Prīmus et Secundus Annus, Lessons XIII–XVII

Italia (D'Ooge XIII)

Ager loses its e

Agrī bonī agricolīs praemia dant magna means "The good fields give the farmers great rewards."

Agrī is the nominative plural of ager, field. The base is agr-.

The e appears only in the nominative singular ager. Every other form uses agr-.

The forms of ager show this change through both numbers and all five cases.

Pulcher changes like ager

Pulchra est terra Italia means "Beautiful is the land of Italy."

Pulchra agrees with the feminine terra. The masculine form is pulcher.

Masculine adjectives in -er decline like nouns in -er. Pulcher follows ager and drops e outside its masculine nominative singular.

Pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum show the same base across all three genders.

From the book

1
Great is the fame of Italy, the fatherland of the Romans, and famous is Rome, the mistress of the world.
Magnamagnus: great, large; strong, loud
estsum: be; exist
ItaliaeItalia: Italy
fāma,fama: rumor; reputation, fame
patriaepatria: fatherland
Rōmānōrum,Romanus: Roman
etand
clāraclarus: clear; famous, renowned; bright, shining
estsum: be; exist
Rōma,Roma: Rome
dominalady of the house, mistress
orbisring, circle
terrārum.terra: land
2
The Tiber, the Roman river, who does not praise, and the beautiful fields next to the river?
3
The high walls, the long and hard wars, the famous victories, who does not praise?
4
Beautiful is the land of Italy.
5
The good fields give the farmers great rewards, and the horses of the farmers carry an abundance of grain to the towns and villages.
6
In the fields of the Roman people many slaves labor.
7
The roads of Italy are long and wide.
8
Next to Italy is the island of Sicily.

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XIII, §§91-94

§91. Declension of Nouns in -er and -ir. In early Latin all the masculine nouns of the second declension ended in -os. This -os later became -us in words like servus, and was dropped entirely in words with bases ending in -r, like puer, boy; ager, field; and vir, man. These words are therefore declined as follows:

§92. puer, m., boy    ager, m., field    vir, m., man
         BASE puer-         BASE agr-            BASE vir-

        SINGULAR                                    TERMINATIONS
Nom.    puer               ager                 vir      ----
Gen.    puerī              agrī                 virī     -ī
Dat.    puerō              agrō                 virō     -ō
Acc.    puerum             agrum                virum    -um
Abl.    puerō              agrō                 virō     -ō

        PLURAL
Nom.    puerī              agrī                 virī     -ī
Gen.    puerōrum           agrōrum              virōrum  -ōrum
Dat.    puerīs             agrīs                virīs    -īs
Acc.    puerōs             agrōs                virōs    -ōs
Abl.    puerīs             agrīs                virīs    -īs

a. The vocative case of these words is like the nominative, following the general rule (§74.a).

b. The declension differs from that of servus only in the nominative and vocative singular.

c. Note that in puer the e remains all the way through, while in ager it is present only in the nominative. In puer the e belongs to the base, but in ager (base agr-) it does not, and was inserted in the nominative to make it easier to pronounce. Most words in -er are declined like ager. The genitive shows whether you are to follow puer or ager.

§93. Masculine adjectives in -er of the second declension are declined like nouns in -er. A few of them are declined like puer, but most of them like ager. The feminine and neuter nominatives show which form to follow, thus,

MASC.    FEM.     NEUT.
līber    lībera   līberum   (free)
   is like puer
pulcher  pulchra  pulchrum  (pretty)
   is like ager

For the full declension in the three genders, see §469.b. c.

§94. Decline together the words vir līber, terra lībera, frūmentum līberum, puer pulcher, puella pulchra, oppidum pulchrum

orbis: ring, circle

Dialogue: Marcus and Cornelius (D'Ooge XIII)

9
Where, Marcus, is your son? Is he in the beautiful land of Italy?
10
He is not in Italy, Cornelius. He is hastening to the river Rhine with the Roman forces, because there is a report of a new war with the Germans. The free people of Germany do not love the Romans.
11
Is your son the lieutenant of the Roman forces?
12
He is not the lieutenant, but he is among the legionaries.
13
What kind of arms does he carry?
14
He carries a large shield and a hard coat of mail and a beautiful helmet.
15
What kind of weapons does he carry?
16
He carries a sword and a long spear.
17
Does the lieutenant love your son?
18
He does, and he often gives my son beautiful rewards and much booty.
19
Where is the land of the Germans?
20
The land of the Germans, Cornelius, is next to the Rhine, a great and deep river.

legiōnāriōs: legionary, belonging to the legion, from legionarius

The Possessive Adjective Pronouns (D'Ooge XIV)

Suōs agrees with servōs

Vir suōs servōs vocat means "The man calls his own slaves."

