Japanese · Lesson 74
Lesson 76
Reading Japan
Rice crops and planting season · Dialogue 1 of 4
Rice across Japan
Two speakers discuss the crops grown throughout Japan and the season for planting rice.
*日本中いたる所で 作っている物と 言えば、米と麦ですか* means "Speaking of things grown throughout Japan, are they rice and wheat?"
Rice and wheat are the main crops, and sweet potatoes are also grown nationwide.
Planting rice in a paddy
The first step in growing rice is to sow the seeds in a nursery in April.
Farmers prepare the paddy, then move the seedlings into it in May or June. This transplanting is *田植*, "rice transplanting".
*六月中旬から 下旬までです* means "It is from the middle to the end of June."
Kanji: 植, 旬, 種
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
Kanji: 田, 下
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 1
“うえ”
Rice Planting
“opening quote田植”rice planting - 2
にほんじゅういたるところでつくっているものといえば、こめとむぎですか。
Speaking of things grown throughout Japan, are they rice and wheat?
日本throughout Japan中throughout Japanいたるeverywhere所everywhereでin作っare grownてare grownいるare grown物thingsとquote言えspeaking ofば、speaking of米riceとand麦wheatですareか。question - 3
ええ、おもなものではこめとむぎです。さつまいももぜんこくてきです。
Yes, the main ones are rice and wheat. Sweet potatoes are also grown nationwide.
ええ、yesおもなmain物onesでamongはtopic米riceとand麦wheatです。areさつまsweet potatoesいもsweet potatoesもalso全国nationwideてきnationwideです。are grown - 4
うえはなんがつですか。
What month is rice planting?
田植rice plantingはtopic何what month月what monthですisか。question - 5
ろくがつちゅうじゅんからげじゅんまでです。
It is from the middle to the end of June.
六June月June中旬middleからfrom下旬endまでtoです。is - 6
そのときにたねをまくのですか。
Do they sow the seeds then?
そのthat時timeにat種seedsをobjectまくsowのexplanationですdoか。question
I,
Explanatory Notes, continued.
—-NI YCrPTE
’* depending on----- ”
Following nouns NI YOTTE expresses an idea of
’’depending on —”, or ’’depending upon
Examples:
HI NI YOTTE ATSUI DESU.
’’Depending upon the day, it is hot.”
HITO NI YOTTE HAYAKU NARAIMASU.
’’Depending upon the person, he learns fast.”
MISE NI YOTTE SHINAMONO GA TAKAI DESU.
’’Depending upon the store, goods are expensive.”
TOSHI NI YOTTE. ATSUI TOKI MO ARIMASU.
’’Depending on the year, there are times when it
is hot.”
I.
Explanatory Notes, continued.
Cultural Notes:
while it is 37,700 lbs. in Japan.
TSUYU or Rainy season.
From the early part of June to the early part of
July is known as the rainy season in Japan.
However, this
rainy season comes early in the southern part of Japan
and later in the northern part of Japan.
I.
Explanatory Notes, continued.
Typical weather during this season is a cloudy
sky, high humidity and intermittent rain.
Rain during
this season is very important for rice transplanting and
hydro-electricity.
However, the heavy rain toward the end
of the rainy season may cause floods, mountain slides, and
other disasters.*
TAUE.
The first step in rice cultivation is the sowing
of rice seeds in a nursery in April.
The farmers then
prepare the rice paddy using a hand tractor or plough
pulled by oxen.
In May or June the seedlings are trans-
planted in the paddy fields.
In most South-East Asian
countries, the rice is sown directly in the paddies.
Because of transplanting, however, the rice yield per unit
area is very high in Japan.
To be more specific, the
average yield of rice per acre is about 15,000 lbs. in
Java, about 13,000 lbs. in Thailand, 11,000 lbs. in the
PhilippinesNEKO NO TE DEMO KARITAI.
NEKO NO TE means ’’paws of a cat”, so the ex-
pression NEKO NO TE DEMO KARITAI literally means ’’want to
borrow even paws of a cat.”
This expression is used when
you are so busy and short-handed that you want to borrow
even the paws of a cat which are considered to be very
useless.- 田植”
- rice transplanting (See Cult Notes)
- 所
- address, place
- で
- --is and -- (See Grammar Notes)
- いる
- to need (See Gram. Notes)
- と
- and (See Gram. Notes)
- 麦
- wheat, barley, oats (See Cult. Notes)
- です
- to be (See Gram. Notes)
- か。
- either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)
- ええ、
- Yes
- は
- leaves
- 月
- moon, month (See Grammar Notes)
- 六
- six
- 中旬
- middle 10 days of a month
- から
- from (See Gram. Notes)
- 下旬
- last 10 days of a month
- まで
- as far as, to (See Gram. Notes)
- 時
- time
- に
- on (See Gram. Notes)
- を
- particle denoting direct object (See Pattern Drill)
- まく
- to spread, scatter, sow seeds
- の
- See Grammar Notes
Transplanting rice seedlings · Dialogue 2 of 4
From nursery to paddy
*田植というのは 大抵 なわしろに そだった いねの なえを 水田に 植えかえる事です* means "Rice planting usually means transplanting rice seedlings grown in a nursery bed into a rice paddy."
*四月の 下旬から 五月上旬に かけてです* means "From late April through early May." Farmers sow the seed rice during this period.
Rice planting begins as soon as the barley and wheat harvest ends.
- 7
いいえ、そうじゃありません。うえというのはたいていなわしろにそだったいねのなえをすいでんにうえかえることです。
No, that isn't so. Rice planting usually means transplanting rice seedlings grown in a nursery bed into a rice paddy.
いいえ、noそうsoじゃis notありis notませis notん。is not田植rice plantingとquoteいうcalledのthingはtopic大抵usuallyなわnursery bedしろnursery bedにinそだっgrownたgrownいねrice plantsのofなえseedlingsをobject水田rice paddyにinto植えかえるtransplanting事actです。is - 8
そうですか。それではなわしろにたねもみをまくのは。
I see. Then when do they sow the seed rice in the nursery bed?
そうI seeですI seeか。I seeそれthenでthenはthenなわnursery bedしろnursery bedにin種もみseed riceをobjectまくsowのactは。as for - 9
しがつのげじゅんからごがつじょうじゅんにかけてです。
From late April through early May.
