Lessons XXXIII–XXXVI

Latin into English (D'Ooge XXXIII)

1. 1
   Quem verba ōrāculī mōverant? Populum verba ōrāculī mōverant.

   Whom had the words of the oracle moved? The words of the oracle had moved the people.

   Quemqui: who, which, what, that

   verbaverbum: word

   ōrāculīoraculum: oracle

   mōverant?moveo: move

   Populumpopulus: people

   verbaverbum: word

   ōrāculīoraculum: oracle

   mōverant.moveo: move
2. 2
   Cui Cēpheus verba ōrāculī nārrāverit? Perseō Cēpheus verba ōrāculī nārrāverit.

   To whom will Cepheus have told the words of the oracle? Cepheus will have told the words of the oracle to Perseus.

3. 3
   Amīcī ab Andromedā discesserint.

   The friends will have departed from Andromeda.

4. 4
   Mōnstrum saevum domicilia multa dēlēverat.

   The savage monster had destroyed many homes.

5. 5
   Ubi mōnstrum vīdistis? Id in aquā vīdimus.

   Where did you see the monster? We saw it in the water.

6. 6
   Quid mōnstrum faciet? Mōnstrum Andromedam interficiet.

   What will the monster do? The monster will kill Andromeda.

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XXXIII, §§194-195

§194.              CONJ. I  CONJ. II  CONJ. III         CONJ. IV
                  amō      moneō     regō    capiō     audiō
  PERFECT STEMS   amāv-    monu-     rēx-    cēp-      audīv-

PLUPERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE
TENSE SIGN -erā-

SINGULAR
I had loved  I had advised  I had ruled  I had taken  I had heard

1. amā´veram    monu´eram      rē´xeram     cē´peram     audī´veram
2. amā´verās    monu´erās      rē´xerās     cē´perās     audī´verās
3. amā´verat    monu´erat      rē´xerat     cē´perat     audī´verat

   PLURAL
1. amāverā´mus  monuerā´mus    rēxerā´mus   cēperā´mus   audīverā´mus
2. amāverā´tis  monuerā´tis    rēxerā´tis   cēperā´tis   audīverā´tis
3. amā´verant   monu´erant     rē´xerant    cē´perant    audī´verant

FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE
TENSE SIGN -eri-

  SINGULAR
I shall have  I shall have  I shall have  I shall have  I shall have
   loved         advised       ruled         taken         heard

1. amā´verō     monu´erō     rē´xerō       cē´perō       audī´verō
2. amā´veris    monu´eris    rē´xeris      cē´peris      audī´veris
3. amā´verit    monu´erit    rē´xerit      cē´perit      audī´verit

   PLURAL
1. amāve´rimus  monue´rimus  rēxe´rimus    cēpe´rimus    audīve´rimus
2. amāve´ritis  monue´ritis  rēxe´ritis    cēpe´ritis    audīve´ritis
3. amā´verint   monu´erint   rē´xerint     cē´perint     audī´verint

1. Observe that these are all inflected alike and the rules for formation given in §187.2-4 hold good here.

2. In like manner inflect the pluperfect and future perfect indicative active of dō, portō, dēleō, moveō, habeō, dīcō, discēdō, faciō, veniō, mūniō.

§195. The Perfect Active Infinitive. The perfect active infinitive is formed by adding -isse to the perfect stem.

CONJ       PERFECT STEM  PERFECT INFINITIVE
  I.       amāv-         amāvis´se, to have loved
 II.       monu-         monuis´se, to have advised
III. (a) rēx-          rēxis´se, to have ruled
     (b) cēp-          cēpis´se, to have taken
 IV.       audīv        audīvis´se, to have heard
sum        fu-           fuis´se, to have been

1. In like manner give the perfect infinitive active of dō, portō, dēleō, moveō, habeō, dīcō, discēdō, faciō, veniō, mūniō.

Give the forms (D'Ooge XXXIII)

1. 7
   Mūnīvit, dederam, mīserō.

