Lessons XVIII–XXII

Dialogue: The Boys Sextus and Marcus (D'Ooge XVIII)

1. 1
   Ubi es, Mārce? Ubi est Quīntus? Ubi estis, amīcī?

   Where are you, Marcus? Where is Quintus? Where are you, friends?

   Ubiwhere

   es,sum: be; exist

   Mārce?Marcus: Marcus, Mark

   Ubiwhere

   estsum: be; exist

   Quīntus?Quintus: fifth

   Ubiwhere

   estis,sum: be; exist

   amīcī?amicus: friend
2. 2
   Cum Quīntō, Sexte, in silvā sum. Nōn sōlī sumus; sunt in silvā multī aliī puerī.

   I am in the forest with Quintus, Sextus. We are not alone; there are many other boys in the forest.

3. 3
   Nunc laetus es, sed nūper nōn laetus erās. Cūr miser erās?

   Now you are happy, but lately you were not happy. Why were you wretched?

4. 4
   Miser eram quia amīcī meī erant in aliō vicō et eram sōlus. Nunc sum apud sociōs meōs. Nunc laetī sumus et erimus.

   I was wretched because my friends were in another village and I was alone. Now I am among my companions. Now we are happy and shall be.

5. 5
   Erātisne in lūdo hodiē?

   Were you in school to-day?

6. 6
   Hodiē nōn erāmus in lūdō, quod magister erat aeger.

   To-day we were not in school, because the teacher was sick.

7. 7
   Eritisne mox in lūdō?

   Will you be in school soon?

8. 8
   Amīcī meī ibi erunt, sed ego nōn erō.

   My friends will be there, but I shall not be.

9. 9
   Cūr nōn ibi eris? Magister, saepe irātus, inopiam tuam studī dīligentiaeque nōn laudat.

   Why will you not be there? The teacher, often angry, does not praise your lack of zeal and diligence.

10. 10
    Nūper aeger eram et nunc īnfīrmus sum.

    Lately I was sick, and now I am weak.

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XVIII, §§119-123

§119. The inflection of a verb is called its conjugation (cf. §23). In English the verb has but few changes in form, the different meanings being expressed by the use of personal pronouns and auxiliaries, as, I am carried, we have carried, they shall have carried, etc. In Latin, on the other hand, instead of using personal pronouns and auxiliary verbs, the form changes with the meaning. In this way the Romans expressed differences in tense, mood, voice, person, and number.

§120. The Tenses. The different forms of a verb referring to different times are called its tenses. The chief distinctions of time are present, past, and future:

1. The present, that is, what is happening now, or
   what usually happens, is expressed by
      THE PRESENT TENSE

2. The past, that is, what was happening, used to happen, happened, has happened, or had happened, is expressed by THE IMPERFECT, PERFECT, AND PLUPERFECT TENSES

3. The future, that is, what is going to happen, is expressed by THE FUTURE AND FUTURE PERFECT TENSES

§121. The Moods. Verbs have inflection of mood to indicate the manner in which they express action. The moods of the Latin verb are the indicative, subjunctive, imperative, and infinitive.

a. A verb is in the indicative mood when it makes a statement or asks a question about something assumed as a fact. All the verbs we have used thus far are in the present indicative.

§122. The Persons. There are three persons, as in English. The first person is the person speaking (I sing); the second person the person spoken to (you sing); the third person the person spoken of (he sings). Instead of using personal pronouns for the different persons in the two numbers, singular and plural, the Latin verb uses the personal endings (cf. §22 a; 29). We have already learned that -t is the ending of the third person singular in the active voice and -nt of the third person plural. The complete list of personal endings of the active voice is as follows:

            SINGULAR                  PLURAL
1st Pers. I               -m or -ō  we     -mus
2d Pers.    thou or you -s        you    -tis
3d Pers.    he, she, it     -t        they -nt

§123. Most verbs form their moods and tenses after a regular plan and are called regular verbs. Verbs that depart from this plan are called irregular. The verb to be is irregular in Latin as in English. The present, imperfect, and future tenses of the indicative are inflected as follows:

PRESENT INDICATIVE
            SINGULAR                        PLURAL
1st Pers. su-m, I am                      su-mus, we are
2d Pers.    e-s, you[1] are                 es-tis, you[1] are
3d Pers.    es-t, he, she, or it is       su-nt,  they are
[1] Observe that in English you are, you were, etc. may be either singular or plural. In Latin the singular and plural forms are never the same.

