Prīmus et Secundus Annus, Lessons XXVIII–XXXII

Give the forms (D'Ooge XXVIII)

The same verb in two voices

Dīcēmus, "shall say," is active. Dīcēmur, "shall be said," is passive.

Dīcimus, "say," is active. Dīcimur, "are said," is passive.

Each pair keeps its tense and person. The personal ending marks the change in voice.

Passive endings keep the tense sign

Imperfect and future forms use the same tense signs in both voices. A passive personal ending replaces the active ending.

Mūniēbaminī, "you were being fortified," keeps the imperfect tense sign with a passive ending.

1
We shall be said, we say, we shall say, we are said, you (pl.) were being fortified.
Dīcēmur,dico2: say, speak, tell
dīcimus,dico2: say, speak, tell
dīcēmus,dico2: say, speak, tell
dīcimur,dico2: say, speak, tell
mūniēbaminī.fortify
2
He is led, you (pl.) are led, we are found, I shall be found, it is driven.
3
send
4
send
5
send

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XXVIII, §169

§169. Review the present, imperfect, and future indicative active of regō and audiō, and learn the passive of the same tenses (§§490, 491).

a. Observe that the tense signs of the imperfect and future are the same as in the active voice, and that the passive personal endings (§164) are added instead of the active ones.

b. Note the slight irregularity in the second person singular present of the third conjugation. There the final -e- of the stem is not changed to -i-, as it is in the active. We therefore have re´geris or re´gere, not re´giris, re´gire.

c. Inflect agō, dīcō, dūcō, mūniō, reperiō, in the present, imperfect, and future indicative, active and passive.

mūniēbaminī: fortify
reperīmur: discover, learn
reperiar: discover, learn

6
It is said, he says, they are fortified, they will find, they will be heard.
7
drive, lead; do, perform
8
lead, conduct
9
send

Perseus and Andromeda, continued (D'Ooge XXVIII)

10
Then the oracle answers thus: "Your fortune is bad.
11
Neptune, the great god of the waters, hostile to the land of Ethiopia, sends these punishments.
12
But prepare a suitable sacrifice for the angry god, and the savage monster will be driven out of your fatherland.
13
Andromeda, your daughter, is pleasing to the monster.
14
Give her to the monster.
15
Save your dear fatherland and the life of your people."
16
But Andromeda was a beautiful girl.
17
Cepheus loved her very much.

English into Latin (D'Ooge XXVIII)

18
I was being driven, I was driving, we were leading, we were being led, he says, it is said.
19
I shall send, I shall be sent, you will find, you will be found, they lead, they are led.
20
I am found, we are led, they are driven, you were being led.
21
We shall drive, we shall be driven, he leads, he is being led, they will come, they will be fortified.
22
They were ruling, they were being ruled, you will send, you will be sent, you are sent, (sing. and plur.).
23
He was being led, he will come, you are said.

mittiminī: send, throw

Latin into English (D'Ooge XXIX)

Two plural commands

Vocāte puerōs et nārrāte fābulam clāram dē mōnstrō saevō means "Call the boys and tell the famous story about the savage monster."

Vocāte and nārrāte are plural active imperatives. The -te ending marks commands addressed to several people.

The plural imperative ending

The present active imperative changes with number. Its plural forms end in -te: amāte, monēte, regite, capite, audīte.

The active table sets each singular command beside its plural form.

Active

24
Then Perseus will fly on wings to many lands.
25
The savage monster is hastening through the waters and soon will lay waste our fields.
26
But if Cepheus hastens to the oracle, the oracle will answer thus.
27
Who will be overcome by the weapons of Perseus? Many monsters will be overcome by his weapons.
28
With great cares and many tears the farmers are driven from their dear homes.
29
Many places were being laid waste and many towns were being destroyed.
30
The monster is strong, yet it will be overcome.
31
Will you always believe the words of the oracle? I shall not always believe them.
32
Will Cepheus obey the oracle? The words of the oracle will persuade him.
33
If we do not flee, the town will be taken and the townsmen will be killed.
34
Call the boys and tell the famous story about the savage monster.

