Prīmus et Secundus Annus, Lessons VII–XII

Latin into English (D'Ooge VII)

The same -ae marks three forms

Bona fīlia agricolae cēnam parat means "The farmer's good daughter prepares dinner."

In agricolae, -ae marks the genitive singular, "the farmer's." The same -ae marks the dative singular and nominative plural.

The forms of domin-a show every first-declension ending with its case, number, meaning, and use.

Noun

A male noun stays masculine

Agricola cum fīliā in casā habitat means "The farmer lives with his daughter in the cottage."

First-declension nouns are feminine unless they name males. Agricola names a male, so it is masculine.

1
The farmer lives with his daughter in the cottage.
Agricolafarmer
cumwhen; since; although
fīliāfilia: daughter
inin, on; into, to, against
casācasa: cottage
habitat.habito: dwell, abide, inhabit
2
The farmer's good daughter prepares dinner.
3
The dinner is pleasing to the farmer, and the farmer praises his good daughter.
4
Then the farmer's daughter calls the chickens to dinner.
5
The chickens love the farmer's daughter.
6
Bad daughters do not prepare good dinners.
7
The farmer's daughter is pleasing to the lady.
8
The lady lives on a large island.
9
The lady gives money to the good little girl.

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson VII, §§57-61

§57. In the preceding lessons we have now gone over all the cases, singular and plural, of nouns whose nominative singular ends in -a. All Latin nouns whose nominative singular ends in -a belong to the First Declension. It is also called the Ā-Declension because of the prominent part which the vowel a plays in the formation of the cases. We have also learned what relations are expressed by each case. These results are summarized in the following table:

CASE  NOUN         TRANSLATION                     USE AND GENERAL MEANING OF EACH CASE
                   SINGULAR
Nom.  do´min-a     the lady                        The subject
Gen.  domin-ae     of the lady, or the lady’s      The possessor of something
Dat.  domin-ae     to or for the lady              Expressing the relation to or for, especially the indirect object
Acc.  domin-am     the lady                        The direct object
Abl.  domin-ā      from, with, by, in, the lady    Separation (from), association or means (with, by), place where or time when (in, at)
                   PLURAL
Nom.  domin-ae     the ladies
Gen.  domin-ā´rum  of the ladies, or the ladies’
Dat.  domin-īs     to or for the ladies            The same as the singular
Acc.  domin-ās     the ladies
Abl.  domin-īs     from, with, by, in, the ladies

§58. The Base. That part of a word which remains unchanged in inflection and to which the terminations are added is called the base.

Thus, in the declension above, domin- is the base and -a is the termination of the nominative singular.

§59. Write the declension of the following nouns, separating the base from the termination by a hyphen. Also give them orally.

pugna, terra, lūna, ancil´la, corō´na, īn´sula, silva

§60. Gender. In English, names of living beings are either masculine or feminine, and names of things without life are neuter. This is called natural gender. Yet in English there are some names of things to which we refer as if they were feminine; as, “Have you seen my yacht? She is a beauty.” And there are some names of living beings to which we refer as if they were neuter; as, “Is the baby here? No, the nurse has taken it home.” Some words, then, have a gender quite apart from sex or real gender, and this is called grammatical gender.

Latin, like English, has three genders. Names of males are usually masculine and of females feminine, but names of things have grammatical gender and may be either masculine, feminine, or neuter. Thus we have in Latin the three words, lapis, a stone; rūpēs, a cliff; and saxum, a rock. Lapis is masculine, rūpēs feminine, and saxum neuter. The gender can usually be determined by the ending of the word, and must always be learned, for without knowing the gender it is impossible to write correct Latin.

§61. Gender of First-Declension Nouns. Nouns of the first declension are feminine unless they denote males. Thus silva is feminine, but nauta, sailor, and agricola, farmer, are masculine.

casā: cottage

Conversation (D'Ooge VII)

10
Who lives with the farmer in the cottage?
11
What does the farmer's good daughter prepare?
12
Whom does the farmer praise?
13
Does the farmer's daughter call the chickens to dinner?
14
Whose daughter is pleasing to the lady?
15
To whom does the lady give money?

