Prīmus et Secundus Annus, Lessons XXXVII–XLII

Conjugation of Possum: The Infinitive Used As in English (D'Ooge XXXVII)

The subject takes the accusative

Is virōs fugere iussit means he commanded the men to flee.

Virōs is the subject of fugere. Latin puts the subject of an infinitive in the accusative.

Possum combines two words

Rōmānī Gallōs superāre possunt means the Romans can conquer the Gauls.

Possum means I can and combines potis, able, with sum, I am. Possunt is its plural form.

The infinitive completes the verb

Bellum gerere mātūrant means they hasten to wage war.

Gerere completes mātūrant, as superāre completes possunt. Latin uses the infinitive to complete verbs such as mātūrō and possum.

In Malī puerī esse bonī nōn possunt, bonī agrees with puerī in gender, number, and case.

The infinitive serves as a noun

Superāre est grātum means to conquer is pleasing.

Superāre is the subject of est. An infinitive used as a noun is neuter singular, so grātum is neuter singular.

In Galbam superāre inimīcōs est grātum multīs, Galbam is the accusative subject of superāre.

1
he commanded the men to flee
Isthis, that; he, she, it
virōsvir: man, hero
fugerefugio: flee, run; avoid, shun
iussitjubeo: order, command
2
the Romans are able to (or can) conquer the Gauls
3
they hasten to wage war
4
bad boys are not able to (or cannot) be good
5
to conquer is pleasing
6
to see is to believe
7
for Galba to conquer his enemies is pleasing to many
8
to conquer is pleasing

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XXXVII, §§212-216

§212. Learn the principal parts of possum, I am able, I can, and its inflection in the indicative and infinitive. (Cf. §495.)

a. Possum, I can, is a compound of potis, able, and sum, I am.

§213. The Infinitive with Subject Accusative. The infinitive (cf. §173) is a verbal noun. Used as a noun, it has the constructions of a noun. As a verb it can govern a case and be modified by an adverb. The uses of the infinitive are much the same in Latin as in English.

1. In English certain verbs of wishing, commanding, forbidding, and the like are used with an object clause consisting of a substantive in the objective case and an infinitive, as, he commanded the men to flee. Such object clauses are called infinitive clauses, and the substantive is said to be the subject of the infinitive.

Similarly in Latin, some verbs of wishing, commanding, forbidding, and the like are used with an object clause consisting of an infinitive with a subject in the accusative case, as, Is virōs fugere iussit, he commanded the men to flee.

§214. RULE. Subject of the Infinitive. The subject of the infinitive is in the accusative.

§215. The Complementary Infinitive. In English a verb is often followed by an infinitive to complete its meaning, as, the Romans are able to conquer the Gauls. This is called the complementary infinitive, as the predicate is not complete without the added infinitive.

Similarly in Latin, verbs of incomplete predication are completed by the infinitive. Among such verbs are possum, I am able, I can; properō, mātūrō, I hasten; temptō, I attempt; as

Rōmānī Gallōs superāre possunt,
  the Romans are able to (or can) conquer the Gauls
Bellum gerere mātūrant,
  they hasten to wage war

a. A predicate adjective completing a complementary infinitive agrees in gender, number, and case with the subject of the main verb.

Malī puerī esse bonī nōn possunt, bad boys are not able to (or cannot) be good.

Observe that bonī agrees with puerī.

§216. The Infinitive used as a Noun. In English the infinitive is often used as a pure noun, as the subject of a sentence, or as a predicate nominative. For example, To conquer (= conquering) is pleasing; To see (= seeing) is to believe (= believing). The same use of the infinitive is found in Latin, especially with est, as

Superāre est grātum, to conquer is pleasing
Vidēre est crēdere, to see is to believe

a. In the construction above, the infinitive often has a subject, which must then be in the accusative case, as

Galbam superāre inimīcōs est grātum multīs,
  for Galba to conquer his enemies is pleasing to many

b. An infinitive used as a noun is neuter singular. Thus, in the sentence superāre est grātum, the predicate adjective grātum is in the neuter nominative singular to agree with superāre the subject.