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XXIX, §§172-175

§172. Review the active voice of capiō, present, imperfect, and future, and learn the passive of the same tenses (§492).

a. The present forms capior and capiuntur are like audior, audiuntur, and the rest of the tense is like regor.

b. In like manner inflect the passive of iaciō and rapiō.

§173. The Infinitive. The infinitive mood gives the general meaning of the verb without person or number; as, amāre, to love. Infinitive means unlimited. The forms of the other moods, being limited by person and number, are called the finite, or limited, verb forms.

§174. The forms of the Present Infinitive, active and passive, are as follows:

CONJ.  PRES.      PRES. INFINITIVE    PRES. INFINITIVE
       STEM         ACTIVE              PASSIVE

  I.   amā-       amā´re,             amā´rī,
                    to love             to be loved
 II.   monē-      monē´re,            monē´rī,
                    to advise           to be advised
III.   rege-      re´gere,            re´gī,
                    to rule             to be ruled
       cape-       ca´pere            ca´pī,
                    to take             to be taken
 IV.   audī-       audī´re,           audīrī,
                     to hear            to be heard

1. Observe that to form the present active infinitive we add -re to the present stem.

a. The present infinitive of sum is esse. There is no passive.

2. Observe that the present passive infinitive is formed from the active by changing final -e to -ī, except in the third conjugation, which changes final -ere to -ī.

3. Give the active and passive present infinitives of doceō, sedeō, volō, cūrō, mittō, dūcō, mūniō, reperiō, iaciō, rapiō.

§175. The forms of the Present Imperative, active and passive, are as follows:

       ACTIVE[1]              PASSIVE
CONJ.  SINGULAR    PLURAL     SINGULAR             PLURAL
   I.  a´mā        amā´te     amā´re,              amā´minī,
                              be thou loved       be ye loved
  II.  mo´nē       monē´te    monē´re,             monē´minī,
                              be thou advised     be ye advised
 III.  re´ge       re´gite    re´gere,             regi´minī,
                              be thou ruled        be ye ruled
       ca´pe       ca´pite    ca´pere,             capi´minī,
                              be thou taken        be ye taken
  IV.  au´dī       audī´te    audī´re,             audī´minī,
                              be thou heard        be ye heard
[1] For the sake of comparison the active is repeated from §161.

1. Observe that the second person singular of the present passive imperative is like the present active infinitive, and that both singular and plural are like the second person singular[2] and plural, respectively, of the present passive indicative.
[2] That is, using the personal ending -re. A form like amāre may be either indicative, infinitive, or imperative.

2. Give the present imperative, both active and passive, of the verbs in §174.3.

superābuntur: above, on top
Crēdēsne: trust, entrust

English into Latin (D'Ooge XXIX)

35
Fly thou, to be cared for, be ye sent, lead thou.
36
To lead, to be led, be ye seized, fortify thou.
37
To be hurled, to fly, send thou, to be found.
38
To be sent, be ye led, to hurl, to be taken.
39
Find thou, hear ye, be ye ruled, to be fortified.

Synopses in the Four Conjugations: The Ablative Denoting From (D'Ooge XXX)

Active beside passive

Perseus monstrum necat means "Perseus is slaying the monster." Mōnstrum ā Perseō necātur means "the monster is being slain by Perseus."

Both lines express the same action in active and passive voice.

The table traces that contrast through the present, imperfect, and future forms of regō.

Indicative

From a place

Agricolae ex agrīs veniunt means "the farmers come from the fields."

Ex with the ablative agrīs marks motion out of the fields.

A place from which something moves takes the ablative with ā or ab, dē, ē or ex.

Two kinds of separation

Perseus terram ā mōnstrīs līberat means "Perseus frees the land from monsters." Actual separation uses the ablative mōnstrīs with ā.

Perseus terram trīstitiā līberat means "Perseus frees the land from sorrow." Without actual motion, the ablative trīstitiā has no preposition.

Words of separation require an ablative. Actual separation generally adds ā or ab, ē or ex, or dē.

By a thing or a person

Mōnstrum ā Perseō necātur means "the monster is being slain by Perseus."