四April月Aprilのof下旬lateからfrom五May月May上旬earlyにthroughかけthroughてthroughです。is - 10
そのころにはまだおおむぎやこむぎはかってありませんね。
By that time, the barley and wheat have not been harvested yet, have they?
そのthatころtimeにbyはtopicまだyet大麦barleyやand小麦wheatはtopicかっhave not been harvestedてhave not been harvestedありhave not been harvestedませhave not been harvestedんhave not been harvestedね。right? - 11
そうです。そのしゅうかくがごがつのちゅうじゅんにはじまります。しゅうかくがおわるやいなやうえがはじまるのです。
That's right. Their harvest begins in the middle of May. As soon as the harvest is over, rice planting begins.
そうthat's rightです。that's rightそのtheirしゅうかくharvestがsubject五May月Mayのof中旬middleにin始まりbeginsます。politeしゅうかくharvestがsubject終るis overやas soon asいなas soon asやas soon as田植rice plantingがsubject始まるbeginsのexplanationです。is - 12
では、おひゃくしょうさんはそのころはたいへんいそがしいですね。
Then farmers are very busy around that time, aren't they?
でthenは、thenおhonorific百しょうfarmersさんpeopleはtopicそのthatころtimeはaround大変veryいそがしいbusyですisね。right?
- そう
- numerical counter for ships
- 田植
- rice transplanting (See Cult Notes)
- いね
- rice plant
- なえ
- seedling, young shoot, sapling
- 水田
- rice field, paddy
- 植えかえる
- transplant
- です。
- to be (See Gram. Notes)
- 種もみ
- seed rice
- 四
- four
- 五
- five
- 上旬
- first 10 days of a month
- まだ
- yet, still
- 大麦
- barley
- や
- and---among others (See Gram. Notes)
- 小麦
- wheat
- ね。
- isn't it (See Grammar Notes)
- しゅうかく
- harvest (harvest v.t.)
- が
- but (See Gram. Notes)
- ます。
- trout
- いそがしい
- busy
Planting rice in rainy weather · Dialogue 3 of 4
Work in the rainy season
The speakers describe rice planting as demanding work during the rainy season.
*そう。だから、どろまみれになる上に びしょぬれに ぬれるんです* means "Yes. So, besides getting covered in mud, they get soaking wet."
Some workers now wear rubber boots instead of working barefoot.
A cat's paw
*「ねこの 手でも かりたい」というほど いそがしい 時きです* describes a time when farmers are very busy and short-handed.
*ねこの手でも かりたい* means "want to borrow even the paws of a cat" word for word.
The fixed saying describes someone so busy and short-handed that even a cat's useless paws would help.
Kanji: 活
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 13
「ねこのてでもかりたい」というほどいそがしいときです。
It is such a busy time that they say they would even like to borrow a cat's paw.
「ねこa catの's手pawでevenもevenかりwould like to borrowたい」would like to borrowとquoteいうsayほどso much thatいそがしいbusy時timeきtimeです。is - 14
わたくしはまだうえをするところをみたことがありませんが、うえるひとはみなはだしですか。
I have never seen rice being planted, but are all the people who plant it barefoot?
私Iはtopicまだnever田植rice plantingをobjectするbeing doneところsceneをobject見have never seenたhave never seenことhave never seenがsubjectありhave never seenませhave never seenんhave never seenが、but植えるplant人peopleはtopic皆allはだしbarefootですareか。question - 15
いまでもくつやぞうりをぬいでやるひともありますが、ゴムのながぐつをはいてうえをするひとがおおくなりました。せいかつがらくになったんですね。
Even now, some people take off their shoes or sandals to do it, but more people have begun wearing rubber boots to plant rice. Life has become easier, hasn't it?
今nowでevenもevenくつshoesやorぞうりsandalsをobjectぬいtake offでtake offやるdo it人peopleもalsoありexistますpoliteが、butゴムrubberのof長ぐつbootsをobjectはいwearingてwearing田植rice plantingをobjectするdo人peopleがsubject多くmoreなりhave becomeましhave becomeた。have become生活lifeがsubjectらくeasierにbecameなっbecameたbecameんexplanationですisね。right? - 16
そのころはちょうどつゆですね。
That time is right in the rainy season, isn't it?
そのthatころtimeはtopic丁度right inつゆrainy seasonですisね。right? - 17
そう。だから、どろまみれになるうえにびしょぬれにぬれるんです。
Yes. So, besides getting covered in mud, they get soaking wet.
そう。yesだsoから、becauseどろmudまみれcoveredにbecomeなるbecome上besidesにbesidesびしょぬれsoaking wetにbecomeぬれるget wetんexplanationです。is - 18
では、うえがおわるとあんしんですね。
Then it is a relief when the rice planting is over, isn't it?
でthenは、then田植rice plantingがsubject終るis overとwhen安心a reliefですisね。right?
- ほど
- to the extent (See Grammar Notes)
- き
- counter for airplanes (See Gram. Notes)
- ところ
- place (See Gram. Notes)
- 人
- people
- はだし
- bare feet
- くつ
- shoes
- ぞうり
- sandal, slipper
- やる
- to do
- ます
- trout
- ゴム
- rubber
- 長ぐつ
- boots
- 多く
- many of them
- つゆ
- rainy season (See Cult. Notes)
- そう。
- numerical counter for ships
- だ
- to be (informal equivalent of DESU. See Grammar Notes)
- から、
- from (See Gram. Notes)
- どろ
- mud
- びしょぬれ
- soaking wet
- ぬれる
- get wet; become wet (vi)
Celebrating the rice planting · Dialogue 4 of 4
Rest and a good harvest
The speakers discuss celebrations held after rice planting in some places.
*そうです。それと ほうさくを いのるのと 両方ですよ* means "That's right. It is both that and a prayer for a good harvest."
The celebration gives farm families a rest and includes a prayer for a good harvest.
Differences from place to place
*所によって ちがいます* means "It differs from place to place."
Here, the noun *所* before *によって* identifies the place according to which the custom differs.
Kanji: 祝
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 19
そう。ところによってちがいますが、うえがおわるとおいわいをするところもあります。
Yes. It differs from place to place, but in some places they hold a celebration when the rice planting is over.