English into Latin (D'Ooge VII)

16
Where does the farmer live?
17
The farmer lives in the small cottage.
18
Who lives with the farmer?
19
(His) little daughter lives with the farmer.
20
(His) daughter is getting (parat) a good dinner for the farmer.
21
The farmer praises the good dinner.
22
The daughter’s good dinner is pleasing to the farmer.

First Declension, continued (D'Ooge VIII)

The noun and adjective agree

puella mala means the bad girl.

In puella mala, both words are feminine, singular, and nominative.

An adjective agrees with its noun in gender, number, and case. The same rule joins ancilla parva and fortūna magna.

The same endings in -a

A feminine adjective in -a is declined like a feminine noun in -a.

The forms of domina and bona show their matching endings in every case and number.

The forms of domina

Position changes emphasis

fīlia mea and mea fīlia both mean my daughter.

A possessive pronoun or modifying genitive normally follows its noun. This order appears in fīlia mea and casa Galbae.

In mea fīlia, placing mea first makes it emphatic.

23
the bad girl
24
the little maid
25
great fortune
26
my daughter
27
my daughter
28
Galba’s cottage

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson VIII, §§64-68

§64. We have for some time now been using adjectives and nouns together and you have noticed an agreement between them in case and in number (§54). They agree also in gender. In the phrase silva magna, we have a feminine adjective in -a agreeing with a feminine noun in -a.

§65. RULE. Agreement of Adjectives. Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender, number, and case.

§66. Feminine adjectives in -a are declined like feminine nouns in -a, and you should learn to decline them together as follows:

        NOUN               ADJECTIVE
domina (base domin-),  bona (base bon-),
   f., lady                  good

        SINGULAR                TERMINATIONS
Nom.    do´mina             bona        -a
Gen.    dominae             bonae       -ae
Dat.    dominae             bonae       -ae
Acc.    dominam             bonam       -am
Abl.    dominā              bonā        -ā

        PLURAL
Nom.    dominae             bonae       -ae
Gen.    dominā´rum          bonā´rum    -ārum
Dat.    dominīs             bonīs       -īs
Acc.    dominās             bonās       -ās
Abl.    dominīs             bonīs       -īs

a. In the same way decline together puella mala, the bad girl; ancil´la parva, the little maid; fortū´na magna, great fortune.

§67. The words dea, goddess, and fīlia, daughter, take the ending -ābus instead of -īs in the dative and ablative plural. Note the dative and ablative plural in the following declension:

dea bona (bases de- bon-)

        SINGULAR      PLURAL
Nom.    dea bona      deae bonae
Gen.    deae bonae    deā´rum bonā´rum
Dat.    deae bonae    deā´bus bonīs
Acc.    deam bonam    deās bonās
Abl.    deā bonā      dea´bus bonīs

a. In the same way decline together fīlīa parva.

§68. Latin Word Order. The order of words in English and in Latin sentences is not the same.

In English we arrange words in a fairly fixed order. Thus, in the sentence My daughter is getting dinner for the farmers, we cannot alter the order of the words without spoiling the sentence. We can, however, throw emphasis on different words by speaking them with more force. Try the effect of reading the sentence by putting special force on my, daughter, dinner, farmers.

In Latin, where the office of the word in the sentence is shown by its ending (cf. §32.1), and not by its position, the order of words is more free, and position is used to secure the same effect that in English is secured by emphasis of voice. To a limited extent we can alter the order of words in English, too, for the same purpose. Compare the sentences

I saw a game of football at Chicago last November (normal order) Last November I saw a game of football at Chicago At Chicago, last November, I saw a game of football

1. In a Latin sentence the most emphatic place is the first; next in importance is the last; the weakest point is the middle. Generally the subject is the most important word, and is placed first; usually the verb is the next in importance, and is placed last. The other words of the sentence stand between these two in the order of their importance. Hence the normal order of words--that is, where no unusual emphasis is expressed--is as follows:

subject--modifiers of the subject--indirect object--direct object--adverb--verb

Changes from the normal order are frequent, and are due to the desire for throwing emphasis upon some word or phrase. Notice the order of the Latin words when you are translating, and imitate it when you are turning English into Latin.