A possessive agrees with the possessed noun in gender, number, and case.

Suōs agrees with servōs in masculine gender, plural number, and accusative case.

Suōs refers back to Vir, the subject, so it means the man's own slaves.

The special form mī

Mī fīlī means "O my son."

Mī is the irregular masculine singular vocative of meus.

21
O my son
22
Sextus is calling his boy
23
The man calls his (own) slaves.

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XIV, §§97-98

§97. Observe the sentences

This is my shield
This shield is mine

In the first sentence my is a possessive adjective; in the second mine is a possessive pronoun, for it takes the place of a noun, this shield is mine being equivalent to this shield is my shield. Similarly, in Latin the possessives are sometimes adjectives and sometimes pronouns.

§98. The possessives my, mine, your, yours, etc. are declined like adjectives of the first and second declensions.

SINGULAR
1st Pers. meus, mea, meum my, mine
2d Pers. tuus, tua, tuum your, yours
3d Pers. suus, sua, suum his (own), her (own),
its (own)
PLURAL
1st Pers. noster, nostra, nostrum our, ours
2d Pers. vester, vestra, vestrum your, yours
3d Pers. suus, sua, suum their (own), theirs

NOTE. Meus has the irregular vocative singular masculine mī, as mī fīlī, O my son.

a. The possessives agree with the name of the thing possessed in gender, number, and case. Compare the English and Latin in

Sextus is calling his boy Sextus } suum puerum vocat
Julia is calling her boy Iūlia }

Observe that suum agrees with puerum, and is unaffected by the gender of Sextus or Julia.

b. When your, yours, refers to one person, use tuus; when to more than one, vester; as,

Lesbia, your wreaths are pretty
Corōnae tuae, Lesbia, sunt pulchrae
Girls, your wreaths are pretty
Corōnae vestrae, puellae, sunt pulchrae

c. Suus is a reflexive possessive, that is, it usually stands in the predicate and regularly refers back to the subject. Thus, Vir suōs servōs vocat means The man calls his (own) slaves. Here his (suōs) refers to man (vir), and could not refer to any one else.

d. Possessives are used much less frequently than in English, being omitted whenever the meaning is clear without them. (Cf. §22.a.) This is especially true of suus, -a, -um, which, when inserted, is more or less emphatic, like our his own, her own, etc.

Latin into English (D'Ooge XIV)

24
Marcus announces his plan to his friend Sextus.
25
There is an abundance of grain in our fields.
26
My friends praise the good dinner of your maidservant.
27
Our shields and weapons, my friend, are in the Roman camp.
28
Are the men of your fatherland free? They are.
29
Where, Cornelius, is your beautiful helmet?
30
My helmet, Sextus, is in my cottage.
31
The long spear is yours, but the sword is mine.
32
Julia loves her beautiful chickens, and the chickens love their mistress.
33
Our camp is yours.
34
There is an abundance of booty in your camp.
35
Your friends often give food and money to the wretched and the sick.

Give the forms (D'Ooge XIV)

36
Your coat of mail, my son, is hard.

English into Latin (D'Ooge XIV)

37
Our teacher praises Mark’s industry.
38
My son Sextus is carrying his booty to the Roman camp.[1]
39
Your good girls are giving aid to the sick and wretched.[2]
40
There are [3] frequent battles in our villages.
41
My son, where is the lieutenant’s food?
42
The camp is mine, but the weapons are yours.

dīligentiam: diligence, industry, from diligentia

The Ablative Denoting With (D'Ooge XV)

Cause and means omit cum

Mārcus est īnfīrmus inopiā cibī means "Mark is feeble because of want of food."

The ablative inopiā gives the cause without a preposition.

Diāna sagittīs suīs ferās necat means "Diana kills the beasts with her arrows."

The ablative sagittīs suīs gives the means without a preposition. Cause and means never use cum.

Accompaniment requires cum

Iūlia est cum Sextō means "Julia is with Sextus."

Unlike cause and means, the ablative of accompaniment requires cum.

An adjective can replace cum

Virī cōnstantiā magnā pugnant means "The men fight with great steadiness."

The ablative of manner normally uses cum. The adjective magnā allows this line to omit cum.

