Japanese · Lesson 86
Lesson 88
Reading Japan
Sewage and public sanitation · Dialogue 1 of 5
Improvement and remaining problems
Two speakers discuss improved public sanitation and the problems that remain.
One says *衛生というと さいしょに 頭に うかぶのは、下水の しまつです*. This means "When speaking of sanitation, sewage disposal comes to mind first."
The reply says *日本では 大きな市でも、下水道の せつびの ない所が 多いです*. In Japan, many places even in large cities lack sewage drainage facilities.
Kanji: 衛, 衆
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 1
にほんじんがながいきをするようになったこと、にほんにでんせんびょうがすくないことなどは、こうしゅうえいせいがよくなったためともいえますね。
You can say that the prolongation of the life span of the Japanese people and the scarcity of contagious diseases in Japan are due to the improvement of public sanitation, can't you?
日本Japanese people人Japanese peopleがsubject長生きlong lifeをobjectするlive様so thatにtoなっbecameたpast事、fact日本Japanにinでcontagious diseaseんcontagious diseaseせんcontagious disease病contagious diseaseがsubject少いfew事factなどand so forthは、topic公衆public sanitation衛生public sanitationがsubjectよくbetterなっbecameたpastためbecause ofとthatもalso言えcan sayますpoliteね。right? - 2
そうです。いっぱんにえいせいがよくなったんです。でも、えいせいというと、いみがひろいですからもんだいもおおいわけです。
Yes, you can. Sanitation has improved in general. However, when you speak of sanitation, the meaning is broad, so there are many problems.
そうthat is soです。is一in generalぱんin generalにin general衛生sanitationがsubjectよくbetterなっbecameたpastんexplanationです。isでhoweverも、however衛生sanitationとquoteいうsayと、whenいみmeaningがsubject広いbroadですisからbecause問題problemsもalso多いmany訳the caseです。is - 3
そうですね。えいせいというとさいしょにあたまにうかぶのは、げすいのしまつです。
You are right. When you speak of sanitation, the first thing that comes to one's mind is the disposal of sewage.
そうthat is soですisね。right?衛生sanitationとquoteいうsayとwhenさいしょfirstにat頭headにtoうかぶcomes to mindのoneは、topic下水sewageのofしまつdisposalです。is - 4
そうですね。にほんではおおきなしでも、げすいどうのせつびのないところがおおいです。
That's right, isn't it? In Japan,even in a large city,there are many places that don't have sewage drainage facilities.
そうthat is soですisね。right?日本Japanでinはtopic大きなlarge市cityでinも、even下水sewage system道sewage systemの'sせつびfacilitiesの'sないno所placesがsubject多いmanyです。is - 5
べいこくでもげすいのしまつは、ちいさいしではもんだいになっています。
Even in the United States, disposal of sewage has been a problem in small cities.
米国United Statesでinもeven下水sewageのofしまつdisposalは、topic小さいsmall市citiesでinはtopic問題a problemにtoなっhas becomeてhas becomeいhas becomeます。has become
KAGIRI Following the basic form of verbs and also the non-polite negative suffix NAI, KAGIRI expresses an idea of " so long as ---", "so far as ---" or " to the best of ---."
NIPPONGO NI KANJI GA ARU KAGIRI NARAU NOWA MUZUKASHII DESU. "So long as there is Kanji in Japanese, it is difficult to learn."
KARADA GA TSUZUKU KAGIRI, SHIGOTO O SHIMASU. "So long as my body lasts, I'll work."
WATAKUSHI NO SHITTE IRU KAGIRI. "So far as I know."
ANO SEITO WA BENKYOO SHINAI KAGIRI JOOZU NI WA NAREMASEN. "That student cannot become proficient so long as he does not study."2 MIKOMI Following the basic form of verbs and also following a verbal noun plus NO, MIKOMI expresses the meaning of "probability", "hope", "prospect", "expectation", "possibility", etc.
WATAKUSHI WA NIHON E IKU MIKOMI WA ARIMASEN. "I have no hope of going to Japan."
RAINEN GORO NEDAN GA SAGARU MIKOMI DESU. "The price is expected to go down around next year."
2 Examples SUMISU-SAN WA SANGATSU NI SOTSUGYOO NO MIKOMI DESU. "Mr. Smith is expected to graduate in March."
ANO HITO WA KYOO KAERU MIKOMI WA NAI. "He is not expected to return today."KEIHIN CHIHOO KEIHIN CHIHOO is a consolidated term for Tokyo-Yokohama area. KEI (京) is a Chinese reading of KYOO (京) of TOKYO (東京), and HIN (浜) is a Chinese reading of HAMA (浜) of YOKOHAMA (横浜).HANSHIN CHIHOO HANSHIN CHIHOO is a consolidated term for Osaka-Kobe area. HAN (阪) is a Chinese reading of SAKA (阪) of OSAKA (大阪) and SHIN (神) is a Chinese reading of KOO (神) of KŌBE (神戸).KEIHANSHIN CHIHOO KEIHANSHIN CHIHOO is a consolidated term for Kyoto-Osaka-Kobe area. KEI (京) is a Chinese reading of KYOO of KYOOTO (京都). HANSHIN (阪神) has been explained in (2) above.BENJO Unless specially built to cater to the comfort of Western guests, the bathroom in a Japanese house is usually not equipped with a flush toilet. Such a phrase as "Where is the bathroom?" if used in a Japanese house could only mean a literal query about the location of the place where baths are taken. For in a Japanese house, the bathroom and the lavatory are in separate places.
As for the place where one may wash one's hands after using the toilet, the visitor will often find, in addition to modern facilities of some kind or other, a china, metal or stone basin filled with water, placed rather artistically just outside of the veranda and close to the door of the toilet-room. The basin is provided with a ladle for dipping out water.- 人
- people
- が
- but (See Gram. Notes)
- 長生き
- long life
- を
- particle denoting direct object (See Pattern Drill)
- に
- on (See Gram. Notes)
- で
- --is and -- (See Grammar Notes)
- せん
- sen (1/100 of a yen) (See Cultural Notes)
- など
- and so forth, etc.
- は、
- leaves
- よく
- well, skillfully
- と
- and (See Gram. Notes)
- ます
- trout
- ね。
- isn't it (See Grammar Notes)
- そう
- numerical counter for ships
- です。
- to be (See Gram. Notes)
- 一
- one
- いみ
- meaning
- から
- from (See Gram. Notes)
- さいしょ
- first
- 頭
- head, mind
- の
- See Grammar Notes
- 下水
- foul water, waste matter
- しまつ
- disposal
- 大きな
- big, large (See Gram. Notes)
- 道
- road, street
- 所
- address, place
Old toilets and cleanliness · Dialogue 2 of 5
Old toilets and cleanliness
Two speakers discuss toilets and cleanliness in Japan.
The line *水せんの 便所も 大都市を のぞいては、ありません* says that flush toilets are absent outside large cities.
They then describe older toilets as smelly and unsanitary, despite cleanliness elsewhere in the home.
The bathroom and the toilet
In a Japanese house, the bathroom and the toilet are in separate places.