IMPERFECT INDICATIVE
            SINGULAR                        PLURAL
1st Pers. er-a-m, I was                   er-ā´-mus, we were
2d Pers.    er-ā-s, you were                er-ā´-tis, you were
3d Pers.    er-a-t, he, she, or it was    er-a-nt,   they were

FUTURE INDICATIVE
            SINGULAR                        PLURAL
1st Pers. er-ō,   I shall be              er´-i-mus, we shall be
2d Pers.    er-i-s, you will be             er´-i-tis, you will be
3d Pers.    er-i-t, he will be              er-u-nt,   they will be

a. Be careful about vowel quantity and accent in these forms, and consult §§12.2; 14; 15.

dīligentiaeque

diligence

English into Latin (D'Ooge XVIII)

1. 11
   Es, erās, eris; estis, erātis, eritis.

   You are, you were, you will be,.

2. 12
   Sum, eram, erō.

   I am, I was, I shall be.

3. 13
   Est, erat, erit.

   He is, he was, he will be.

4. 14
   Sumus, erāmus, erimus.

   We are, we were, we shall be.

5. 15
   Sunt, erant, erunt.

   They are, they were, they will be.

6. 16
   Cūr hodiē in lūdō nōn erās? Aeger eram.

   Why were you not in school to-day? I was sick.

7. 17
   Nūper nauta erat, nunc agricola est, mox magister erit.

   Lately he was a sailor, now he is a farmer, soon he will be a teacher.

8. 18
   Hodiē laetus sum, sed nūper miser eram.

   To-day I am happy, but lately I was wretched.

9. 19
   Magistrī dīligentiā puerōrum laetī erant.

   The teachers were happy because of the boys’ industry.

Give the forms (D'Ooge XIX)

1. 20
   Mātūrās, dēsīderat, vidēmus.

   You (sing.) hasten, he longs for, we see.

2. 21
   Iubet, movent, necat.

   He orders, they move, he kills.

3. 22
   Nārrāmus, movēs, vident.

   We tell, you (sing.) move, they see.

4. 23
   Labōrātis, properant, portās, parant.

   You (pl.) labor, they hasten, you (sing.) carry, they prepare.

5. 24
   Dēlet, habētis, iubēmus, dās.

   He destroys, you (pl.) have, we order, you (sing.) give.

6. 25
   iubeō

   order, command

7. 26
   videō

   see, perceive

8. 27
   dō

   give

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XIX, §§126-130

§126. There are four conjugations of the regular verbs. These conjugations are distinguished from each other by the final vowel of the present conjugation-stem.[1] This vowel is called the distinguishing vowel, and is best seen in the present infinitive.
[1] The stem is the body of a word to which the terminations are attached. It is often identical with the base (cf. §58). If, however, the stem ends in a vowel, the latter does not appear in the base, but is variously combined with the inflectional terminations. This point is further explained in §230.

Below is given the present infinitive of a verb of each conjugation, the present stem, and the distinguishing vowel.

                                                  DISTINGUISHING
CONJUGATION   PRES. INFIN.            PRES. STEM      VOWEL
    I.         amā´re, to love       amā-            ā
   II.         monē´re, to advise    monē-           ē
  III.         re´gĕre, to rule      regĕ-           ĕ
   IV.         audī´re, to hear      audi-           ī

a. Note that the present stem of each conjugation is found by dropping -re, the ending of the present infinitive.

NOTE. The present infinitive of sum is esse, and es- is the present stem.

§127. From the present stem are formed the present, imperfect, and future tenses.