   He has fortified, I had given, I shall have sent.

2. 8
   Habuerimus, dēlēvī, pāruit, fuisse.

   We shall have had, I have destroyed, he has obeyed, to have been.

3. 9
   Dederās, mūnīveritis, vēnerātis, mīsisse.

   You (sing.) had given, you (pl.) will have fortified, you (pl.) had come, to have sent.

4. 10
   Vēnerās, fēcisse, dederātis, portāveris.

   You (sing.) had come, to have made, you (pl.) had given, you (sing.) will have carried.

5. 11
   habeō

   have, hold; regard, consider, deem

6. 12
   videō

   see, perceive

7. 13
   mittō

   send

mūnīveritis

fortify

English into Latin (D'Ooge XXXIII)

1. 14
   Pāruērunt, dēlēvimus, habuerō.

   They have obeyed, we have destroyed, I shall have had.

2. 15
   Mīserimus, vēneram, mūnīvērunt.

   We shall have sent, I had come, they have fortified.

3. 16
   Discesseram, pāruit, mīsistī, mīsistis.

   I had departed, he has obeyed, you have sent.

4. 17
   Dēlēvisse, vīdisse, dederit, portāvērunt.

   To have destroyed, to have seen, he will have given, they have carried.

5. 18
   Dēlēverat, mōvit, habuistī, habuistis.

   He had destroyed, he has moved, you have had (sing. and plur.).

6. 19
   Dedī, mōverās, mōverātis, dīxerāmus.

   I have given, you had moved, we had said.

7. 20
   Fēceris, fēceritis, dūxerint, dedisse.

   You will have made (sing. and plur.), they will have led, to have given.

8. 21
   Quis mōnstrum vīderat? Andromeda id vīderat.

   Who had seen the monster? Andromeda had seen it.

9. 22
   Cūr virī ex oppidīs discesserant? Discesserant quia mōnstrum vēnerat.

   Why had the men departed from[1] the towns? They had departed because the monster had come.

10. 23
    Pāruitne Cēpheus ōrāculō? Pāruit.

    Did Cepheus obey[2] the oracle[3]? He did.

Perseus and Andromeda, concluded (D'Ooge XXXIV)

1. 24
   Perseus semper proeliō studēbat et respondit, “Verba tua sunt maximē grāta,” et laetus arma sua magica parāvit.

   Perseus was always eager for battle, and he answered, "Your words are most pleasing," and joyfully prepared his magic arms.

2. 25
   Subitō mōnstrum vidētur; celeriter per aquam properat et Andromedae adpropinquat.

   Suddenly the monster is seen; swiftly it hastens through the water and approaches Andromeda.

3. 26
   Eius amīcī longē absunt et misera puella est sōla.

   Her friends are far away, and the wretched girl is alone.

4. 27
   Perseus autem sine morā super aquam volāvit.

   But Perseus without delay flew over the water.

5. 28
   Subitō dēscendit et dūrō gladiō saevum mōnstrum graviter vulnerāvit.

   Suddenly he came down and with his hard sword severely wounded the savage monster.

6. 29
   Diū pugnātur, diū proelium est dubium.

   Long there is fighting, long the battle is doubtful.

7. 30
   Dēnique autem Perseus mōnstrum interfēcit et victōriam reportāvit.

   At last, however, Perseus killed the monster and won the victory.

8. 31
   Tum ad saxum vēnit et Andromedam līberāvit et eam ad Cēpheum dūxit.

   Then he came to the rock and freed Andromeda and led her to Cepheus.

9. 32
   Is, nūper miser, nunc laetus, ita dīxit: “Tuō auxiliō, mī amīce, cāra fīlia mea est lībera; tua est Andromeda.”

   He, lately wretched, now happy, spoke thus: "By your aid, my friend, my dear daughter is free; Andromeda is yours."

10. 33
    Diū Perseus cum Andromedā ibi habitābat et magnopere ā tōtō populō amābātur.