The bathroom is the place for baths. The toilet is *便所*.
A Japanese house usually has no flush toilet unless it is built for Western guests.
- 6
すいせんのべんじょもだいとしをのぞいては、ありません。
There are no flush toilets either except in large cities.
水flushせんflushのof便所toiletsもalso大large cities都市large citiesをobjectのぞいexceptingてexceptingは、topicありdo not existませdo not existん。do not exist - 7
むかしのにほんのべんじょはくさくて、せいようじんにはいやなかんじをあたえていましたね。
Toilets of olden-day Japan were smelly and presented an unpleasant feeling to westerners.
むかしolden daysのof日本Japanの's便所toiletsはtopicくさくsmellyて、and西洋Westerners人Westernersにtoはtopicいやunpleasantなunpleasantかんじfeelingをobjectあたえpresentedてpresentedいpresentedましpresentedたpresentedね。right? - 8
そうでしょうね。ふけつで、しょうどくしてもびょうげんになるばあいがたびたびありました。
I suppose you are right. They were unsanitary and even if they were disinfected very often they had become the cause of illness.
そうthat is soでしょうprobablyね。right?不unsanitaryけつunsanitaryで、andしょうdisinfectedどくしdisinfectedてeven ifもeven if病原illness causeにtoなるbecome場合casesがsubjectたびたびoftenありoccurredましoccurredた。occurred - 9
にほんじんはせいけつで、いつもおふろにはいったり、いえのなかやそともきれいにそうじしますが、べんじょだけはきたなくて、くさいとおもいますよ。
Japanese people are clean and they take baths and clean in and out of the house always, but the toilet is dirty and smelly, I think.
日本Japanese people人Japanese peopleはtopicせいけつcleanで、andいつalwaysもalwaysおbathふろbathにinはいっtake bathsたり、and such家houseのof中insideやand外outsideもalsoきれいcleanにadverbiallyそうじcleaningしdoますpoliteが、but便所toiletだけonlyはtopicきたなくdirtyて、andくさいsmellyとthat思いthinkますpoliteよ。I tell you - 10
そういうひひょうをたびたびきかされます。
I often hear such criticism.
そうsuchいうsuchひcriticismひょうcriticismをobjectたびたびoften聞かさhearれhearます。hear
- 水
- water
- 便所
- toilet
- むかし
- ancient, old
- 西洋
- occident, the West
- いや
- no
- な
- I wish, I hope, huh
- かんじ
- Kanji (Chinese characters)
- でしょう
- probably (See Gram. Notes)
- で、
- --is and -- (See Grammar Notes)
- しょう
- award, reward
- 病原
- cause of illness
- たびたび
- often, frequently
- せいけつ
- cleanliness
- いつ
- when?
- 家
- house, home
- や
- and---among others (See Gram. Notes)
- そうじ
- cleaning
- し
- city
- だけ
- only, just (See Grammar Notes)
- くさい
- smelly
Public littering and food poisoning · Dialogue 3 of 5
Waste outside the home
Two speakers discuss poor sanitation outside the home.
One describes people who *きたない物を 川に 投げたり、下水の みぞに 捨てたりします*. They throw dirty things into rivers and sewage gutters.
The question *夏の 食あたりなども、不けつが もとでは ありませんか* asks whether unsanitary conditions cause summer food poisoning. The reply agrees.
Kanji: 平, 投, 捨
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 11
それからこうしゅうえいせいということをあまりかんがえませんね。
And they don't think much about public sanitation, do they?
それand thenからand then公衆public sanitation衛生public sanitationとquoteいうsayことmatterをobjectあまりmuch考えthinkませnot, politeんnot, politeね。right? - 12
そうです。いえではやかましくいっていますが、そとにでると、へいきで、きたないものをかわになげたり、げすいのみぞにすてたりします。わるいことです。
No, they don't. They are very strict at home, but once they go out they nonchalantly throw dirty things in a river and throw dirty things away in a sewage gutter and so on. It's a bad thing.
そうthat is soです。is家homeでatはtopicやかましくstrictly言っsayてsayいsayますsayが、but外outsideにto出るgo outと、when平気nonchalantで、andきたないdirty物thingsをobject川riverにinto投げthrowたり、and such下水sewageのofみぞgutterにinto捨てdiscardたりand suchしdoます。polite悪いbad事thingです。is - 13
なつのしょくあたりなども、ふけつがもとではありませんか。
Isn't uncleanliness the cause of food poisoning in summer?
夏summerのof食あたりfood poisoningなどand so forthも、also不unsanitaryけつunsanitaryがsubjectもとcauseでisはtopicありexistませnot, politeんnot, politeか。question - 14
たぶんにそうです。
It is very much so.
多分very muchにvery muchそうsoです。is - 15
そういうことのとりしまりはないのですか。
Don't they have supervision over such matters?
そうsuchいうsuch事mattersのof取りしまりsupervisionはtopicないnoneのexplanationですisか。question
- は
- leaves
- が、
- but (See Gram. Notes)
- 出る
- come out to the phone, go out, come out (vi)
- きたない
- dirty; filthy
- 川
- river
- みぞ
- drain, gutter, ditch
- 夏
- summer
- 食あたり
- food poisoning
- もと
- cause, origin
- か。
- either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)
Sanitation enforcement and air pollution · Dialogue 4 of 5
Rules, awareness, and pollution
Two speakers discuss weak enforcement and improving sanitation, then turn to air pollution in the United States.
The line *きそくは あるのですが、きびしく 取りしまらないのですよ* says that regulations exist but enforcement is not strict.
Automobile exhaust and soot then appear as likely causes of air pollution.
No prospect without broad awareness
In *てっていされないかぎり*, *かぎり* gives the limit "so long as public sanitation awareness is not widespread."
The same line ends with *こう上の 見こみは ありません*. Here *見こみ* means "prospect," so there is no prospect of improvement.
- 16
きそくはあるのですが、きびしくとりしまらないのですよ。
There are regulations, but they don't supervise it strictly.
きそくregulationsはtopicあるexistのexplanationですisが、butきびしくstrictly取りしまらsuperviseないnotのexplanationですisよ。I tell you - 17
でも、このごろはしだいによくなっているようですね。
However, it seems it is gradually getting better these days, doesn't it?
でhoweverも、howeverこのごろthese daysはtopicしだいgraduallyにgraduallyよくbetterなっgetting betterてgetting betterいるgetting better様seemsですisね。right? - 18
たしかによくなっていますが、こうしゅうえいせいのせいしんがいっぱんのひとにてっていされないかぎり、こうじょうのみこみはありませんね。
I am sure it has improved, but so long as the spirit of public sanitation is not made known to the general public, there is no hope of improvement.
たしかcertainlyにcertainlyよくbetterなっhas improvedてhas improvedいhas improvedますhas improvedが、but公衆public sanitation衛生public sanitationのofせいしんspiritがsubject一generalぱんgeneralのof人peopleにtoてっていmade knownさmade knownれmade knownないnotかぎり、as long asこうimprovement上improvementのof見こみhopeはtopicありexistませnot, politeんnot, politeね。right? - 19
それはそうと、べいこくではくうきのおせんがおおきなもんだいになっているそうですね。
By the way, as I understand it, pollution of air has become a big problem in the United States, right?