43
Mark is feeble with (for or because of) want of food
44
Diana kills the beasts with (or by) her arrows
45
Julia is with Sextus
46
The men fight with great steadiness

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XV, §§100-106

§100. Of the various relations denoted by the ablative case (§50) there is none more important than that expressed in English by the preposition with. This little word is not so simple as it looks. It does not always convey the same meaning, nor is it always to be translated by cum. This will become clear from the following sentences:

a. Mark is feeble with (for or because of) want of food
b. Diana kills the beasts with (or by) her arrows
c. Julia is with Sextus
d. The men fight with great steadiness

a. In sentence a, with want (of food) gives the cause of Mark’s feebleness. This idea is expressed in Latin by the ablative without a preposition, and the construction is called the ablative of cause:

Mārcus est īnfīrmus inopiā cibī

b. In sentence b, with (or by) her arrows tells by means of what Diana kills the beasts. This idea is expressed in Latin by the ablative without a preposition, and the construction is called the ablative of means:

Diāna sagittīs suīs ferās necat

c. In sentence c we are told that Julia is not alone, but in company with Sextus. This idea is expressed in Latin by the ablative with the preposition cum, and the construction is called the ablative of accompaniment:

Iūlia est cum Sextō

d. In sentence d we are told how the men fight. The idea is one of manner. This is expressed in Latin by the ablative with cum, unless there is a modifying adjective present, in which case cum may be omitted. This construction is called the ablative of manner:

Virī (cum) cōnstantiā magnā pugnant

§101. You are now able to form four important rules for the ablative denoting with:

§102. RULE. Ablative of Cause. Cause is denoted by the ablative without a preposition. This answers the question Because of what?

§103. RULE. Ablative of Means. Means is denoted by the ablative without a preposition. This answers the question By means of what? With what?

N.B. Cum must never be used with the ablative expressing cause or means.

§104. RULE. Ablative of Accompaniment. Accompaniment is denoted by the ablative with cum. This answers the question With whom?

§105. RULE. Ablative of Manner. The ablative with cum is used to denote the manner of an action. Cum may be omitted, if an adjective is used with the ablative. This answers the question How? In what manner?

§106. What uses of the ablative do you discover in the following passage, and what question does each answer?

The soldiers marched to the fort with great speed and broke down the gate with blows of their muskets. The inhabitants, terrified by the din, attempted to cross the river with their wives and children, but the stream was swollen with (or by) the rain. Because of this many were swept away by the waters and only a few, almost overcome with fatigue, with great difficulty succeeded in gaining the farther shore.

Latin into English (D'Ooge XV)

47
The Romans, the famous people of Italy, are preparing for war.
48
From their fields, villages, and towns the sturdy men hasten to arms with great eagerness.
49
Already the lieutenants with the legionaries are hastening from Italy to the Rhine, the deep and wide river of Germany, and slaves are carrying food and grain with horses and wagons to the Roman camp.
50
For want of good weapons the Germans are weak, but the Romans, armed with helmets, coats of mail, shields, swords, and spears, are strong.

carrīs: cart, wagon, from carrus

English into Latin (D'Ooge XV)

51
The sturdy farmers of Italy labor in the fields with great diligence.
52
Sextus, the lieutenant, and (his) son Mark are fighting with the Germans.
53
The Roman legionaries are armed with long spears.
54
Where is Lesbia, your maid, Sextus? Lesbia is with my friends in Galba’s cottage.
55
Many are sick because of bad water and for lack of food.
56
The Germans, with (their) sons and daughters, are hastening with horses and wagons.

The Nine Irregular Adjectives (D'Ooge XVI)

A pair or any number

Alterum oppidum est magnum, alterum parvum means "the one town is large, the other small."

Alterum ... alterum sets one member of a pair against the other. Aliud ... aliud does not limit the group to two.

Aliī gladiōs, aliī scūta portant means "some carry swords, others shields." The repeated plural aliī divides a group into some and others.

Aliud ends in d

Aliud oppidum est validum, aliud īnfīrmum means "one town is strong, another weak."

Aliud is the neuter singular form of alius. Its -d ending distinguishes it from alia and alius.

Nine adjectives share two endings

Alter and alius belong to a group of nine irregular adjectives.

In every gender, their genitive singular ends in -īus and their dative singular ends in -ī.

The masculine, feminine, and neuter columns show the same ending for each case.