mātūrant: hasten, from maturo

Latin into English (D'Ooge XXXVII)

9
The master of the school ordered the children to work with diligence.
10
To lack food and wine is troublesome to men.
11
The armed men forbade the Gauls to pitch camp there.
12
Is the lieutenant in the fort or on the wall? He is in front of the gate.
13
When our men began to flee, the lieutenant was captured by your men.
14
The Gauls had attacked the fort where the garrison was weak.

castellō: redoubt, fort, from castellum
oppugnāverant: attack, assault

15
Some were trying to fight, others were making for the gates.
16
The women were sitting in front of their homes and were not able to resist the strong Gauls.
17
War is savage, and it favors neither the weak nor the wretched.
18
But the men were demanding arms and were eager to drive the Gauls from the walls.
19
For that fort to be seized by the Gauls will not be pleasing to the Romans.
20
The Gauls, when they were conquered by the Romans, ceased to be free.
21
You cannot live long without water.

The Faithless Tarpeia (D'Ooge XXXVII)

22
The Sabines were once waging war with the Romans and had won many victories.
23
Already they were laying waste the fields nearest the walls; already they were approaching the town.
24
The Romans, however, had fled into the Capitol and were far from danger.
25
They trusted in their strong walls and high rocks.
26
In vain the Sabines threw their weapons; in vain they attacked the hard gates; they could not seize the fort.
27
Then they made a new plan.
28
Tarpeia was a beautiful and proud Roman girl.
29
Daily she carried water into the Capitol to the Roman forces.
30
The Sabines did not harm her, because she was without arms, nor did the Sabines wage war with women and children.
31
But Tarpeia very much loved ornaments of gold.
32
Daily she saw the ornaments of the Sabines, and soon she began to long for them.
33
One of the Sabines said to her, "Lead the Sabine forces within the gates, Tarpeia, and your rewards will be very great."

reportāverant: carry back

English into Latin (D'Ooge XXXVII)

34
The girl began daily to carry water from the river to the gates.
35
The Gauls had pitched their camp in a place suitable for a battle.
36
For a long time they tried in vain to seize the redoubt.
37
Neither did they cease to hurl weapons against[3] the walls.
38
But they were not able to (could not) take the town.

The Relative Pronoun and the Interrogative Pronoun (D'Ooge XXXVIII)

Gender and number come from the antecedent

Rōmānī interfēcērunt fēminam quae capta est means "The Romans killed the woman who was taken."

Here quae refers to fēminam. Both are feminine singular.

In Rōmānī interfēcērunt virōs quī captī sunt, quī refers to virōs. Both are masculine plural.

The forms of quī place quae under feminine singular and quī under masculine plural.

The forms of quī

Case comes from its own clause

fēminam and virōs are accusative in the main clauses. The relatives quae and quī are nominative in their own clauses.

Each relative is the subject of capta est or captī sunt.

A relative pronoun agrees with its antecedent in gender and number. Its use in its own clause determines its case.

Two forms ask different questions

Quis est vir means "Who is the man". Quis is the interrogative pronoun.

Quī vir eōs dūcit means "What man is leading them". Quī is the interrogative adjective with vir.

Latin uses quis, quid as pronouns and quī, quae, quod as adjectives.

39
The Romans killed the woman who was taken
40
The Romans killed the woman who was taken
41
Who is the man?
42
What man is leading them?

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XXXVIII, §§219-227

§219. Sentences are simple, compound, or complex.

a. A simple sentence is a sentence containing but one statement, that is, one subject and one predicate: The Romans approached the town.

b. A compound sentence is a sentence containing two or more
independent statements:
  The Romans approached the town | and | the enemy fled.

NOTE. An independent statement is one that can stand alone; it does not depend upon another statement.

c. A complex sentence is a sentence containing one independent
statement and one or more dependent statements:
  When the Romans approached the town | the enemy fled.