§128. The inflection of the Present Active Indicative of the first and of the second conjugation is as follows:

a´mō, amā´re (love)        mo´neō, monē´re (advise)
 PRES. STEM amā-                PRES. STEM monē-

    SINGULAR                    PLURAL            PERSONAL ENDINGS
1. a´mō, I love                 mo´neō, I advise                -ō
2. a´mās, you love              mo´nēs, you advise              -s
3. a´mat, he (she, it) loves    mo´net, he (she, it) advises    -t

1. amā´mus, we love             monē´mus, we advise           -mus
2. amā´tis, you love            monē´tis, you advise          -tis
3. a´mant, they love            mo´nent, they advise           -nt

1. The present tense is inflected by adding the personal endings to the present stem, and its first person uses -o and not -m. The form amō is for amā-ō, the two vowels ā-ō contracting to ō. In moneō there is no contraction. Nearly all regular verbs ending in -eo belong to the second conjugation.

2. Note that the long final vowel of the stem is shortened before another vowel (monē-ō = mo´nĕō), and before final -t (amăt, monĕt) and -nt (amănt, monĕnt). Compare §12.2.

§129. Like amō and moneō inflect the present active indicative of the following verbs[2]:
[2] The only new verbs in this list are the five of the second conjugation which are starred. Learn their meanings.

INDICATIVE PRESENT           INFINITIVE PRESENT
 a´rō, I plow                 arā´re, to plow
 cū´rō, I care for            cūrā´re, to care for
*dē´leō, I destroy            dēlē´re, to destroy
 dēsī´derō, I long for        dēsīderā´re, to long for
 dō,[3] I give                da´re, to give
*ha´beō, I have               habē´re, to have
 ha´bitō, I live, I dwell     habitā´re, to live, to dwell
*iu´beō, I order              iubē´re, to order
 labō´rō, I labor             labōrā´re, to labor
 lau´dō, I praise             laudā´re, to praise
 mātū´rō, I hasten            mātūrā´re, to hasten
*mo´veō, I move               movē´re, to move
 nār´rō, I tell               nārrā´re, to tell
 ne´cō, I kill                necā´re, to kill
 nūn´tiō, I announce          nūntiā´re, to announce
 pa´rō, I prepare             parā´re, to prepare
 por´tō, I carry              portā´re, to carry
 pro´perō, I hasten           properā´re, to hasten
 pug´nō, I fight              pugnā´re, to fight
*vi´deō, I see                vidē´re, to see
 vo´cō, I call                vocā´re, to call
[3] Observe that in dō, dăre, the a is short, and that the present stem is dă- and not dā-. The only forms of dō that have a long are dās (pres. indic.), dā (pres. imv.), and dāns (pres. part.).

§130. The Translation of the Present. In English there are three ways of expressing present action. We may say, for example, I live, I am living, or I do live. In Latin the one expression habitō covers all three of these expressions.

iubeō

order, command

English into Latin (D'Ooge XIX)

1. 28
   Arāmus.

   We plow, we are plowing, we do plow.

2. 29
   Cūrant.

   They care for, they are caring for, they do care for.

3. 30
   Dās, habēs, habēs.

   You give, you are having, you do have (sing.).

4. 31
   Dēlēmus, dēsīderō, habitant.

   We destroy, I do long for, they are living.

5. 32
   Vocat, vident, nārrāmus.

   He calls, they see, we are telling.

6. 33
   Pugnāmus, iubēmus, movet, parat.

   We do fight, we order, he is moving, he prepares.

7. 34
   Labōrant, necāmus, nūntiās.

   They are laboring, we kill, you announce.

Give the forms (D'Ooge XX)

1. 35
   Iubēbant, properābātis, portābāmus.

   They were ordering, you (pl.) were hastening, we were carrying.

2. 36
   Dabās, nārrābant, labōrābātis.

   You (sing.) were giving, they were telling, you (pl.) were laboring.

3. 37
   Vidēbant, movēbās, nūntiābāmus.

   They were seeing, you (sing.) were moving, we were announcing.

4. 38
   Necābat, movēbam, habēbat, parābātis.

   He was killing, I was moving, he was having, you (pl.) were preparing.

5. 39
   videō

   see, perceive

6. 40
   dō

   give

7. 41
   laudō

   praise

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XX, §§132-134

§132. Tense Signs. Instead of using auxiliary verbs to express differences in tense, like was, shall, will, etc., Latin adds to the verb stem certain elements that have the force of auxiliary verbs. These are called tense signs.