そう。yes所placeにdepending onよっdepending onてdepending onちがいdiffersますpoliteが、but田植rice plantingがsubject終るis overとwhenおhonorific祝いcelebrationをobjectするhold所placesもsomeありexistます。polite - 20
のうかにとってはいきぬきのいわいですね。
For farm families, it is a celebration and a chance to take a break, isn't it?
農家farm familiesにforとっforてforはtopicいきa breakぬきa breakのof祝いcelebrationですisね。right? - 21
そうです。それとほうさくをいのるのとりょうほうですよ。
That's right. It is both that and a prayer for a good harvest.
そうthat's rightです。that's rightそれthatとandほうgood harvestさくgood harvestをobjectいのるpray forのactとand両方bothですisよ。I tell you
- が、
- but (See Gram. Notes)
- 祝い
- celebration, congratulation
- さく
- to bloom (v.i.)
- いのる
- pray (vt)
- 両方
- both
Immediate everyday actions · Perception drill
As soon as one event happens
*私は それを 聞く やいなや すぐ来た* means "As soon as I heard that, I came right away."
A plain verb followed by *やいなや* presents the next event as happening as soon as the first event occurs.
Depending on the noun
*いいえ、年によって 大変 あつい事も あります* means "No, in some years it is very hot."
A noun followed by *によって* means "depending on that noun". The noun identifies what the condition varies by.
In *生徒によって 勉強の仕方が 皆 違います*, the students are the source of variation in how they study.
- 22
わたくしはそれをきくやいなやすぐきた。
As soon as I heard that, I came right away.
私Iはtopicそれthatをobject聞くheardやas soon asいなas soon asやas soon asすぐright away来cameた。past - 23
さくばんはやくねたんですね。
You went to bed early last night, didn't you?
昨晩last night早くearlyねwent to bedたwent to bedんexplanationですisね。right? - 24
ええ、つかれていましたので、いちじごろとこにはいるやいなやねてしまいました。
Yes, because I was tired, I fell asleep as soon as I went to bed around one o'clock.
ええ、yesつかwas tiredれwas tiredてwas tiredいwas tiredましwas tiredたwas tiredのbecauseで、because一時one o'clockごろaroundとこbedにintoはintoいるwentやas soon asいなas soon asやas soon asねfell asleepてfell asleepしまいfell asleepましfell asleepた。fell asleep - 25
おこさんはいえにはいないのですね。
Your child isn't at home, is he?
おyour子childさんchildはtopic家homeにatはtopic居is notないis notのexplanationですisね。right? - 26
ええ、がっこうからかえるやいなやあそびにでていきます。
No. As soon as he comes home from school, he goes out to play.
ええ、no学校schoolからfrom帰るcomes homeやas soon asいなas soon asやas soon as遊びplayにto出goes outてgoes out行きgoes outます。polite - 27
あなたはさかなつりがすきらしいですね。
It seems that you like fishing.
あなたyouはtopic魚つりfishingがsubject好きlikeらしいit seemsですisね。right? - 28
ええ、まいばんしごとからかえるやいなやゆうはんもたべないでさかなつりにでていきます。
Yes, every evening, as soon as I get home from work, I go fishing without even eating dinner.
ええ、yes毎晩every evening仕事workからfrom帰るget homeやas soon asいなas soon asやas soon as夕飯dinnerもeven食べwithout eatingないwithout eatingでwithout eating魚つりfishingにto出go outてgo out行きgo outます。polite - 29
あなたはけさおきるのがおそかったらしいですね。
It seems that you got up late this morning.
あなたyouはtopicけさthis morning起きるgot upのactがsubjectおそかっlateたpastらしいit seemsですisね。right? - 30
ええ、おきるやいなやしたくをしてあさめしもたべずにしごとにいきました。
Yes, as soon as I got up, I got ready and went to work without even eating breakfast.
ええ、yes起きるgot upやas soon asいなas soon asやas soon asしたくpreparationsをobjectしmadeてand朝飯breakfastもeven食べwithout eatingずwithout eatingにwithout eating仕事workにto行きwentましwentた。went - 31
あなたはいつびょうきになったのですか。
When did you get sick?
あなたyouはtopicいつwhen病気sickにbecameなっbecameたbecameのexplanationですdidか。question - 32
にほんからかえってくるやいなやびょうきになりました。
I got sick as soon as I came back from Japan.
日本Japanからfrom帰っcame backてcame back来るcame backやas soon asいなas soon asやas soon as病気sickにbecameなりbecameましbecameた。became - 33
ところによってちがいます。
It differs from place to place.
所placeにdepending onよっdepending onてdepending on違いdiffersます。polite - 34
モントレーではまいねんなつはすずしいのですか。
Is the summer cool every year in Monterey?
モントレーMontereyでinはtopic毎年every year夏summerはtopicすずしいcoolのexplanationですisか。question - 35
いいえ、ねんによってたいへんあついこともあります。
No, in some years it is very hot.
いいえ、no年yearにdepending onよっdepending onてdepending on大変veryあついhot事timesもalsoありexistます。polite - 36
かんじはみなこんなにむずかしいのですか。
Are all Chinese characters this difficult?
かん字Chinese charactersはtopic皆allこんなthisにmuchむずかしいdifficultのexplanationですareか。question - 37
いいえ、かんじによってやさしいのもあります。
No, some Chinese characters are easy.
いいえ、noかん字Chinese charactersにdepending onよっdepending onてdepending onやさしいeasyのonesもsomeありexistます。polite - 38
モントレーはいつもあさこんなにきりがあるのですか。
Is it always this foggy in Monterey in the morning?
モントレーMontereyはtopicいつalwaysもalways朝morningこんなthisにmuchきりfogがsubjectあるthere isのexplanationですisか。question - 39
いいえ、いつもではありません。ひによってちがいます。ときどききりのないひもあります。
No, not always. It differs from day to day. Sometimes there are days without fog.
いいえ、noいつalwaysもalwaysでis notはis notありis notませis notん。is not日dayにdepending onよっdepending onてdepending on違いdiffersます。polite時々sometimesきりfogのofないwithout日daysもsomeありexistます。polite - 40
べいこくのなつはいつもこんなにすずしいのですか。
Are summers in the United States always this cool?