NOTE. A dependent or subordinate statement is one that depends on or qualifies another statement; thus the enemy fled is independent, and when the Romans approached the town is dependent or subordinate.

d. The separate statements in a compound or complex sentence are called clauses. In a complex sentence the independent statement is called the main clause and the dependent statement the subordinate clause.

§220. Examine the complex sentence

The Romans killed the men who were taken

Here are two clauses:

a. The main clause, The Romans killed the men

b. The subordinate clause, who were taken

The word who is a pronoun, for it takes the place of the noun men. It also connects the subordinate clause who were taken with the noun men. Hence the clause is an adjective clause. A pronoun that connects an adjective clause with a substantive is called a relative pronoun, and the substantive for which the relative pronoun stands is called its antecedent. The relative pronouns in English are who, whose, whom, which, what, that.

§221. The relative pronoun in Latin is quī, quae, quod, and it is declined as follows:

        SINGULAR                     PLURAL
        MASC.    FEM.     NEUT.      MASC.     FEM.      NEUT.
Nom.    quī      quae     quod       quī       quae      quae
Gen.    cuius    cuius    cuius      quōrum    quārum    quōrum
Dat.    cui      cui      cui        quibus    quibus    quibus
Acc.    quem     quam     quod       quōs      quās      quae
Abl.    quō      quā      quō        quibus    quibus    quibus

1. Review the declension of is, §114, and note the similarity in the endings. The forms quī, quae, and quibus are the only forms showing new endings.

NOTE. The genitive cuius and the dative cui are pronounced co͝oi´yo͝os (two syllables) and co͝oi (one syllable).

§222. The Relative Pronoun is translated as follows:[1]
[1] This table of meanings need not be memorized. It is inserted for reference when translating.

         MASC. AND FEM.         NEUT.
Nom.    who, that              which, what, that
Gen.    of whom, whose         of which, of what, whose
Dat.    to or for whom       to or for which, to or for what
Acc.    whom, that             which, what, that
Abl.    from, etc., whom     from, etc., which or what

a. We see from the table above that quī, when it refers to a person, is translated by some form of who or by that; and that when it refers to anything else it is translated by which, what, or that.

§223. Note the following sentences:

The Romans killed the men who were taken
The Romans killed the woman who was taken
Rōmānī interfēcērunt virōs quī captī sunt
Rōmānī interfēcērunt fēminam quae capta est

In the first sentence who (quī) refers to the antecedent men (virōs), and is masculine plural. In the second, who (quae) refers to woman (fēminam), and feminine singular. From this we learn that the relative must agree with its antecedent in gender and number. In neither of the sentences are the antecedents and relatives in the same case. Virōs and fēminam are accusatives, and quī and quae are nominatives, being the subjects of the subordinate clauses. Hence

§224. RULE. Agreement of the Relative. A relative pronoun must agree with its antecedent in gender and number; but its case is determined by the way it is used in its own clause.

§225. Interrogative Pronouns. An interrogative pronoun is a pronoun that asks a question. In English the interrogatives are who? which? what? In Latin they are quis? quid? (pronoun) and quī? quae? quod? (adjective).

§226. Examine the sentences

a. Who is the man? Quis est vir?
b. What man is leading them? Quī vir eōs dūcit?

In a, who is an interrogative pronoun. In b, what is an interrogative adjective. Observe that in Latin quis, quid is the pronoun and quī, quae, quod is the adjective.

§227. 1. The interrogative adjective quī, quae, quod is declined just like the relative pronoun. (See §221.)

2. The interrogative pronoun quis, quid is declined like quī, quae, quod in the plural. In the singular it is declined as follows:

        MASC. AND FEM.                NEUT.
Nom.    quis, who?                  quid, what? which?
Gen.    cuius, whose?               cuius, whose?
Dat.    cui, to or for whom?      cui, to or for
                                        what or which?
Acc.    quem, whom?                 quid, what? which?
Abl.    quō, from, etc., whom?    quō, from, etc.,
                                        which or what?

NOTE. Observe that the masculine and feminine are alike and that all the forms are like the corresponding forms of the relative, excepting quis and quid.