    Long Perseus lived there with Andromeda, and he was greatly loved by the whole people.

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XXXIV, §§197-199

§197. A review of the tenses of the indicative active shows the following formation:

           { PRESENT        = First of the principal parts
TENSES     { IMPERFECT      = Present stem + -ba-m
OF THE     { FUTURE         = Present stem + -bō, Conj. I and II
INDICATIVE {                                 -a-m, Conj. III and IV
           { PERFECT        = Third of the principal parts
           { PLUPERFECT     = Perfect stem + -era-m
           { FUTURE PERFECT = Perfect stem + -erō

§198. The synopsis of the active voice of amō, as far as we have learned the conjugation, is as follows:

PRINCIPAL PARTS amō, amāre, amāvī

PRES. STEM amā-

       { Pres.        amō
INDIC. { Imperf.      amābam
       { Fut.         amābō
PRES. IMV.            amā
PRES. INFIN.          amāre

PERF. STEM amāv-

       { Perf.        amāvī
INDIC. { Pluperf.     amāveram
       { Fut. perf. amāverō
PERF. INFIN.          amāvisse

1. Learn to write in the same form and to give rapidly the principal parts and synopsis of parō, dō, laudō, dēleō, habeō, moveō, pāreō, videō, dīcō, discēdō, dūcō, mittō, capiō, muniō, veniō.[1]
[1] Learn to give synopses rapidly, and not only in the first person singular but in any person of either number.

§199. Learn the following principal parts:[2]
[2] These are all verbs that you have had before, and the perfect is the only new form to be learned.

PRES. INDIC.   PRES. INFIN.  PERF. INDIC.

IRREGULAR VERBS
  sum           esse           fuī           be
  ab´sum        abes´se        ā´fuī         be away
  dō            dare           dedī          give

CONJUGATION II
  contineō      continēre      continuī      hold in, keep
  doceō         docēre         docuī         teach
  egeō          egēre          eguī          need
  faveō         favēre         fāvī          favor
  iubeō         iubēre         iussī         order
  noceō         nocēre         nocuī         injure
  persuādeō     persuādēre     persuāsī      persuade
  respondeō     respondēre     respondī      reply
  sedeō         sedēre         sēdī          sit
  studeō        studēre        studuī        be eager

CONJUGATION III
  agō           agere          ēgī           drive
  crēdō         crēdere        crēdidī       believe
  fugiō         fugere         fūgī          flee
  iaciō         iacere         iēcī          hurl
  interficiō    interficere    interfēcī     kill
  rapiō         rapere         rapuī         seize
  resis´tō      resis´tere     re´stitī      resist

CONJUGATION IV
  repe´riō      reperī´re      rep´perī      find

The Passive Perfects of the Indicative: The Perfect Passive and Future Active Infinitive (D'Ooge XXXV)

1. 34
   amātus sum

   I have been or was loved

2. 35
   amātus eram

   I had been loved

3. 36
   amātus erō

   I shall have been loved

4. 37
   Vir laudātus est

   the man was praised, or has been praised

5. 38
   Puella laudāta est

   the girl was praised, or has been praised

6. 39
   Cōnsilium laudātum est

   the plan was praised, or has been praised

7. 40
   Virī laudātī sunt

   the men were praised, or have been praised

8. 41
   Puellae laudātae sunt

   the girls were praised, or have been praised

9. 42
   Cōnsilia laudāta sunt

   the plans were praised, or have been praised

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XXXV, §§201-206

§201. The fourth and last of the principal parts (§183) is the perfect passive participle. From it we get the participial stem on which are formed the future active infinitive and all the passive perfects.

