Prīmus et Secundus Annus, Lessons XXIII–XXVII

Latin into English (D'Ooge XXIII)

The changing vowel in mittunt

In Quid mittunt, mittunt means they are sending. mittō follows regō in the third conjugation.

Its present stem ends in short -ĕ. This vowel combines with -ō, becomes -u- in the third person plural, and becomes short -ĭ elsewhere.

The forms of regō show these vowel changes before the personal endings.

Conjugation III

The inserted vowel in veniunt

In Ad quem veniunt, veniunt means they are coming. veniō follows audiō in the fourth conjugation.

Its present stem ends in long -ī. In the third person plural, inserted -u- produces audiunt and veniunt.

The stem vowel becomes short before final -t. The forms of audiō show both changes.

Conjugation IV

The infinitive tells the conjugation

agō, dīcō, dūcō, and mittō follow regō. mūniō, reperiō, and veniō follow audiō.

The table pairs each verb with its present infinitive. The vowel before -re tells the conjugation.

Indicative present infinitive present

1
Who is driving? Why is he coming? Whom is he sending? Whom are you (sing.) leading?
Quiswho?
agit?ago: drive, lead; do, perform
Cūrcur: why
venit?venio: come, go
Quemqui: who, which, what, that
mittit?mitto: send
Quemqui: who, which, what, that
dūcis?duco: lead, conduct
2
What are they sending? To whom are they coming? Whose camp are they fortifying?
3
Whom are they driving? We are coming. What does the boy find?
4
Whom are we sending? Whose horse are you (pl.) leading? What are they saying?

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XXIII, §§147-148

§147. As we learned in §126, the present stem of the third conjugation ends in -ĕ, and of the fourth in -ī. The inflection of the Present Indicative is as follows:

 CONJUGATION III               CONJUGATION IV
re´gō, re´gere (rule)     au´diō, audī´re (hear)
 PRES. STEM regĕ-              PRES. STEM audī-

   SINGULAR
1. re´gō, I rule                 au´diō, I hear
2. re´gis, you rule              au´dīs, you hear
3. re´git, he (she, it) rules    au´dit, he (she, it) hears

   PLURAL
1. re´gimus, we rule             audī´mus, we hear
2. re´gitis, you rule            audī´tis, you hear
3. re´gunt, they rule            au´diunt, they hear

1. The personal endings are the same as before.

2. The final short -e- of the stem regĕ- combines with the -ō in the first person, becomes -u- in the third person plural, and becomes -ĭ- elsewhere. The inflection is like that of erō, the future of sum.

3. In audiō the personal endings are added regularly to the stem audī-. In the third person plural -u- is inserted between the stem and the personal ending, as audi-u-nt. Note that the long vowel of the stem is shortened before final -t just as in amō and moneō. (Cf. §12.2.)

Note that -i- is always short in the third conjugation and long in the fourth, excepting where long vowels are regularly shortened. (Cf. §12.1, 2.)

§148. Like regō and audiō inflect the present active indicative of the following verbs:

INDICATIVE PRESENT INFINITIVE PRESENT

agō, I drive        agere, to drive
dīcō, I say         dīcere, to say
dūcō, I lead        dūcere, to lead
mittō, I send       mittere, to send
mūniō, I fortify    mūnīre, to fortify
reperiō, I find     reperīre, to find
veniō, I come       venīre, to come

Give the forms (D'Ooge XXIII)

5
You (pl.) drive, we hear, we rule.
6
fortify, defend
7
fortify, defend
8
say, speak, tell

Cornelia and her Jewels, concluded (D'Ooge XXIII)

9
Next to the home of Cornelia was the home of a beautiful Campanian woman.
10
The Campanian woman was proud not only of her beauty but most of all of her ornaments.
11
She was always praising them.
12
"Have you any ornaments, Cornelia?" she said.
13
"Where are your ornaments?"
14
Then Cornelia calls her sons Tiberius and Gaius.
15
"My boys," she says, "are my ornaments.
16
For good children are always a good woman's most shining ornaments."

Campānae: of Campania, from Campanus
ōrnāmentīs: ornament, jewel, from ornamentum

English into Latin (D'Ooge XXIII)

17
What do they find? Whom do they hear? Why does he come?
18
Whose camp are we fortifying? To whom does he say? What are we saying?
19
I am driving, you are leading, they are hearing.
20
You send, he says, you fortify.
21
I am coming, we find, they send.
22
They lead, you drive, he does fortify.
23
You lead, you find, you rule, (all plur.).