Latin into English (D'Ooge XXXVIII)

43
Who is sick? The slave whom I love is sick.
44
Whose shield do you have? I have the shield which the lieutenant sent to the fort.
45
To whom will the lieutenant give his shield? He will give the shield to my son.
46
Where did the ancient Germans live? The Germans lived in the land which is nearest the Rhine.
47
With whom were the Germans waging war? The Germans were waging war with the Romans, who were eager to overcome them.
48
What men are pitching camp? They are the men by whose arms the Germans were conquered.
49
What weapons did our forces lack? Our forces lacked swords and weapons.
50
By whom was the left gate held? The left gate was held by the allies.
51
What provinces were seized by the Romans? Many provinces were seized by the Romans.
52
What men will the gods favor? The gods will favor good men.

The Faithless Tarpeia, concluded (D'Ooge XXXVIII)

53
Tarpeia, moved by the beautiful ornaments of the Sabines, could not resist long, and answered: "Give me the ornaments which you wear on your left arms, and I will quickly lead your forces into the Capitol."
54
Nor did the Sabines refuse, but they hastened through the hard and great gates of the fort to the place where Tarpeia led, and soon they were standing within the strong and high walls.
55
Then without delay they threw their shields heavily upon Tarpeia; for they carried their shields too on their left arms.
56
So the treacherous girl Tarpeia was killed; so the Sabines seized the Capitol.

English into Latin (D'Ooge XXXVIII)

57
What victory will you announce?
58
I will announce to the people the victory which the sailors have won.
59
The men who were pitching camp were eager for battle.
60
Nevertheless they were soon conquered by the troops which Sextus had sent.
61
They could not resist our forces, but fled from that place without delay.

Latin into English (D'Ooge XXXIX)

Two nouns change their form

Pedes mīlitum lapidibus quī dē mūrō iaciēbantur saepe vulnerābantur. It means "The feet of the soldiers were often wounded by the stones which were thrown from the wall."

mīlitum is a form of mīles, soldier. lapidibus is a form of lapis, stone. Their stems are mīlit- and lapid-.

The nominative drops a consonant

The genitive singular gives each stem. Remove -is from mīlitis to get mīlit-. Remove -is from lapidis to get lapid-.

Before nominative -s, final -t or -d disappears. This produces mīles from mīlit- and lapis from lapid-.

In the line, -um makes mīlitum genitive plural. The ending -ibus makes lapidibus ablative plural.

The mīlit- and lapid- tables show both changes across the cases.

mīlit-

lapid-

62
Neither the foot soldiers nor the horsemen were able to seize the Roman fort.
63
With the greatest courage they attacked the high walls daily.
64
The feet of the soldiers were often wounded by the stones which were thrown from the wall.
65
What new plan did the leader adopt?
66
He tempted the treacherous girl with beautiful ornaments.
67
What did the girl do?
68
The girl, moved by the gold, led the soldiers through the gates.
69
Yet she did not win the rewards which she had sought with the greatest eagerness.
70
Among the ancient Romans Tarpeia was not praised.

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XXXIX, §§230-233

§230. Bases and Stems. In learning the first and second declensions we saw that the different cases were formed by adding the case terminations to the part of the word that did not change, which we called the base. If to the base we add -ā in the first declension, and -o in the second, we get what is called the stem. Thus porta has the base port- and the stem portā-; servus has the base serv- and the stem servo-.

These stem vowels, -ā- and -o-, play so important a part in the formation of the case terminations that these declensions are named from them respectively the Ā- and O-Declensions.

§231. Nouns of the Third Declension. The third declension is called the Consonant or I-Declension, and its nouns are classified according to the way the stem ends. If the last letter of the stem is a consonant, the word is said to have a consonant stem; if the stem ends in -i-, the word is said to have an i-stem. In consonant stems the stem is the same as the base. In i-stems the stem is formed by adding -i- to the base. The presence of the i makes a difference in certain of the cases, so the distinction is a very important one.

§232. Consonant stems are divided into two classes:

I. Stems that add -s to the base to form the nominative singular. II. Stems that add no termination in the nominative singular.