それby the wayはby the wayそうby the wayと、by the way米国United Statesでinはtopic空気airのofおせんpollutionがsubject大きなlarge問題problemにtoなっhas becomeてhas becomeいるhas becomeそうreportedlyですisね。right? - 20
そうです。じどうしゃのはいきガスとばいえんがげんいんらしいです。
Yes, it has. It seems the exhaust gas of automobiles and soot are the cause of it.
そうthat is soです。is自動automobiles車automobilesのofはい気exhaust gasガスexhaust gasとandばいsootえんsootがsubject原因causeらしいseemsです。is
- きそく
- rule, regulation
- ある
- certain, some
- です
- to be (See Gram. Notes)
- いる
- to need (See Gram. Notes)
- たしか
- I am sure, certainly
- せいしん
- spirit; intention
- と、
- and (See Gram. Notes)
- 空気
- air
- 車
- vehicle, car
- ガス
- gas
- 原因
- cause
Pollution and modern diseases · Dialogue 5 of 5
Tokyo and Yokohama in one name
Two speakers discuss air pollution and disease in large cities.
The line *日本でも 京浜、阪神地方では もうすでに 困っているそうです* reports pollution problems in two regions.
*京浜* is *KEIHIN*, one name for the Tokyo and Yokohama area. *KEI* comes from *京* in *東京*, and *HIN* from *浜* in *横浜*.
Osaka and Kobe in one name
*阪神* is *HANSHIN*, one name for the Osaka and Kobe area. *HAN* comes from *阪* in *大阪*, and *SHIN* from *神* in *神戸*.
The speakers connect polluted air with the recent increase in respiratory disease in large cities.
- 21
にほんでもけいひん、はんしんちほうではもうすでにこまっているそうです。もちろんおおさかはまえからわるかったんですが。
In Japan, too, I understand that the TokyoYokohama area and the Osaka-Kobe area are already suffering from it. Of course, it has been bad in Osaka from long ago, but -----
日本Japanでinもalso京浜、Tokyo-Yokohama阪神Osaka-Kobe地方areaでinはtopicもうalreadyすでにalready困っsufferingてsufferingいるsufferingそうreportedlyです。isもちろんof course大阪Osakaはtopic前beforeからfrom悪かっbadたpastんexplanationですisが。but - 22
そのおせんしたくうきをこきゅうするんですから、きんねんだいとしにこきゅうびょうがおおくなったんですね。
Since we breathe that polluted air, diseases of respiratory organs have increased in large cities in recent years, isn't that right?
そのthatおせんpolluteしdoたpast空気airをobjectこきゅうbreatheするbreatheんexplanationですisから、because近年recent years大large cities都市large citiesにinこきゅうrespiratory disease病respiratory diseaseがsubject多くmanyなっbecameたpastんexplanationですisね。right? - 23
まあ、そういうことになりますね。
Yes, it-boils down to that.
まあ、wellそうthat kind of言うthat kind of事matterにtoなりamountsますpoliteね。right? - 24
せいしんびょうやせいびょうはにほんではおおいですか。
Are there many cases of mental disease and venereal disease in Japan?
せいしんmental disease病mental diseaseやand性病venereal diseaseはtopic日本Japanでinはtopic多いmanyですisか。question - 25
おおいです。それでせんごはとくにせいしんえいせいがくとか、しゃかいえいせいがく、ゆうせいがくのけんきゅうがさかんになっているんです。
Yes, there are many. So, especially after the war, the study of mental hygiene, social hygiene and eugenics has become very extensive.
多いmanyです。isそれthereforeでtherefore戦後after the warはtopic特にespeciallyせいしんmental hygiene衛生mental hygiene学mental hygieneとsuch asか、such as社会social hygiene衛生social hygiene学、social hygieneゆうeugenicsせいeugenics学eugenicsのofけんきゅうstudyがsubjectさかんextensiveにextensiveなっhas becomeてhas becomeいるhas becomeんexplanationです。is
- 京浜、
- Tokyo-Yokohama (See Cult. Notes)
- 地方
- country, region
- もう
- already (See Gram. Notes)
- すでに
- already
- もちろん
- of course, to be sure
- 前
- before, front
- が。
- but (See Gram. Notes)
- 近年
- recent years
- 多く
- many of them
- まあ、
- Well! Oh, my!
- 言う
- to say
- 性病
- venereal disease
- 戦後
- after a war
- 社会
- society
Limits on actions and outcomes · Perception drill
So long as the limit holds
*もっと 一生けんめいに 勉強しないかぎり、通れませんね* means "He cannot pass so long as he does not study harder."
*かぎり* means "so long as," "so far as," or "to the best of." It follows a basic or negative verb.
*お金が ある かぎり、御ちそうを 食べます* means "I eat good things as long as I have money."
In *出来るかぎり やってみよう*, it means trying as much as possible.
Hope, prospect, or likelihood
*はい、行ける みこみが じゅう分 あります* says there is a good chance of being able to go.
*みこみ* means "probability," "hope," "prospect," or "expectation." It follows a verb with the basic ending.
It also follows a noun that names an action, with *の* between them. *そつぎょうの みこみ* is the prospect of graduating.
- 26
いっしょうけんめいべんきょうしないかぎり、しけんにはとおりません。
As long as he doesn't study with all his might, he would not pass the examination.
一生with all one's mightけんめいwith all one's might勉強studyしdoないnotかぎり、as long as試験examinationにinはtopic通りpassませnot, politeん。not, polite - 27
おかねがあるかぎり、ごちそうをたべます。
I eat good things as long as I have money.
おmoney金moneyがsubjectあるhaveかぎり、as long as御feastちそうfeastをobject食べeatます。polite - 28
どのくらいおんせんやどにとうりゅうするつもりかね。
How long do you intend to stay at the hot spring hotel?
どのhow longくらいhow longおんせんhot spring hotelやどhot spring hotelにatとうstayりゅうstayするstayつもりintend toかquestionね。right? - 29
そうだね。まあおかねのつづくかぎり、あそんでかえるつもりだ。
Well, I intend to enjoy myself as long as my money lasts me and go home.
そうthat wayだisね。right?まあwellおmoney金moneyの'sつづくlastsかぎり、as long as遊んenjoy myselfでenjoy myself帰るgo homeつもりintend toだ。is - 30
スミスさんはこんどのしけんにとおるでしょうか。
Do you suppose Mr. Smith will pass the next examination?
スミスSmithさんMr.はtopic今度nextのof試験examinationにin通るpassでしょうprobablyか。question - 31
もっといっしょうけんめいにべんきょうしないかぎり、とおれませんね。
He won't be able to pass so long as he doesn't study with all his might.
もっとmore一生with all his mightけんめいwith all his mightにwith勉強studyしstudyないnotかぎり、unless通れbe able to passませnot, politeんnot, politeね。right? - 32
このしごとはらいしゅうのおわりまでにすませるかね。
Can you finish this work by the end of next week?
