Japanese Basic Course 1732 Studios

Japanese · Lesson 86

Lesson 88

Reading Japan

164 lines

Sewage and public sanitation · Dialogue 1 of 5

Improvement and remaining problems

Two speakers discuss improved public sanitation and the problems that remain.

One says *衛生というと さいしょに 頭に うかぶのは、下水の しまつです*. This means "When speaking of sanitation, sewage disposal comes to mind first."

The reply says *日本では 大きな市でも、下水道の せつびの ない所が 多いです*. In Japan, many places even in large cities lack sewage drainage facilities.

Kanji: 衛, 衆

New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.

  1. 1

    にほんじんがながいきをするようになったこと、にほんにでんせんびょうがすくないことなどは、こうしゅうえいせいがよくなったためともいえますね。

    You can say that the prolongation of the life span of the Japanese people and the scarcity of contagious diseases in Japan are due to the improvement of public sanitation, can't you?

    日本Japanese people
    人Japanese people
    がsubject
    長生きlong life
    をobject
    するlive
    様so that
    にto
    なっbecame
    たpast
    事、fact
    日本Japan
    にin
    でcontagious disease
    んcontagious disease
    せんcontagious disease
    病contagious disease
    がsubject
    少いfew
    事fact
    などand so forth
    は、topic
    公衆public sanitation
    衛生public sanitation
    がsubject
    よくbetter
    なっbecame
    たpast
    ためbecause of
    とthat
    もalso
    言えcan say
    ますpolite
    ね。right?
  2. 2

    そうです。いっぱんにえいせいがよくなったんです。でも、えいせいというと、いみがひろいですからもんだいもおおいわけです。

    Yes, you can. Sanitation has improved in general. However, when you speak of sanitation, the meaning is broad, so there are many problems.

  3. 3

    そうですね。えいせいというとさいしょにあたまにうかぶのは、げすいのしまつです。

    You are right. When you speak of sanitation, the first thing that comes to one's mind is the disposal of sewage.

  4. 4

    そうですね。にほんではおおきなしでも、げすいどうのせつびのないところがおおいです。

    That's right, isn't it? In Japan,even in a large city,there are many places that don't have sewage drainage facilities.

  5. 5

    べいこくでもげすいのしまつは、ちいさいしではもんだいになっています。

    Even in the United States, disposal of sewage has been a problem in small cities.

KAGIRI Following the basic form of verbs and also the non-polite negative suffix NAI, KAGIRI expresses an idea of " so long as ---", "so far as ---" or " to the best of ---."

NIPPONGO NI KANJI GA ARU KAGIRI NARAU NOWA MUZUKASHII DESU. "So long as there is Kanji in Japanese, it is difficult to learn."

KARADA GA TSUZUKU KAGIRI, SHIGOTO O SHIMASU. "So long as my body lasts, I'll work."

WATAKUSHI NO SHITTE IRU KAGIRI. "So far as I know."

ANO SEITO WA BENKYOO SHINAI KAGIRI JOOZU NI WA NAREMASEN. "That student cannot become proficient so long as he does not study."
2 MIKOMI Following the basic form of verbs and also following a verbal noun plus NO, MIKOMI expresses the meaning of "probability", "hope", "prospect", "expectation", "possibility", etc.

WATAKUSHI WA NIHON E IKU MIKOMI WA ARIMASEN. "I have no hope of going to Japan."

RAINEN GORO NEDAN GA SAGARU MIKOMI DESU. "The price is expected to go down around next year."

2 Examples SUMISU-SAN WA SANGATSU NI SOTSUGYOO NO MIKOMI DESU. "Mr. Smith is expected to graduate in March."

ANO HITO WA KYOO KAERU MIKOMI WA NAI. "He is not expected to return today."
KEIHIN CHIHOO KEIHIN CHIHOO is a consolidated term for Tokyo-Yokohama area. KEI (京) is a Chinese reading of KYOO (京) of TOKYO (東京), and HIN (浜) is a Chinese reading of HAMA (浜) of YOKOHAMA (横浜).
HANSHIN CHIHOO HANSHIN CHIHOO is a consolidated term for Osaka-Kobe area. HAN (阪) is a Chinese reading of SAKA (阪) of OSAKA (大阪) and SHIN (神) is a Chinese reading of KOO (神) of KŌBE (神戸).
KEIHANSHIN CHIHOO KEIHANSHIN CHIHOO is a consolidated term for Kyoto-Osaka-Kobe area. KEI (京) is a Chinese reading of KYOO of KYOOTO (京都). HANSHIN (阪神) has been explained in (2) above.
BENJO Unless specially built to cater to the comfort of Western guests, the bathroom in a Japanese house is usually not equipped with a flush toilet. Such a phrase as "Where is the bathroom?" if used in a Japanese house could only mean a literal query about the location of the place where baths are taken. For in a Japanese house, the bathroom and the lavatory are in separate places.