米国United Statesのof夏summerはtopicいつalwaysもalwaysこんなthisにmuchすずしいcoolのthe caseですisか。question - 41
べいこくはおおきいくにですから、ところによってちがいます。あるところはたいへんあついです。またあるところはたいへんすずしいです。
The United States is a large country, so it differs from place to place. Some places are very hot. Other places are very cool.
米国United Statesはtopic大きいlarge国countryですisから、because所placeにdepending onよっdepending onてdepending on違いdiffersます。politeあるsome所placesはtopic大変veryあついhotです。is又otherあるsome所placesはtopic大変veryすずしいcoolです。is - 42
このがっこうのせいとはみなおなじようにべんきょうするのですか。
Do all the students at this school study in the same way?
このthis学校schoolの's生徒studentsはtopic皆all同じsame様wayにin勉強studyするdoのthe caseですisか。question - 43
いいえ、せいとによってべんきょうのしかたがみなちがいます。
No, every student has a different way of studying.
いいえ、no生徒studentsにdepending onよっdepending onてdepending on勉強studyingの's仕方methodがsubject皆all違いdifferます。polite
- すぐ
- right away, immediately
- ね
- isn't it (See Grammar Notes)
- で、
- --is and -- (See Grammar Notes)
- とこ
- bed
- 家
- house, home
- 好き
- to like, be fond of (See Grammar Notes)
- したく
- preparation
- し
- city
- いつ
- when?
- 毎年
- every year (See Grammar Notes)
- 夏
- summer
- すずしい
- cool
- 年
- year (See Grammar Notes)
- あつい
- hot
- むずかしい
- difficult
- やさしい
- easy
- 朝
- morning
- きり
- fog
- ある
- certain, some
- 時々
- sometimes, occasionally
- 国
- country, nation
One event following another · Pattern 1 1 of 3
The next event begins at once
*麦の しゅうかくが 終る やいなや 田植が 始まります* means "As soon as the wheat harvest is over, rice planting begins."
The plain verb *終る* comes before *やいなや*. The next clause states the event that begins immediately.
*家を 出るやいなや 雨が 降り出しました* uses the same pattern when rain begins as soon as someone leaves home.
- 44
むぎのしゅうかくがおわるやいなやたうえがはじまります。
As soon as the wheat harvest is over, rice planting begins.
麦wheatの'sしゅうかくharvestがsubject終るendsやas soon asいなas soon asやas soon as田植rice plantingがsubject始まりbeginsます。polite - 45
じどうしゃをなおすやいなやまたこわしました。
As soon as I repaired the car, I broke it again.
自動car車carをobjectなおすrepairやas soon asいなas soon asやas soon as又againこわしbreakましdid, politeた。past - 46
あのひとはだいがくをでるやいなやあるかいしゃにやとわれました。
As soon as he graduated from college, he was hired by a company.
あのthat人personはtopic大学collegeをobject出るgraduateやas soon asいなas soon asやas soon asあるa certain会社companyにbyやとわhiredれwasましdid, politeた。past - 47
えきにつくやいなやきしゃがでていきました。
As soon as I arrived at the station, the train left.
駅stationにat着くarriveやas soon asいなas soon asやas soon as汽車trainがsubject出leftてleft行きleftましdid, politeた。past - 48
わたくしをみるやいなやあのひとはでていきました。
As soon as he saw me, that person left.
私meをobject見るseeやas soon asいなas soon asやas soon asあのthat人personはtopic出leftてleft行きleftましdid, politeた。past - 49
いえをでるやいなやあめがふりだしました。
As soon as I left the house, it began to rain.
家houseをobject出るleaveやas soon asいなas soon asやas soon as雨rainがsubject降りbegan raining出しbegan rainingましdid, politeた。past - 50
にほんからかえるやいなやびょうきになりました。
I got sick as soon as I returned from Japan.
日本Japanからfrom帰るreturnやas soon asいなas soon asやas soon as病気sickにbecameなりbecameましdid, politeた。past - 51
あたらしいとけいをかうやいなやこわしました。
As soon as I bought a new watch, I broke it.
新しいnew時計watchをobject買うbuyやas soon asいなas soon asやas soon asこわしbreakましdid, politeた。past - 52
けさおきるやいなやせきがではじめました。
As soon as I got up this morning, I began to cough.
けさthis morning起きるget upやas soon asいなas soon asやas soon asせきcoughがsubject出began coughing始めbegan coughingましdid, politeた。past
- 車
- vehicle, car
- なおす
- to correct, mend, repair (v.t.)
- 出る
- come out to the phone, go out, come out (vi)
- 会社
- company, firm
- 駅
- railroad station
- 雨
- rain
- 買う
- to buy
- せき
- seat
Immediate actions in conversation · Pattern 1 2 of 3
Immediate results in conversation
*ええ、ずい分 つかれていたので、夕飯を 食べるやいなや とこにはいりました* means "Yes, because I was very tired, I went to bed as soon as I ate dinner."
The plain verb *食べる* before *やいなや* gives the first event. Going to bed follows immediately.
The conversations use the same pattern for an action or result that follows a completed event at once.
- 53
いつびょうきになったのですか。
When did you get sick?
いつwhen病気sickにbecameなっbecameたpastのthe caseですisか。question - 54
にほんへつくやいなやびょうきになっていっしゅうかんばかりねていました。
As soon as I arrived in Japan, I became ill and was in bed for about a week.
日本Japanへtoward着くarriveやas soon asいなas soon asやas soon as病気illにbecameなっbecameてand一one週間weekばかりaboutねwas in bedてwas in bedいwas in bedましdid, politeた。past - 55
あなたがにゅういんしていらっしゃるということをきくやいなややってきたのですが、ごびょうきはいかがですか。
I came as soon as I heard that you were in the hospital. How are you feeling?
あなたyouがsubject入院hospitalしdoてandいらっしゃるare stayingとquote言うsay事factをobject聞くhearやas soon asいなas soon asやas soon asやっcameてcame来cameたpastのthe caseですisが、but御your illness病気your illnessはtopicいかがhowですisか。question - 56
ありがとうございます。おいしゃさんのはなしによると、あまりわるくはないそうです。
Thank you. According to the doctor, it is apparently not very serious.
