Japanese Basic Course 1732 Studios

Japanese · Lesson 61

Lesson 61

Kanji and everyday Japanese

167 lines

Tokyo's circular railway routes · Dialogue 1 of 3

The electric trains of Tokyo

A speaker describes Tokyo rail travel. *国電には 線が 沢山 ありますが、まず山手線 について 話しましょう* means "There are many National Electric Railway lines, but first I will discuss the Yamate Line."

*国電* is short for *KOKUTETSU DENSHA*. Seven lines run around Tokyo.

The *山手線* returns to *品川駅*. The *中おう線* crosses the center and runs west to *高お*.

Actions along the route

*山手線は 品川駅を出て、北に行き、上のを 通ってから 西に走り、いけぶくろに 出ます* traces successive movements from Shinagawa to Ikebukuro.

In that line, *行き* and *走り* link actions without another TE-form.

Kanji: 線, 北, 南, 品

New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.

Kanji: 御, 東, 西

New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.

Kanji: 上

New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.

  1. 1

    とうきょうのこおつうについてはなしてくださいませんか。さそくつうこうにはもうなれましたが、こくでん、こくてつなどについて。

    Won't you please talk a little about transportation in Tokyo? I am already accustomed to left-side traffic, but please talk about the National Electric Railways and the National Railways.

    東京Tokyo
    の's
    交通transportation
    にabout
    ついabout
    てabout
    話しtalk
    てplease
    くださいplease
    ませnot, polite
    んnot, polite
    か。question
    さそleft-side
    くleft-side
    通行traffic
    にto
    はtopic
    もうalready
    なれaccustomed
    ましpolite
    たpast
    が、but
    国電、National Electric Railways
    国鉄National Railways
    などand so forth
    にabout
    ついabout
    て。about
  2. 2

    こくでんにはせんがたくさんありますが、まずやまてせんについてはなしましょう。

    There are many lines in the National Electric Railways, but first of all, I'll talk about the Yamate Line.

  3. 3

    ええ、どうぞ。

    Yes, please.

  4. 4

    やまてせんはしながわえきをでて、きたにいき、うえのをとおってからにしにはしり、いけぶくろにでます。そこからみなみにはしり、しんじゅく、しぶや、めぐろをとおってまたしながわえきにかえります。

    The Yamate Line starts from Shinagawa station and runs north and after passing through Ueno, it runs west and comes out at Ikebukuro. From there it runs south and after passing through Shinjuku, Shibuya, Meguro, it again returns to Shinagawa station.

  5. 5

    では、やまてせんというのはとうきょうをひとまわりしているのですね。

    Then the Yamate Line loops once around Tokyo, doesn't it?

  6. 6

    そうです。そしてそのまんなかをちゅうおうせんがよこぎっています。よよぎでやまてせんといっしょになって、そこからにしにはしってたかおまでいきます。

    That's right. And right through the center, the Chuuoo Line crosses. It comes together with the Yamate Line at Yoyogi and from there it runs west and goes to Takao.

1 Second base or Continuative

The TE-form of verbs is usually used in continuing a statement, but when too many TE-forms run together, the second base (MASU form without MASU), which has the continuative function in literary style, is sometimes used.

Examples:

ASAKUSA O TOOTTE KARA NISHI NI HASHIRI --- After passing through ASAKUSA, it runs west and ---.

KYOO WA SAKANA O TABE, ASU WA GYUUNIKU O TABEMASU. I'll eat fish today and beef tomorrow.

ARU TOKI WA HITORI DE BENKYOO SHI MATA ARU TOKI WA MINNA TO ISSHO NI BENKYOO SHIMASHITA. I studied by myself at one time, and at another time I studied with everybody.
AREBA ARU MONO DESU

The BA-form (conditional form) of verbs + the basic form of the same verb + MONO DESU expresses the idea of a very emphatic ARU and can be translated as "There surely are many."

Examples:

TABEREBA TABERU MONO DESU. He surely eats a lot.

NOMEBA NOMU MONO DESU NE. He surely drinks, doesn't he?

FUREBA FURU MONO DESU NE. It surely rains a lot, doesn't it?

NEREBA NERU MONO DESU NE. He surely sleeps, doesn't he?
--OKI NI

OKI NI which literally means 'putting aside' is used to denote intervals of time or space and can best be translated 'every ---,' 'at intervals of ---.'

Examples:

ICHI NICHI OKI NI. 'every other day' or 'one day apart'

FUTSUKA OKI NI 'every third day' or 'two days apart'

ICHIJIKAN OKI NI 'every other hour' or 'at intervals of one hour'

ICHIMAIRU OKI NI 'every other mile' or 'at intervals of one mile' or 'one mile apart'

ISSHUUKAN OKI NI 'every other week,' 'one week apart,' or 'at intervals of one week'
--MO AREBA -- MO ARU 'there are both -- and --'

The sentence pattern 'noun MO + BA-form (conditional form) of verbs + noun MO + basic form (both polite and non-polite) of the same verb' expresses the idea of 'one does both --- and ---' or 'there are both --- and ---.'

Examples:

HON MO AREBA KAMI MO ARIMASU. There are both books and papers.

SAKANA MO TABEREBA NIKU MO TABERU. I eat both fish and meat.

NIHONGO MO HANASEBA EIGO MO HANASU. He speaks both Japanese and English.

The sentence pattern 'noun MO + BA-form (conditional form) of I-adjectives + noun MO + basic form (both polite and non-polite forms) of the same adjective or other adjectives' expresses the idea of 'both are ---.'