As for the place where one may wash one's hands after using the toilet, the visitor will often find, in addition to modern facilities of some kind or other, a china, metal or stone basin filled with water, placed rather artistically just outside of the veranda and close to the door of the toilet-room. The basin is provided with a ladle for dipping out water.
人
people
が
but (See Gram. Notes)
長生き
long life
を
particle denoting direct object (See Pattern Drill)
に
on (See Gram. Notes)
で
--is and -- (See Grammar Notes)
せん
sen (1/100 of a yen) (See Cultural Notes)
など
and so forth, etc.
は、
leaves
よく
well, skillfully
と
and (See Gram. Notes)
ます
trout
ね。
isn't it (See Grammar Notes)
そう
numerical counter for ships
です。
to be (See Gram. Notes)
一
one
いみ
meaning
から
from (See Gram. Notes)
さいしょ
first
頭
head, mind
の
See Grammar Notes
下水
foul water, waste matter
しまつ
disposal
大きな
big, large (See Gram. Notes)
道
road, street
所
address, place

Old toilets and cleanliness · Dialogue 2 of 5

Old toilets and cleanliness

Two speakers discuss toilets and cleanliness in Japan.

The line *水せんの 便所も 大都市を のぞいては、ありません* says that flush toilets are absent outside large cities.

They then describe older toilets as smelly and unsanitary, despite cleanliness elsewhere in the home.

The bathroom and the toilet

In a Japanese house, the bathroom and the toilet are in separate places.

The bathroom is the place for baths. The toilet is *便所*.

A Japanese house usually has no flush toilet unless it is built for Western guests.

  1. 6

    すいせんのべんじょもだいとしをのぞいては、ありません。

    There are no flush toilets either except in large cities.

  2. 7

    むかしのにほんのべんじょはくさくて、せいようじんにはいやなかんじをあたえていましたね。

    Toilets of olden-day Japan were smelly and presented an unpleasant feeling to westerners.

  3. 8

    そうでしょうね。ふけつで、しょうどくしてもびょうげんになるばあいがたびたびありました。

    I suppose you are right. They were unsanitary and even if they were disinfected very often they had become the cause of illness.

  4. 9

    にほんじんはせいけつで、いつもおふろにはいったり、いえのなかやそともきれいにそうじしますが、べんじょだけはきたなくて、くさいとおもいますよ。

    Japanese people are clean and they take baths and clean in and out of the house always, but the toilet is dirty and smelly, I think.

  5. 10

    そういうひひょうをたびたびきかされます。

    I often hear such criticism.

水
water
便所
toilet
むかし
ancient, old
西洋
occident, the West
いや
no
な
I wish, I hope, huh
かんじ
Kanji (Chinese characters)
でしょう
probably (See Gram. Notes)
で、
--is and -- (See Grammar Notes)
しょう
award, reward
病原
cause of illness
たびたび
often, frequently
せいけつ
cleanliness
いつ
when?
家
house, home
や
and---among others (See Gram. Notes)
そうじ
cleaning
し
city
だけ
only, just (See Grammar Notes)
くさい
smelly

Public littering and food poisoning · Dialogue 3 of 5

Waste outside the home

Two speakers discuss poor sanitation outside the home.

One describes people who *きたない物を 川に 投げたり、下水の みぞに 捨てたりします*. They throw dirty things into rivers and sewage gutters.

The question *夏の 食あたりなども、不けつが もとでは ありませんか* asks whether unsanitary conditions cause summer food poisoning. The reply agrees.

Kanji: 平, 投, 捨

New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.

  1. 11

    それからこうしゅうえいせいということをあまりかんがえませんね。

    And they don't think much about public sanitation, do they?

  2. 12

    そうです。いえではやかましくいっていますが、そとにでると、へいきで、きたないものをかわになげたり、げすいのみぞにすてたりします。わるいことです。

    No, they don't. They are very strict at home, but once they go out they nonchalantly throw dirty things in a river and throw dirty things away in a sewage gutter and so on. It's a bad thing.

  3. 13

    なつのしょくあたりなども、ふけつがもとではありませんか。

    Isn't uncleanliness the cause of food poisoning in summer?

  4. 14

    たぶんにそうです。

    It is very much so.

  5. 15

    そういうことのとりしまりはないのですか。

    Don't they have supervision over such matters?

は
leaves
が、
but (See Gram. Notes)
出る
come out to the phone, go out, come out (vi)
きたない
dirty; filthy
川
river
みぞ
drain, gutter, ditch
夏
summer
食あたり
food poisoning
もと
cause, origin
か。
either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)

Sanitation enforcement and air pollution · Dialogue 4 of 5

Rules, awareness, and pollution

Two speakers discuss weak enforcement and improving sanitation, then turn to air pollution in the United States.