Fera sagittā necātur means "the wild beast is killed by an arrow." Sagittā names a thing, so it has no preposition.

Fera ā Diānā necātur means "the wild beast is killed by Diana." Diānā names a person, so ā comes before it.

The ablative of means names a thing and has no preposition. The ablative of personal agent names a person and takes ā or ab.

40
the farmers come from the fields
41
Perseus frees the land from monsters
42
Perseus frees the land from sorrow
43
the monster is being slain by (lit. from) Perseus
44
Perseus is slaying the monster
45
the wild beast is killed by an arrow
46
the wild beast is killed by Diana

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XXX, §§177-181

§177. You should learn to give rapidly synopses of the verbs you have had, as follows:[1]
[1] Synopses should be given not only in the first person, but in other persons as well, particularly in the third singular and plural.

          CONJUGATION I       CONJUGATION II
                     INDICATIVE
          ACTIVE   PASSIVE    ACTIVE    PASSIVE
Pres.     a´mō     a´mor      mo´neō    mo´neor
Imperf. amā´bam  amā´bar    monē´bam  monē´bar
Fut.      amā´bo   amā´bor    monē´bo   monē´bor

          CONJUGATION I          CONJUGATION II
                        IMPERATIVE
          ACTIVE    PASSIVE     ACTIVE     PASSIVE
Pres.     a´mā      amā´re      mo´nē      monē´re

                       INFINITIVE
Pres.     amā´re    amā´rī      monē´re    monē´rī

          CONJUGATION III        CONJUGATION III (-iō verbs)
                       INDICATIVE
          ACTIVE    PASSIVE     ACTIVE     PASSIVE
Pres.     re´gō     re´gor      ca´piō     ca´pior
Imperf. regē´bam  regē´bar    capiē´bam  capiē´bar
Fut.      re´gam    re´gar      ca´piam    ca´piar

                       IMPERATIVE
Pres.     re´ge     re´gere     ca´pe       ca´pere

                       INFINITIVE
Pres.     re´gere   re´gī       ca´pere     ca´pī

          CONJUGATION IV
            INDICATIVE
          ACTIVE     PASSIVE
Pres.     au´diō     au´dior
Imperf. audiē´bam  audiē´bar
Fut.      au´diam    au´diar

            IMPERATIVE
Pres.     au´dī      audī´re

            INFINITIVE
Pres.     audī´re    audī´rī

1. Give the synopsis of rapiō, mūniō, reperiō, doceō, videō, dīcō, agō, laudō, portō, and vary the person and number.

§178. We learned in §50 that one of the three relations covered by the ablative case is expressed in English by the preposition from. This is sometimes called the separative ablative, and it has a number of special uses. You have already grown familiar with the first mentioned below.

§179. RULE. Ablative of the Place From. The place from which is expressed by the ablative with the prepositions ā or ab, dē, ē or ex.

Agricolae ex agrīs veniunt, the farmers come from the fields

a. ā or ab denotes from near a place; ē or ex, out from it; and dē, down from it. This may be represented graphically as follows:

               _________
              |         |
  ā or ab |         | ē or ex
/_____________|    ___________________\
\             |  Place  |             /
              |_________|
                   |
                   | dē
                   |
                   V

§180. RULE. Ablative of Separation. Words expressing separation or deprivation require an ablative to complete their meaning.

a. If the separation is actual and literal of one material thing from another, the preposition ā or ab, ē or ex, or dē is generally used. If no actual motion takes place of one thing from another, no preposition is necessary.

(a) Perseus terram ā mōnstrīs līberat
  Perseus frees the land from monsters
    (literal separation--actual motion is expressed)
(b) Perseus terram trīstitiā līberat
  Perseus frees the land from sorrow
    (figurative separation--no actual motion is expressed)

§181. RULE. Ablative of the Personal Agent. The word expressing the person from whom an action starts, when not the subject, is put in the ablative with the preposition ā or ab.

a. In this construction the English translation of ā, ab is by rather than from. This ablative is regularly used with passive verbs to indicate the person by whom the act was performed.