このthis仕事workはtopic来週next weekのof終りendまでuntilにbyすまfinishせるfinishかquestionね。right? - 33
さあ、ちょっとむずかしいことだが、まあできるかぎりやってみよう。
Well, that's a little difficult, but I'll try as much as I can.
さあ、wellちょっとa littleむずかしいdifficult事matterだisが、butまあwell出来るcanかぎりas much asやっdoてdoみよう。will try - 34
らいしゅうきててつだってくれますね。
You are coming next week to help me, aren't you?
来週next week来comeてcome手つだっhelpてhelpくれfor meますpoliteね。right? - 35
ええ、びょうきにならないかぎり、てつだうつもりです。
Yes, I intend to help so long as I don't get sick.
ええ、yes病気sickにintoならbecomeないnotかぎり、as long as手つだうhelpつもりintend toです。is - 36
にほんごをならうのをもっとやさしくできませんか。
Can you make learning of Japanese easier?
日本Japanese語Japaneseをobject習うlearningのact ofをobjectもっとmoreやさしくeasier出来make possibleませnot, politeんnot, politeか。question - 37
そうですね。にほんごにかんじがあるかぎり、やさしくはできないでしょう。
Well, as long as there is Kanji in Japanese I don't think you can make it easier.
そうwellですisね。right?日本Japanese語Japaneseにinかん字kanjiがsubjectあるthere isかぎり、as long asやさしくeasierはemphasis出来make possibleないnotでしょう。probably - 38
やまださんのびょうきはなおるみこみはありません。
There is no hope of Mr. Yamada's sickness being cured.
山田YamadaさんMr.の's病気sicknessはtopicなおるbe curedみこみhopeはtopicありexistませnot, politeん。not, polite - 39
スミスさんはそつぎょうのみこみはありません。
There is no hope of Mr, Smith graduating.
スミスSmithさんMr.はtopicそつぎょうgraduationのofみこみhopeはtopicありexistませnot, politeん。not, polite - 40
このがっこうをそつぎょうしてから、にほんへいけるみこみがあるかね。
Do I have any hope of going to Japan after graduating from this school?
このthis学校schoolをobjectそつぎょうgraduateしgraduateてgraduateから、after日本Japanへtoward行けるcan goみhopeこみhopeがsubjectあるexistsかquestionね。right? - 41
はい、いけるみこみがじゅうぶんあります。
Yes, you have a good chance of being able to go.
はい、yes行けるcan goみchanceこみchanceがsubjectじゅうplenty分plentyありexistます。polite - 42
うちのこどもはまだごフィートたらずだが、のびるみこみがあるだろうか。
My child is still shorter than 5 feet tall, but do you suppose he has a possibility of growing taller?
うちmyの's子供childはtopicまだstill五fiveフィートfeet足らless thanずless thanだisが、butのびるgrow tallerみpossibilityこみpossibilityがsubjectあるexistsだろうprobablyか。question - 43
うん、あしがながいから、ろくフィートぐらいまでせがのびるみこみはじゅうぶんあるよ。
Yes, he has long legs, so he has plenty of possibility of growing as tall as six feet.
うん、yes足legsがsubject長いlongから、so六sixフィートfeetぐらいaboutまでup toせheightがsubjectのびるgrow tallerみこみpossibilityはtopicじゅうplenty分plentyあるexistsよ。I tell you - 44
まいにちまいにちくもっているが、いつはれるのでしょうか。
It has been cloudy everyday, but when do you suppose it is going to clear up?
毎日every day毎日every day曇っhas been cloudyてhas been cloudyいるhas been cloudyが、butいつwhenはclear upれるclear upのthe caseでしょうsupposeか。question - 45
まあ、とうぶんはれるみこみはないね。
Well, there is no likelihood that it is going to clear up for sometime.
まあ、wellとう分for some timeはclear upれるclear upみlikelihoodこみlikelihoodはtopicないnoneね。right? - 46
いえをうりたいそうだが、いくらでうるつもりかね。
I understand you want to sell your house, but for how much do you intend to sell?
家houseをobject売りsellたいwant toそうI hearだisが、butいくらhow muchでfor売るsellつもりintend toかquestionね。right? - 47
にまんドルといっているんだが。
I huve quoted a price of $20,000, but —
二two万ten thousandドルdollarsとquote言っhave quotedてhave quotedいるhave quotedんthe factだisが。but - 48
ちょっとたかいね。それでにまんドルでうれるみこみがあるのかね。
It's a little expensive, isn't it? And is there any prospect of being able to sell it for $20,000?
ちょっとa little高いexpensiveね。right?それandでand二two万ten thousandドルdollarsでfor売れるcan sellみprospectこみprospectがsubjectあるexistsのthe caseかquestionね。right? - 49
ええ、もうにさんにんかいたいといっていえをみにきましたよ。
Yes, already two or three people came to see the house saying they want to buy it.
ええ、yesもうalready二two三or three人people買いbuyたいwant toとquote言っsayingてsaying家houseをobject見seeにto来comeましdid, politeたdid, politeよ。I tell you - 50
あたらしいがっこうのたてものはらいねんのしちがつまでにできあがりそうですか。
Does the completion of the new school building seem possible by July next year?
新しいnew学校schoolのofたて物buildingはtopic来年next yearのof七July月Julyまでuntilにby出来上りbe completedそうseems likelyですisか。question - 51
いまのところしちがつまでにはできあがるみこみはありませんね。
As of now, there is no possibility of completion by July.
今nowのofところpoint七July月Julyまでuntilにbyはemphasis出来上るbe completedみこみpossibilityはtopicありexistませnot, politeんnot, politeね。right?
- 通り
- street
- 金
- gold
- ます。
- trout
- どの
- which (pre-substantive) (See Notes)
- くらい
- dark
- おんせん
- hot spring
- か
- either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)
- だ
- to be (informal equivalent of DESU. See Grammar Notes)
- まあ
- Well! Oh, my!
- つづく
- to last, continue
- 今度
- this time, next time
- 通る
- to pass
- もっと
- more (See Gram. Notes)
- 来週
- next week
- まで
- as far as, to (See Gram. Notes)
- さあ、
- well, now, here, come
- ちょっと
- a little
- むずかしい
- difficult
- 出来る
- to be manufactured; to be produced (v.i.)
- ええ、
- Yes
- なら
- if it is (See Gram. Notes)
- 手つだう
- to help
- なおる
- to get well, to be repaired
- みこみ
- hope, possibility (See Gram. Notes)
- から、
- from (See Gram. Notes)
- へ
- to (See Gram. Notes)
- 分
- minute
- うち
- home, house
- まだ
- yet, still
- 五
- five
- のびる
- to grow tall, grow long, stretch
- うん、
- Yes, all right.
- 六
- six
- ぐらい
- about
- せ
- height (of man)
- 毎日
- Mainichi Newspaper Co.
- れる
- to be able to -- (See Grammar Notes)
- とう分
- for the time being
- いくら
- how much? how many?