CLASS I

§233. Stems that add -s to the base in the nominative singular are either masculine or feminine and are declined as follows:

          prīnceps,   mīles, m.,  lapis,
          m., chief     soldier       m., stone
BASES OR
STEMS     prīncip-      mīlit-        lapid-

          SINGULAR                               TERMINATIONS
                                                 M. AND F.
Nom.      prīnceps      mīles         lapis      -s
Gen.      prīn´cipis    mīlitis       lapidis    -is
Dat.      prīn´cipī     mīlitī        lapidī     -ī
Acc.      prīn´cipem    mīlitem       lapidem    -em
Abl.      prīn´cipe     mīlite        lapide     -e

          PLURAL
Nom.      prīn´cipēs    mīlitēs       lapidēs    -ēs
Gen.      prīn´cipum    mīlitum       lapidum    -um
Dat.      prīnci´pibus  mīlitibus     lapidibus  -ibus
Acc.      prīn´cipēs    mīlitēs       lapidēs    -ēs
Abl.      prīnci´pibus  mīlitibus     lapidibus  -ibus

          rēx,      iūdex,     virtūs, f.,
          m., king    m.,judge     manliness
BASES OR
STEMS     rēg-        iūdic-       virtūt-

          SINGULAR                              TERMINATIONS
          M. AND F.
Nom.      rēx         iūdex        virtūs       -s
Gen.      rēgis       iūdicis      virtū´tis    -is
Dat.      rēgī        iūdicī       virtū´tī     -ī
Acc.      rēgem       iūdicem      virtū´tem    -em
Abl.      rēge        iūdice       virtū´te     -e

          PLURAL
Nom.      rēgēs       iūdicēs      virtū´tēs    -ēs
Gen.      rēgum       iūdicum      virtū´tum    -um
Dat.      rēgibus     iūdicibus    virtū´tibus  -ibus
Acc.      rēgēs       iūdicēs      virtū´tēs    -ēs
Abl.      rēgibus     iūdicibus    virtū´tibus  -ibus

1. The base or stem is found by dropping -is in the genitive singular.

2. Most nouns of two syllables, like prīnceps (prīncip-), mīles (mīlit-), iūdex (iūdic-), have i in the base, but e in the nominative.

a. lapis is an exception to this rule.

3. Observe the consonant changes of the base or stem in the nominative:

a. A final -t or -d is dropped before -s; thus mīles for mīlets, lapis for lapids, virtūs for virtūts.

b. A final -c or -g unites with -s and forms -x; thus iūdec + s = iūdex, rēg + s = rēx.

4. Review §74 and apply the rules to this declension.

In like manner decline dux, ducis, m., leader; eques, equitis, m., horseman; pedes, peditis, m., foot soldier; pēs, pedis, m.,foot.

English into Latin (D'Ooge XXXIX)

71
What ship is that which I see? That (illud) ship is the Victory. It is sailing now with a favorable wind and will soon approach Italy.
72
The judges commanded the savages to be seized and to be killed.
73
The chiefs of the savages suddenly began to flee, but were quickly captured by the horsemen.
74
The king led the foot soldiers to the wall from which the townsmen were hurling stones with the greatest zeal.

Latin into English (D'Ooge XL)

One form, two cases

Eae legiōnēs nūper ex Galliā vēnērunt means "Those legions lately came from Gaul."

legiōnēs is nominative plural as the subject of vēnērunt. In Quās legiōnēs vidēmus, the same form is accusative plural as the direct object.

No nominative termination

The consonant stem legiōn- adds no termination in the nominative.

In every other case, it takes the same terminations as consonant stems that add -s.

The nominative drops n

The genitive legiōnis reveals the stem legiōn-.

Feminine stems in -ōn- drop n and end in -ō in the nominative.

The legiō table shows this change and the identical nominative and accusative plural forms.