§133. Formation and Inflection of the Imperfect. The tense sign of the imperfect is -bā-, which is added to the present stem. The imperfect consists, therefore, of three parts:

PRESENT STEM  TENSE SIGN  PERSONAL ENDING
amā-          ba-         m
loving        was         I

The inflection is as follows:

CONJUGATION I                    CONJUGATION II
                                                              PERSONAL
   SINGULAR                                                    ENDINGS
1. amā´bam, I was loving         monē´bam, I was advising           -m
2. amā´bās, you were loving      monē´bās, you were advising        -s
3. amā´bat, he was loving        monē´bat, he was advising          -t

   PLURAL
1. amābā´mus, we were loving     monēbā´mus, we were advising     -mus
2. amābā´tis, you were loving    monēbā´tis, you were advising    -tis
3. amā´bant, they were loving    monē´bant, they wereadvising      -nt

a. Note that the ā of the tense sign -bā- is shortened before -nt, and before m and t when final. (Cf. §12.2.)

In a similar manner inflect the verbs given in §129.

§134. Meaning of the Imperfect. The Latin imperfect describes an act as going on or progressing in past time, like the English past-progressive tense (as, I was walking). It is the regular tense used to describe a past situation or condition of affairs.

properābātis

quick, speedy

nūntiābāmus

female messenger

Niobe and her Children (D'Ooge XX)

1. 42
   Niobē, rēgina Thēbānōrum, erat pulchra fēmina sed superba.

   Niobe, queen of the Thebans, was a beautiful woman but proud.

2. 43
   Erat superba nōn sōlum fōrmā suā marītīque potentiā sed etiam magnō līberōrum numerō.

   She was proud not only of her beauty and her husband's power but also of her great number of children.

3. 44
   Nam habēbat septem fīliōs et septem fīliās.

   For she had seven sons and seven daughters.

4. 45
   Sed ea superbia erat rēgīnae causa magnae trīstitiae et līberīs causa dūrae poenae.

   But that pride was for the queen the cause of great sorrow and for the children the cause of hard punishment.

rēgina

queen

Thēbānōrum

Thebans, from Thebani

marītīque

wife

potentiā

power

superbia

pride, arrogance

trīstitiae

sadness, sorrow, from tristitia

English into Latin (D'Ooge XX)

1. 46
   Habēbās, habēbātis, necābāmus, labōrābant.

   You were having, we were killing, they were laboring.

2. 47
   Movēbat, iubēbāmus, pugnābāmus.

   He was moving, we were ordering, we were fighting.

3. 48
   Nārrābāmus, vidēbant, vocābat.

   We were telling, they were seeing, he was calling.

4. 49
   Habitābant, dēsīderābam, dēlēbāmus.

   They were living, I was longing for, we were destroying.

5. 50
   Dabās, dabātis, movēbās, movēbātis, nūntiābās, nūntiābātis.

   You were giving, you were moving, you were announcing, (sing. and plur.).

6. 51
   Cūrābant, arābat, laudābāmus.

   They were caring for, he was plowing, we were praising.

Give the forms (D'Ooge XXI)

1. 52
   Habēbit, movēbunt, necābit.

   He will have, they will move, he will kill.

2. 53
   Nārrābimus, monēbis, vidēbunt.

   We shall tell, you (sing.) will advise, they will see.

3. 54
   Labōrābitis, cūrābunt, dabis.

   You (pl.) will labor, they will care for, you (sing.) will give.

4. 55
   Habitābimus, properābitis, iubēbunt, parābit.

   We shall live, you (pl.) will hasten, they will order, he will prepare.

5. 56
   Nūntiābō, portābimus, iubēbō.

   I shall announce, we shall carry, I shall order.

6. 57
   laudō

   praise

7. 58
   dō

   give

8. 59
   dēsīderō

   long for

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XXI, §§137-138

§137. The tense sign of the Future Indicative in the first and second conjugations is -bi-. This is joined to the present stem of the verb and followed by the personal ending, as follows:

PRESENT STEM  TENSE SIGN  PERSONAL ENDING
amā-          bi-         s
love          will        you

§138. The Future Active Indicative is inflected as follows.