- 二
- two
- ドル
- dollar
- 三
- three
- 七
- seven
- 月
- moon, month (See Grammar Notes)
- ところ
- place (See Gram. Notes)
- 出来上る
- be completed
Conditions that prevent outcomes · Pattern 1 1 of 3
While a condition continues
*体がつづく かぎり やって見ます* means "I will try to keep doing it as long as my strength holds out."
The *かぎり* condition sets the continuing limit for the action.
Unless the condition changes
*食べる物を へらさないかぎり、やせる事は 出来ません* means "Unless the amount eaten is reduced, losing weight is impossible."
A negative verb before *かぎり* states the condition that must change before the outcome can occur.
- 52
いっしょうけんめいべんきょうしないかぎり、じょうずにはなれません。
Unless you study hard, you will not become proficient.
一生hardけんめいhard勉強studyしstudyないnotかぎり、unless上手proficientにbecomeはemphasisなれbecomeませnot, politeん。not, polite - 53
できるかぎりやってみます。
I will try to do as much as I can.
出来るcanかぎりas much asやっdoてdo見tryます。polite - 54
からだがつづくかぎりやってみます。
I will try to keep doing it as long as my strength holds out.
体strengthがsubjectつづくholds outかぎりas long asやっdoてdo見tryます。polite - 55
かんじがあるかぎり、にほんごはやさしくはなりません。
As long as there are kanji, Japanese will not become easy.
かん字kanjiがsubjectあるthere areかぎり、as long as日本Japanese語Japaneseはtopicやさしくeasyはemphasisなりbecomeませnot, politeん。not, polite - 56
ねつがあるかぎり、くすりをのまなければなりません。
As long as you have a fever, you must take medicine.
ねつfeverがsubjectあるhaveかぎり、as long as薬medicineをobject飲まtakeなけれif notばifなりbecomeませnot, politeん。not, polite - 57
じんこうがいまのようにふえているかぎり、さんじせいげんをやらなければなりません。
As long as the population keeps increasing as it is now, birth control must be practiced.
人口populationがsubject今nowのof様wayにinふえkeeps increasingてkeeps increasingいるkeeps increasingかぎり、as long as産児birth controlせいげんbirth controlをobjectやらpracticeなけれif notばifなりbecomeませnot, politeん。not, polite - 58
たべるものをへらさないかぎり、やせることはできません。
Unless you reduce the amount you eat, you cannot lose weight.
食べるyou eat物amountをobjectへらさreduceないnotかぎり、unlessやせるlose weight事actはtopic出来canませnot, politeん。not, polite - 59
たむらせんせいがしょうちしないかぎり、このへやをつかうわけにはいきません。
Unless Mr. Tamura agrees, we cannot use this room.
田村Tamura先生teacherがsubjectしょうちagreeしagreeないnotかぎり、unlessこのthisへやroomをobject使うuseわけwayにinはemphasisいきbe possibleませnot, politeん。not, polite - 60
このしごとをすませないかぎり、こんばんいえへかえれません。
Unless I finish this work, I cannot go home tonight.
このthis仕事workをobjectすまfinishせfinishないnotかぎり、unless今晩tonight家homeへtoward帰れcan go homeませnot, politeん。not, polite
- 上手
- skillful, fluent (See Grammar Notes)
- 体
- body, health
- ねつ
- fever
- 人口
- population
- やせる
- to lose weight (v.i.)
- へや
- room
- 使う
- to use, employ
Limits on health and plans · Pattern 1 2 of 3
A plan limited by health
*けんこうが おとろえないかぎり、ここで 働きつづけるつもりです* means "I intend to continue working here as long as my health does not fail."
The *かぎり* condition sets the health limit on the plan.
A result limited by income
*月給が 上らないかぎり、新しい自動車は 買えませんね* means "Unless my salary goes up, I cannot buy a new car."
A negative verb before *かぎり* identifies what prevents the purchase.
*天気が よくならないかぎり、なおりは しませんよ* says that colds will not clear unless the weather improves.
- 61
たばこをやめないかぎり、あなたのせきはなおりません。
Unless you give up smoking, your cough will not get better.
たばこsmokingをobjectやめquitないnotかぎり、unlessあなたyourの'sせきcoughはtopicなおりget betterませnot, politeん。not, polite - 62
このくみでいちばんよくできるせいとはパーカーさんですか。
Is Mr. Parker the best student in this class?
このthis組classでin一番bestよくwell出来るcapable生徒studentはtopicパーカーParkerさんMr.ですisか。question - 63
ええ、パーカーさんがいるかぎり、あのひとのみぎにでるせいとはいませんね。
Yes, as long as Mr. Parker is here, no other student can surpass him.
ええ、yesパーカーParkerさんMr.がsubject居るis hereかぎり、as long asあのthat人personの's右rightにto出るsurpass生徒studentはtopic居existませnot, politeんnot, politeね。right? - 64
あなたはいつまでここではたらくつもりですか。
How long do you intend to work here?
あなたyouはtopicいつwhenまでuntilここhereでat働くworkつもりintend toですisか。question - 65
けんこうがおとろえないかぎり、ここではたらきつづけるつもりです。
I intend to continue working here as long as my health does not fail.
けんこうhealthがsubjectおとろえfailないnotかぎり、as long asここhereでat働きworkつづけるcontinueつもりintend toです。is - 66
このごろのかぜはなかなかなおりませんね。
Colds these days do not clear up easily, do they?
このごろthese daysのofかぜcoldsはtopic中々easilyなおりclear upませnot, politeんnot, politeね。right? - 67
ええ、てんきがよくならないかぎり、なおりはしませんよ。
No, they will not clear up unless the weather improves.
ええ、no天気weatherがsubjectよくbetterならbecomeないnotかぎり、unlessなおりclear upはemphasisしdoませnot, politeんnot, politeよ。I tell you - 68
いつあたらしいじどうしゃをかうつもりですか。
When do you intend to buy a new car?
いつwhen新しいnew自動car車carをobject買うbuyつもりintend toですisか。question - 69
げっきゅうがあがらないかぎり、あたらしいじどうしゃはかえませんね。
Unless my salary goes up, I cannot buy a new car.
月給salaryがsubject上らgo upないnotかぎり、unless新しいnew自動car車carはtopic買えcan buyませnot, politeんnot, politeね。right?
- たばこ
- tobacco, cigarette
- せき
- seat
- 組
- class
- 一番
- number one (See Grammar Notes)
- ここ
- here
- けんこう
- health
- つづける
- to continue (v.t.)
- かぜ
- wind
- 中々
- considerably, very
- 天気
- weather
- 買う
- to buy
- 月給
- monthly wage
Necessary conditions for change · Pattern 1 3 of 3
The change required first
*あまい物を 食べるのを やめないかぎり、やせる事は 出来ませんよ* means "Unless you stop eating sweets, you cannot lose weight."
The negative *かぎり* condition names the change required before the desired result becomes possible.
The short lines supply other actions and conditions for the same pattern, including *たばこを やめる* and *仕事をすませる*.