75
Do you hear the trumpets, Marcus? I not only hear the trumpets but can also see the ranks of the soldiers and the wagons full of baggage.
76
What legions do we see? Those legions lately came from Gaul.
77
What did they do there? Were they eager to fight, or were they without courage?
78
They fought many battles and won great victories and many captives.
79
Who is the commander of those legions? Caesar, the greatest commander of the Romans.
80
Who is the horseman who wears the beautiful wreath? That horseman is my brother. The wreath was given him by the consul because he had fought with the greatest courage and had saved his fatherland from the barbarians.

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XL, §§235-236

§235. Consonant stems that add no termination in the nominative are declined in the other cases exactly like those that add -s. They may be masculine, feminine, or neuter.

§236. PARADIGMS

MASCULINES AND FEMININES

cōnsul, legiō, f., ōrdō, pater, m.,
m., consul legion m., row father
BASES OR
STEMS cōnsul- legiōn- ōrdin- patr-

SINGULAR TERMINATIONS
M. AND F.
Nom. cōnsul legiō ōrdō pater --
Gen. cōnsulis legiōnis ōrdinis patris -is
Dat. cōnsulī legiōnī ōrdinī patrī -ī
Acc. cōnsulem legiōnem ōrdinem patrem -em
Abl. cōnsule legiōne ōrdine patre -e

PLURAL
Nom. cōnsulēs legiōnēs ōrdinēs patrēs -ēs
Gen. cōnsulum legiōnum ōrdinum patrum -um
Dat. cōnsulibus legiōnibus ōrdinibus patribus -ibus
Acc. cōnsulēs legiōnēs ōrdinēs patrēs -ēs
Abl. cōnsulibus legiōnibus ōrdinibus patribus -ibus

1. With the exception of the nominative, the terminations are exactly the same as in Class I, and the base or stem is found in the same way.

2. Masculines and feminines with bases or stems in -in- and -ōn- drop -n- and end in -ō in the nominative, as legiō (base or stem legiōn-), ōrdō (base or stem ōrdin-).

3. Bases or stems in -tr- have -ter in the nominative, as pater (base or stem patr-).

4. Note how the genitive singular gives the clue to the whole declension. Always learn this with the nominative.

English into Latin (D'Ooge XL)

81
Who has seen my father to-day?
82
I saw him just now (nūper). He was hastening to your dwelling with your mother and sister.
83
When men are far from the fatherland and lack food, they cannot be restrained[2] from wrong[3].
84
The safety of the soldiers is dear to Cæsar, the general.
85
The chiefs were eager to storm a town full of grain which was held by the consul.
86
The king forbade the baggage of the captives to be destroyed.

Latin into English (D'Ooge XLI)

The plural form in -a

Barbarī ubi Rōmam cēpērunt, maxima rēgum opera dēlēvērunt.

It means "When the barbarians took Rome, they destroyed the greatest works of the kings."

Opera is accusative plural after dēlēvērunt. Its -a ending belongs to neuter consonant stems.

The same form for two cases

Neuter consonant stems add no ending in the nominative and accusative singular. Opus serves both cases.

Both plural cases add -a to oper-, which gives opera.

The forms of opus set this shared pattern beside the other case endings.

oper-

The stem in other cases

In rīpīs fiūminis magnī means "on the banks of a great river." Fiūminis uses flūmin- with -is.

In sagittā in capite means "in the head by an arrow." Capite uses capit- with -e.

The forms of flūmen and caput give both stems with every case ending.

flūmin-

capit-

87
When the barbarians took Rome, they destroyed the greatest works of the kings.
88
The Romans received many disasters from the barbarians.
89
When there was the greatest terror among the townsmen, their wavering spirits were strengthened by the famous orator.
90
Rome is on the banks of a great river.
91
When Caesar the commander ordered his soldiers to take arms, they could not be kept from battle.
92
When the battle was fought, the commander could not be found.
93
The commander had been wounded in the head by an arrow and could not stand.
94
A foot soldier carried him out of the battle with great labor.
95
He held the commander in his arms and saved him from the greatest dangers.
96
By his courage the good soldier received a wreath from the commander.