Note: Depending upon the sentence, sometimes such particles as NI, E, etc., are inserted between the noun and MO.

Examples:

KYOOTO MO CHIKAKEREBA, NARA MO CHIKAI. Both Kyoto and Nara are close.

KYOOTO NI MO CHIKAKEREBA, NARA NI MO CHIKAI. It is close both to Kyoto and to Nara.

ANO SEITO WA KAKU NO MO MAZUKEREBA, YOMU NO MO MAZUI. He is poor in both writing and reading.

ANO ONNA NO HITO WA ATAMA MO YOKEREBA, KAO MO KIREI DESU. She is both smart and beautiful.
KOOTSUUJOO

Following some compound nouns, JOO expresses the idea of 'from the standpoint of ---' or 'from --- point of view.'

Examples:

KOOTSUUJOO 'from the point of view of transportation'

KENKOOJOO 'from the standpoint of health'

KYOOIKUJOO 'from an educational point of view'

SHOOGYOOJOO 'so far as commerce is concerned'
NOBORI versus KUDARI

Trains of the main trunk line that leave Tokyo

station for Osaka, Kyuushuu area and those that leave Ueno station for Niigata, Nagano, Hokkaido area are called KUDARI, and conversely trains that head toward Tokyo and Ueno stations are called NOBORI.

Branch line trains that move toward main trunk lines are NOBORI, and those that move away are KUDARI.

Ordinarily, NOBORI trains are given even numbers and KUDARI trains are given odd numbers. However, there are exceptions to this.
SHITETSU

Besides the National Railways and the National Electric Railways there are many private lines that run thru Tokyo. The names of some of them are: KEIHIN KYUUKOO DENTETSU, TOKYO KYUUKOO DENTETSU, ODAKYUU DENTETSU, SEIBU TETSUDOO, TOOBU TETSUDOO, KEIOO TEITO DENTETSU, etc.
KOKUDEN

KOKUDEN is an abbreviated form of KOKUTETSU DENSHA. There are seven lines around the Tokyo area. They are the YAMATE line (from SHINAGAWA TO SHINAGAWA), the CHUUOO line (Tokyo to Takao), the KEIHIN-TOOHOKUSEN (Oomiya to Isogo), the NANBU line (Kawasaki to Tachikawa), the SOOMU line (Ocha-no-mizu to Chiba), the JOOBAN line (Ueno to Toride), the TSURUMI line (Tsurumi to Oogimachi).

There are four lines around Osaka. They are the TOOKAIDOO main line (Kyoto to Nishi-Akashi), the OSAKA loop line (Osaka to Osaka), the KATAMACHI line (Nagao to Katamachi), and the HANWA line (Tennooji to Higashi-Wakayama).
の
See Grammar Notes
交通
traffic, transportation
に
on (See Gram. Notes)
ください
please give me (See Gram. Notes)
か。
either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)
は
leaves
もう
already (See Gram. Notes)
が、
but (See Gram. Notes)
国電、
National Railway Electric Train (See Cultural Notes)
国鉄
National Railways
など
and so forth, etc.
線
line
ます
trout
まず
first, first of all
ましょう。
let's (See Gram. Notes)
ええ、
Yes
駅
railroad station
を
particle denoting direct object (See Pattern Drill)
北
north
から
from (See Gram. Notes)
西
west
そこ
there
南
south
で
--is and -- (See Grammar Notes)
と
and (See Gram. Notes)
言う
to say
一
one
し
city
いる
to need (See Gram. Notes)
です
to be (See Gram. Notes)
ね。
isn't it (See Grammar Notes)
そう
numerical counter for ships
まん中
center, middle
まで
as far as, to (See Gram. Notes)

Regional trains and busy railways · Dialogue 2 of 3

Private railways in Tokyo

The speakers compare national and private rail travel. *国鉄の外に 私鉄が 十本いじょう あります* means "Besides the National Railways, there are over ten private railway lines."

*私鉄* means "private railway line". Tokyo has many such lines besides the National Railways and National Electric Railways.

*あれば あるものですね* reacts to that number with "There surely are many."

Important for transportation

*鉄道は 日本の交通上 一番大切なものです* says railways are the most important thing from the standpoint of Japanese transportation.

*上* follows some compound nouns and means "from the standpoint of". *交通上* means "from a transportation standpoint".

*三分おきぐらいに 電車が 出ます* says trains leave about every three minutes. *おき* marks the interval.

Kanji: 立

New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.

Kanji: 私

New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.

  1. 7

    ちほおにりょこうしたいときには、こくてつをりようするのですね。

    When you want to travel to the country, you utilize the National Railways, don't you?

  2. 8

    ええ、とうほくちほお、うらにほん、またはひがしのほうにいくれっしゃはたいていうえのからでます。かんさいちほおにいくれっしゃはとうきょうえきからでます。こくてつのほかにしてつがじゅっぽんいじょうあります。

    Yes. Trains that go to the northeast region, the back side of Japan along the Sea of Japan or to the east, usually leave from Ueno. Trains that go to the Kansai region leave from Tokyo Station. Besides the National Railways, there are over ten private railway lines.

  3. 9

    へえ、あればあるものですね。

    Is that so? There surely are many, aren't there?

  4. 10

    なにしろてつどおはにほんのこおつうじょういちばんたいせつなものですからね。それでダイヤもつめてあります。

    At any rate, railways are most important from the standpoint of Japanese transportation, you see. So the diagrams for running trains are crammed.