- 70
わたくしはやせようとおもっているんですが、なかなかやせられないんですが、どうすればいいのでしょうか。
I am trying to lose weight, but I just cannot seem to; what should I do?
私Iはtopicやせようlose weightとquote思っam tryingてam tryingいるam tryingんthe factですisが、but中々justやせlose weightられcanないnotんthe factですisが、butどうwhatすれdoばifいいshouldのthe caseでしょうsupposeか。question - 71
あまいものをたべるのをやめないかぎり、やせることはできませんよ。
Unless you stop eating sweets, you cannot lose weight.
あまいsweet物thingsをobject食べるeatのact ofをobjectやめstopないnotかぎり、unlessやせるlose weight事actはtopic出来canませnot, politeんnot, politeよ。I tell you - 72
からだがつづく
My strength holds out.
体strengthがsubjectつづくholds out - 73
べんきょうしない
Not study.
勉強studyしstudyないnot - 74
しょうちする
Agree.
しょうちagreeするagree - 75
しごとをすませる
Finish the work.
仕事workをobjectすまfinishせるfinish - 76
たばこをやめる
Give up smoking.
たばこsmokingをobjectやめるquit
- いい
- good (See Gram. Notes)
- あまい
- sweet
- やめる
- to quit
Prospects for future outcomes · Pattern 2 1 of 3
A prospect after a verb
*スミスさんは 日本語が 上手になる みこみが あります* means "There is a good chance that Mr. Smith will become proficient in Japanese."
The *みこみ* prospect follows *上手になる*, the outcome that may occur.
A prospect after an action noun
*日本の工業は 発達の みこみが じゅう分 あります* means "There is every prospect that Japanese industry will develop."
An action noun takes *の* before *みこみ*. The rest of the sentence states whether that prospect is ample, limited, or absent.
- 77
がんというびょうきになると、なおるみこみはすくない。
If you get a disease called cancer, there is little hope of recovery.
がんcancerとquote言うcalled病気diseaseにintoなるgetと、ifなおるrecoverみこみhopeはtopic少ない。little - 78
にほんのじんこうはげんしょうのみこみがありません。
There is no prospect of Japan’s population decreasing.
日本Japanの's人口populationはtopicげんしょうdecreaseのofみprospectこみprospectがsubjectありexistませnot, politeん。not, polite - 79
いまのところではとうぶんはれるみこみはありません。
At present, there is no prospect of the weather clearing for some time.
今presentのofところtimeでatはtopicとう分for some time晴れるclear upみこみprospectはtopicありexistませnot, politeん。not, polite - 80
あなたのいえがうれるみこみがありますか。
Is there any prospect of your house being sold?
あなたyouの's家houseがsubject売れるbe soldみprospectこみprospectがsubjectありexistますpoliteか。question - 81
スミスさんはにほんごがじょうずになるみこみがあります。
There is a good chance that Mr. Smith will become proficient in Japanese.
スミスSmithさんMr.はtopic日本Japanese language語Japanese languageがsubject上手proficientにtoなるbecomeみprospectこみprospectがsubjectありexistます。polite - 82
たなかさんのびょうきはなおるみこみがないそうです。
I hear there is no prospect of Mr. Tanaka recovering from his illness.
田中TanakaさんMr.の's病気illnessはtopicなおるrecoverみprospectこみprospectがsubjectないnoneそうI hearです。is - 83
にほんのこうぎょうははったつのみこみがじゅうぶんあります。
There is every prospect that Japanese industry will develop.
日本Japanの's工業industryはtopic発達developmentのofみprospectこみprospectがsubjectじゅうfully分fullyありexistます。polite - 84
このしょうばいははってんのみこみはありません。
There is no prospect of this business growing.
このthisしょうばいbusinessはtopic発てんgrowthのofみこみprospectはtopicありexistませnot, politeん。not, polite - 85
たむらさんはじどうしゃのうんてんのしけんにとおるみこみはありません。
There is no prospect of Mr. Tamura passing his driving test.
田村TamuraさんMr.はtopic自動car車carのof運転drivingのof試験testにin通るpassみこみprospectはtopicありexistませnot, politeん。not, polite
- がん
- cancer (See Cult. Notes)
- 晴れる
- to clear (v.i.)
- しょうばい
- business, trade
Prospects for people’s futures · Pattern 2 2 of 3
No present prospect
*今のところでは、そつ業の みこみは ありませんね* means "At present, there is no prospect of his graduating."
The action noun *そつ業* takes *の* before *みこみ*. *みこみは ありません* denies the prospect.
Ask whether a prospect exists
*君は この学校を そつ業してから、日本へ 行ける みこみが あるのかね* asks whether there is any prospect of being able to go to Japan after graduation.
The reply *いいえ、ありません* denies that prospect because a different destination has been decided.
- 86
あのせいとはまだよくなるみこみがあります。
There is still a chance that this student will improve.
あのthat生徒studentはtopicまだstillよくbetterなるbecomeみprospectこみprospectがsubjectありexistます。polite - 87
スミスさんはこのがっこうをそつぎょうできるでしょうか。
Do you think Mr. Smith will be able to graduate from this school?
スミスSmithさんMr.はtopicこのthis学校schoolをobjectそつ業graduate出来るcanでしょうprobablyか。question - 88
いまのところでは、そつぎょうのみこみはありませんね。
At present, there is no prospect of his graduating.
今presentのofところtimeでatは、topicそつ業graduatingのofみこみprospectはtopicありexistませnot, politeんnotね。right? - 89
たなかさんはあしたまでにかえってくるでしょうか。
Do you think Mr. Tanaka will be back by tomorrow?
田中TanakaさんMr.はtopic明日tomorrowまでbyにby帰っcome backてcome back来るcome backでしょうprobablyか。question - 90
あしたまでにかえってくるみこみはありませんね。
There is no prospect of his being back by tomorrow.
明日tomorrowまでbyにby帰っcome backてcome back来るcome backみこみprospectはtopicありexistませnot, politeんnotね。right? - 91
ミラーさんのむすこさんはしょうにまひにかかったそうですが、どうでしょうか。
I hear that Mr. Miller’s son has contracted polio; how is he?
ミラーMillerさんMr.の'sむすこsonさんsonはtopic小児polioまひpolioにwithかかっcontractたpastそうI hearですisが、butどうhowでしょうprobablyか。question - 92
よくなるそうですが、まえのようにあるけるようになるみこみはないそうです。
I hear he will get better, but there is no prospect of his being able to walk as he did before.
よくbetterなるbecomeそうI hearですisが、but前beforeのof様wayにin歩けるcan walk様so thatにtoなるbecomeみこみprospectはtopicないnoneそうI hearです。is - 93
きみはこのがっこうをそつぎょうしてから、にほんへいけるみこみがあるのかね。
Is there any prospect of your going to Japan after you graduate from this school?
君youはtopicこのthis学校schoolをobjectそつ業graduateしdoてandから、after日本Japanへtoward行けるcan goみprospectこみprospectがsubjectあるexistのthe factかquestionね。right? - 94
いいえ、ありません。ベトナムへいくことになっていますから。
No, there is not, because it has been decided that I will go to Vietnam.