The line *きそくは あるのですが、きびしく 取りしまらないのですよ* says that regulations exist but enforcement is not strict.

Automobile exhaust and soot then appear as likely causes of air pollution.

No prospect without broad awareness

In *てっていされないかぎり*, *かぎり* gives the limit "so long as public sanitation awareness is not widespread."

The same line ends with *こう上の 見こみは ありません*. Here *見こみ* means "prospect," so there is no prospect of improvement.

  1. 16

    きそくはあるのですが、きびしくとりしまらないのですよ。

    There are regulations, but they don't supervise it strictly.

  2. 17

    でも、このごろはしだいによくなっているようですね。

    However, it seems it is gradually getting better these days, doesn't it?

  3. 18

    たしかによくなっていますが、こうしゅうえいせいのせいしんがいっぱんのひとにてっていされないかぎり、こうじょうのみこみはありませんね。

    I am sure it has improved, but so long as the spirit of public sanitation is not made known to the general public, there is no hope of improvement.

  4. 19

    それはそうと、べいこくではくうきのおせんがおおきなもんだいになっているそうですね。

    By the way, as I understand it, pollution of air has become a big problem in the United States, right?

  5. 20

    そうです。じどうしゃのはいきガスとばいえんがげんいんらしいです。

    Yes, it has. It seems the exhaust gas of automobiles and soot are the cause of it.

きそく
rule, regulation
ある
certain, some
です
to be (See Gram. Notes)
いる
to need (See Gram. Notes)
たしか
I am sure, certainly
せいしん
spirit; intention
と、
and (See Gram. Notes)
空気
air
車
vehicle, car
ガス
gas
原因
cause

Pollution and modern diseases · Dialogue 5 of 5

Tokyo and Yokohama in one name

Two speakers discuss air pollution and disease in large cities.

The line *日本でも 京浜、阪神地方では もうすでに 困っているそうです* reports pollution problems in two regions.

*京浜* is *KEIHIN*, one name for the Tokyo and Yokohama area. *KEI* comes from *京* in *東京*, and *HIN* from *浜* in *横浜*.

Osaka and Kobe in one name

*阪神* is *HANSHIN*, one name for the Osaka and Kobe area. *HAN* comes from *阪* in *大阪*, and *SHIN* from *神* in *神戸*.

The speakers connect polluted air with the recent increase in respiratory disease in large cities.

  1. 21

    にほんでもけいひん、はんしんちほうではもうすでにこまっているそうです。もちろんおおさかはまえからわるかったんですが。

    In Japan, too, I understand that the TokyoYokohama area and the Osaka-Kobe area are already suffering from it. Of course, it has been bad in Osaka from long ago, but -----

  2. 22

    そのおせんしたくうきをこきゅうするんですから、きんねんだいとしにこきゅうびょうがおおくなったんですね。

    Since we breathe that polluted air, diseases of respiratory organs have increased in large cities in recent years, isn't that right?

  3. 23

    まあ、そういうことになりますね。

    Yes, it-boils down to that.

  4. 24

    せいしんびょうやせいびょうはにほんではおおいですか。

    Are there many cases of mental disease and venereal disease in Japan?

  5. 25

    おおいです。それでせんごはとくにせいしんえいせいがくとか、しゃかいえいせいがく、ゆうせいがくのけんきゅうがさかんになっているんです。

    Yes, there are many. So, especially after the war, the study of mental hygiene, social hygiene and eugenics has become very extensive.

京浜、
Tokyo-Yokohama (See Cult. Notes)
地方
country, region
もう
already (See Gram. Notes)
すでに
already
もちろん
of course, to be sure
前
before, front
が。
but (See Gram. Notes)
近年
recent years
多く
many of them
まあ、
Well! Oh, my!
言う
to say
性病
venereal disease
戦後
after a war
社会
society

Limits on actions and outcomes · Perception drill

So long as the limit holds

*もっと 一生けんめいに 勉強しないかぎり、通れませんね* means "He cannot pass so long as he does not study harder."

*かぎり* means "so long as," "so far as," or "to the best of." It follows a basic or negative verb.

*お金が ある かぎり、御ちそうを 食べます* means "I eat good things as long as I have money."

In *出来るかぎり やってみよう*, it means trying as much as possible.

Hope, prospect, or likelihood

*はい、行ける みこみが じゅう分 あります* says there is a good chance of being able to go.

*みこみ* means "probability," "hope," "prospect," or "expectation." It follows a verb with the basic ending.

It also follows a noun that names an action, with *の* between them. *そつぎょうの みこみ* is the prospect of graduating.

  1. 26

    いっしょうけんめいべんきょうしないかぎり、しけんにはとおりません。

    As long as he doesn't study with all his might, he would not pass the examination.

  2. 27

    おかねがあるかぎり、ごちそうをたべます。

    I eat good things as long as I have money.