  5. 11

    とうきょうえきのホームにたっていると、でんしゃがまいふんいくほんもついたり、でたりしていますね。

    If you stand on the platform of Tokyo station, you'll see many electric trains arriving and leaving every minute, isn't that right?

  6. 12

    やまてせんでは、ひるまはさんぷんおきぐらいにでんしゃがでます。そのほかのせんもありますから、こおつうはじつにひんぱんです。

    On the Yamate Line, trains leave about every three minutes during daytime. Since there are other lines, traffic is really busy (frequent).

地方
country, region
時
time
は、
leaves
うら
back, reverse side
東
east
車
vehicle, car
ます。
trout
私鉄
private railway line
が
but (See Gram. Notes)
十
ten
本
numerical counter for counting long slender objects (See Notes)
いじょう
more than
ある
certain, some
もの
things (tangible)
何しろ
at any rate, in any case
鉄道
railway, railroad
一番
number one (See Grammar Notes)
ダイヤ
diagram for running trains
ホーム
platform
と、
and (See Gram. Notes)
電車
streetcar, electric train
昼間
daytime
三
three
分
minute
ぐらい
about
ひんぱん
frequent, busy

Railway lines and endpoints · Dialogue 3 of 3

Lines and endpoints

The principal National Electric Railway lines are identified by their endpoints. *山手線* runs from *品川* back to *品川*.

The repeated endpoint marks a loop. *中央線* runs from *東京* to *高尾*.

*常磐線* runs from *上野* to *取手*.

  1. 13

    やまてせん—しながわ→しながわ

    Yamate Line—Shinagawa to Shinagawa.

  2. 14

    ちゅうおうせん—とうきょう→たかお

    Chuo Line—Tokyo to Takao.

  3. 15

    けいひんとうほくせん—おおみや→いそご

    Keihin-Tohoku Line—Omiya to Isogo.

  4. 16

    なんぶせん—かわさき→たちかわ

    Nambu Line—Kawasaki to Tachikawa.

  5. 17

    そうぶせん—おちゃのみず→ちば

    Sobu Line—Ochanomizu to Chiba.

  6. 18

    じょうばんせん—うえの→とりで

    Joban Line—Ueno to Toride.

線—
line

Linking actions and settings · Perception drill, Block 1

Actions in one route

*うえのを 通ってから 西に走り、いけぶくろに 出ます* means "It passes through Ueno, runs west, and comes out at Ikebukuro."

The TE-form usually continues a statement. Here, *走り* is the second base, the polite form without *ます*, and links the last two actions.

This use sometimes replaces repeated TE-forms and has a literary style.

Different settings in one sentence

*ジョンズさんは 家では英語を話し、学校では 日本語を話します* means "Mr. Jones speaks English at home and Japanese at school."

The second base *話し* links contrasting settings. The final verb *話します* completes the sentence and supplies the polite ending.

  1. 19

    うえのをとおってからにしにはしり、いけぶくろにでます。

    It passes through Ueno and runs toward the west and comes out at Ikebukuro.

  2. 20

    スミスさんはにほんでうまれ、にほんでおおきくなりました。

    Mr. Smith was born in Japan and grew up in Japan.

  3. 21

    やまださんはえいごもわかり、にほんごもわかります。

    Mr. Yamada understands both English and Japanese.

  4. 22

    せいとはがっこうでろくじかんべんきょうし、いえでさんじかんべんきょうします。

    The students study for six hours at school and for three hours at home.

  5. 23

    ジョンズさんはいえではえいごをはなし、がっこうではにほんごをはなします。

    Mr. Jones speaks English at home and Japanese at school.

  6. 24

    やまもとさんはまいあさしちじにおき、しちじはんにがっこうへいきます。

    Mr. Yamamoto gets up at seven every morning and goes to school at seven thirty.

六
six
時間
hour, time
し、
city
家
house, home
七
seven
へ
to (See Gram. Notes)

Emphasising surprising amounts · Perception drill, Block 2

There surely are many

*あれば あるものですね* means "There surely are many." The repeated verb makes the statement emphatic.

Put the BA-form of a verb first, then its basic form and *ものです*. The same verb appears in both forms.

A remarkable amount

*よく食べれば食べるものですね* means "He certainly eats a lot, doesn't he?"

The BA-form *食べれば* is followed by the basic form *食べる* and *ものです*. This pattern stresses the remarkable amount of eating.

  1. 25

    あればあるものですね。

    There surely are many.

  2. 26

    いればいるものですね。(にほんじんが)

    There certainly are a lot of Japanese people, aren't there?

  3. 27

    ほんとにのめばのむものですね。(ビールを)

    He certainly drinks a lot of beer, doesn't he?

  4. 28

    よくふればふるものですね。(あめが)

    It certainly rains a lot, doesn't it?

  5. 29

    ねればねるものですね。

    He certainly sleeps a lot, doesn't he?

  6. 30

    よくたべればたべるものですね。

    He certainly eats a lot, doesn't he?

  7. 31

    よくはなせばはなすものです。

    He certainly talks a lot.

人
people
が)
but (See Gram. Notes)
(ビール
beer
を)
particle denoting direct object (See Pattern Drill)
よく
well, skillfully
降る
to fall (rain) (v.i.)
(雨
rain
ねる
to sleep

Saying how often things happen · Perception drill, Block 3

Every five minutes

*五分おきに 電車が 出ます* means "The streetcar leaves every five minutes."