2. Possessive pronouns and modifying genitives normally stand after their nouns. When placed before their nouns they are emphatic, as

fīlia mea, my daughter;
mea fīlia, my daughter;
casa Galbae, Galba’s cottage;
Galbae casa, Galba’s cottage.

Notice the variety of emphasis produced by writing the following sentence in different ways:

Fīlia mea agricolīs cēnam parat (normal order)
Mea fīlia agricolīs parat cēnam (mea and cēnam emphatic)
Agricolīs fīlia mea cēnam parat (agricolīs emphatic)

3. An adjective placed before its noun is more emphatic than when it follows. When great emphasis is desired, the adjective is separated from its noun by other words.

Fīlia mea casam parvam nōn amat (parvam not emphatic) Fīlia mea parvam casam nōn amat (parvam more emphatic) Parvam fīlia mea casam nōn amat (parvam very emphatic)

4. Interrogative words usually stand first, the same as in English.

5. The copula (as est, sunt) is of so little importance that it frequently does not stand last, but may be placed wherever it sounds well.

29
Galba’s cottage
30
My daughter is getting dinner for the farmers
31
My daughter is getting dinner for the farmers (my and dinner emphatic).
32
My daughter is getting dinner for the farmers (for the farmers emphatic).
33
My daughter does not love the little cottage (little not emphatic).
34
My daughter does not love the little cottage (little more emphatic).
35
My daughter does not love the little cottage (little very emphatic).

Latin into English (D'Ooge VIII)

36
Your roads are not long.
37
Are the new trumpets in my cottage? They are not.
38
Who lives in the wide forest? Diana, the beautiful goddess of the bright moon, lives in the wide forest.
39
Sailors love deep and wide waters.
40
What is your maidservant carrying? My maidservant is carrying a new trumpet.
41
Where are Lesbia and Julia? Lesbia is in your cottage, and Julia is in mine.
42
Is Italy a wide land? Italy is long, not wide.
43
To whom does Galba the farmer tell a new story? He tells a new story to the daughters of the famous lady.
44
The island of Sicily is famous.
45
Whom does Latona praise? Latona praises her daughter.

The Second or O-Declension (D'Ooge IX)

Two predicates after est

Lesbia est bona means "Lesbia is good." Bona is a predicate adjective.

Lesbia est ancilla means "Lesbia is a maidservant." Ancilla is a predicate noun.

Subject and predicate share a case

A predicate noun agrees in case with the subject of the verb.

In Lesbia est ancilla, Lesbia is nominative. The predicate noun ancilla is nominative too.

46
Lesbia is good
47
Lesbia is a maidservant

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson IX, §§70-76

§70. Latin nouns are divided into five declensions.

The declension to which a noun belongs is shown by the ending of the genitive singular. This should always be learned along with the nominative and the gender.

§71. The nominative singular of nouns of the Second or O-Declension ends in -us, -er, -ir, or -um. The genitive singular ends in -ī.

§72. Gender. Nouns in -um are neuter. The others are regularly masculine.

§73. Declension of nouns in -us and -um. Masculines in -us and neuters in -um are declined as follows:

dominus (base domin-),    pīlum (base pīl-),
   m., master                  n., spear

               TERMINATIONS       TERMINATIONS
        SINGULAR
Nom.    do´minus[1]  -us       pīlum     -um
Gen.    dominī       -ī        pīlī      -ī
Dat.    dominō       -ō        pīlō      -ō
Acc.    dominum      -um       pīlum     -um
Abl.    dominō       -ō        pīlō      -ō
Voc.    domine       -e        pīlum     -um
[1] Compare the declension of domina and of dominus.

        PLURAL
Nom.    dominī       -ī        pīla      -a
Gen.    dominō´rum   -ōrum     pīlō´rum  -ōrum
Dat.    dominīs      -īs       pīlīs     -īs
Acc.    dominōs      -ōs       pīla      -a
Abl.    dominīs      -īs       pīlīs     -īs

a. Observe that the masculines and the neuters have the same terminations excepting in the nominative singular and the nominative and accusative plural.

b. The vocative singular of words of the second declension in -us ends in -ĕ, as domine, O master; serve, O slave. This is the most important exception to the rule in §56.a.