いいえ、noありexistませnot, politeん。not, politeベトナムVietnamへtoward行くgo事factにtoなっhas been decidedてhas been decidedいhas been decidedますhas been decidedから。because
- 明日
- tomorrow
- 歩ける
- to be able to walk (See Grammar Notes)
- 君
- suffix to a name, Mr. (See cult. notes)
Asking about future prospects · Pattern 2 3 of 3
Whether an increase is likely
*日本語の 生徒の かずが ふえる みこみが ありますか* means "Is there any prospect of the number of Japanese-language students increasing?"
The outcome *ふえる* comes before the *みこみ* prospect. *ありますか* asks whether that prospect exists.
No prospect at present
*いいえ、今のところ 日本語は あまり 必要でないので、ふえる みこみは ありません* gives a negative answer and its reason.
*みこみは ありません* states that the increase has no prospect at present. The short lines supply other possible future outcomes.
- 95
にほんごのせいとのかずがふえるみこみがありますか。
Is there any prospect of the number of Japanese-language students increasing?
日本Japanese language語Japanese languageのof生徒studentsのofかずnumberがsubjectふえるincreaseみprospectこみprospectがsubjectありexistますpoliteか。question - 96
いいえ、いまのところにほんごはあまりひつようでないので、ふえるみこみはありません。
No, since Japanese is not very necessary at present, there is no prospect of the number increasing.
いいえ、no今presentのofところtime日本Japanese language語Japanese languageはtopicあまりnot very必要necessaryでisないnotのbecauseで、becauseふえるincreaseみこみprospectはtopicありexistませnot, politeん。not, polite - 97
せがのびる
Grow taller.
せheightがsubjectのびるgrow taller - 98
うれる
Be sold.
売れるbe sold - 99
なおる
Recover.
なおるrecover - 100
やせる
Lose weight.
やせるlose weight - 101
いける
Be able to go.
行けるcan go - 102
しんぽする
Make progress.
進歩make progressするmake progress
- かず
- number
- ふえる
- to increase (v.i.)
Sanitation, sewage and toilets · Questions 1 of 2
Sanitation at home and outside
The questions cover sewage facilities, flush toilets, older toilet conditions, and cleanliness outside the home.
*むかし 日本人の 便所は どうでしたか* asks "What were Japanese toilets like in the old days?"
An answer gives the relevant condition, facility, or criticism from the dialogue.
- 103
えいせいというと、さいしょにあたまにうかぶことはなんですか。
When you speak of sanitation, what is the first thing that comes to mind?
衛生sanitationとquote言うsayと、whenさいしょfirstにat頭mindにtoうかぶcome to mind事thingはtopic何whatですisか。question - 104
にほんにはおおきいしでは、どこでもげすいどうのせつびがありますか。
Do all large cities in Japan have sewage facilities?
日本Japanにinはtopic大きいlarge市citiesでinは、topicどこanywhereでatもall下水sewer system道sewer systemのofせつびfacilitiesがsubjectありexistますpoliteか。question - 105
すいせんのべんじょはどうですか。
What about flush toilets?
水flushせんflushのof便所toiletsはtopicどうhowですisか。question - 106
むかしにほんじんのべんじょはどうでしたか。
What were Japanese toilets like in the old days?
むかしold days日本Japanese人Japaneseの's便所toiletsはtopicどうhowでしwereたpastか。question - 107
せいようじんにどんなかんじをあたえていましたか。
What kind of impression did they give Westerners?
西洋Westerners人Westernersにtoどんなwhat kind ofかんじimpressionをobjectあたえgiveてgiveいgiveましgiveたpastか。question - 108
せいようじんから、どんなひひょうをきかされますか。
What kind of criticism do you hear from Westerners?
西洋Westerners人Westernersから、fromどんなwhat kind ofひcriticismひょうcriticismをobject聞かさbe toldれbe toldますpoliteか。question - 109
にほんじんのこうしゅうえいせいはどうですか。
What is public sanitation among the Japanese like?
日本Japanese人Japaneseの's公衆public sanitation衛生public sanitationはtopicどうhowですisか。question - 110
にほんじんはいえではやかましくいいますが、そとにでるとどうですか。
The Japanese are very strict about it at home, but what are they like when they go outside?
日本Japanese人Japaneseはtopic家homeでatはtopicやかましくstrictly言いsayますpoliteが、but外outsideにto出るgo outとwhenどうhowですisか。question
- どんな
- what kind of; what sort of
Pollution, hygiene and disease · Questions 2 of 2
Regions affected by pollution
The questions cover air pollution, its causes, affected regions, respiratory disease, and hygiene research.
*どの 地方で 空気の おせんが ありますか* asks "In what regions is there air pollution?" An answer names the regions from the dialogue.
*KEIHANSHIN CHIHOO* is one name for the Kyoto, Osaka, and Kobe area. *KEI* comes from *京* in *京都*, and *阪神* means Osaka and Kobe.
- 111
にほんじんのこうしゅうえいせいのせいしんをこうじょうさせるためにはどうしなければなりませんか。
What must be done to improve the Japanese people’s sense of public sanitation?
日本Japanese人Japaneseの's公衆public sanitation衛生public sanitationのofせいしんawarenessをobjectこうimprove上improveさmakeせるmakeためin order toにforはtopicどうwhatしdoなけれmustばifなりbecomeませnot, politeんnotか。question - 112
くうきのおせんはなにがげんいんになっていますか。
What causes air pollution?
空気airのofおせんpollutionはtopic何whatがsubject原因causeにintoなっcausesてcausesいcausesますpoliteか。question - 113
にほんでもくうきのおせんがありますか。
Is there air pollution in Japan too?
日本Japanでinもtoo空気airのofおせんpollutionがsubjectありexistますpoliteか。question - 114
どのちほうでくうきのおせんがありますか。
In what regions is there air pollution?
どのwhich地方regionsでin空気airのofおせんpollutionがsubjectありexistますpoliteか。question - 115
きんねん、だいとしにこきゅうきびょうがおおくなったのはなにがげんいんですか。
What has caused the increase in respiratory diseases in large cities in recent years?
近年、recent years大large city都市large cityにinこきゅうrespiratory diseaseきrespiratory disease病respiratory diseaseがsubject多くmore numerousなっbecameたpastのthe factはtopic何whatがsubject原因causeですisか。question - 116
にほんにはせいしんびょうやせいびょうがおおいですか。
Are mental illness and venereal disease common in Japan?
日本Japanにinはtopicせいしんmental illness病mental illnessやand such性病venereal diseaseがsubject多いcommonですisか。question - 117
せんご、なんのけんきゅうがさかんになりましたか。
What kind of research became active after the war?
戦後、after the war何whatのkind ofけんきゅうresearchがsubjectさかんactiveにtoなりbecameましbecameたpastか。question
- 近年、
- recent years
- き
- counter for airplanes (See Gram. Notes)
- 戦後、
- after a war
Sewage and cleanliness words · Word list 1 of 4
Sewage and cleanliness
The words cover sanitation facilities, dirty conditions, cleaning, bathing, and disinfection.