   CONJUGATION I              CONJUGATION II
   SINGULAR
1. amā´bō, I shall love        monē´bō, I shall advise
2. amā´bis, you will love      monē´bis, you will advise
3. amā´bit, he will love       monē´bit, he will advise

   PLURAL
1. amā´bimus, we shall love    monē´bimus, we shall advise
2. amā´bitis you will love     monē´bitis, you will advise
3. amā´bunt, they will love    monē´bunt, they will advise

a. The personal endings are as in the present. The ending -bō in the first person singular is contracted from -bi-ō. The -bi- appears as -bu- in the third person plural. Note that the inflection is like that of erō, the future of sum. Pay especial attention to the accent.

In a similar manner inflect the verbs given in §129.

Niobe and her Children, concluded (D'Ooge XXI)

1. 60
   Apollō et Diāna erant līberī Lātōnae.

   Apollo and Diana were the children of Latona.

2. 61
   Iīs Thēbānī sacra crēbra parābant.

   For them the Thebans used to prepare frequent sacrifices.

3. 62
   Oppidānī amābant Lātōnam et līberōs eius.

   The townsmen loved Latona and her children.

4. 63
   Id superbae rēgīnae erat molestum.

   This was troublesome to the proud queen.

5. 64
   “Cūr,” inquit, “Lātōnae et līberīs sacra parātis?

   "Why," she said, "do you prepare sacrifices for Latona and her children?

6. 65
   Duōs līberōs habet Lātōna; quattuordecim habeō ego.

   Latona has two children; I have fourteen.

7. 66
   Ubi sunt mea sacra?”

   Where are my sacrifices?"

8. 67
   Lātōna iīs verbīs īrāta līberōs suōs vocat.

   Latona, angered by these words, calls her children.

9. 68
   Ad eam volant Apollō Diānaque et sagittīs suīs miserōs līberōs rēgīnae superbae dēlent.

   To her fly Apollo and Diana, and with their arrows they destroy the wretched children of the proud queen.

10. 69
    Niobē, nūper laeta, nunc misera, sedet apud līberōs interfectōs et cum perpetuīs lacrimīs eōs dēsīderat.

    Niobe, lately happy, now wretched, sits among her slain children and with unceasing tears longs for them.

perpetuīs

perpetual, continuous, from perpetuus

English into Latin (D'Ooge XXI)

1. 70
   Nūntiābimus, vidēbimus, properābō.

   We shall announce, we shall see, I shall hasten.

2. 71
   Portābō, arābit, cūrābunt.

   I shall carry, he will plow, they will care for.

3. 72
   Nūntiābis, nūntiābitis, movēbis, movēbitis, dabis, dabitis.

   You will announce, you will move, you will give,.

4. 73
   Pugnābimus, dēlēbimus, dēsīderābō.

   We shall fight, we shall destroy, I shall long for.

5. 74
   Vocābit, vidēbunt, nārrābitis.

   He will call, they will see, you will tell (plur.).

6. 75
   Habitābunt, iubēbimus, laudābit.

   They will dwell, we shall order, he will praise.

7. 76
   Labōrābunt, necābimus, habēbis, habēbitis, dēlēbit.

   They will labor, we shall kill, you will have, he will destroy.

movēbitis

Movēbitis

Latin into English (D'Ooge XXII)

1. 77
   Rōmānī terram idōneam agrī cultūrae habent.

   The Romans have land suitable for agriculture.

2. 78
   Gallī cōpiīs Rōmānīs inimīcī erant.

   The Gauls were hostile to the Roman forces.

3. 79
   Cui dea Lātōna amīca non erat?

   To whom was the goddess Latona not friendly?

4. 80
   Dea Lātōna superbae rēgīnae amīca nōn erat.

   The goddess Latona was not friendly to the proud queen.

5. 81
   Cibus noster, Mārce, erit armātīs virīs grātus.

   Our food, Marcus, will be pleasing to the armed men.

6. 82
   Quid erat molestum populīs Italiae?