57
the one town is large, the other small (of two towns)
58
one town is strong, another weak
59
some carry swords, others shields

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XVI, §§108-110

§108. There are nine irregular adjectives of the first and second declensions which have a peculiar termination in the genitive and dative singular of all genders:

         MASC.  FEM.  NEUT.
Gen.     -īus   -īus  -īus
Dat.     -ī     -ī    -ī

Otherwise they are declined like bonus, -a, -um. Learn the list and the meaning of each:

alius, alia, aliud, other, another (of several)
alter, altera, alterum, the one, the other (of two)
ūnus, -a, -um, one, alone; (in the plural) only
ūllus, -a, -um, any
nūllus, -a, -um, none, no
sōlus, -a, -um, alone
tōtus, -a, -um, all, whole, entire
uter, utra, utrum, which? (of two)
neuter, neutra, neutrum, neither (of two)

§109. PARADIGMS

        SINGULAR
        MASC.     FEM.      NEUT.
Nom.    nūllus    nūlla     nūllum
Gen.    nūllī´us  nūllī´us  nūllī´us
Dat.    nūllī     nūllī     nūllī
Acc.    nūllum    nūllam    nūllum
Abl.    nūllō     nūllā     nūllō

        MASC.     FEM.      NEUT.
Nom.    alius     alia      aliud
Gen.    alī´us    alī´us    alī´us
Dat.    aliī      aliī      aliī
Acc.    alium     aliam     aliud
Abl.    aliō      aliā      aliō

THE PLURAL IS REGULAR

a. Note the peculiar neuter singular ending in -d of alius. The genitive alīus is rare. Instead of it use alterīus, the genitive of alter.

b. These peculiar case endings are found also in the declension of pronouns (see §114). For this reason these adjectives are sometimes called the pronominal adjectives.

§110. Learn the following idioms:

alter, -era, -erum ... alter, -era, -erum, the one ... the other
  (of two)
alius, -a, -ud ... alius, -a, -ud, one ... another  (of any
  number)
aliī, -ae, -a ... aliī, -ae, -a, some ... others

EXAMPLES

1. Alterum oppidum est magnum, alterum parvum, the one town is large, the other small (of two towns).

2. Aliud oppidum est validum, aliud īnfīrmum, one town is strong, another weak (of towns in general).

3. Aliī gladiōs, aliī scūta portant, some carry swords, others shields.

Latin into English (D'Ooge XVI)

60
In which cottage (of the two) is Julia? Julia is in neither cottage.
61
The teacher gives a reward to no bad boy.
62
The one boy is a sailor, the other a farmer.
63
Some men love the water, others the land.
64
Galba alone labors with eagerness.
65
Is there any wagon in my field?
66
Lesbia is the maidservant of the one master, Tullia of the other.
67
Lesbia alone prepares dinner.
68
The dinner of no other maidservant is good.
69
Lesbia gives dinner to no other man.

English into Latin (D'Ooge XVI)

70
The men of all Germany are preparing for war.
71
Some towns are great and others are small.
72
One boy likes chickens, another horses.
73
Already the booty of one town is in our fort.
74
Our whole village is suffering for (i.e. weak because of) lack of food.
75
The people are already hastening to the other town.
76
Among the Romans (there) is no lack of grain.

The Demonstrative Is, Ea, Id (D'Ooge XVII)

The subject owns suum

Galba suum fīlium vocat means Galba calls his own son. Galba eius fīlium vocat means Galba calls another person's son.

suum refers to the subject, Galba. eius refers to a different owner.

The forms for other owners

eius and eōrum are forms of is, ea, id.

The genitive row has eius for one owner of any gender. It has eōrum for masculine or neuter owners in the plural.

The forms of is

Another owner takes eius

When his, her, or its does not refer to the subject, Latin uses eius. For several masculine or neuter owners, Latin uses eōrum.

In virī suōs puerōs laudant, suōs refers to virī. In virī eōrum puerōs laudant, eōrum refers to other owners.

77
Galba calls his (own) son
78
Galba calls his son (not his own, but another's)
79
Julia calls her (own) children
80
Julia calls her children (not her own, but another's)
81
The men praise their (own) boys
82
The men praise their boys (not their own, but others')

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XVII, §§112-116

§112. A demonstrative is a word that points out an object definitely, as this, that, these, those. Sometimes these words are pronouns, as, Do you hear these? and sometimes adjectives, as, Do you hear these men? In the former case they are called demonstrative pronouns, in the latter demonstrative adjectives.