Latin into English (D'Ooge XXIV)

Resistō in the imperfect

Nūper ea resistēbat et nunc resistit potentiae Lātōnae means "Lately she was resisting, and now she resists, the power of Latona."

Resistēbat follows the imperfect pattern of conjugation III, shown by regēbat, "he was ruling."

The forms of regēbam show that pattern for every person and number.

Seven verbs take a dative

Resistō takes potentiae Lātōnae as its dative indirect object.

Crēdō means believe, faveō means favor, noceō means injure, and pāreō means obey.

Persuādeō means persuade, resistō means resist, and studeō means be eager for.

The same rule across the lines

These seven intransitive verbs take an indirect object in the dative. Other intransitive verbs of like meaning follow the same rule.

Crēdō takes verbīs, faveō takes cōnsiliō, and studeō takes bellō.

Resistō takes disciplīnae and potentiae. Pāreō takes Cornēliae, persuādeō takes rēgīnae, and noceō takes līberīs.

24
Do you believe the words of the allies? Many do not believe their words.
25
My neighbors will not favor your plan, because they are eager for war.
26
Tiberius and Gaius did not resist the hard training and obeyed Cornelia.
27
The goddess was hostile to the queen's seven daughters.
28
Hard punishment and lasting sorrow will not persuade the queen.
29
Lately she was resisting, and now she resists, the power of Latona.
30
Soon the arrows will fly and will harm the wretched children.

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XXIV, §§151-154

§151. PARADIGMS

   CONJUGATION III              CONJUGATION IV
   SINGULAR
1. regē´bam, I was ruling         audiē´bam, I was hearing
2. regē´bās, you were riding      audiē´bās, you were hearing
3. regē´bat, he was ruling        audiē´bat, he was hearing

   PLURAL
1. regēbā´mus, we were ruling     audiēbā´mus, we were hearing
2. regēbā´tis, you were ruling    audiēbā´tis, you were hearing
3. regē´bant, they were ruling    audiē´bant, they were hearing

1. The tense sign is -bā-, as in the first two conjugations.

2. Observe that the final -ĕ- of the stem is lengthened before the tense sign -bā-. This makes the imperfect of the third conjugation just like the imperfect of the second (cf. monēbam and regēbam).

3. In the fourth conjugation -ē- is inserted between the stem and the tense sign -bā- (audi-ē-ba-m).

4. In a similar manner inflect the verbs given in §148.

§153. The Dative with Special Intransitive Verbs. We learned above (§20.a) that a verb which does not admit of a direct object is called an intransitive verb. Many such verbs, however, are of such meaning that they can govern an indirect object, which will, of course, be in the dative case (§45). Learn the following list of intransitive verbs with their meanings. In each case the dative indirect object is the person or thing to which a benefit, injury, or feeling is directed. (Cf. §43.)

crēdō, crēdere, believe (give belief to)
faveō, favēre, favor (show favor to)
noceō, nocēre, injure (do harm to)
pāreō, pārēre, obey (give obedience to)
persuādeō, persuādēre, persuade (offer persuasion to)
resistō, resistere, resist (offer resistance to)
studeō, studēre, be eager for (give attention to)

§154. RULE. Dative with Intransitive Verbs. The dative of the indirect object is used with the intransitive verbs crēdō, faveō, noceō, pāreō, persuādeō, resistō, studeō, and others of like meaning.

Crēdisne: trust, entrust
student: give attention to, be eager, from studeo
nocēbunt: hurt, injure, from noceo

Give the forms (D'Ooge XXIV)

31
We were fortifying, you (pl.) were coming, you (sing.) were saying.
32
You (sing.) were sending, we were coming, he was finding.
33
You (sing.) were finding, you (sing.) were coming, you (pl.) were hearing.
34
We were driving, you (pl.) were finding, he was fortifying.
35
You (pl.) were driving, I was saying, I was fortifying.
36
send
37
fortify, defend
38
say, speak, tell

Mūniēbāmus: fortify
reperiēbātis: discover, learn
mūniēbam: fortify

English into Latin (D'Ooge XXIV)

39
They were leading, you were driving, he was fortifying.
40
They were sending, we were finding, I was coming.
41
You were sending, you were fortifying, (sing. and plur.), he was saying.
42
They were hearing, you were leading, I was driving.
43
We were saying, he was sending, I was fortifying.
44
They were coming, he was hearing, I was finding.
45
You were ruling (sing. and plur.), we were coming, they were ruling.