1. Learn the following principal parts, which are for the first time given in full:

CONJ.  PRES. INDIC.  PRES. INFIN.  PERF. INDIC.  PERF. PASS. PART.
   I.  amō           amā´-re       amā´v-ī       amā´t-us
   This is the model for all regular verbs of the first conjugation.
  II.  mo´neō        monē´-re      mo´nu-ī       mo´nit-us
 III.  regō          re´ge-re      rēx-ī         rēct-us
       ca´piō        ca´pe-re      cēp-ī         capt-us
  IV.  au´diō        audī´-re      audī´v-ī      audī´t-us

2. The base of the participial stem is found by dropping -us from the perfect passive participle.

§202. In English the perfect, past perfect, and future perfect tenses of the indicative passive are made up of forms of the auxiliary verb to be and the past participle; as, I have been loved, I had been loved, I shall have been loved.

Very similarly, in Latin, the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect passive tenses use respectively the present, imperfect, and future of sum as an auxiliary verb with the perfect passive participle, as

Perfect passive, amā´tus sum, I have been or was loved Pluperfect passive, amā´tus eram, I had been loved Future perfect passive, amā´tus erō, I shall have been loved

1. In the same way give the synopsis of the corresponding tenses of moneō, regō, capiō, and audiō, and give the English meanings.

§203. Nature of the Participle. A participle is partly verb and partly adjective. As a verb it possesses tense and voice. As an adjective it is declined and agrees with the word it modifies in gender, number, and case.

§204. The perfect passive participle is declined like bonus, bona, bonum, and in the compound tenses (§202) it agrees as a predicate adjective with the subject of the verb.

EXAMPLES IN SINGULAR Vir laudātus est, the man was praised, or has been praised Puella laudāta est, the girl was praised, or has been praised Cōnsilium laudātum est, the plan was praised, or has been praised

EXAMPLES IN PLURAL Virī laudātī sunt, the men were praised, or have been praised Puellae laudātae sunt, the girls were praised, or have been praised Cōnsilia laudāta sunt, the plans were praised, or have been praised

1. Inflect the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect indicative passive of amō, moneō, regō, capiō, and audiō (§§488-492).

§205. The perfect passive infinitive is formed by adding esse, the present infinitive of sum, to the perfect passive participle; as, amā´t-us (-a, -um) esse, to have been loved; mo´nit-us (-a, -um) esse, to have been advised.

1. Form the perfect passive infinitive of regō, capiō, audiō, and give the English meanings.

§206. The future active infinitive is formed by adding esse, the present infinitive of sum, to the future active participle. This participle is made by adding -ūrus, -a, -um to the base of the participial stem. Thus the future active infinitive of amō is amat-ū´rus (-a, -um) esse, to be about to love.

a. Note that in forming the three tenses of the active infinitive we use all three conjugation stems:

Present, amāre (present stem), to love
Perfect, amāvisse (perfect stem), to have loved
Future, amātūrus esse (participial stem), to be about to love

1. Give the three tenses of the active infinitive of laudō, moneō, regō, capiō, audiō, with the English meanings.

Latin into English (D'Ooge XXXV)

1. 43
   Fābula Andromedae nārrāta est.

   The story of Andromeda has been told.

2. 44
   Multae fābulae ā magistrō nārrātae sunt.

   Many stories have been told by the teacher.

3. 45
   Ager ab agricolā validō arātus erat.

   The field had been plowed by the sturdy farmer.

4. 46
   Agrī ab agricolīs validīs arātī erant.

   The fields had been plowed by the sturdy farmers.

5. 47
   Aurum ā servō perfidō ad domicilium suum portātum erit.

   The gold will have been carried by the treacherous slave to his home.

6. 48
   Nostra arma ā lēgātō laudāta sunt. Quis vestra arma laudāvit?

   Our arms have been praised by the lieutenant. Who has praised your arms?

7. 49
   Ab ancillā tuā ad cēnam vocātae sumus.

   We have been called to dinner by your maidservant.

8. 50
   Andromeda mōnstrō nōn data est, quia mōnstrum ā Perseō necātum erat.

   Andromeda was not given to the monster, because the monster had been killed by Perseus.