§113. Demonstratives are similarly used in Latin both as pronouns and as adjectives. The one used most is

is, masculine; ea, feminine; id, neuter
SINGULAR: this, that; PLURAL: these, those

§114. Is is declined as follows. Compare its declension with that of alius, §109.

BASE e-

        SINGULAR              PLURAL
        MASC.  FEM.   NEUT.   MASC.      FEM.    NEUT.
Nom.    is     ea     id      eī         eae     ea
                              (or iī)
Gen.    eius   eius   eius    eōrum      eārum   eōrum
Dat.    eī     eī     eī      eīs        eīs     eīs
                              (or iīs    iīs     iīs)
Acc.    eum    eam    id      eōs        eās     ea
Abl.    eō     eā     eō      eīs        eīs     eīs
                              (or iīs    iīs     iīs)

Note that the base e- changes to i- in a few cases. The genitive singular eius is pronounced eh´yus. In the plural the forms with two i’s are preferred and the two i’s are pronounced as one. Hence, pronounce iī as ī and iīs as īs.

§115. Besides being used as demonstrative pronouns and adjectives the Latin demonstratives are regularly used for the personal pronoun he, she, it. As a personal pronoun, then, is would have the following meanings:

SINGULAR
Nom. is, he; ea, she; id, it
Gen. eius, of him or his;
       eius, of her, her, or hers;
       eius, of it or its
Dat. eī, to or for him;
       eī, to or for her;
       eī, to or for it
Acc. eum, him; eam, her; id, it
Abl. eō, with, from, etc., him;
       eā, with, from, etc., her;
       eō, with, from, etc., it

PLURAL
Nom. eī or iī, eae, ea, they
Gen. eōrum, eārum, eōrum, of them, their
Dat. eīs or iīs, eīs or iīs, eīs or iīs,
         to or for them
Acc. eōs, eās, ea, them
Abl. eīs or iīs, eīs or iīs, eīs or iīs,
         with, from, etc., them

§116. Comparison between suus and is. We learned above (§98.c) that suus is a reflexive possessive. When his, her (poss.), its, their, do not refer to the subject of the sentence, we express his, her, its by eius, the genitive singular of is, ea, id; and their by the genitive plural, using eōrum to refer to a masculine or neuter antecedent noun and eārum to refer to a feminine one.

EXAMPLES

Galba calls his (own) son,
  Galba suum fīlium vocat
Galba calls his son (not his own, but another’s),
  Galba eius fīlium vocat
Julia calls her (own) children,
  Iūlia suōs līberōs vocat
Julia calls her children (not her own, but another’s),
  Iūlia eius līberōs vocat
The men praise their (own) boys,
  virī suōs puerōs laudant
The men praise their boys (not their own, but others’),
  virī eōrum puerōs laudant

Dialogue: Cornelius and Marcus (D'Ooge XVII)

83
Who is the man, Cornelius, with the little boy? Is he a Roman and free?
84
He is not a Roman, Marcus. That man is a slave, and his home is in the forests of Gaul.
85
Is the boy the son of that slave or of another?
86
The boy is the son of neither. He is the son of Sextus the lieutenant.
87
Where is the boy hastening with that slave?
88
He is hastening with the slave to the wide fields of Sextus. All the grain is now ripe, and a great number of slaves are laboring in the fields of Italy.
89
Are the Gauls farmers, and do they plow the fields of their fatherland?
90
They are not farmers. The Gauls love war, not agriculture. Among them the men fight, and the women with the help of the children plow the fields and prepare the food.
91
Our teacher often tells the boys and girls pleasing stories of the Gauls, and he often praises them.
92
Their fortune is bad, and often the wretched slaves with many tears long for their fatherland.

domicilium: dwelling place
mātūrum: ripe, mature, from maturus
cultūram: culture, cultivation, from cultura
puellīsque: girl, child
dēsīderant: long for, from desidero

English into Latin (D'Ooge XVII)

93
He praises her, him, it, them.
94
This cart, that report, these teachers, those women, that abode, these abodes.
95
That strong garrison, among those weak and sick women, that want of firmness, those frequent plans.
96
The other woman is calling her chickens.
97
Another woman is calling her chickens (not her own).
98
The Gaul praises his arms.
99
The Gaul praises his arms (not his own).
100
This farmer often plows their fields.

101
Those wretched slaves long for their master (their own).
102
Those wretched slaves long for their master (not their own).
103
Free men love their own fatherland.
104
They love its villages and towns.