  3. 28

    どのくらいおんせんやどにとうりゅうするつもりかね。

    How long do you intend to stay at the hot spring hotel?

  4. 29

    そうだね。まあおかねのつづくかぎり、あそんでかえるつもりだ。

    Well, I intend to enjoy myself as long as my money lasts me and go home.

  5. 30

    スミスさんはこんどのしけんにとおるでしょうか。

    Do you suppose Mr. Smith will pass the next examination?

  6. 31

    もっといっしょうけんめいにべんきょうしないかぎり、とおれませんね。

    He won't be able to pass so long as he doesn't study with all his might.

  7. 32

    このしごとはらいしゅうのおわりまでにすませるかね。

    Can you finish this work by the end of next week?

  8. 33

    さあ、ちょっとむずかしいことだが、まあできるかぎりやってみよう。

    Well, that's a little difficult, but I'll try as much as I can.

  9. 34

    らいしゅうきててつだってくれますね。

    You are coming next week to help me, aren't you?

  10. 35

    ええ、びょうきにならないかぎり、てつだうつもりです。

    Yes, I intend to help so long as I don't get sick.

  11. 36

    にほんごをならうのをもっとやさしくできませんか。

    Can you make learning of Japanese easier?

  12. 37

    そうですね。にほんごにかんじがあるかぎり、やさしくはできないでしょう。

    Well, as long as there is Kanji in Japanese I don't think you can make it easier.

  13. 38

    やまださんのびょうきはなおるみこみはありません。

    There is no hope of Mr. Yamada's sickness being cured.

  14. 39

    スミスさんはそつぎょうのみこみはありません。

    There is no hope of Mr, Smith graduating.

  15. 40

    このがっこうをそつぎょうしてから、にほんへいけるみこみがあるかね。

    Do I have any hope of going to Japan after graduating from this school?

  16. 41

    はい、いけるみこみがじゅうぶんあります。

    Yes, you have a good chance of being able to go.

  17. 42

    うちのこどもはまだごフィートたらずだが、のびるみこみがあるだろうか。

    My child is still shorter than 5 feet tall, but do you suppose he has a possibility of growing taller?

  18. 43

    うん、あしがながいから、ろくフィートぐらいまでせがのびるみこみはじゅうぶんあるよ。

    Yes, he has long legs, so he has plenty of possibility of growing as tall as six feet.

  19. 44

    まいにちまいにちくもっているが、いつはれるのでしょうか。

    It has been cloudy everyday, but when do you suppose it is going to clear up?

  20. 45

    まあ、とうぶんはれるみこみはないね。

    Well, there is no likelihood that it is going to clear up for sometime.

  21. 46

    いえをうりたいそうだが、いくらでうるつもりかね。

    I understand you want to sell your house, but for how much do you intend to sell?

  22. 47

    にまんドルといっているんだが。

    I huve quoted a price of $20,000, but —

  23. 48

    ちょっとたかいね。それでにまんドルでうれるみこみがあるのかね。

    It's a little expensive, isn't it? And is there any prospect of being able to sell it for $20,000?

  24. 49

    ええ、もうにさんにんかいたいといっていえをみにきましたよ。

    Yes, already two or three people came to see the house saying they want to buy it.

  25. 50

    あたらしいがっこうのたてものはらいねんのしちがつまでにできあがりそうですか。

    Does the completion of the new school building seem possible by July next year?

  26. 51

    いまのところしちがつまでにはできあがるみこみはありませんね。

    As of now, there is no possibility of completion by July.

通り
street
金
gold
ます。
trout
どの
which (pre-substantive) (See Notes)
くらい
dark
おんせん
hot spring
か
either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)
だ
to be (informal equivalent of DESU. See Grammar Notes)
まあ
Well! Oh, my!
つづく
to last, continue
今度
this time, next time
通る
to pass
もっと
more (See Gram. Notes)
来週
next week
まで
as far as, to (See Gram. Notes)
さあ、
well, now, here, come
ちょっと
a little
むずかしい
difficult
出来る
to be manufactured; to be produced (v.i.)
ええ、
Yes
なら
if it is (See Gram. Notes)
手つだう
to help
なおる
to get well, to be repaired
みこみ
hope, possibility (See Gram. Notes)
から、
from (See Gram. Notes)
へ
to (See Gram. Notes)
分
minute
うち
home, house
まだ
yet, still
五
five
のびる
to grow tall, grow long, stretch
うん、
Yes, all right.
六
six
ぐらい
about
せ
height (of man)
毎日
Mainichi Newspaper Co.
れる
to be able to -- (See Grammar Notes)
とう分
for the time being
いくら
how much? how many?
二
two
ドル
dollar
三
three
七
seven
月
moon, month (See Grammar Notes)
ところ
place (See Gram. Notes)
出来上る
be completed

Conditions that prevent outcomes · Pattern 1 1 of 3

While a condition continues

*体がつづく かぎり やって見ます* means "I will try to keep doing it as long as my strength holds out."