*下水* means "foul water or waste matter," while *下水道* means "drainage for waste matter."
*水せん* means "flushing," and *しょうどく* means "disinfection or sterilization."
- 118
こうしゅうえいせい
public hygiene
公衆衛生public hygiene - 119
あたまにうかぶ
come to mind
頭にうかぶcome to mind - 120
げすい
foul water, waste matter
下水wastewater - 121
しまつ
disposal
しまつdisposal - 122
げすいどう
drainage for waste matter
下水道sewer system - 123
すいせん
washing down with water, flushing
水せんflushing - 124
だいとし
great city, metropolis
大都市large city - 125
びょうげん
cause of illness
病原cause of illness - 126
せいけつ
cleanliness
せいけつcleanliness - 127
きたない
dirty; filthy
きたないdirty - 128
おふろ
bath
おふろbath - 129
しょうどく(する)
disinfection, sterilization (to disinfect)
しょうどく(する)disinfection or sterilization
- 公衆衛生
- public hygiene
- 頭にうかぶ
- come to mind
- 下水道
- drainage for waste matter
- 水せん
- washing down with water, flushing
- 大都市
- great city, metropolis
- おふろ
- bath
- しょうどく(する)
- disinfection, sterilization (to disinfect)
Dirt and disposal words · Word list 2 of 4
Dirt and careless disposal
The words cover unsanitary conditions, unpleasant impressions, careless behavior, gutters, disposal, and causes.
*不けつ* means "dirty, unclean, or unsanitary." *投げる* means "throw," while *捨てる* means "throw away or discard."
The two verbs distinguish the act of throwing from disposal.
- 130
あたえる
give; present (v.t.)
あたえるgive - 131
くさい
smelly
くさいsmelly - 132
かんじ
feeling
かんじfeeling - 133
ひひょう(する)
criticism, comment (to criticize)
ひひょう(する)criticism or comment - 134
ふけつ
dirty, unclean, unsanitary
不けつunsanitary - 135
へいきで
nonchalantly
平気でnonchalantly - 136
やかましくいう
be strict
やかましく言うbe strict - 137
なげる
throw, cast (v.t.)
投げるthrow - 138
みぞ
drain, gutter, ditch
みぞdrain or ditch - 139
すてる
throw away, discard (v.t.)
捨てるthrow away - 140
もと
cause, origin
もとcause or origin - 141
たぶんに
very much
多分にvery much
- あたえる
- give; present (v.t.)
- ひひょう(する)
- criticism, comment (to criticize)
- 不けつ
- dirty, unclean, unsanitary
- 平気で
- nonchalantly
- やかましく言う
- be strict
- 投げる
- throw, cast (v.t.)
- 捨てる
- throw away, discard (v.t.)
- 多分に
- very much
Regulation and improvement words · Word list 3 of 4
Control, limits, and prospects
The words cover regulation, public awareness, improvement, air pollution, limits, and prospects.
*とりしまり* means "control or supervision." *かぎり* means "as long as or to the best of." *みこみ* means "hope or possibility."
These two entries separate the condition that limits events from the prospect that an outcome will occur.
- 142
とりしまり
control, supervision
とりしまりcontrol or supervision - 143
きそく
rule, regulation
きそくrule or regulation - 144
せいしん
spirit; intention
せいしんspirit or intention - 145
てっていさせる
convince; bring home to one's heart(v.t.)
てっていさせるconvince - 146
---かぎり
as long as, to the best of (See Gram. Notes)
---かぎりas long as - 147
こうじょう
improvement, betterment, elevate
こう上improvement - 148
みこみ
hope, possibility (See Gram. Notes)
みこみhope or possibility - 149
きびしい
strict, stern, severe
きびしいstrict or severe - 150
とりしまる
regulate, supervise, control, (v.t.)
とりしまるregulate or supervise - 151
くうき
air
空気air - 152
おせん(する)
pollution (pollute) (v.t.)
おせん(する)pollution or pollute - 153
はいきガス
exhaust gas
はい気ガスexhaust gas
- とりしまり
- control, supervision
- てっていさせる
- convince; bring home to one's heart(v.t.)
- ---かぎり
- as long as, to the best of (See Gram. Notes)
- こう上
- improvement, betterment, elevate
- きびしい
- strict, stern, severe
- とりしまる
- regulate, supervise, control, (v.t.)
- おせん(する)
- pollution (pollute) (v.t.)
- はい気ガス
- exhaust gas
Pollution and hygiene words · Word list 4 of 4
Pollution, disease, and hygiene
The words cover the Tokyo-Yokohama region, soot, breathing, major diseases, fields of hygiene, and research.
*京浜* means "Tokyo-Yokohama." *せいしん病* means "mental disease," while *せいしん衛生学* means "mental hygiene."
The shared *せいしん* links the name of the disease with the field that studies mental hygiene.
- 154
ばいえん
smoke, soot
ばいえんsmoke or soot - 155
けいひん
Tokyo-Yokohama (See Cult. Notes)
京浜Tokyo-Yokohama - 156
すでに
already
すでにalready - 157
こきゅう(する)
breathing, respiration, (breathe (v.t.)
こきゅう(する)breathing - 158
こきゅうきびょう
diseases of respiratory organs
こきゅうき病respiratory disease - 159
せいしんびょう
mental disease
せいしん病mental illness - 160
せいびょう
venereal disease
性病venereal disease - 161
せいしんえいせいがく
mental hygiene
せいしん衛生学mental hygiene - 162
しゃかいえいせいがく
social hygiene
社会衛生学social hygiene - 163
ゆうせいがく
eugenics
ゆうせい学eugenics - 164
けんきゅう(する)
study, research (to study, to make research)
けんきゅう(する)study or research
Guide for Free Conversation
1 Topic Titles;
1 Spirit of public sanitation of the Japanese people and that of American people.
2 Talk about pollution of air in Japan and in America.
3 Compare sewage systems in Japan and that of the United States.
4 Talk about sanitation at home.Homework
1 Memorize the Dialogue and the vocabulary.
2 Study the Grammar Perception Drill.
3 Study Pattern Practice and do the exercise following each pattern.
4 Learn to read and write new Kanji.
5 Read the Explanatory Notes.
6 Read the Guide for Free Conversation and do the exercises given.- ばいえん
- smoke, soot
- 京浜
- Tokyo-Yokohama (See Cult. Notes)
- こきゅう(する)
- breathing, respiration, (breathe (v.t.)
- こきゅうき病
- diseases of respiratory organs
- せいしん病
- mental disease
- せいしん衛生学
- mental hygiene
- 社会衛生学
- social hygiene
- ゆうせい学
- eugenics
- けんきゅう(する)
- study, research (to study, to make research)
The particulars
- The course
- Defense Language Institute, Japanese Basic Course, 1967 to 1971. Public domain. The teaching pages and the narration are ours.
- Reading aloud
- Digital narration, directed by 1732 Studios.
- The book
- Botchan, the work this course leads to, free to read here.
- Data
- JSON · Markdown · A guide for agents