ありがとうthank you御thank youざthank youいthank youます。thank youおhonorable医者doctorさんtitleの's話accountにaccording toよるaccording toと、according toあまりvery悪くseriousはtopicないnotそうapparentlyです。is - 57
あなたはさくばんはやくねたらしいですね。
It seems that you went to bed early last night.
あなたyouはtopic昨晩last night早くearlyねたwent to bedらしいseemsですisね。right? - 58
ええ、ずいぶんつかれていたので、ゆうはんをたべるやいなやとこにはいりました。
Yes, because I was very tired, I went to bed as soon as I ate dinner.
ええ、yesずい分veryつかtiredれtiredてtiredいtiredたpastのbecauseで、because夕飯dinnerをobject食べるeatやas soon asいなas soon asやas soon asとこbedにtoはいりenteredましdid, politeた。past - 59
たなかさんのむすこさんはだいがくをでるやいなやけっこんしたそうですね。
I hear that Mr. Tanaka's son got married as soon as he graduated from college.
田中TanakaさんMr.の'sむすこsonさんtitleはtopic大学collegeをobject出るgraduateやas soon asいなas soon asやas soon asけっこんmarriageしdoたpastそうI hearですisね。right? - 60
ええ、そうらしいです。そして、これからしごとをさがすのだそうです。
Yes, it seems so. And I hear that he is going to look for a job now.
ええ、yesそうsoらしいseemsです。isそして、andこれnowからfrom仕事jobをobjectさがすlook forのthe caseだisそうI hearです。is - 61
あなたのむすめさんはしごとをしていらっしゃるそうですが、すこしぐらいちょきんができますか。
I hear that your daughter is working; is she able to save even a little money?
あなたyouの'sむすめdaughterさんtitleはtopic仕事workをobjectしdoてandいらっしゃるis workingそうI hearですisが、but少しa littleぐらいaboutちょsavings金savingsがsubject出来can saveますpoliteか。question
- へ
- to (See Gram. Notes)
- 一
- one
- ばかり
- about
- いらっしゃる
- to come, go (honorific verb)
- 言う
- to say
- 医者
- medical doctor
- 話
- story, talk
- ずい分
- very much
- さがす
- to search, look for
- 少し
- little (quantity)
- ぐらい
- about
Immediate action cues · Pattern 1 3 of 3
Everyday events as the first action
*いいえ、月給を もらうやいなや 使ってしまうのです* means "No, as soon as she gets her salary, she spends it all."
The first event remains in the plain form before *やいなや*.
The remaining lines give plain-form events such as *家へ 帰る*, "go home", and *朝 起きる*, "get up in the morning".
- 62
いいえ、げっきゅうをもらうやいなやつかってしまうのです。
No, as soon as she gets her salary, she spends it all.
いいえ、no月給salaryをobjectもらうreceiveやas soon asいなas soon asやas soon as使っspendてandしまうcompletelyのthe caseです。is - 63
いえへかえる
go home
家homeへtoward帰るreturn - 64
あさおきる
get up in the morning
朝morning起きるget up - 65
いえをでる
leave home
家homeをobject出るleave - 66
がっこうをそつぎょうする
graduate from school
学校schoolをobjectそつぎょうgraduateするdo - 67
わたくしをみる
see me
私meをobject見るsee - 68
にほんからかえる
return from Japan
日本Japanからfrom帰るreturn
- 月給
- monthly wage
- もらう
- to receive (tangible things)
- しまう
- to put away
Differences by place and person · Pattern 2 1 of 3
What a difference depends on
*気候は 所によって 違います* means "The climate differs from place to place."
The noun before *によって* identifies what the difference depends on.
*人によって 話し方が 違います* makes the person the basis of the difference and means "The way people speak differs from person to person."
- 69
きこうはところによってちがいます。
The climate differs from place to place.
気候climateはtopic所placeにdepending onよっdepending onてdepending on違いdiffersます。polite - 70
モンテレーのてんきはひによってちがいます。
The weather in Monterey varies from day to day.
モンテレーMontereyの's天気weatherはtopic日dayにdepending onよっdepending onてdepending on違いvariesます。polite - 71
しゅうかんはくにによってちがいます。
Customs differ from country to country.
習customsかんcustomsはtopic国countryにdepending onよっdepending onてdepending on違いdifferます。polite - 72
ねんによってあんまりあめがふらないことがあります。
In some years, it does not rain very much.
年yearにdepending onよっdepending onてdepending onあんまりvery much雨rainがsubject降らrainないnot事timesがsubjectありexistます。polite - 73
ひとによってはなしかたがちがいます。
The way people speak differs from person to person.
人personにdepending onよっdepending onてdepending on話しspeaking方wayがsubject違いdiffersます。polite - 74
せいとによってべんきょうのしかたがちがいます。
The way students study differs from student to student.
生徒studentsにdepending onよっdepending onてdepending on勉強studyingの'sし方methodがsubject違いdiffersます。polite - 75
ぎんこうによってりりつがちがいます。
Interest rates differ from bank to bank.
銀行bankにdepending onよっdepending onてdepending on利interest rateりつinterest rateがsubject違いdiffersます。polite - 76
がっこうによっておしえかたがちがいます。
Teaching methods differ from school to school.
学校schoolにdepending onよっdepending onてdepending on教えteaching方methodがsubject違いdiffersます。polite - 77
モンテレーではひによってふゆでもあついことがあります。
In Monterey, on some days it is hot even in winter.
モンテレーMontereyでinはtopic日dayにdepending onよっdepending onてdepending on冬winterでinもevenあついhot事timesがsubjectありexistます。polite
- モンテレー
- Monterey
- 天気
- weather
- 銀行
- bank
- 冬
- winter
Saying what things depend on · Pattern 2 2 of 3
A general question with a varied answer
*かん字によって 違います* means "It depends on the kanji." The noun before *によって* narrows the answer to each item.
The questions ask whether a broad statement applies in every case.
*生徒によって 違います* gives the same kind of answer when Japanese varies in difficulty by student.
- 78
べいこくのなつはどうですか。
What are summers like in the United States?