The *かぎり* condition sets the continuing limit for the action.

Unless the condition changes

*食べる物を へらさないかぎり、やせる事は 出来ません* means "Unless the amount eaten is reduced, losing weight is impossible."

A negative verb before *かぎり* states the condition that must change before the outcome can occur.

  1. 52

    いっしょうけんめいべんきょうしないかぎり、じょうずにはなれません。

    Unless you study hard, you will not become proficient.

  2. 53

    できるかぎりやってみます。

    I will try to do as much as I can.

  3. 54

    からだがつづくかぎりやってみます。

    I will try to keep doing it as long as my strength holds out.

  4. 55

    かんじがあるかぎり、にほんごはやさしくはなりません。

    As long as there are kanji, Japanese will not become easy.

  5. 56

    ねつがあるかぎり、くすりをのまなければなりません。

    As long as you have a fever, you must take medicine.

  6. 57

    じんこうがいまのようにふえているかぎり、さんじせいげんをやらなければなりません。

    As long as the population keeps increasing as it is now, birth control must be practiced.

  7. 58

    たべるものをへらさないかぎり、やせることはできません。

    Unless you reduce the amount you eat, you cannot lose weight.

  8. 59

    たむらせんせいがしょうちしないかぎり、このへやをつかうわけにはいきません。

    Unless Mr. Tamura agrees, we cannot use this room.

  9. 60

    このしごとをすませないかぎり、こんばんいえへかえれません。

    Unless I finish this work, I cannot go home tonight.

上手
skillful, fluent (See Grammar Notes)
体
body, health
ねつ
fever
人口
population
やせる
to lose weight (v.i.)
へや
room
使う
to use, employ

Limits on health and plans · Pattern 1 2 of 3

A plan limited by health

*けんこうが おとろえないかぎり、ここで 働きつづけるつもりです* means "I intend to continue working here as long as my health does not fail."

The *かぎり* condition sets the health limit on the plan.

A result limited by income

*月給が 上らないかぎり、新しい自動車は 買えませんね* means "Unless my salary goes up, I cannot buy a new car."

A negative verb before *かぎり* identifies what prevents the purchase.

*天気が よくならないかぎり、なおりは しませんよ* says that colds will not clear unless the weather improves.

  1. 61

    たばこをやめないかぎり、あなたのせきはなおりません。

    Unless you give up smoking, your cough will not get better.

  2. 62

    このくみでいちばんよくできるせいとはパーカーさんですか。

    Is Mr. Parker the best student in this class?

  3. 63

    ええ、パーカーさんがいるかぎり、あのひとのみぎにでるせいとはいませんね。

    Yes, as long as Mr. Parker is here, no other student can surpass him.

  4. 64

    あなたはいつまでここではたらくつもりですか。

    How long do you intend to work here?

  5. 65

    けんこうがおとろえないかぎり、ここではたらきつづけるつもりです。

    I intend to continue working here as long as my health does not fail.

  6. 66

    このごろのかぜはなかなかなおりませんね。

    Colds these days do not clear up easily, do they?

  7. 67

    ええ、てんきがよくならないかぎり、なおりはしませんよ。

    No, they will not clear up unless the weather improves.

  8. 68

    いつあたらしいじどうしゃをかうつもりですか。

    When do you intend to buy a new car?

  9. 69

    げっきゅうがあがらないかぎり、あたらしいじどうしゃはかえませんね。

    Unless my salary goes up, I cannot buy a new car.

たばこ
tobacco, cigarette
せき
seat
組
class
一番
number one (See Grammar Notes)
ここ
here
けんこう
health
つづける
to continue (v.t.)
かぜ
wind
中々
considerably, very
天気
weather
買う
to buy
月給
monthly wage

Necessary conditions for change · Pattern 1 3 of 3

The change required first

*あまい物を 食べるのを やめないかぎり、やせる事は 出来ませんよ* means "Unless you stop eating sweets, you cannot lose weight."

The negative *かぎり* condition names the change required before the desired result becomes possible.

The short lines supply other actions and conditions for the same pattern, including *たばこを やめる* and *仕事をすませる*.

  1. 70

    わたくしはやせようとおもっているんですが、なかなかやせられないんですが、どうすればいいのでしょうか。

    I am trying to lose weight, but I just cannot seem to; what should I do?

  2. 71

    あまいものをたべるのをやめないかぎり、やせることはできませんよ。

    Unless you stop eating sweets, you cannot lose weight.

  3. 72

    からだがつづく

    My strength holds out.

  4. 73

    べんきょうしない

    Not study.

  5. 74

    しょうちする

    Agree.

  6. 75

    しごとをすませる

    Finish the work.