§74. Write side by side the declension of domina, dominus, and pīlum. A comparison of the forms will lead to the following rules, which are of great importance because they apply to all five declensions:

a. The vocative, with a single exception (see §73.b), is like the nominative. That is, the vocative singular is like the nominative singular, and the vocative plural is like the nominative plural.

b. The nominative, accusative, and vocative of neuter nouns are alike, and in the plural end in -a.

c. The accusative singular of masculines and feminines ends in -m and the accusative plural in -s.

d. The dative and ablative plural are always alike.

e. Final -i and -o are always long; final -a is short, except in the ablative singular of the first declension.

§75. Observe the sentences

Lesbia est bona,
  Lesbia is good
Lesbia est ancilla,
  Lesbia is a maidservant

We have learned (§55) that bona, when used, as here, in the predicate to describe the subject, is called a predicate adjective. Similarly a noun, as ancilla, used in the predicate to define the subject is called a predicate noun.

§76. RULE. Predicate Noun. A predicate noun agrees in case with the subject of the verb.

Dialogue: Galba and Marcus (D'Ooge IX)

48
Who, Marcus, is the lieutenant with the spear and trumpet?
49
The lieutenant, Galba, is Sextus.
50
Where does Sextus live?
51
Sextus lives in the town with his daughters.
52
Do the townsmen love Sextus?
53
The townsmen love Sextus and praise him, because he fights with great firmness.
54
Where, Marcus, is your maidservant? Why is she not preparing dinner?
55
My maidservant, Galba, is giving water and grain to the lieutenant's horse.
56
Why does not Sextus's slave care for his master's horse?
57
Sextus and the slave are hastening to the wall of the town. The townsmen are preparing for war.

lēgātus: lieutenant, ambassador
pīlō: spear, from pilum
cōnstantiā: firmness, constancy

Conversation (D'Ooge IX)

58
Where do the daughters of Sextus live?
59
Whom do the townsmen love and praise?
60
What does the maidservant give to the lieutenant's horse?
61
Whose horse does the maidservant care for?
62
Who is hastening to the wall with Sextus?
63
What are the townsmen preparing for?

Second Declension, continued (D'Ooge X)

Bona agrees with Lesbia

Lesbia ancilla est bona means "Lesbia, the maidservant, is good."

Bona is feminine because Lesbia is feminine. Its nominative singular ending agrees with Lesbia.

Masculine forms agree

A masculine adjective of this class agrees with its noun in case and number.

Dominus bonus shows the noun and adjective through every case in singular and plural.

Masculine noun and adjective

Apposition keeps the same case

An appositive agrees in case with the noun it explains.

Lesbia ancilla is nominative. Lesbiae ancillae is genitive. Lesbiam ancillam is accusative.

Each form of ancilla keeps the case of Lesbia.

64
Lesbia, the maidservant, is good
65
the daughter of Lesbia, the maidservant, is good
66
the slave loves Lesbia, the maidservant

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson X, §§79-81

§79. We have been freely using feminine adjectives, like bona, in agreement with feminine nouns of the first declension and declined like them. Masculine adjectives of this class are declined like dominus, and neuters like pīlum. The adjective and noun, masculine and neuter, are therefore declined as follows:

MASCULINE NOUN AND ADJECTIVE         NEUTER NOUN AND ADJECTIVE
dominus bonus, the good master     pīlum bonum, the good spear
  BASES domin- bon-                    BASES pīl- bon-

                        TERMINATIONS               TERMINATIONS
        SINGULAR
Nom.    do´minus bonus       -us      pīlum bonum        -um
Gen.    dominī bonī          -ī       pīlī bonī         -ī
Dat.    dominō bonō          -ō       pīlō bonō         -ō
Acc.    dominum bonum        -um      pīlum bonum       -um
Abl.    dominō bonō          -ō       pīlō bonō         -ō
Voc.    domine bone          -e       pīlum bonum       -um

        PLURAL
Nom.    dominī bonī          -ī      pīla bona          -a
Gen.    dominō´rum bonō´rum  -ōrum    īlō´rum bonō´rum  -ōrum
Dat.    dominīs bonīs        -is      īlīs bonīs        -īs
Acc.    dominōs bonōs        -ōs     pīla bona          -a
Abl.    dominīs bonīs        -īs      īlīs bonīs        -īs

Decline together bellum longum, equus parvus, servus malus, mūrus altus, frūmentum novum.