米国United Statesの's夏summerはtopicどうhowですisか。question - 79
べいこくはひろいくにですから、ところによってちがいます。あるところはなつあついですが、あるところはすずしいです。
The United States is a large country, so it differs from place to place. Some places are hot in summer, while others are cool.
米国United Statesはtopic広いlarge国countryですisから、because所placeにdepending onよっdepending onてdepending on違いdiffersます。politeあるsome所placesはtopic夏summerあついhotですisが、whileあるother所placesはtopicすずしいcoolです。is - 80
かんじはむずかしいですか。
Are kanji difficult?
かん字kanjiはtopicむずかしいdifficultですisか。question - 81
かんじによってちがいます。あるかんじはたいへんやさしいです。
It depends on the kanji. Some kanji are very easy.
かん字kanjiにdepending onよっdepending onてdepending on違いdiffersます。politeあるsomeかん字kanjiはtopic大変veryやさしいeasyです。is - 82
にほんではつゆにはいつもあめがたくさんふりますか。
Does it always rain a lot during the rainy season in Japan?
日本Japanでinはtopicつゆrainy seasonにduringはtopicいつalwaysもalways雨rainがsubject沢山a lot降りfallますpoliteか。question - 83
ねんによってあんまりふらないこともあります。
In some years, it does not rain very much.
年yearにdepending onよっdepending onてdepending onあんまりvery much降らrainないnot事timesもalsoありexistます。polite - 84
にほんごはやさしいですか。
Is Japanese easy?
日本Japanese語Japaneseはtopicやさしいeasyですisか。question - 85
せいとによってちがいます。あるせいとはむずかしいというし、またあるせいとはやさしいといいます。
It depends on the student. Some students say it is difficult, while others say it is easy.
生徒studentにdepending onよっdepending onてdepending on違いdiffersます。politeあるsome生徒studentsはtopicむずかしいdifficultとquote言うsayし、and又otherあるsome生徒studentsはtopicやさしいeasyとquote言いsayます。polite - 86
このがっこうのせいとはみなおなじようにべんきょうするのですか。
Do all the students at this school study in the same way?
このthis学校schoolの's生徒studentsはtopic皆all同じsameようwayにin勉強studyするdoのthe caseですisか。question
- し、
- city
How conditions vary · Pattern 2 3 of 3
Conditions that are not uniform
*いいえ、生徒によって 勉強のし方が 違います* means "No, the way they study differs from student to student."
The questions ask whether people, weather, seasons, or climate are the same in every case.
An answer with *によって* names the source of the difference, such as the student, year, or place.
- 87
いいえ、せいとによってべんきょうのしかたがちがいます。
No, the way they study differs from student to student.
いいえ、no生徒studentsにdepending onよっdepending onてdepending on勉強studyingの'sし方methodがsubject違いdifferます。polite - 88
ひとびとはみなおなじようにはなしますか。
Does everyone speak in the same way?
人々everyoneはtopic皆all同じsame様wayにin話しspeakますpoliteか。question - 89
にほんではつゆにはいつもあめがたくさんふりますか。
Does it always rain a lot during the rainy season in Japan?
日本Japanでinはtopicつゆrainy seasonにduringはtopicいつalwaysもalways雨rainがsubject沢山a lot降りfallますpoliteか。question - 90
せいとはみなおなじようにべんきょうしますか。
Do all the students study in the same way?
生徒studentはtopic皆all同じsame様wayにin勉強studyしdoますpoliteか。question - 91
モンテレーではまいねんなつはすずしいですか。
Are summers in Monterey cool every year?
モンテレーMontereyでatはtopic毎年every year夏summerはtopicすずしいcoolですisか。question - 92
べいこくのふゆはみなおなじですか。
Are winters the same everywhere in the United States?
米国United Statesのof冬winterはtopic皆everywhere同じsameですisか。question - 93
きこうはどこでもおなじですか。
Is the climate the same everywhere?
気候climateはtopicどこwhereでatもeven同じsameですisか。question
- 人々
- people
Growing and planting rice · Questions 1 of 2
From seed rice to planting
The passage follows rice cultivation from sowing seed rice in a nursery to transplanting seedlings in June.
It also describes farmers as very busy during rainy-season planting.
*米を 作るのには まず何を しますか* means "What do they do first to grow rice?" An answer names sowing seed rice in a nursery.
- 94
にほんじゅういたるところでつくっているものといえばこめ、むぎ、さつまいもなどです。そのなかでにほんじんにとっていちばんたいせつなものはこめです。こめをつくるのには、まず、たねもみをなわしろにまくのです。たねもみをまくのはしがつのげじゅんからごがつのじょうじゅんにかけてです。このなわしろにそだったいねのなえをこんどはすいでんにうえかえるのです。これをたうえといって、たいていろくがつちゅうじゅんからげじゅんにかけてやります。おおむぎやこむぎのしゅうかくがごがつのちゅうじゅんにはじまりますから、このしゅうかくがおわるやいなやたうえがはじまるのです。ですから、ひゃくしょうに
Among the things grown everywhere in Japan are rice, barley, wheat, and sweet potatoes. Of these, rice is the most important to the Japanese. To grow rice, the seed rice is first sown in a nursery bed. The seed rice is sown from late April through early May. The rice seedlings grown in this nursery bed are then transplanted to a paddy field. This is called rice planting and is usually done from the middle to the end of June. The harvest of barley and wheat begins in the middle of May, and as soon as this harvest is over, rice planting begins. Therefore, for farmers,
日本throughout Japan中throughout Japanいたるeverywhere所everywhereでin作っare grownてare grownいるare grown物thingsとquote言えspeaking ofばspeaking of米、rice麦、barleyさつまsweet potatoesいもsweet potatoesなどand so forthです。areそのthese中amongでamong日本Japanese人Japaneseにtoとっforてfor一番most大切importantなis物thingはtopic米riceです。is米riceをobject作るgrowのact ofにforは、topicまず、first種もみseed riceをobjectなわnursery bedしろnursery bedにinまくsowのact ofです。is種もみseed riceをobjectまくsowのact ofはtopic四April月Aprilのof下旬late monthからfrom五May月Mayのof上旬early monthにtoかけthroughてthroughです。isこのthisなわnursery bedしろnursery bedにinそだっgrownたgrownいねrice plantのofなえseedlingをobject今度thenはtopic水田paddy fieldにto植えかえるtransplantのindeedです。isこれthisをobject田植rice plantingとas言っis calledて、is called大抵usually六June月June中旬middle monthからfrom下旬late monthにtoかけthroughてthroughやりdoます。polite大麦barleyやand小麦wheatのofしゅうかくharvestがsubject五May月Mayのof中旬middle monthにin始まりbeginsますpoliteから、becauseこのthisしゅうかくharvestがsubject終るendsやas soon asいなas soon asやas soon as田植rice plantingがsubject始まるbeginsのindeedです。isですisから、because百姓farmersにfor - 95
とっては、このごろは「ねこのてでもかりたい」ほどいそがしいとききです。たうえをするときにはなえをうえるひとはくつやぞうりをぬいでやるのですが、このごろではせいかつがらくになったとみえて、ゴムのながぐつをはいてたうえをするひとがおおくなりました。このごろはちょうどつゆどきですから、たうえをするひとはどろまみれになるうえにびしょぬれになってしごとをしなければなりません。たうえがおわるとひゃくしょうはあんしんです。ところによってちがいますが、たうえがおわると、たいていおいわいをします。このおいわいはいきぬきのいわいとほうさくをいのるのとりょうほうのためです。
this is the time of year when they are so busy that they could use even a cat's help. When planting rice, the people who plant the seedlings take off their shoes or sandals, but nowadays, perhaps because life has become easier, more people plant rice wearing tall rubber boots. Since this is right in the rainy season, the people planting rice must work while not only covered in mud but also soaking wet. When the rice planting is over, the farmers feel relieved. It differs from place to place, but when the rice planting is over, they usually hold a celebration. This celebration is both a chance to relax and a prayer for a good harvest.