  7. 76

    たばこをやめる

    Give up smoking.

いい
good (See Gram. Notes)
あまい
sweet
やめる
to quit

Prospects for future outcomes · Pattern 2 1 of 3

A prospect after a verb

*スミスさんは 日本語が 上手になる みこみが あります* means "There is a good chance that Mr. Smith will become proficient in Japanese."

The *みこみ* prospect follows *上手になる*, the outcome that may occur.

A prospect after an action noun

*日本の工業は 発達の みこみが じゅう分 あります* means "There is every prospect that Japanese industry will develop."

An action noun takes *の* before *みこみ*. The rest of the sentence states whether that prospect is ample, limited, or absent.

  1. 77

    がんというびょうきになると、なおるみこみはすくない。

    If you get a disease called cancer, there is little hope of recovery.

  2. 78

    にほんのじんこうはげんしょうのみこみがありません。

    There is no prospect of Japan’s population decreasing.

  3. 79

    いまのところではとうぶんはれるみこみはありません。

    At present, there is no prospect of the weather clearing for some time.

  4. 80

    あなたのいえがうれるみこみがありますか。

    Is there any prospect of your house being sold?

  5. 81

    スミスさんはにほんごがじょうずになるみこみがあります。

    There is a good chance that Mr. Smith will become proficient in Japanese.

  6. 82

    たなかさんのびょうきはなおるみこみがないそうです。

    I hear there is no prospect of Mr. Tanaka recovering from his illness.

  7. 83

    にほんのこうぎょうははったつのみこみがじゅうぶんあります。

    There is every prospect that Japanese industry will develop.

  8. 84

    このしょうばいははってんのみこみはありません。

    There is no prospect of this business growing.

  9. 85

    たむらさんはじどうしゃのうんてんのしけんにとおるみこみはありません。

    There is no prospect of Mr. Tamura passing his driving test.

がん
cancer (See Cult. Notes)
晴れる
to clear (v.i.)
しょうばい
business, trade

Prospects for people’s futures · Pattern 2 2 of 3

No present prospect

*今のところでは、そつ業の みこみは ありませんね* means "At present, there is no prospect of his graduating."

The action noun *そつ業* takes *の* before *みこみ*. *みこみは ありません* denies the prospect.

Ask whether a prospect exists

*君は この学校を そつ業してから、日本へ 行ける みこみが あるのかね* asks whether there is any prospect of being able to go to Japan after graduation.

The reply *いいえ、ありません* denies that prospect because a different destination has been decided.

  1. 86

    あのせいとはまだよくなるみこみがあります。

    There is still a chance that this student will improve.

  2. 87

    スミスさんはこのがっこうをそつぎょうできるでしょうか。

    Do you think Mr. Smith will be able to graduate from this school?

  3. 88

    いまのところでは、そつぎょうのみこみはありませんね。

    At present, there is no prospect of his graduating.

  4. 89

    たなかさんはあしたまでにかえってくるでしょうか。

    Do you think Mr. Tanaka will be back by tomorrow?

  5. 90

    あしたまでにかえってくるみこみはありませんね。

    There is no prospect of his being back by tomorrow.

  6. 91

    ミラーさんのむすこさんはしょうにまひにかかったそうですが、どうでしょうか。

    I hear that Mr. Miller’s son has contracted polio; how is he?

  7. 92

    よくなるそうですが、まえのようにあるけるようになるみこみはないそうです。

    I hear he will get better, but there is no prospect of his being able to walk as he did before.

  8. 93

    きみはこのがっこうをそつぎょうしてから、にほんへいけるみこみがあるのかね。

    Is there any prospect of your going to Japan after you graduate from this school?

  9. 94

    いいえ、ありません。ベトナムへいくことになっていますから。

    No, there is not, because it has been decided that I will go to Vietnam.

明日
tomorrow
歩ける
to be able to walk (See Grammar Notes)
君
suffix to a name, Mr. (See cult. notes)

Asking about future prospects · Pattern 2 3 of 3

Whether an increase is likely

*日本語の 生徒の かずが ふえる みこみが ありますか* means "Is there any prospect of the number of Japanese-language students increasing?"

The outcome *ふえる* comes before the *みこみ* prospect. *ありますか* asks whether that prospect exists.

No prospect at present

*いいえ、今のところ 日本語は あまり 必要でないので、ふえる みこみは ありません* gives a negative answer and its reason.

*みこみは ありません* states that the increase has no prospect at present. The short lines supply other possible future outcomes.

  1. 95

    にほんごのせいとのかずがふえるみこみがありますか。

    Is there any prospect of the number of Japanese-language students increasing?

  2. 96

    いいえ、いまのところにほんごはあまりひつようでないので、ふえるみこみはありません。

    No, since Japanese is not very necessary at present, there is no prospect of the number increasing.

  3. 97

    せがのびる

    Grow taller.

