to both Kyoto and Nara.
Kanji: 物
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 159
とまる
to lodge, stay
とまるstay - 160
けんぶつ(する)
sightseeing (to do sightseeing)
見物(する)sightseeing - 161
--にもちかければ
It is close both to -- and -- (See Grammar Notes)
--にも近ければclose to both - 162
だいたいにとうきょうにくるれっしゃをのぼりといい、とうきょうをでていくのをくだりといいます。
In general, trains that come to Tokyo are up trains and those that leave Tokyo are down trains.
大たいに東京に来るれっ車を上りと言い、東京を出て行くのを下りと言います。Tokyo-bound trains go up - 163
とうきょうにむかってはしらないれっしゃはたいせつなかんせんのほうにいくのがのぼりで、そのはんたいのほうにいくのがくだりです。
As for trains that do not run toward Tokyo, those that run toward important truck lines are up trains and those that run in opposite directions are down trains.
東京にむかって走らないれっ車は大切なかん線の方に行くのが上りで、そのはんたいの方に行くのが下りです。main-line-bound trains go up - 164
なんにちぐらいおおさかにとうりゅうなさるつもりですか。
About how many days are you planning to stay in Osaka?
何日ぐらい大さかにとうりゅうなさるつもりですか。planning Osaka stay - 165
いっしゅうかんぐらいとまるつもりです。おおさかをけんぶつしたいとおもっています。
I intend to stay about a week. I am hoping to sightsee in Osaka.
一週間ぐらいとまるつもりです。大さかを見物したいと思っています。weeklong Osaka sightseeing - 166
とうきょうにはこくてつもあればしてつもあるし、こうつうはたいへんべんりです。
There are both National Railways and private railways in Tokyo and so transportation is very convenient.
東京には国鉄もあれば私鉄もあるし、交通は大変便利です。Tokyo transportation is convenient - 167
おおさかはきょうとにもちかければならにもちかいし、よいところです。
Osaka is close both to Kyoto and to Nara, and it is a good place.
大さかは京都にも近ければならにも近いし、よい所です。Osaka is conveniently located
Guide for Free Conversation
1 Look at the railway sketch on page 140 and talk about it.
2 Talk about the National Railways and the National Electric Railways.
3 Differentiate Nobori ressha and Kudari ressha.Homework
1 Memorize the Dialogue and study the vocabulary.
2 Study the Pattern Drills.
3 Learn to read and write the new kanji.
4 Read the Explanatory Notes.
5 Use the guide given for practice in free conversation.- とまる
- to stop
- 見物(する)
- sightseeing (to do sightseeing)
- --にも近ければ
- It is close both to -- and -- (See Grammar Notes)
- 大たいに東京に来るれっ車を上りと言い、東京を出て行くのを下りと言います。
- In general, trains that come to Tokyo are up trains and those that leave Tokyo are down trains.
- 東京にむかって走らないれっ車は大切なかん線の方に行くのが上りで、そのはんたいの方に行くのが下りです。
- As for trains that do not run toward Tokyo, those that run toward important truck lines are up trains and those that run in opposite directions are down trains.
- 何日ぐらい大さかにとうりゅうなさるつもりですか。
- About how many days are you planning to stay in Osaka?
- 一週間ぐらいとまるつもりです。大さかを見物したいと思っています。
- I intend to stay about a week. I am hoping to sightsee in Osaka.
- 東京には国鉄もあれば私鉄もあるし、交通は大変便利です。
- There are both National Railways and private railways in Tokyo and so transportation is very convenient.
- 大さかは京都にも近ければならにも近いし、よい所です。
- Osaka is close both to Kyoto and to Nara, and it is a good place.
The particulars
- The course
- Defense Language Institute, Japanese Basic Course, 1967 to 1971. Public domain. The teaching pages and the narration are ours.
- Reading aloud
- Digital narration, directed by 1732 Studios.
- The book
- Botchan, the work this course leads to, free to read here.
- Data
- JSON · Markdown · A guide for agents