A duration followed by *おきに* marks a regular interval. It means "every" or "at intervals of".

The interval before the action

*私は 四時間おきに このくすりを 飲みます* means "I take this medicine every four hours."

The measured interval *四時間* comes directly before *おきに*.

  1. 32

    ごふんおきにでんしゃがでます。

    The streetcar leaves every five minutes.

  2. 33

    たなかさんはにねんおきにあたらしいくるまをかいます。

    Mr. Tanaka buys a new car every two years.

  3. 34

    このバスはいちじかんおきにでます。

    This bus leaves every hour.

  4. 35

    あのかたはいっしゅうかんおきにてがみをだします。

    That person sends a letter every week.

  5. 36

    わたくしはよじかんおきにこのくすりをのみます。

    I take this medicine every four hours.

  6. 37

    あのかたはにしゅうかんおきにいえへかえります。

    That person goes home every two weeks.

五
five
二
two
年
year (See Grammar Notes)
バス
bus
手紙
letter (correspondence)
四
four
くすり
medicine

Saying both things apply · Perception drill, Block 4

Both books and papers

*本も あれば 紙も あります* means "There are both books and papers." Each noun takes *も*.

The first verb is in the BA-form. The second uses the basic form of the same verb, either polite or plain.

Both actions or qualities

*田中さんは 読むのも早ければ 話すのも早いです* means "Mr. Tanaka both reads quickly and speaks quickly."

I-adjectives use the same pattern. A particle can stand before *も*, as in *京都にも近ければ ならにも近い*.

  1. 38

    ほんもあればかみもあります。

    There are both books and papers.

  2. 39

    きょうとにもちかければならにもちかい。

    It is close both to Kyoto and to Nara.

  3. 40

    このがっこうにはおとこのせいともいればおんなのせいともいます。

    There are both male and female students at this school.

  4. 41

    にほんごにはかんじもあればかなもあります。

    Japanese has both kanji and kana.

  5. 42

    スミスさんはえいごもはなせばにほんごもはなします。

    Mr. Smith speaks both English and Japanese.

  6. 43

    たなかさんはよむのもはやければはなすのもはやいです。

    Mr. Tanaka both reads quickly and speaks quickly.

  7. 44

    ジョンズさんはあしもながければてもながい。

    Mr. Jones has both long legs and long arms.

  8. 45

    にほんごはかくのもむずかしければよむのもむずかしい。

    Japanese is difficult both to write and to read.

なら
if it is (See Gram. Notes)
近い。
near, close
男
male
女
female
かな
Japanese syllabary
です。
to be (See Gram. Notes)
むずかしい。
difficult

Linking contrasting daily actions · Pattern 1 1 of 2

From east to west

*日は 東から出、西に はいります* means "The sun rises from the east and sets in the west."

The second base *出* links the first action to *はいります*, the final verb.

Contrasts across one sentence

*今日は 牛肉を 食べ、明日は さかなを 食べます* means "Today I will eat beef, and tomorrow I will eat fish."

The second base *食べ* links actions at different times. Other lines contrast direction, place, or means in the same position.

Kanji: 見

New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.

  1. 46

    ひはひがしからで、にしにはいります。

    The sun rises from the east and sets in the west.

  2. 47

    わたくしはあさしちじはんにがっこうへいき、ごごごじにいえへかえります。

    I go to school at seven thirty in the morning and return home at five in the afternoon.

  3. 48

    このがっこうはごぜんはちじにはじまり、ごごよじにおわります。

    This school starts at eight in the morning and ends at four in the afternoon.

  4. 49

    きょうはぎゅうにくをたべ、あしたはさかなをたべます。

    Today I will eat beef, and tomorrow I will eat fish.

  5. 50

    たなかさんはアメリカでうまれ、アメリカでおおきくなりました。

    Mr. Tanaka was born in America and grew up in America.

  6. 51

    わたくしたちはめでみ、みみでききます。

    We see with our eyes and hear with our ears.

朝
morning
午後
p.m., afternoon
午前
a.m., morning
八
eight
今日
today
牛肉
beef
明日
tomorrow
さかな
fish
アメリカ
America; U.S.A.

Daytime and nighttime routines · Pattern 1 2 of 2

Day and night

*ええ、昼間は 休み、夜 働くのです* means "No, he rests during the day and works at night."

The second base *休み* links routines at two different times, as *出* linked two directions.

Home and school

*いいえ、家では 英語を話し、学校では 日本語を 話します* means "No, I speak English at home and Japanese at school."

The second base *話し* links actions in contrasting places. The final verb carries the polite ending.

  1. 52

    パーカーさんはひるまははたらかないのですか。

    Doesn't Mr. Parker work during the day?

  2. 53

    ええ、ひるまはやすみ、よるはたらくのです。

    No, he rests during the day and works at night.

  3. 54

    せんしゅうまつどうしましたか。

    What did you do last weekend?

  4. 55

    てんきがよかったので、あさのあいだべんきょうし、ごごはつりにでかけました。

    Since the weather was good, I studied during the morning and went fishing in the afternoon.

  5. 56

    あなたはいえでもがっこうでもにほんごをはなしますか。

    Do you speak Japanese both at home and at school?

  6. 57

    いいえ、いえではえいごをはなし、がっこうではにほんごをはなします。

    No, I speak English at home and Japanese at school.