とっforてforは、topicこのごろnowadaysはtopic「ねこcatの's手helpでwithもevenかりborrowたい」want toほどso much thatいそがしいbusy時time of yearきtime of yearです。is田植rice plantingをobjectするdo時whenにatはtopicなえseedlingをobject植えるplant人peopleはtopicくつshoesやorぞうりsandalsをobjectぬいtake offでtake offやるdoのindeedですisが、butこのごろnowadaysでinはtopic生活lifeがsubjectらくeasyにintoなっbecameたbecameとquote見え'sて、apparentlyゴムrubberのs長ぐつtall bootsをobjectはいwearてwear田植rice plantingをobjectするdo人peopleがsubject多くmanyなりbecameましbecameた。becameこのごろnowadaysはtopic丁度right nowつゆrainy season時seasonですisから、because田植rice plantingをobjectするdo人peopleはtopicどろcovered in mudまみれcovered in mudにintoなるbecome上besidesにalsoびしょぬれsoaking wetにintoなっbecomeてbecome仕事workをobjectしdoなけれif notばifなりbecomeませnot, politeん。not田植rice plantingがsubject終るendsとwhen百姓farmersはtopic安心relievedです。are所placeにbyよっdependingてdepending違いdifferますpoliteが、but田植rice plantingがsubject終るendsと、when大抵usuallyおcelebration祝いcelebrationをobjectしdoます。politeこのthisおcelebration祝いcelebrationはtopicいきa breakぬきa breakのof祝celebrationとandほうgood harvestさくgood harvestをobjectいのるpray forのact ofとand両方bothのofためpurposeです。is - 96
にほんじゅういたるところでつくっているものといえばなんですか。
What things are grown everywhere in Japan?
日本throughout Japan中throughout Japanいたるeverywhere所everywhereでin作っare grownてare grownいるare grown物thingsとquote言えspeaking ofばspeaking of何whatですisか。question - 97
そのなかでにほんじんにとっていちばんたいせつなものはなんですか。
Of these, what is the most important thing to the Japanese?
そのthese中amongでamong日本Japanese人Japaneseにtoとっforてfor一番most大切importantなis物thingはtopic何whatですisか。question - 98
こめをつくるのにはまずなにをしますか。
What do they do first to grow rice?
米riceをobject作るgrowのact ofにforはtopicまずfirst何whatをobjectしdoますpoliteか。question - 99
たねもみをまくのはいつごろですか。
About when is the seed rice sown?
種もみseed riceをobjectまくsowのact ofはtopicいつごろabout whenですisか。question - 100
なわしろにそだったいねをどうしますか。
What do they do with the rice plants grown in the nursery bed?
なわnursery bedしろnursery bedにinそだっgrownたgrownいねrice plantsをobjectどうhowしdoますpoliteか。question - 101
たうえはなんがつごろですか。
About what month is rice planting done?
田植rice plantingはtopic何what月monthごろaboutですisか。question
- 麦、
- wheat, barley, oats (See Cult. Notes)
- など
- and so forth, etc.
- 一番
- number one (See Grammar Notes)
- な
- I wish, I hope, huh
- 作る
- to raise, to make
- まず、
- first, first of all
- 今度
- this time, next time
Harvests, rain and celebrations · Questions 2 of 2
After the harvest and planting
The questions cover the barley and wheat harvest, rainy-season planting, and celebrations after the work.
*この お祝いは 何のためですか* means "What is this celebration for?"
An answer names its two purposes: a rest for farm families and a prayer for a good harvest.
- 102
おおむぎやこむぎのしゅうかくはいつごろはじまりますか。
About when does the harvest of barley and wheat begin?
大麦barleyやand小麦wheatのofしゅうかくharvestはtopicいつごろabout when始まりbeginsますpoliteか。question - 103
このしゅうかくがおわるやいなやなにがはじまりますか。
What begins as soon as this harvest is over?
このthisしゅうかくharvestがsubject終るendsやas soon asいなas soon asやas soon as何whatがsubject始まりbeginsますpoliteか。question - 104
たうえをするときにはなえをうえるひとはくつやぞうりをはいてやりますか。
When planting rice, do the people who plant the seedlings wear shoes or sandals?
田植rice plantingをobjectするdo時whenにatはtopicなえseedlingsをobject植えるplant人peopleはtopicくつshoesやorぞうりsandalsをobjectはいwearてwearやりdoますpoliteか。question - 105
このごろではどうですか。
How is it nowadays?
このごろnowadaysでinはtopicどうhowですisか。question - 106
にほんのつゆはいつごろですか。
About when is the rainy season in Japan?