  4. 98

    うれる

    Be sold.

  5. 99

    なおる

    Recover.

  6. 100

    やせる

    Lose weight.

  7. 101

    いける

    Be able to go.

  8. 102

    しんぽする

    Make progress.

かず
number
ふえる
to increase (v.i.)

Sanitation, sewage and toilets · Questions 1 of 2

Sanitation at home and outside

The questions cover sewage facilities, flush toilets, older toilet conditions, and cleanliness outside the home.

*むかし 日本人の 便所は どうでしたか* asks "What were Japanese toilets like in the old days?"

An answer gives the relevant condition, facility, or criticism from the dialogue.

  1. 103

    えいせいというと、さいしょにあたまにうかぶことはなんですか。

    When you speak of sanitation, what is the first thing that comes to mind?

  2. 104

    にほんにはおおきいしでは、どこでもげすいどうのせつびがありますか。

    Do all large cities in Japan have sewage facilities?

  3. 105

    すいせんのべんじょはどうですか。

    What about flush toilets?

  4. 106

    むかしにほんじんのべんじょはどうでしたか。

    What were Japanese toilets like in the old days?

  5. 107

    せいようじんにどんなかんじをあたえていましたか。

    What kind of impression did they give Westerners?

  6. 108

    せいようじんから、どんなひひょうをきかされますか。

    What kind of criticism do you hear from Westerners?

  7. 109

    にほんじんのこうしゅうえいせいはどうですか。

    What is public sanitation among the Japanese like?

  8. 110

    にほんじんはいえではやかましくいいますが、そとにでるとどうですか。

    The Japanese are very strict about it at home, but what are they like when they go outside?

どんな
what kind of; what sort of

Pollution, hygiene and disease · Questions 2 of 2

Regions affected by pollution

The questions cover air pollution, its causes, affected regions, respiratory disease, and hygiene research.

*どの 地方で 空気の おせんが ありますか* asks "In what regions is there air pollution?" An answer names the regions from the dialogue.

*KEIHANSHIN CHIHOO* is one name for the Kyoto, Osaka, and Kobe area. *KEI* comes from *京* in *京都*, and *阪神* means Osaka and Kobe.

  1. 111

    にほんじんのこうしゅうえいせいのせいしんをこうじょうさせるためにはどうしなければなりませんか。

    What must be done to improve the Japanese people’s sense of public sanitation?

  2. 112

    くうきのおせんはなにがげんいんになっていますか。

    What causes air pollution?

  3. 113

    にほんでもくうきのおせんがありますか。

    Is there air pollution in Japan too?

  4. 114

    どのちほうでくうきのおせんがありますか。

    In what regions is there air pollution?

  5. 115

    きんねん、だいとしにこきゅうきびょうがおおくなったのはなにがげんいんですか。

    What has caused the increase in respiratory diseases in large cities in recent years?

  6. 116

    にほんにはせいしんびょうやせいびょうがおおいですか。

    Are mental illness and venereal disease common in Japan?

  7. 117

    せんご、なんのけんきゅうがさかんになりましたか。

    What kind of research became active after the war?

近年、
recent years
き
counter for airplanes (See Gram. Notes)
戦後、
after a war

Sewage and cleanliness words · Word list 1 of 4

Sewage and cleanliness

The words cover sanitation facilities, dirty conditions, cleaning, bathing, and disinfection.

*下水* means "foul water or waste matter," while *下水道* means "drainage for waste matter."

*水せん* means "flushing," and *しょうどく* means "disinfection or sterilization."

  1. 118

    こうしゅうえいせい

    public hygiene

  2. 119

    あたまにうかぶ

    come to mind

  3. 120

    げすい

    foul water, waste matter

  4. 121

    しまつ

    disposal

  5. 122

    げすいどう

    drainage for waste matter

  6. 123

    すいせん

    washing down with water, flushing

  7. 124

    だいとし

    great city, metropolis

  8. 125

    びょうげん

    cause of illness

  9. 126

    せいけつ

    cleanliness

  10. 127

    きたない

    dirty; filthy

  11. 128

    おふろ

    bath

  12. 129

    しょうどく(する)

    disinfection, sterilization (to disinfect)

公衆衛生
public hygiene
頭にうかぶ
come to mind
下水道
drainage for waste matter
水せん
washing down with water, flushing
大都市
great city, metropolis
おふろ
bath
しょうどく(する)
disinfection, sterilization (to disinfect)

Dirt and disposal words · Word list 2 of 4

Dirt and careless disposal

The words cover unsanitary conditions, unpleasant impressions, careless behavior, gutters, disposal, and causes.

*不けつ* means "dirty, unclean, or unsanitary." *投げる* means "throw," while *捨てる* means "throw away or discard."

The two verbs distinguish the act of throwing from disposal.

  1. 130

    あたえる

    give; present (v.t.)