夜
night, evening
先週
last week
天気
weather
で、
--is and -- (See Grammar Notes)
つり
fishing

Emphasising remarkable extent · Pattern 2 1 of 2

A remarkable number

*居れば居るものです* means "There surely are many animate objects."

The BA-form and repeated basic form before *ものです* give an emphatic reaction.

Large amounts and changes

*人が あつまれば あつまるものですね* means "People certainly gather in large numbers, don't they?"

The same repeated pattern reacts to a remarkable extent. Other lines apply it to blowing, raining, becoming dirty, eating, and growing.

  1. 58

    いればいるものです。

    There surely are many (animate objects).

  2. 59

    かぜがふけばふくものですね。

    The wind can really blow, can't it?

  3. 60

    あめがふればふるものですね。

    It can really rain, can't it?

  4. 61

    ひとがあつまればあつまるものですね。

    People certainly gather in large numbers, don't they?

  5. 62

    よごれればよごれるものですね。

    It certainly gets dirty, doesn't it?

  6. 63

    たべられればたべられるものですね。

    You certainly can eat a lot, can't you?

  7. 64

    おおきくなれば(おおきく)なるものですね。

    It certainly grows large, doesn't it?

ふく
to blow (v.i.)
雨
rain
あつまる
to gather
よごれる
to become soiled (v.i.)

Reacting to large changes · Pattern 2 2 of 2

A large increase

*そうですか。ふえればふえるものですね* means "Is that so? It certainly increased a lot, didn't it?"

It reacts to Tokyo's population increasing by about five million.

The BA-form and repeated verb before *ものですね* emphasize the size of the increase.

A large capacity

*そうですか。飲めば飲めるものですね* means "Is that so? He certainly can drink a lot, can't he?"

Here the two verb forms differ. The reaction still stresses a remarkable capacity.

  1. 65

    とうきょうのじんこおはにじゅうねんのあいだにごひゃくまんぐらいふえました。

    Tokyo's population increased by about five million over twenty years.

  2. 66

    そうですか。ふえればふえるものですね。

    Is that so? It certainly increased a lot, didn't it?

  3. 67

    スミスさんはもうじゅっぽんもビールをのみましたよ。

    Mr. Smith has already drunk ten bottles of beer.

  4. 68

    そうですか。のめばのめるものですね。

    Is that so? He certainly can drink a lot, can't he?

  5. 69

    そうですか。のめればのめるものですね。

    Is that so? If he is able to drink, he certainly can drink a lot, can't he?

  6. 70

    そうですか、ほんとうにのびればのびるものですね。

    Is that so? It really does grow when it starts growing, doesn't it?

人口
population
二十
20
五百
500
ふえる
to increase (v.i.)
ビール
beer
のびる
to grow tall, grow long, stretch

Stating regular time intervals · Pattern 3 1 of 2

Every half-hour

*この電車は 三十分おきに 出ます* means "This streetcar leaves every half-hour."

*おきに* marks the measured interval. The duration stands before it.

Intervals of distance

*二メートルおきに 木が うえてあります* means "Trees have been planted every two meters."

The measure can state distance as well as time. The same pattern covers minutes, years, weeks, hours, and meters.

  1. 71

    このでんしゃはさんじゅっぷんおきにでます。

    This streetcar leaves every half-hour.

  2. 72

    さんじゅっぷんおきにバスがここをとおります。

    A bus passes here every thirty minutes.

  3. 73

    あのひとはいちねんおきにあたらしいくるまをかいます。

    That person buys a new car every year.

  4. 74

    わたくしはいっしゅうかんおきにともだちにてがみをだします。

    I send a letter to my friend every week.

  5. 75

    いちじかんおきにじゅっぷんのきゅうけいがあります。

    There is a ten-minute break every hour.

  6. 76

    にメートルおきにきがうえてあります。

    Trees have been planted every two meters.

三十
30
ここ
here
通り
street
きゅうけい
recess
メートル
meter
木
tree, wood

Asking about regular intervals · Pattern 3 2 of 2

Dates at an interval

*一日から 十日まで、一日おきに 言ってください* asks for every other date from the first through the tenth.

The answer gives *一日、三日、五日、七日、九日*. It leaves one date between each stated date.

Correcting an interval

*このバスは 一時間おきに、ここを 通るのですか* asks whether the bus passes every hour.

*いいえ、三十分おきに ここを 通ります* answers that it passes every thirty minutes. The answer replaces the proposed interval.

  1. 77

    ついたちからとおかまで、いちにちおきにいってください。

    Please say every other date from the first through the tenth.

  2. 78

    はい、ついたち、みっか、いつか、なのか、ここのか

    Yes, the first, third, fifth, seventh, and ninth.

  3. 79

    まいねんあたらしいくるまをかうのですか。

    Do you buy a new car every year?

  4. 80

    いいえ、たいていにねんおきぐらいにかいます。

    No, I usually buy one about every two years.

  5. 81

    このバスはいちじかんおきに、ここをとおるのですか。

    Does this bus pass here every hour?

  6. 82

    いいえ、さんじゅっぷんおきにここをとおります。

    No, it passes here every thirty minutes.

まで、
as far as, to (See Gram. Notes)
ください。
please give me (See Gram. Notes)
一日、
first day of the month (See Grammar Notes)
九
nine
毎年
every year (See Grammar Notes)
買う
to buy
通る
to pass

Pairing people, skills and places · Pattern 4 1 of 2

Both people are included

*男の人も 居れば 女の人も 居ます* means "There are both men and women."

Each noun takes *も*, and the first verb *居れば* takes the BA-form.