日本Japanの'sつゆrainy seasonはtopicいつごろabout whenですisか。question - 107
たうえがおわるとひゃくしょうはどうしますか。
What do the farmers do when the rice planting is over?
田植rice plantingがsubject終るendsとwhen百姓farmersはtopicどうhowしdoますpoliteか。question - 108
このおいわいはなんのためですか。
What is this celebration for?
このthisおcelebration祝いcelebrationはtopic何whatのforためpurposeですisか。question
Rice plants, seedlings and paddies · Word list 1 of 4
Rice from nursery to paddy
These words cover the places, plants, and dates involved in rice transplanting.
*なわしろ* is "a bed for growing rice sprouts", *なえ* is "seedling", and *水田* is "paddy".
Together they name the movement of a young rice plant from its nursery bed into the paddy.
- 109
たうえ
rice transplanting (See Cult Notes)
田植rice planting - 110
いたるところ
all over, wherever one goes
いたる所everywhere - 111
ぜんこくてき
country wide, all over a country
全国てきcountrywide - 112
ちゅうじゅん
middle 10 days of a month
中旬middle ten days - 113
げじゅん
last 10 days of a month
下旬last ten days - 114
なわしろ
a bed for growing rice sprouts
なわしろrice nursery bed - 115
そだつ
grow, be brought up (vi)
そだつgrow - 116
いね
rice plant
いねrice plant - 117
なえ
seedling, young shoot, sapling
なえseedling - 118
すいでん
paddy
水田paddy field
- いたる所
- all over, wherever one goes
- 全国てき
- country wide, all over a country
- なわしろ
- a bed for growing rice sprouts
- そだつ
- grow, be brought up (vi)
Harvests, timing and fieldwork · Word list 2 of 4
Harvest and fieldwork
These words cover transplanting, seed rice, harvest time, and work in the fields.
*種もみ* is "seed rice", while *しゅうかく* is "harvest".
*ねこの手でも かりたい* means "very busy and short handed".
- 119
うえかえる
transplant
植えかえるtransplant - 120
たねもみ
seed rice
種もみseed rice - 121
じょうじゅん
first 10 days of a month
上旬first ten days - 122
しゅうかく
harvest (harvest v.t.)
しゅうかくharvest - 123
ねこのてでもかりたい
very busy and short handed (See Cult. Notes)
ねこの手でもかりたいdesperate for help - 124
--やいなや
-- no sooner than (See Gram. Notes)
--やいなやas soon as - 125
ときき
time, season
時きtime; season - 126
はだし
bare feet
はだしbare feet - 127
ぞうり
straw sandal, thong
ぞうりstraw sandals - 128
ぬぐ
take off, undress, uncover
ぬぐtake off
- ねこの手でもかりたい
- very busy and short handed (See Cult. Notes)
- --やいなや
- -- no sooner than (See Gram. Notes)
- 時き
- season, time
- ぬぐ
- take off, undress, uncover
Rain, mud and wet weather · Word list 3 of 4
Mud and rain
These words describe fieldwork during the rainy season and the relief that follows it.
*長ぐつ* is "boots", *どろまみれ* is "covered with mud", and *びしょぬれ* is "soaking wet".
- 129
ゴム
rubber
ゴムrubber - 130
ながぐつ
boots
長ぐつboots - 131
せいかつ(する)
livelihood, (live (v.i.))
生活(する)livelihood; live - 132
つゆ
rainy season (See Cult. Notes)
つゆrainy season - 133
どろまみれ
covered with mud (See Cult. Notes)
どろまみれcovered with mud - 134
どろ
mud
どろmud - 135
びしょぬれ
soaking wet
びしょぬれsoaking wet - 136
ぬれる
get wet; become wet (vi)
ぬれるget wet - 137
あんしん(する)
ease of mind; tranquility of mind (feel at ease (vi) )
安心(する)peace of mind - 138
ところによって
depending on place (See Gram. Notes)
所によってdepending on place
- 生活(する)
- livelihood, (live (v.i.))
- どろまみれ
- covered with mud (See Cult. Notes)
- 安心(する)
- ease of mind; tranquility of mind (feel at ease (vi) )
- 所によって
- depending on place (See Gram. Notes)
Celebrations, rest and good harvests · Word list 4 of 4
A celebration after planting
These words name a celebration after rice planting and its two purposes.
*いきぬき* is "breather, rest", while *ほうさく* is "bumper crop" and *いのる* is "pray".
*両方* means "both", linking a rest and a prayer for a bumper crop.
- 139
おいわい(する)
celebration, (celebrate (vi))
お祝い(する)celebration - 140
いきぬき
breather, rest
いきぬきbreather - 141
ほうさく
bumper crop
ほうさくbumper crop - 142
いのる
pray (vt)
いのるpray - 143
いわい
celebration, congratulation
祝いcelebration - 144
りょうほう
both
両方both - 145
おおむぎ
barley
大麦barley
Guide for Free Conversation
F.
1.
Guide for Free Conversation.
Visual Cues.
a.
Look at the picture on Pages 198
to 204
and
talk about how the rice fields are prepared, rice
transplanting, harvesting, etc.
2.
Topic Titles.
a.
Talk about the work involved before rice trans-
planting.
b.
Talk about rice transplanting.
c.
Compare rice transplanting of Japan and that of
other countries.
Talk about the rainy season.Homework
J,
Homev/ork.
1.
Memorize the Dialogue and the vocabulary.
2.
Study Grammar Perception Drill,
3.
Study Pattern Practice and do the exercise at the
end of each pattern.
4.
Learn to read and write new Kanji.
5.
Read the Explanatory Notes.
6.
Read the Guide for Free Conversation and do the
exercises following the instructions given.
-A i
"
I '.O'- お祝い(する)
- celebration, (celebrate (vi))
- いきぬき
- breather, rest
- ほうさく
- bumper crop
The particulars
- The course
- Defense Language Institute, Japanese Basic Course, 1967 to 1971. Public domain. The teaching pages and the narration are ours.
- Reading aloud
- Digital narration, directed by 1732 Studios.
- The book
- Botchan, the work this course leads to, free to read here.
- Data
- JSON · Markdown · A guide for agents