Give the forms (D'Ooge XXV)

Two future patterns

Dūcet, mittēs, veniet, aget means "He will lead, you will send, he will come, he will drive."

Third and fourth conjugation verbs use -ā- in the first person singular future and -ē- in the other five forms.

Third conjugation stems drop final -ĕ- before this sign. Fourth conjugation stems retain final -ī-.

Thus mittēs uses -ē-. Veniet retains -ī-, while aget shortens -ē- before -t.

The patterns in full

Regam shows the third conjugation pattern. Audiam shows the fourth conjugation pattern.

Each table pairs all six future forms with their meanings.

46
He will lead, you (sing.) will send, he will come, he will drive.
47
He will fortify, you (pl.) will find, we shall drive.
48
say, speak, tell
49
say, speak, tell
50
drive, lead; do, perform

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XXV, §§156-157

§156. In the future tense of the third and fourth conjugations we meet with a new tense sign. Instead of using -bi-, as in the first and second conjugations, we use -ā-[1] in the first person singular and -ē- in the rest of the tense. In the third conjugation the final -ĕ- of the stem is dropped before this tense sign; in the fourth conjugation the final -ī- of the stem is retained.[2]
[1] The -ā- is shortened before -m final, and -ē- before -t final and before -nt. (Cf. §12.2.)
[2] The -ī- is, of course, shortened, being before another vowel. (Cf. §12.1.)

§157. PARADIGMS

   CONJUGATION III            CONJUGATION IV
   SINGULAR
1. re´gam, I shall rule       au´diam, I shall hear
2. re´gēs, you will rule      au´diēs, you will hear
3. re´get, he will rule       au´diet, he will hear

   PLURAL
1. regē´mus, we shall rule    audiē´mus, we shall hear
2. regē´tis, you will rule    audiē´tis, you will hear
3. re´gent, they will rule    au´dient, they will hear

1. Observe that the future of the third conjugation is like the present of the second, excepting in the first person singular.

2. In the same manner inflect the verbs given in §148.

51
You (pl.) will see, I shall sit, we shall call.
52
come, go
53
come, go
54
send

English into Latin (D'Ooge XXV)

55
I shall find, he will hear, they will come.
56
I shall fortify, he will send, we shall say.
57
I shall drive, you will lead, they will hear.
58
You will send, you will fortify,, he will say.
59
I shall come, we shall find, they will send.
60
Who[3] will believe the story? I[4] shall believe the story.
61
Whose friends do you favor? We favor our friends.
62
Who will resist our weapons? Sextus will resist your weapons.

63
Who will persuade him? They will persuade him.
64
Why were you injuring my horse? I was not injuring your horse.
65
Whom does a good slave obey? A good slave obeys his master.
66
Our men were eager for another battle.

Latin into English (D'Ooge XXVI)

The infinitive marks the conjugation

Ego tēla mea capiam means I shall take my weapons.

Capiam comes from capiō, capere. Although capiō ends in -iō, the -ere ending of capere shows that it belongs to third conjugation.

The infinitive audīre shows that audiō belongs to fourth conjugation.

Capiō follows two conjugations

Capiō follows the fourth conjugation where two vowels occur in succession: capiō, capiunt, and every imperfect and future form.

Its other forms follow the third conjugation, as capis and capit do.

The inflection of capiō shows both patterns across the present, imperfect, and future.

From the book

Singular and plural commands

Este bonī, puerī, et audīte verba grāta magistrī means Be good, boys, and hear the pleasing words of the teacher.

The present active imperative has singular and plural forms only in the second person.

Volā and dā are singular imperatives. A regular plural adds -te to the singular, as audīte does.

Este is the irregular plural imperative of sum.

67
Fly to many lands and give aid.
68
I shall take my weapons and destroy many wild beasts.
69
Who will believe your story?
70
Be good, boys, and hear the pleasing words of the teacher.