§80. Observe the sentences

Lesbia ancilla est bona,
  Lesbia, the maidservant, is good
Fīlia Lesbiae ancillae est bona,
  the daughter of Lesbia, the maidservant, is good
Servus Lesbiam ancillam amat,
  the slave loves Lesbia, the maidservant

In these sentences ancilla, ancillae, and ancillam denote the class of persons to which Lesbia belongs and explain who she is. Nouns so related that the second is only another name for the first and explains it are said to be in apposition, and are always in the same case.

§81. RULE. Apposition. An appositive agrees in case with the noun which it explains.

Latin into English (D'Ooge X)

67
The fatherland of the good slave, the village of the good slaves, O good people.
68
The people of the large town, in the large town, in the large towns.
69
With long spears, to the long spears, to the wide walls.
70
Bad lieutenant, the friends of the bad lieutenant, a dinner pleasing to the good master.
71
The grain of the small horses, good master, to the famous lieutenants.
72
The Rhine is in Germany, my fatherland.
73
Sextus the lieutenant carries a long spear.
74
The good townsmen give money to Sextus, the famous lieutenant.
75
The bad slaves kill the good horse of Marcus, their master.
76
Galba the farmer and Julia, his good daughter, are laboring.
77
Marcus the sailor lives on the island of Sicily.

Rhēnus: the Rhine

English into Latin (D'Ooge X)

78
Wicked slave, who is your friend? Why does he not praise Galba, your master?
79
My friend is from (ex) a village of Germany, my fatherland.
80
My friend does not love the people of Italy.
81
Who is caring for[1] the good horse of Galba, the farmer?
82
Mark, where is Lesbia, the maidservant?
83
She is hastening[1] to the little cottage[2] of Julia, the farmer’s daughter.

Latin into English (D'Ooge XI)

One agreement, different endings

Est in vīcō nauta bonus means there is a good sailor in the village.

Nauta is masculine and belongs to the first declension. Bonus takes masculine forms of the second declension.

The adjective agrees with its noun in gender, number, and case, even when their endings differ.

The pair changes together

Sextus est amīcus nautae bonī means Sextus is the friend of the good sailor.

Nautae and bonī are genitive singular. Each word has the ending required by its own declension.

The forms of nauta bonus show how both words change while gender, number, and case remain in agreement.

84
There is a good sailor in the village.
85
Sextus is the friend of the good sailor.
86
Sextus gives the good sailor a helmet.
87
The Roman people praise the good sailor.
88
Sextus is carrying the booty with the good sailor.
89
Where, good sailor, are the arms and weapons of the Roman lieutenant?
90
The good sailors are hastening to the war.
91
The fame of the good sailors is bright.
92
Battles are pleasing to good sailors.
93
The townsmen care for the good sailors.
94
Why, good sailors, are the bad farmers hastening to the Rhine?
95
The bad farmers are fighting with the good sailors.

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XI, §§83-85

§83. Adjectives of the first and second declensions are declined in the three genders as follows:

        MASCULINE  FEMININE   NEUTER
        SINGULAR
Nom.    bonus      bona       bonum
Gen.    bonī       bonae      bonī
Dat.    bonō       bonae      bonō
Acc.    bonum      bonam      bonum
Abl.    bonō       bonā       bonō
Voc.    bone       bona       bonum

      PLURAL
Nom.    bonī       bonae      bona
Gen.    bonōrum    bonārum    bonōrum
Dat.    bonīs      bonīs      bonīs
Acc.    bonōs      bonās      bona
Abl.    bonīs      bonīs      bonīs

a. Write the declension and give it orally across the page, thus giving the three genders for each case.

b. Decline grātus, -a, -um; malus, -a, -um; altus, -a, -um; parvus, -a, -um.