Mōnstrum ā Perseō necātur, the monster is being slain by (lit. from) Perseus

b. Note that the active form of the above sentence would be Perseus monstrum necat, Perseus is slaying the monster. In the passive the object of the active verb becomes the subject, and the subject of the active verb becomes the ablative of the personal agent, with ā or ab.

c. Distinguish carefully between the ablative of means and the ablative of the personal agent. Both are often translated into English by the preposition by. (Cf. §100. b.) Means is a thing; the agent or actor is a person. The ablative of means has no preposition. The ablative of the personal agent has ā or ab. Compare

Fera sagittā necātur, the wild beast is killed by an arrow Fera ā Diānā necātur, the wild beast is killed by Diana

Sagittā, in the first sentence, is the ablative of means; ā Diānā, in the second, is the ablative of the personal agent.

Latin into English (D'Ooge XXX)

47
The men, worn out for want of food, will depart from that place.
48
The Germans were approaching the Roman camp, yet the lieutenant was keeping the forces from battle.
49
Many towns of the Gauls will be taken by the Romans.
50
Then the Romans will kill the whole people of those towns with swords and spears.
51
The townsmen will resist the Romans, but, worn out by the long battle, they will flee.
52
Many were fleeing from Gaul and living in the villages of the Germans.
53
The wretched sailors are wounded by savage enemies and lack food.
54
Depart, and give the men grain and plenty of wine.
55
Our forces were being kept from battle by Sextus the lieutenant.
56
That town was far away from the Roman province.

adpropinquābant: draw near, approach, from adpropinquo
egent: lack, need, from egeo

English into Latin (D'Ooge XXX)

57
The weary sailors were approaching a place dear to the goddess Diana.
58
They were without food and without wine.
59
Then Galba and seven other men are sent to the ancient island by Sextus.
60
Already they are not far away from the land, and they see armed men on a high place.
61
They are kept from the land by the men with spears and arrows.
62
The men kept hurling their weapons down from the high place with great eagerness.

Dialogue: The Boys Titus, Marcus, and Quintus (D'Ooge XXXI)

Fuistis addresses two boys

Ubi fuistis, Tite et Quīnte asks where Titus and Quintus have been.

The perfect form fuistis has -istis for second person plural, matching the two boys addressed.

The perfect stem fu-

Fuī is the third principal part of sum. Removing -ī gives the perfect stem fu-.

Fuistis, fuimus, fuit, and fuērunt are perfect forms based on fu-. Fuerint is future perfect and uses the same stem.

The endings identify each perfect form

The perfect active indicative adds endings unlike those of any other tense.

In this dialogue, fuistis has -istis, fuimus has -imus, fuit has -it, and fuērunt has -ērunt.

The table gives all six perfect endings with their person, number, and English meaning.

The Endings of the Perfect

63
Where have you been, Titus and Quintus?
64
I have been in my school, and Quintus has been in his school. We have been good boys. Has Sextus been in the village to-day?
65
He has. Lately he was hastening through the fields next to the river. There he and Cornelius have a boat.
66
A boat, you say? Tell that story to someone else!
67
Yes, truly, a beautiful and new boat!
68
With whose money are Sextus and Cornelius getting that boat? Who gives them money?
69
The friends of Cornelius have much gold, and the boy does not lack money.
70
Where will the boys sail? Will they sail far from land?
71
Their plans are uncertain. But to-day, I believe, if the wind is suitable, they will sail to the largest island. They have already been there before. But then the wind was treacherous, and the boys were in great danger.
72
Water stirred by the wind is always unfriendly to sailors, and often a treacherous wind seizes, drives, and destroys boats. Those boys, if they are not most careful, will be overcome by the angry water and the strong wind and so will be killed.

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XXXI, §§183-187

§183. Principal Parts. There are certain parts of the verb that are of so much consequence in tense formation that we call them the principal parts.

The principal parts of the Latin verb are the present, the past, and the past participle; as go, went, gone; see, saw, seen, etc.

The principal parts of the Latin verb are the first person singular of the present indicative, the present infinitive, the first person singular of the perfect indicative, and the perfect passive participle.