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XXVI, §§159-161

§159. There are a few common verbs ending in -iō which do not belong to the fourth conjugation, as you might infer, but to the third. The fact that they belong to the third conjugation is shown by the ending of the infinitive. (Cf. §126.) Compare

audiō, audī´re (hear), fourth conjugation
capiō, ca´pere (take), third conjugation

§160. The present, imperfect, and future active indicative of capiō are inflected as follows:

capiō, capere, take
PRES. STEM  cape-

   PRESENT     IMPERFECT      FUTURE
   SINGULAR
1. ca´piō      capiē´bam      ca´piam
2. ca´pis      capiē´bās      ca´piēs
3. ca´pit      capiē´bat      ca´piet

   PLURAL
1. ca´pimus    capiēbā´mus    capiē´mus
2. ca´pitis    capiēbā´tis    capiē´tis
3. ca´piunt    capiē´bant     ca´pient

1. Observe that capiō and the other -iō verbs follow the fourth conjugation wherever in the fourth conjugation two vowels occur in succession. (Cf. capiō, audiō; capiunt, audiunt; and all the imperfect and future.) All other forms are like the third conjugation. (Cf. capis, regis; capit, regit; etc.)

2. Like capiō, inflect

faciō, facere, make, do
fugiō, fugere, flee
iaciō, iacere, hurl
rapiō, rapere, seize

§161. The Imperative Mood. The imperative mood expresses a command; as, come! send! The present tense of the imperative is used only in the second person, singular and plural. The singular in the active voice is regularly the same in form as the present stem. The plural is formed by adding -te to the singular.

CONJUGATION      SINGULAR             PLURAL
  I.             amā, love thou       amā´te, love ye
 II.             monē, advise thou    monē´te, advise ye
III. (a)       rege, rule thou      re´gite, rule ye
     (b)       cape, take thou      ca´pite, take ye
 IV.             audī, hear thou      audī´te, hear ye
sum (irregular)  es, be thou          este, be ye

1. In the third conjugation the final -ĕ- of the stem becomes -ĭ- in the plural.

2. The verbs dīcō, say; dūcō, lead; and faciō, make, have the irregular forms dīc, dūc, and fac in the singular.

3. Give the present active imperative, singular and plural, of veniō, dūcō, vocō, doceō, laudō, dīcō, sedeō, agō, faciō, mūniō, mittō, rapiō.

Give the forms (D'Ooge XXVI)

71
Lead (pl.), I shall throw, they were fleeing.
72
Make (sing.), we were throwing, we flee, seize (pl.).
73
flee, run; avoid, shun
74
flee, run; avoid, shun
75
come, go

76
Favor (pl.), resist (sing.), you (pl.) will obey.
77
teach
78
seize, snatch
79
hurt, injure

English into Latin (D'Ooge XXVI)

80
The goddess will seize her arms and will hurl her weapons.
81
With her weapons she will destroy many beasts.
82
She will give aid to the weak.[1]
83
She will fly to many lands and the beasts will flee.
84
Romans, tell[2] the famous story to your children.

volābit: fly, from volo2

Give the forms (D'Ooge XXVII)

The passive ending changes the voice

Parābātur, parābat, cūrās, cūrāris or cūrāre means "it was being prepared, he was preparing, you care for, you are cared for."

The ending changes while person and tense remain the same: parābātur is passive, but parābat is active.

In the other pair, cūrāris or cūrāre is passive, but cūrās is active.

The passive endings table matches -tur, -ris, and -re with the other passive endings.

Passive Personal Endings

The tense sign stays in place

Movēberis or movēbere, movēbis, dabantur, dabant means "you will be moved, you will move, they were being given, they were giving."

Movēberis or movēbere and movēbis keep the future sign -be-. Dabantur and dabant keep the imperfect sign -bā-.

To change active to passive, keep the person, number, and tense, then use the corresponding passive ending.

85
It was being prepared, he was preparing, you (sing.) care for, you (sing.) are cared for.
86
They were being carried, they were carrying, we shall be seen, we shall see.
87
You (sing.) are ordered, you (sing.) order, you (sing.) were being praised, you (sing.) were praising.
88
You (sing.) will be moved, you (sing.) will move, they were being given, they were giving.
89
They are destroyed, they destroy, we were being prepared, we were preparing.
90
praise
91
see, perceive
92
call, summon, invite

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XXVII, §§163-166

§163. The Voices. Thus far the verb forms have been in the active voice; that is, they have represented the subject as performing an action; as,

The lion ---> killed ---> the hunter

A verb is said to be in the passive voice when it represents its subject as receiving an action; as,

The lion <--- was killed <--- by the hunter

Note the direction of the arrows.