English into Latin (D'Ooge XXXV)

1. 51
   Prōvinciae vāstātae sunt, ager vāstātus erat, oppida vāstāta erunt.

   The provinces were laid waste, the field had been laid waste, the towns will have been laid waste.

2. 52
   Ōrācula audīta sunt, ōrāculum audītum est, ōrācula audīta erant.

   The oracles were heard, the oracle was heard, the oracles had been heard.

3. 53
   Ōrāculum audītum erit, prōvincia capta erat, nāvigia capta sunt.

   The oracle will have been heard, the province had been captured, the boats have been captured.

4. 54
   Agrī vāstātī sunt, vir monitus est, puellae monitae erunt.

   The fields were laid waste, the man was advised, the girls will have been advised.

5. 55
   Oppida rēcta erant, captī erimus, audītus eris.

   The towns had been ruled, we shall have been captured, you will have been heard.

audītum

hearing, from auditus

Review of Principal Parts: Prepositions: Yes-Or-No Questions (D'Ooge XXXVI)

1. 56
   Nōnne venit?

   is he not coming?

2. 57
   Num venit?

   he isn´t coming, is he?

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XXXVI, §§208-210

§208. The following list shows the principal parts of all the verbs you have had excepting those used in the paradigms. The parts you have had before are given for review, and the perfect participle is the only new form for you to learn. Sometimes one or more of the principal parts are lacking, which means that the verb has no forms based on that stem. A few verbs lack the perfect passive participle but have the future active participle in -ūrus, which appears in the principal parts instead.

IRREGULAR VERBS

sum       esse       fuī      futūrus      be
absum     abesse     āfuī     āfutūrus     be away
dō[1]   dare       dedī     datus        give
[1] dō is best classed with the irregular verbs because of the short a in the present and participial stems.

CONJUGATION I

portō     portāre     portāvī     portātus     carry

So for all verbs of this conjugation thus far used.

CONJUGATION II

contineō     continēre     continuī    contentus     hold in, keep
dēleō        dēlēre        dēlēvī      dēlētus       destroy
doceō        docēre        docuī       doctus        teach
egeō         egēre         eguī         ----         lack
faveō        favēre        fāvī        fautūrus      favor
iubeō        iubēre        iussī       iussus        order
moveō        movēre        mōvī        mōtus         move
noceō        nocēre        nocuī       nocitūrus     injure
pāreō        pārēre        pāruī        ----         obey
persuādeō    persuādēre    persuāsī    persuāsus     persuade (from)
prohibeō     prohibēre     prohibuī    prohibitus    restrain, keep
respondeō    respondēre    respondī    respōnsus     reply
sedeō        sedēre        sēdī        -sessus       sit
studeō       studēre       studuī        ----        be eager
videō        vidēre        vīdī        vīsus         see

CONJUGATION III

agō           agere          ēgī          āctus          drive
crēdō         crēdere        crēdidī      crēditus       believe
dīcō          dīcere         dīxī         dictus         say
discēdō       discēdere      discessī     discessus      depart
dūcō          dūcere         dūxī         ductus         lead
faciō[2]    facere         fēcī         factus         make
fugiō         fugere         fūgī         fugitūrus      flee
iaciō         iacere         iēcī         iactus         hurl
interficiō    interficere    interfēcī    interfectus    kill
mittō         mittere        mīsī         missus         send
rapiō         rapere         rapuī        raptus         seize
resistō       resistere      restitī       ----          resist
[2] faciō has an irregular passive which will be presented later.

CONJUGATION IV

mūniō       mūnīre       mūnīvī       mūnītus      fortify
reperiō     reperīre     rep´perī     repertus     find
veniō       venīre       vēnī         ventus       come

§209. Prepositions. 1. We learned in §§52, 53 that only the accusative and the ablative are used with prepositions, and that prepositions expressing ablative relations govern the ablative case. Those we have had are here summarized. The table following should be learned.