   What was troublesome to the peoples of Italy?

7. 83
   Bella longa cum Gallīs erant molesta populīs Italiae.

   The long wars with the Gauls were troublesome to the peoples of Italy.

8. 84
   Agrī Germānōrum fluviō Rhēnō fīnitimī erant.

   The fields of the Germans were next to the river Rhine.

9. 85
   Rōmānī ad silvam oppidō proximam castra movēbant.

   The Romans were moving their camp to the forest nearest the town.

10. 86
    Nōn sōlum fōrma sed etiam superbia rēgīnae erat magna.

    Not only the beauty but also the pride of the queen was great.

11. 87
    Mox rēgīna pulchra erit aegra trīstitiā.

    Soon the beautiful queen will be sick with sorrow.

12. 88
    Cūr erat Niobē, rēgīna Thēbānōrum, laeta? Laeta erat Niobē multīs fīliīs et fīliābus.

    Why was Niobe, queen of the Thebans, happy? Niobe was happy because of her many sons and daughters.

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XXII, §§141-144

§141. Review the present, imperfect, and future active indicative, both orally and in writing, of sum and the verbs in §129.

§142. We learned in §43 for what sort of expressions we may expect the dative, and in §44 that one of its commonest uses is with verbs to express the indirect object. It is also very common with adjectives to express the object toward which the quality denoted by the adjective is directed. We have already had a number of cases where grātus, agreeable to, was so followed by a dative; and in the last lesson we had molestus, annoying to, followed by that case. The usage may be more explicitly stated by the following rule:

§143. RULE. Dative with Adjectives. The dative is used with adjectives to denote the object toward which the given quality is directed. Such are, especially, those meaning near, also fit, friendly, pleasing, like, and their opposites.

§144. Among such adjectives memorize the following:

idōneus, -a, -um, fit, suitable (for)
amīcus, -a, -um, friendly (to)
inimīcus, -a, -um, hostile (to)
grātus, -a, -um, pleasing (to), agreeable (to)
molestus, -a, -um, annoying (to), troublesome (to)
fīnitimus, -a, -um, neighboring (to)
proximus, -a, -um, nearest, next (to)

Cornelia and her Jewels (D'Ooge XXII)

1. 89
   Apud antīquās dominās, Cornēlia, Āfricānī fīlia, erat maximē clāra.

   Among the ladies of old, Cornelia, the daughter of Africanus, was most famous.

2. 90
   Fīliī eius erant Tiberius Gracchus et Gāius Gracchus.

   Her sons were Tiberius Gracchus and Gaius Gracchus.

3. 91
   Iī puerī cum Cornēliā in oppidō Rōmā, clārō Italiae oppidō, habitābant.

   These boys lived with Cornelia in the town of Rome, the famous town of Italy.

4. 92
   Ibi eōs cūrābat Cornēlia et ibi magnō cum studiō eōs docēbat.

   There Cornelia cared for them, and there with great zeal she taught them.

5. 93
   Bona fēmina erat Cornēlia et bonam disciplīnam maximē amābat.

   Cornelia was a good woman, and she loved good discipline very much.

maximē

most of all, especially

disciplīnam

training, culture, from disciplina

English into Latin (D'Ooge XXII)

1. 94
   Sacra populī rēgīnae superbae molesta erunt.

   The sacrifices of the people will be annoying to the haughty queen.

2. 95
   Sacra erant grāta nōn sōlum Lātōnae sed etiam Diānae.

   The sacrifices were pleasing not only to Latona but also to Diana.

3. 96
   Diāna eōs Lātōnae inimīcōs dēlēbit.

   Diana will destroy those hostile to Latona.

4. 97
   Poena rēgīnae superbae deae Diānae grāta erat.

   The punishment of the haughty queen was pleasing to the goddess Diana.

5. 98
   Rōmānī cōpiās suās ad agrum magnum castrīs idōneum movēbunt.

   The Romans will move their forces to a large field[1] suitable for a camp.

6. 99
   Aliī sociī Rōmānīs amīcī erant, aliī Gallīs.

   Some of the allies were friendly to the Romans, others to the Gauls.