§164. Passive Personal Endings. In the passive voice we use a different set of personal endings. They are as follows:

   SINGULAR                PLURAL
1. -r, I                1. -mur, we
2. -ris, -re, you       2. -minī, you
3. -tur, he, she, it    3. -ntur, they

a. Observe that the letter -r appears somewhere in all but one of the endings. This is sometimes called the passive sign.

§165. PARADIGMS

amō, amāre                   monēo, monēre
PRES. STEM amā-              PRES. STEM monē-

PRESENT INDICATIVE                                            PERSONAL
                                                               ENDINGS
SINGULAR
a´mor, I am loved            mo´neor, I am advised              -or[1]
amā´ris or amā´re,           monē´ris or monē´re.          -ris or -re
  you are loved                you are advised
amā´tur,  he is loved        monē´tur,  he is advised             -tur
[1] In the present the personal ending of the first person singular is -or.

PLURAL
amā´mur,  we are loved       monē´mur,  we are advised            -mur
amā´minī,  you are loved     monē´minī,  you are advised         -mini
aman´tur,  they are loved    monen´tur,  they are advised        -ntur

IMPERFECT INDICATIVE (TENSE SIGN -bā-)

SINGULAR
amā´bar,                     monē´bar,                              -r
  I was being loved            I was being advised
amābā´ris or amābā´re,       monēbā´ris or monēbā´re       -ris or -re
  you were being loved         you were being advised
amābā´tur,                   monēbā´tur,                          -tur
  he was being loved          he was being advised

PLURAL
amābā´mur,                   monēbā´mur,                          -mur
  we were being loved          we were being advised
amābā´minī,                  monēbā´minī,                        -minī
  you were being loved         you were being advised
amāban´tur,                  monēban´tur,                        -ntur
  they were being loved        they were being advised

FUTURE (TENSE SIGN -bi-)

SINGULAR
amā´bor,                     monē´bor,                              -r
  I shall be loved             I shall be advised
amā´beris, or amā´bere     monē´beris or monē´bere,    -ris or -re
  you will be loved            you will be advised
amā´bitur,                   monē´bitur,                          -tur
  he will be loved             he will be advised

PLURAL
amā´bimur,                   monē´bimur,                          -mur
  we shall be loved            we shall be advised
amābi´minī,                  monēbi´minī,                        -minī
  you will be loved            you will be advised
amābun´tur,                  monēbun´tur,                        -ntur
  they will be loved           they will be advised

1. The tense sign and the personal endings are added as in the active.

2. In the future the tense sign -bi- appears as -bo- in the first person, -be- in the second, singular number, and as -bu- in the third person plural.

3. Inflect laudō, necō, portō, moveō, dēleō, iubeō, in the present, imperfect, and future indicative, active and passive.

§166. Intransitive verbs, such as mātūrō, I hasten; habitō, I dwell, do not have a passive voice with a personal subject.

laudābāris: recommend
laudābāre: recommend

Perseus and Andromeda (D'Ooge XXVII)

93
Perseus was the son of Jupiter, the greatest of the gods.
94
About him the poets tell many stories.
95
The gods favor him; they give him magic arms and wings.
96
Armed with these weapons and relying on the wings, he flew to many lands and destroyed savage monsters and gave aid to the wretched and the weak.
97
Ethiopia is a land of Africa.
98
Cepheus ruled that land.

frētus: supported, trusting
Aethiopia: Ethiopia

99
Neptune, the greatest god of the waters, was angry with him and sends a savage monster to Ethiopia.
100
There the monster not only harmed the wide and beautiful fields of Ethiopia but also destroyed the homes of the farmers, and killed many men, women, and children.
101
The people fled from the fields and fortified the towns with strong walls.
102
Then Cepheus, moved by great sorrow, hastens to the oracle of Jupiter and speaks thus: "My friends are being killed; my fields are being laid waste.
103
Hear my words, Jupiter.
104
Give aid to the wretched.
105
Drive the savage monster out of my fatherland."

Neptūnus: Neptune
maximus: greatest
vāstantur: lay waste, devastate, from vasto

English into Latin (D'Ooge XXVII)

106
We prepare, we are prepared, I shall be called, I shall call, you were carrying, you were being carried.
107
I see, I am seen, it was being announced, he was announcing, they will order, they will be ordered.
108
You will be killed, you will kill, you move, you are moved, we are praising, we are being praised.
109
I am called, I call, you will have, you are cared for.
110
They are seen, they see, we were teaching, we were being taught, they will move, they will be moved.