Abilities, activities, and places

*モンテレーは 海にも近ければ 山にも近い* means "Monterey is close to both the ocean and the mountains."

The same pattern includes two abilities, activities, or qualities. Particles such as *に* stand before *も*.

  1. 83

    おとこのひともいればおんなのひともいます。

    There are both men and women.

  2. 84

    てもながければあしもながい。

    Both hands and legs are long.

  3. 85

    わたくしはぎゅうにくもたべればさかなもたべます。

    I eat both beef and fish.

  4. 86

    あのひとはにほんごもできればえいごもできます。

    That person can speak both Japanese and English.

  5. 87

    あのひとはゴルフもやればテニスもやります。

    That person plays both golf and tennis.

  6. 88

    あのせいとはかくのもおそければはなすのもおそいです。

    That student is slow both at writing and at speaking.

  7. 89

    モンテレーはうみにもちかければやまにもちかい。

    Monterey is close to both the ocean and the mountains.

ゴルフ
golf
テニス
tennis
おそい
be late
モンテレー
Monterey
海
sea, ocean
山
mountain

Saying both options are included · Pattern 4 2 of 2

More than one group

*いいえ、りく軍の生徒も居れば 海軍の生徒も居ます* means "No, there are both Army students and Navy students."

It answers a question that asks whether the school has only Army students.

The *も* and BA-form pattern corrects the assumption that only one option applies.

More than one skill

*いいえ、読み方も教えれば 書き方も教えます* means "No, it teaches both reading and writing."

The same pattern replaces an assumption of speaking alone with two included skills.

  1. 90

    このがっこうにはりくぐんのせいとしかいないのですか。

    Are there only Army students at this school?

  2. 91

    いいえ、りくぐんのせいともいればかいぐんのせいともいます。

    No, there are both Army students and Navy students.

  3. 92

    このがっこうでははなしかたしかおしえないのですか。

    Does this school teach only speaking?

  4. 93

    いいえ、よみかたもおしえればかきかたもおしえます。

    No, it teaches both reading and writing.

  5. 94

    あなたのいえはがっこうにもちかければ、みせにもちかいので、べんりですね。

    Your house is close to both the school and the stores, so it is convenient, isn’t it?

  6. 95

    ええ、がっこうへあるいていくこともできれば、みせへあるいていくこともできます。

    Yes, I can walk both to the school and to the stores.

軍
army, military
店
store, shop
近い
near, close

Railways serving Tokyo · Reading Selection 1 of 3

Railways and Tokyo transportation

The passage presents railways as especially important in Japan. *鉄道は日本の交通上一番大切なものであって* says they are the most important means of transportation.

The *上* in *交通上* gives the transportation standpoint.

National and private systems

*東京には国鉄、国電の外に 私鉄が十本いじょうあります* says Tokyo has over ten private lines besides the two national systems.

*私鉄* again names private railway lines. The passage describes Tokyo rail traffic as *ひんぱん*, "frequent" or "busy".

  1. 96

    てつどうはにほんのこうつうじょういちばんたいせつなものであって、

    Railways are the most important means of transportation in Japan, and

  2. 97

    にほんぐらいてつどうをりようしているくにはあまりありません。

    There are few countries that use railways as much as Japan does.

  3. 98

    ことに

    In particular,

  4. 99

    とうきょうのこうつうはひんぱんです。

    rail traffic in Tokyo is frequent.

  5. 100

    とうきょうにはこくてつ、こくでんのほかに

    In Tokyo, besides the National Railways and the National Electric Railways,

  6. 101

    してつがじゅっぽんいじょうあります。

    there are more than ten private railway lines.

国
country, nation
国鉄、
National Railways
国電
National Railway Electric Train (See Cultural Notes)

Tokyo railways and routes · Reading Selection 2 of 3

Routes to different regions

The passage includes trains from Tokyo to Kansai and trains to Tohoku and the Japan Sea side.

*国鉄には東京からかん西地方に行くのも あれば東北地方、うら日本などに行くのもあります* uses the pattern for two included destinations.

The Yamate loop

*おもなのは山手線* identifies the Yamate Line as the main National Electric Railway line.

It leaves Shinagawa, passes through Ueno, Ikebukuro, Shinjuku, Shibuya, and Meguro, then returns to Shinagawa. This is the *国電* loop.

Kanji: 下

New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.

  1. 102

    またこれらのほかにとでん、ちかてつ

    Besides these, there are also the municipal streetcars and the subway.

  2. 103

    こくてつにはとうきょうからかんさいちほうにいくのも

    On the National Railways, there are trains that go from Tokyo to the Kansai region,

  3. 104

    あればとうほくちほう、うらにほんなどにいくのもあります。

    and there are also trains that go to the Tohoku region, the Japan Sea side of Japan, and other places.

  4. 105

    こくでんの

    Of the National Electric Railway lines,

  5. 106

    おもなのはやまてせんで、それはしながわえきをでて、うえの、いけぶくろ、

    the main one is the Yamanote Line, which leaves Shinagawa Station and goes through Ueno and Ikebukuro,

  6. 107

    しんじゅく、しぶや、めぐろをとおってまたしながわえきにかえります。

    then passes through Shinjuku, Shibuya, and Meguro and returns to Shinagawa Station.

鉄
steel, iron

Inbound and outbound trains · Reading Selection 3 of 3

Toward and away from Tokyo

*大たいに東京に来るのが上りで、東京を出て行くのが下り* says trains toward Tokyo are generally *上り*. Trains leaving Tokyo are *下り*.