ā or ab,  from, by
cum,        with
dē,         down from, concerning
ē or ex,  out from, out of
prō,        before, in front of; for, in behalf of
sine,       without

2. Prepositions not expressing ablative relations must govern the accusative (§52). Of these we have had the following:

ad,    to;
apud,  among;
per,   through

There are many others which you will meet as we proceed.

3. The preposition in when meaning in or on governs the ablative; when meaning to, into, against (relations foreign to the ablative) in governs the accusative.

§210. Yes-or-No Questions. Questions not introduced by some interrogative word like who, why, when, etc., but expecting the answer yes or no, may take one of three forms:

1. Is he coming? (Asking for information. Implying nothing as to the answer expected.) 2. Is he not coming? (Expecting the answer yes.) 3. He isn´t coming, is he? (Expecting the answer no.)

These three forms are rendered in Latin as follows:

1. Venitne? is he coming?
2. Nōnne venit? is he not coming?
3. Num venit? he isn´t coming, is he?

a. -ne, the question sign, is usually added to the verb, which then stands first.

b. We learned in §56.b that yes-or-no questions are usually answered by repeating the verb, with or without a negative. Instead of this, ita, vērō, certē, etc. (so, truly, certainly, etc.) may be used for yes, and nōn, minimē, etc. for no if the denial is emphatic, as, by no means, not at all.

Latin into English (D'Ooge XXXVI)

1. 58
   Nōnne habēbat Cornēlia ōrnāmenta aurī? Habēbat.

   Did not Cornelia have ornaments of gold? She did.

2. 59
   Num Sextus lēgātus scūtum in dextrō bracchiō gerēbat? Nōn in dextrō, sed sinistrō in bracchiō Sextus scūtum gerēbat.

   Sextus the lieutenant did not carry his shield on his right arm, did he? Not on the right, but on the left arm Sextus carried his shield.

3. 60
   Frūstrā bella multa ab Gallīs gesta erant.

   Many wars had been waged in vain by the Gauls.

4. 61
   Ubi oppidum ā perfidō Sextō occupātum est, oppidānī miserī gladiō interfectī sunt.

   When the town was seized by the treacherous Sextus, the wretched townsmen were killed with the sword.

5. 62
   Id oppidum erat plēnum frūmentī.

   That town was full of grain.

6. 63
   Nōnne Sextus ab oppidānīs frūmentum postulāvit? Vērō, sed iī recūsāvērunt frūmentum dare.

   Did not Sextus demand grain from the townsmen? Yes, but they refused to give the grain.

7. 64
   Cūr oppidum ab Sextō dēlētum est? Quia frūmentum recūsātum est.

   Why was the town destroyed by Sextus? Because the grain was refused.

8. 65
   Ea victōria nōn dubia erat.

   That victory was not doubtful.

9. 66
   Oppidānī erant dēfessī et armīs egēbant.

   The townsmen were worn out and lacked arms.

10. 67
    Num fugam temptāvērunt? Minimē.

    They did not attempt flight, did they? By no means.

English into Latin (D'Ooge XXXVI)

1. 68
   Ubi Iūlia stābat? Ubi iusserās stābat.

   Where was Julia standing? She was standing where you had ordered.

2. 69
   Gerēbatne Iūlia ūlla ōrnāmenta? Multa ōrnāmenta aurī habēbat.

   Was Julia wearing any ornaments? She had many ornaments of gold.

3. 70
   Nōnne fugam temptāvit ubi perīculum vīdit? Temptāvit.

   Did she not attempt flight when she saw the danger? She did.

4. 71
   Quis eam cēpit? Galba eam sine morā cēpit et bracchiō sinistrō tenuit.

   Who captured her? Galba captured her without delay and held her by the left arm.

5. 72
   Num aurum dominae habēbat? Minimē; aurum ab ancillā perfidā captum erat et reportātum est.

   She didn´t have the lady’s gold, did she? No, the gold had been taken by a faithless maid and has been brought back.