  2. 131

    くさい

    smelly

  3. 132

    かんじ

    feeling

  4. 133

    ひひょう(する)

    criticism, comment (to criticize)

  5. 134

    ふけつ

    dirty, unclean, unsanitary

  6. 135

    へいきで

    nonchalantly

  7. 136

    やかましくいう

    be strict

  8. 137

    なげる

    throw, cast (v.t.)

  9. 138

    みぞ

    drain, gutter, ditch

  10. 139

    すてる

    throw away, discard (v.t.)

  11. 140

    もと

    cause, origin

  12. 141

    たぶんに

    very much

あたえる
give; present (v.t.)
ひひょう(する)
criticism, comment (to criticize)
不けつ
dirty, unclean, unsanitary
平気で
nonchalantly
やかましく言う
be strict
投げる
throw, cast (v.t.)
捨てる
throw away, discard (v.t.)
多分に
very much

Regulation and improvement words · Word list 3 of 4

Control, limits, and prospects

The words cover regulation, public awareness, improvement, air pollution, limits, and prospects.

*とりしまり* means "control or supervision." *かぎり* means "as long as or to the best of." *みこみ* means "hope or possibility."

These two entries separate the condition that limits events from the prospect that an outcome will occur.

  1. 142

    とりしまり

    control, supervision

  2. 143

    きそく

    rule, regulation

  3. 144

    せいしん

    spirit; intention

  4. 145

    てっていさせる

    convince; bring home to one's heart(v.t.)

  5. 146

    ---かぎり

    as long as, to the best of (See Gram. Notes)

  6. 147

    こうじょう

    improvement, betterment, elevate

  7. 148

    みこみ

    hope, possibility (See Gram. Notes)

  8. 149

    きびしい

    strict, stern, severe

  9. 150

    とりしまる

    regulate, supervise, control, (v.t.)

  10. 151

    くうき

    air

  11. 152

    おせん(する)

    pollution (pollute) (v.t.)

  12. 153

    はいきガス

    exhaust gas

とりしまり
control, supervision
てっていさせる
convince; bring home to one's heart(v.t.)
---かぎり
as long as, to the best of (See Gram. Notes)
こう上
improvement, betterment, elevate
きびしい
strict, stern, severe
とりしまる
regulate, supervise, control, (v.t.)
おせん(する)
pollution (pollute) (v.t.)
はい気ガス
exhaust gas

Pollution and hygiene words · Word list 4 of 4

Pollution, disease, and hygiene

The words cover the Tokyo-Yokohama region, soot, breathing, major diseases, fields of hygiene, and research.

*京浜* means "Tokyo-Yokohama." *せいしん病* means "mental disease," while *せいしん衛生学* means "mental hygiene."

The shared *せいしん* links the name of the disease with the field that studies mental hygiene.

  1. 154

    ばいえん

    smoke, soot

  2. 155

    けいひん

    Tokyo-Yokohama (See Cult. Notes)

  3. 156

    すでに

    already

  4. 157

    こきゅう(する)

    breathing, respiration, (breathe (v.t.)

  5. 158

    こきゅうきびょう

    diseases of respiratory organs

  6. 159

    せいしんびょう

    mental disease

  7. 160

    せいびょう

    venereal disease

  8. 161

    せいしんえいせいがく

    mental hygiene

  9. 162

    しゃかいえいせいがく

    social hygiene

  10. 163

    ゆうせいがく

    eugenics

  11. 164

    けんきゅう(する)

    study, research (to study, to make research)

Guide for Free Conversation

1 Topic Titles;

1 Spirit of public sanitation of the Japanese people and that of American people.

2 Talk about pollution of air in Japan and in America.

3 Compare sewage systems in Japan and that of the United States.

4 Talk about sanitation at home.
Homework

1 Memorize the Dialogue and the vocabulary.

2 Study the Grammar Perception Drill.

3 Study Pattern Practice and do the exercise following each pattern.

4 Learn to read and write new Kanji.

5 Read the Explanatory Notes.

6 Read the Guide for Free Conversation and do the exercises given.
ばいえん
smoke, soot
京浜
Tokyo-Yokohama (See Cult. Notes)
こきゅう(する)
breathing, respiration, (breathe (v.t.)
こきゅうき病
diseases of respiratory organs
せいしん病
mental disease
せいしん衛生学
mental hygiene
社会衛生学
social hygiene
ゆうせい学
eugenics
けんきゅう(する)
study, research (to study, to make research)

The particulars

The course
Defense Language Institute, Japanese Basic Course, 1967 to 1971. Public domain. The teaching pages and the narration are ours.
Reading aloud
Digital narration, directed by 1732 Studios.
The book
Botchan, the work this course leads to, free to read here.
Data
JSON · Markdown · A guide for agents
Two whoopie pies and a pine. An inside joke.