§184. Conjugation Stems. From the principal parts we get three conjugation stems, from which are formed the entire conjugation. We have already learned about the present stem, which is found from the present infinitive (cf. §126.a). The other two stems are the perfect stem and the participial stem.

§185. The Perfect Stem. The perfect stem of the verb is formed in various ways, but may always be found by dropping -ī from the first person singular of the perfect, the third of the principal parts. From the perfect stem are formed the following tenses:

THE PERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE
THE PLUPERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE (ENGLISH PAST PERFECT)
THE FUTURE PERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE

All these tenses express completed action in present, past, or future time respectively.

§186. The Endings of the Perfect. The perfect active indicative is inflected by adding the endings of the perfect to the perfect stem. These endings are different from those found in any other tense, and are as follows:

   SINGULAR               PLURAL
1. -ī, I               1. -imus, we
2. -istī, you          2. -istis, you
3. -it, he, she, it    3. -ērunt or -ēre, they

§187. Inflection of sum in the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect indicative:

             PRES. INDIC.  PRES. INFIN.  PERF. INDIC.
PRIN. PARTS  sum           esse          fuī

PERFECT STEM fu-

  PERFECT
SINGULAR                     PLURAL
fu´ī, I have been, I was       fu´imus, we have been, we were
fuis´tī,                       fuis´tis, you have been, you were
  you have been, you were
fu´it, he has been, he was     fuē´runt or fuē´re,
                                 they have been, they were

  PLUPERFECT (TENSE SIGN -erā-)
fu´eram, I had been            fuerā´mus, we had been
fu´erās, you had been          fuerā´tis, you had been
fu´erat, he had been           fu´erant, they had been

  FUTURE PERFECT (TENSE SIGN -eri-)
fu´erō, I shall have been      fue´rimus, we shall have been
fu´eris, you will have been    fue´ritis, you will have been
fu´erit, he will have been     fu´erint, they will have been

1. Note carefully the changing accent in the perfect.

2. Observe that the pluperfect may be formed by adding eram, the imperfect of sum, to the perfect stem. The tense sign is -erā-.

3. Observe that the future perfect may be formed by adding erō, the future of sum, to the perfect stem. But the third person plural ends in -erint, not in -erunt. The tense sign is -eri-.

4. All active perfects, pluperfects, and future perfects are formed on the perfect stem and inflected in the same way.

nāvigium: boat, ship
interficientur: kill

English into Latin (D'Ooge XXXI)

73
Where had the boys been before? They had been in school.
74
Where had Sextus been? He had been in a field next to the river.
75
Who has been with Sextus to-day? Cornelius has been with him.
76
Who says so? Marcus.
77
If the wind has been suitable, the boys have been in the boat.
78
Soon we shall sail with the boys.
79
There[3] will be no danger, if we are (shall have been) careful.[4]

Perseus and Andromeda, continued (D'Ooge XXXII)

Steps and circumstances

Vīdit populum, Andromedam, lacrimās, et, magnopere attonitus, ad terram dēscendit. He saw the people, Andromeda, and the tears. Greatly astonished, he came down to the ground.

The perfect vīdit and dēscendit mark successive steps in the story. The imperfect volābat describes the circumstance in which they occur.

The perfect endings

Cēpheus discessit. Later, amīcī puellae miserae longē discessērunt.

Discessit and discessērunt are perfect forms of discēdō. Their endings distinguish the singular Cēpheus from the plural amīcī.

Latin adds the same six perfect endings to perfect stems in all four conjugations. The forms show each ending with its person and number.

Inflection of the Perfect

The perfect principal part

Vīdit, dīxit, discessit, and dūxit use the perfect stems from vīdī, dīxī, discessī, and dūxī.

The third principal part gives the first person perfect. From this form comes the perfect stem. The forms connect each present and infinitive with that principal part.