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XLI, §238

§238. Neuter consonant stems add no termination in the nominative and are declined as follows:

          flūmen,    tempus,   opus,     caput,
          n., river    n., time    n., work    n., head
BASES OR
STEMS     flūmin-      tempor-     oper-       capit-

          SINGULAR                                     TERMINATIONS
Nom.      flūmen       tempus      opus        caput       --
Gen.      flūminis     temporis    operis      capitis    -is
Dat.      flūminī      temporī     operī       capitī     -ī
Acc.      flūmen       tempus      opus        caput       --
Abl.      flūmine      tempore     opere       capite     -e

           PLURAL
Nom.       flūmina      tempora     opera      capita     -a
Gen.       flūminum     temporum    operum     capitum    -um
Dat.       flūminibus   temporibus  operibus   capitibus  -ibus
Acc.       flūmina      tempora     opera      capita     -a
Abl.       flūminibus   temporibus  operibus   capitibus  -ibus

1. Review §74 and apply the rules to this declension.

2. Bases or stems in -in- have -e- instead of -i- in the nominative, as flūmen, base or stem flūmin-.

3. Most bases or stems in -er- and -or- have -us in the nominative, as opus, base or stem oper-; tempus, base or stem tempor-.

clarō: beetle infesting beehives, from Claros
cōnfīrmāti: strengthen, establish, from confirmo

English into Latin (D'Ooge XLI)

97
The consul placed a crown on the head of the victor.
98
Before the gates he was received by the townsmen.
99
A famous orator praised him and said, “By your labors you have saved the fatherland from disaster.”
100
The words of the orator were pleasing to the victor.
101
To save the fatherland was a great task.

Terror Cimbricus (D'Ooge XLII)

The conquerors are nominative

Cimbrī et Teutonēs cōpiās Rōmānās maximō proeliō vīcerant means "The Cimbri and Teutons had conquered the Roman forces in a very great battle."

Cimbrī et Teutonēs is nominative and the subject of the active vīcerant. Cōpiās Rōmānās is accusative and its direct object.

The captured towns are nominative

Oppida nostra ā Cimbrīs Teutonibusque capiuntur means "Our towns are being taken by the Cimbri and Teutons."

Oppida is nominative and the subject of the passive capiuntur. Ā with the ablative Cimbrīs Teutonibusque names the conquerors.

102
Once the Cimbri and Teutons, peoples of Germany, with their women and children had approached Italy and had conquered the Roman forces in a very great battle.
103
When the flight of the legions was announced, there was the greatest terror throughout Rome, and the Romans, deeply moved, kept making frequent sacrifices to the gods and seeking safety.
104
Then Manlius the orator strengthened the spirits of the people thus: "We have suffered a great disaster.
105
Our towns are being taken by the Cimbri and Teutons, the farmers are being killed, the fields are being laid waste, the forces of the barbarians are approaching Rome.
106
And so, unless with new spirit we fight a new battle and drive the Germans out of our fatherland without delay, there will be no safety for our women and children.
107
Save your children!
108
Save your fatherland!
109
Before, we were overcome because our commanders were weak.
110
Now Marius, a famous commander, who has already won many other victories, will lead the legions and will hasten to free our minds from the Cimbrian terror."
111
Marius at that time was waging war in Africa.

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XLII, §240

§240. Review the paradigms in §§233, 236, 238; and decline all nouns of the third declension in this selection.

Cimbrī: the Cimbri
Teutonēs: the Teutons
adpropinquāverant: approach
Teutonibusque: Teutoni, German tribe from Baltic
Cimbricō: Cimbrian, from Cimbricus

112
Without delay he was called from Africa into Italy.
113
He made a levy of new forces not only upon all Italy but also upon the provinces of the allies.
114
With hard discipline and unceasing labors, moreover, he trained the soldiers.
115
Then with the foot soldiers and horsemen, who were now eager for battle, he hastened quickly to the camp of the Germans.
116
Long and fiercely was the fighting.
117
At last the barbarians fled, and many in their flight were killed by the horsemen.
118
Marius was called the father of his country.