The direction determines whether the train is *上り* or *下り*.

Direction on a branch line

*かん線にむかって行く* describes movement toward a main line. *のが上りで、そこからはんたいの方にむかって行くのが下りです* contrasts the two directions.

A branch train moving toward a main trunk line is *上り*. One moving away is *下り*.

The passage also says trains leave about every three to six minutes, using *おき* for the interval.

  1. 108

    このせんではでんしゃはさんぷんからろっぷんおきぐらいにでます。

    On this line, trains depart about every three to six minutes.

  2. 109

    こくてつのれっしゃでは、のぼり、くだりということばをつかって

    On National Railway trains, the terms “inbound” and “outbound” are used,

  3. 110

    いますが、だいたいにとうきょうにくるのがのぼりで、とうきょうをでていくのがくだり

    and generally, trains coming to Tokyo are inbound, while trains leaving Tokyo are outbound.

  4. 111

    です。

    That is how it is.

  5. 112

    とうきょうにむかってはしらないれっしゃでは、かんせんにむかっていく

    For trains that do not run toward Tokyo, those going toward the main line

  6. 113

    のがのぼりで、そこからはんたいのほうにむかっていくのがくだりです。

    are inbound, and those going in the opposite direction from there are outbound.

上り、
up train (See Cultural Notes)
下り
down train (See Cultural Notes)
かん線
trunk line

Japan's railway network · Questions 1 of 2

Japan's railway network

The questions ask why railways matter and which national, electric, and private systems serve Tokyo.

*鉄道は 日本の交通上 どんなものですか* asks what railways are from Japan's transportation standpoint. An answer identifies them as the most important means.

*国電の おもなものは どの線ですか* asks for the main line. An answer names the Yamate Line.

  1. 114

    などもあります

    There are also such things.

  2. 115

    てつどうはにほんのこうつうじょうどんなものですか。

    What are railways in terms of transportation in Japan?

  3. 116

    にほんぐらいてつどうをりようしているくにはあまりありませんか。

    Are there few countries that use railways as much as Japan does?

  4. 117

    とうきょうではこくてつ、こくでんのほかにどんなてつどうがはしっていますか。

    Besides the National Railways and the National Electric Railways, what kinds of railways operate in Tokyo?

  5. 118

    こくてつにはどんなのがありますか。

    What kinds of lines does the National Railways have?

  6. 119

    こくでんのおもなものはどのせんですか。

    Which is the main National Electric Railway line?

どんな
what kind of; what sort of
どの
which (pre-substantive) (See Notes)

Railway routes and directions · Questions 2 of 2

Routes, intervals, and directions

The questions ask about the Yamate route, its departure interval, and the distinction between *上り* and *下り* trains.

*山手線の電車は 何分おきぐらいに 出ますか* asks about the interval. An answer gives about three to six minutes.

Other answers state the route's endpoints and distinguish movement toward Tokyo or a trunk line from movement away.

  1. 120

    やまてせんはどこからでて、どこにつきますか。

    Where does the Yamanote Line leave from, and where does it arrive?

  2. 121

    とちゅうどこをとおりますか。

    Where does it pass along the way?

  3. 122

    やまてせんのでんしゃはなんぷんおきぐらいにでますか。

    About how many minutes apart do trains on the Yamanote Line depart?

  4. 123

    のぼりれっしゃというのは、どんなれっしゃですか。

    What kind of train is called an inbound train?

  5. 124

    くだりれっしゃはどんなれっしゃですか。

    What kind of train is an outbound train?

  6. 125

    とうきょうにむかってはしらないれっしゃではどうですか。

    What about trains that do not run toward Tokyo?

上り
up train (See Cultural Notes)

Railway directions and line names · Word list 1 of 4

Railway lines and movement

These words name Tokyo railway systems, routes, compass directions, and movement.

*国鉄* means "National Railways". *西* means "west", and *よこぎる* means "to traverse" or "to cross".

  1. 126

    こくてつ

    National Railways

  2. 127

    さそくつうこう

    left-side traffic

  3. 128

    せん

    line

  4. 129

    やまてせん

    Yamate Line (Tokyo Loop Line)

  5. 130

    きた

    north

  6. 131

    にし

    west

  7. 132

    みなみ

    south

  8. 133

    ひとまわりする

    to go around once

  9. 134

    ちゅうおうせん

    Chuuoosen Line

  10. 135

    よこぎる

    to traverse, cross

  11. 136

    いっしょになる

    to come together

さそく通行
left-side traffic
山手線
Yamate Line (Tokyo Loop Line)
一まわりする
to go around once
中おう線
Chuuoosen Line
よこぎる
to traverse, cross
一緒になる
to come together

Regional and private railway words · Word list 2 of 4

Regions, railways, and viewpoint

These words cover regions, private railways, emphatic quantity, and the transportation point of view.

*東北地方* means "northeast region". *私鉄* means "private railway line", and *交通上* means "from a transportation standpoint".