From the book

80
Cepheus, greatly moved by his adverse fortune, departed and with many tears told the people of Ethiopia the words of the oracle.
81
The fate of Andromeda, the beautiful girl, was lamented by the whole people, yet there was no help.
82
Then Cepheus with a heart full of sorrow led his dear daughter out of the gate of the town to the water and bound her arms to the hard rocks.
83
Then the friends of the wretched girl went far away and long awaited the savage monster.
84
Then by chance Perseus, relying on his wings, was flying over Ethiopia.
85
He saw the people, Andromeda, the tears, and, greatly astonished, came down to the ground.
86
Then Cepheus told him all his troubles and spoke thus: "I shall obey the words of the oracle, and for my fatherland I shall give my daughter; but if you kill that monster and save Andromeda, I shall give her to you."

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XXXII, §§190-192

§190. Meanings of the Perfect. The perfect tense has two distinct meanings. The first of these is equivalent to the English present perfect, or perfect with have, and denotes that the action of the verb is complete at the time of speaking; as, I have finished my work. As this denotes completed action at a definite time, it is called the perfect definite.

The perfect is also used to denote an action that happened sometime in the past; as, I finished my work. As no definite time is specified, this is called the perfect indefinite. It corresponds to the ordinary use of the English past tense.

a. Note carefully the difference between the following tenses:

I {was finishing } my work (imperfect, §134)
   {used to finish}
I finished my work           (perfect indefinite)
I have finished my work      (perfect definite)

When telling a story the Latin uses the perfect indefinite to mark the different forward steps of the narrative, and the imperfect to describe situations and circumstances that attend these steps. If the following sentences were Latin, what tenses would be used?

“Last week I went to Boston. I was trying to find an old friend of mine, but he was out of the city. Yesterday I returned home.”

§191. Inflection of the Perfect. We learned in §186 that any perfect is inflected by adding the endings of the perfect to the perfect stem. The inflection in the four regular conjugations is then as follows:

CONJ. I   amāvī    I have loved, I loved or did love
CONJ. II  monuī    I have advised, I advised or did advise
CONJ. III rēxī     I have ruled, I ruled or did rule
          cēpī     I have taken, I took or did take
CONJ. IV  audīvī I have heard, I heard or did hear

PERFECT STEMS
amāv-       monu-          rēx-          cēp-          audīv-

   SINGULAR
1. amā´vī      mo´nuī         rē´xī          cē´pī         audī´vī
2. amāvis´tī   monuis´tī      rēxis´tī       cēpis´tī      audīvis´tī
3. amā´vit     mo´nuit        rē´xit         cē´pit        audī´vit

   PLURAL
1. amā´vimus   monu´imus      rē´ximus       cē´pimus     audī´vimus
2. amāvis´tis  monuis´tis     rēxis´tis      cēpis´tis    audīvis´tis
3. amāvē´runt  monuē´runt     rēxē´runt      cēpē´runt    audīvē´runt
     or          or             or             or           or
     amāvē´re    monuē´re       rēxē´re        cēpē´re      audīvē´re

1. The first person of the perfect is always given as the third of the principal parts. From this we get the perfect stem. This shows the absolute necessity of learning the principal parts thoroughly.

2. Nearly all perfects of the first conjugation are formed by adding -vī to the present stem. Like amāvī inflect parāvī, vocāvī, cūrāvī, laudāvī.

3. Note carefully the changing accent in the perfect. Drill on it.

§192. Learn the principal parts and inflect the perfects:

PRES. INDIC.  PRES. INFIN.  PERF. INDIC.
dō            dăre          dedī          give
dēleō         dēlēre        dēlēvī        destroy
habeō         habēre        habuī         have
moveō         movēre        mōvī          move
pāreō         pārēre        pāruī         obey
prohibeō      prohibēre     prohibuī      restrain, keep from
videō         vidēre        vīdī          see
dīcō          dīcere        dīxī          say
discēdō       discēdere     discessī      depart
dūcō          dūcere        dūxī          lead
faciō         facere        fēcī          make, do
mittō         mittere       mīsī          send
mūniō         mūnīre        mūnīvī        fortify
veniō         venīre        vēnī          come

Fāta: utterance, oracle
dēplōrābantur: weep
attonitus: strike with lightning, blast, from attono