§84. Thus far the adjectives have had the same terminations as the nouns. However, the agreement between the adjective and its noun does not mean that they must have the same termination. If the adjective and the noun belong to different declensions, the terminations will, in many cases, not be the same. For example, nauta, sailor, is masculine and belongs to the first declension. The masculine form of the adjective bonus is of the second declension. Consequently, a good sailor is nauta bonus. So, the wicked farmer is agricola malus. Learn the following declensions:

§85. nauta bonus (bases naut- bon-), m., the good sailor

        SINGULAR
Nom.    nauta     bonus
Gen.    nautae    bonī
Dat.    nautae    bonō
Acc.    nautam    bonum
Abl.    nautā     bonō
Voc.    nauta     bone

        PLURAL
Nom.    nautae    bonī
Gen.    nautārum  bonōrum
Dat.    nautīs    bonīs
Acc.    nautās    bonōs
Abl.    nautīs    bonīs
Voc.    nautae    bonī

English into Latin (D'Ooge XI)

96
The wicked farmer is hastening to the village with (his) booty.
97
The reputation of the wicked farmer is not good.
98
Why does Galba’s daughter give arms and weapons to the wicked farmer?
99
Lesbia invites the good sailor to dinner.
100
Why is Lesbia with the good sailor hastening from the cottage?
101
Sextus, where is my helmet?
102
The good sailors are hastening to the toilsome battle.
103
The horses of the wicked farmers are small.
104
The Roman people give money to the good sailors.
105
Friends care for the good sailors.
106
Whose friends are fighting with the wicked farmers?

Nouns in -Ius and -Ium (D'Ooge XII)

One ī in the genitive

fluvius longus means "the long river." fluvius ends in -ius.

Nouns of the second declension in -ius or -ium form the genitive singular in -ī, not -iī. The genitive of fluvius is fluvī.

The same form for two cases

The genitive singular of fīlius is fīlī.

The vocative singular is also fīlī, "O son." Proper names of persons in -ius follow the same vocative rule.

Where the base i is lost

proelium clārum means "the famous battle." It follows the same genitive rule as fluvius.

The base i is lost only in the genitive singular and in the vocative of words like fīlius.

The forms of praesidium and fīlius show where the base i remains and where it is lost.

The forms of praesidium

107
the long river
108
the famous battle

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XII, §§87-89

§87. Nouns of the second declension in -ius and -ium end in -ī in the genitive singular, not in -iī, and the accent rests on the penult; as, fīlī from fīlius (son), praesi´dī from praesi´dium (garrison).

§88. Proper names of persons in -ius, and fīlius, end in -ī in the vocative singular, not in -ĕ, and the accent rests on the penult; as, Vergi´lī, O Vergil; fīlī, O son.

a. Observe that in these words the vocative and the genitive are alike.

§89.     praesidium (base praesidi-),  fīlius (base fīli-),
           n., garrison                    m., son

        SINGULAR
Nom.    praesidium                      fīlius
Gen.    praesi´dī                       fīlī
Dat.    praesidiō                       fīliō
Acc.    praesidium                      fīlium
Abl.    praesidiō                       fīliō
Voc.    praesidium                      fīlī

The plural is regular. Note that the -i- of the base is lost only in the genitive singular, and in the vocative of words like fīlius.

Decline together praesidium parvum; fīlius bonus; fluvius longus, the long river; proelium clārum, the famous battle.

Latin into English (D'Ooge XII)

109
The grain of the good land, of the bad sword, of the long war.
110
Bad slave, O famous town, bad son, the bad sons, of the bad son.
111
Of the long river, the long rivers, of the long rivers, the fame of the large garrison.
112
With small swords, with the famous goddesses, to the famous sailors.
113
Of many battles, of great booty, to the hard battles.

Fluvī: river, stream
praesidī: garrison, guard, from praesidium

Give the forms (D'Ooge XII)

114
Great firmness, large garrisons, famous Vergil.

Germānia (D'Ooge XII)

115
Germany, the fatherland of the Germans, is a famous land.
116
In Germany there are many rivers.
117
The Rhine is the great and wide river of Germany.
118
In the wide forests of Germany there are many wild beasts.
119
Many Germans live in large towns and in small villages, and many are good farmers.
120
The wars of the Germans are great and famous.
121
The people of Germany love war and battles and often fight with their neighbors.
122
The river Rhine is next to many famous towns.

finitimīs: bordering upon, neighboring, from finitimus