  1. 137

    ちほう

    country, region

  2. 138

    りようする

    to utilize, take advantage

  3. 139

    とうほくちほう

    northeast region

  4. 140

    うらにほん

    backside of Japan along the Sea of Japan

  5. 141

    ひがし

    east

  6. 142

    かんさいちほう

    Kansai region (Kyoto, Osaka, Kobe, Nara area)

  7. 143

    してつ

    private railway line

  8. 144

    あればあるものです

    there surely are many (See Grammar Notes)

  9. 145

    なにしろ

    at any rate, in any case

  10. 146

    こうつうじょう

    from a transportation standpoint (See Grammar Notes)

  11. 147

    ダイヤ

    diagram for running trains

利用する
to utilize, take advantage
東北地方
northeast region
うら日本
backside of Japan along the Sea of Japan
かん西地方
Kansai region (Kyoto, Osaka, Kobe, Nara area)
あればあるものです
there surely are many (See Grammar Notes)
交通上
from a transportation standpoint (See Grammar Notes)

Words for railway traffic · Word list 3 of 4

Railway traffic and direction

These words cover railway frequency, regular intervals, and inbound and outbound directions.

*ひんぱん* means "frequent" or "busy". *上り* means "up train", and *下り* means "down train".

  1. 148

    つめる

    to cram, pack, crowd

  2. 149

    ホーム

    platform

  3. 150

    --おき

    at intervals of ---, every --- (See Grammar Notes)

  4. 151

    ひんぱん

    frequent, busy

  5. 152

    だいたいに

    generally speaking

  6. 153

    のぼり

    up train (See Cultural Notes)

  7. 154

    くだり

    down train (See Cultural Notes)

  8. 155

    むかって

    toward, facing toward

  9. 156

    かんせん

    trunk line

  10. 157

    はんたいのほう

    opposite direction

  11. 158

    とうりゅうする

    to stay, sojourn

つめる
to cram, pack, crowd
--おき
at intervals of ---, every --- (See Grammar Notes)
大たいに
generally speaking
むかって
toward, facing toward
はんたいの方
opposite direction
とうりゅうする
to stay, sojourn

Travel, sightseeing and convenience · Word list 4 of 4

Travel, direction, and access

These lines cover travel plans, train directions, and access to two places or railway systems.

*大たいに 東京に来る れっ車を 上りと 言い、東京を 出て行くのを 下りと 言います* identifies trains coming to and leaving Tokyo.

*一週間ぐらい とまる つもりです* means "I intend to stay about a week." *大さかは 京都にも近ければ ならにも近いし、よい所です* says Osaka is close to both Kyoto and Nara.

Kanji: 物

New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.

  1. 159

    とまる

    to lodge, stay

  2. 160

    けんぶつ(する)

    sightseeing (to do sightseeing)

  3. 161

    --にもちかければ

    It is close both to -- and -- (See Grammar Notes)

  4. 162

    だいたいにとうきょうにくるれっしゃをのぼりといい、とうきょうをでていくのをくだりといいます。

    In general, trains that come to Tokyo are up trains and those that leave Tokyo are down trains.

  5. 163

    とうきょうにむかってはしらないれっしゃはたいせつなかんせんのほうにいくのがのぼりで、そのはんたいのほうにいくのがくだりです。

    As for trains that do not run toward Tokyo, those that run toward important truck lines are up trains and those that run in opposite directions are down trains.

  6. 164

    なんにちぐらいおおさかにとうりゅうなさるつもりですか。

    About how many days are you planning to stay in Osaka?

  7. 165

    いっしゅうかんぐらいとまるつもりです。おおさかをけんぶつしたいとおもっています。

    I intend to stay about a week. I am hoping to sightsee in Osaka.

  8. 166

    とうきょうにはこくてつもあればしてつもあるし、こうつうはたいへんべんりです。

    There are both National Railways and private railways in Tokyo and so transportation is very convenient.

  9. 167

    おおさかはきょうとにもちかければならにもちかいし、よいところです。

    Osaka is close both to Kyoto and to Nara, and it is a good place.

Guide for Free Conversation

1 Look at the railway sketch on page 140 and talk about it.

2 Talk about the National Railways and the National Electric Railways.

3 Differentiate Nobori ressha and Kudari ressha.
Homework

1 Memorize the Dialogue and study the vocabulary.

2 Study the Pattern Drills.

3 Learn to read and write the new kanji.

4 Read the Explanatory Notes.

5 Use the guide given for practice in free conversation.
とまる
to stop
見物(する)
sightseeing (to do sightseeing)
--にも近ければ
It is close both to -- and -- (See Grammar Notes)
大たいに東京に来るれっ車を上りと言い、東京を出て行くのを下りと言います。
In general, trains that come to Tokyo are up trains and those that leave Tokyo are down trains.
東京にむかって走らないれっ車は大切なかん線の方に行くのが上りで、そのはんたいの方に行くのが下りです。
As for trains that do not run toward Tokyo, those that run toward important truck lines are up trains and those that run in opposite directions are down trains.
何日ぐらい大さかにとうりゅうなさるつもりですか。
About how many days are you planning to stay in Osaka?
一週間ぐらいとまるつもりです。大さかを見物したいと思っています。
I intend to stay about a week. I am hoping to sightsee in Osaka.
東京には国鉄もあれば私鉄もあるし、交通は大変便利です。
There are both National Railways and private railways in Tokyo and so transportation is very convenient.
大さかは京都にも近ければならにも近いし、よい所です。
Osaka is close both to Kyoto and to Nara, and it is a good place.

The particulars

The course
Defense Language Institute, Japanese Basic Course, 1967 to 1971. Public domain. The teaching pages and the narration are ours.
Reading aloud
Digital narration, directed by 1732 Studios.
The book
Botchan, the work this course leads to, free to read here.
Data
JSON · Markdown · A guide for agents
Two whoopie pies and a pine. An inside joke.