Prīmus et Secundus Annus, Lessons XLIII–XLVIII

Latin into English (D'Ooge XLIII)

Which nouns have i-stems

Imperātor a clientibus suīs calcāria aurī et alia īnsignia accēpit.

This means "The commander received from his clients spurs of gold and other decorations."

calcāria and īnsignia are plural forms of calcar and īnsigne. Neuter nouns ending in -e, -al, or -ar have i-stems.

caedēs, hostis, urbs, and cliēns are masculine or feminine i-stems.

The endings that distinguish i-stems

Masculine and feminine i-stems use -ium in the genitive plural. Their accusative plural can end in -īs or -ēs.

Neuter i-stems use -ī in the ablative singular and contain i in every plural form.

Their nominative and accusative plurals end in -ia.

Masculine and feminine i-stems

Ventī nāvīs longās prohibēbant fīnibus hostium adpropinquāre.

This means "The winds were keeping the warships from approaching the territory of the enemy."

nāvīs is accusative plural, while hostium is genitive plural.

The forms of hostis place -ium and -īs beside its other singular and plural endings.

Neuter i-stems

calcāria, īnsignia, and animālia are nominative or accusative plurals in -ia.

The forms of īnsigne place its singular forms beside the plural forms that retain i.

1
What city do we see? The city which you see is Rome.
Quamthan
urbemurbs: city
vidēmus?video: see, perceive
Urbscity
quamthan
vidētisvideo: see, perceive
estsum: be; exist
Rōma.Roma: Rome
2
The Roman citizens had fortified their city with high towers and long walls.
3
The winds were keeping the warships from approaching the territory of the enemy.
4
The commander received from his clients spurs of gold and other decorations.
5
The Roman soldiers waged savage wars with the enemy and overcame them with great slaughter.
6
Some animals love the land, others the sea.
7
The warships which were bringing aid to the commander were destroyed with fire by the enemy.
8
On that sea we saw many birds which had flown far from land.
9
Did you not see the warships of the enemy and the fires with which our city was being laid waste? Certainly, but we saw neither the slaughter of the citizens nor the flight of the clients.
10
The birds and the other animals, when they saw the fire, quickly began to seek safety in flight.
11
The judge was not standing in the ranks of the foot soldiers, was he? By no means; the judge was among the horsemen, and his horse wore a beautiful decoration.

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XLIII, §§241-244

§241. To decline a noun of the third declension correctly we must know whether or not it is an i-stem. Nouns with i-stems are

1. Masculines and feminines:

a. Nouns in -ēs and -īs with the same number of syllables in the genitive as in the nominative. Thus caedēs, caedis, is an i-stem, but mīles, mīlitis, is a consonant stem.

b. Nouns in -ns and -rs.

c. Nouns of one syllable in -s or -x preceded by a consonant.

2. Neuters in -e, -al, and -ar.

§242. The declension of i-stems is nearly the same as that of consonant stems. Note the following differences:

a. Masculines and feminities have -ium in the genitive plural and -īs or -ēs in the accusative plural.

b. Neuters have -ī in the ablative singular, and an -i- in every form of the plural.

§243. Masculine and Feminine I-Stems. Masculine and feminine i-stems are declined as follows:

       caedēs, f., hostis,    urbs, f., cliēns, m.,
       slaughter     m., enemy    city        retainer
STEMS  caedi-        hosti-       urbi-       clienti-
BASES  caed-         host-        urb-        client-

       SINGULAR                                           TERMINATIONS
                                                          M. AND F.
Nom. caedēs        hostis       urbs        cliēns[1]      -s, -is,
                                                              or -ēs
Gen. caedis        hostis       urbis       clientis       -is
Dat. caedī         hostī        urbī        clientī        -ī
Acc. caedem        hostem       urbem       clientem       -em (-im)
Abl. caede         hoste        urbe        cliente        -e (-ī)
[1] Observe that the vowel before -ns is long, but that it is shortened before -nt. Cf. §12.2, 3.

       PLURAL
Nom. caedēs        hostēs       urbēs       clientēs       -ēs
Gen. caedium       hostium      urbium      clientium      -ium
Dat. caedibus      hostibus     urbibus     clientibus     -ibus
Acc. caedīs, -ēs   hostīs, -ēs  urbīs, -ēs  clientīs, -ēs  -īs, -ēs
Abl. caedibus      hostibus     urbibus     clientibus     -ibus

1. avis, cīvis, fīnis, ignis, nāvis have the ablative singular in -ī or -e.

2. turris has accusative turrim and ablative turrī or turre.

§244. Neuter I-Stems. Neuter i-stems are declined as follows:

        īnsigne, n.,  animal, n.,  calcar,
        decoration      animal         n., spur
STEMS   īnsigni-        animāli-       calcāri-
BASES   īnsign-         animāl-        calcār-

        SINGULAR                                 TERMINATIONS
Nom.    īnsigne         animal         calcar      -e or --
Gen.    īnsignis        animālis       calcāris    -is
Dat.    īnsignī         animālī        calcārī     -ī
Acc.    īnsigne         animal         calcar      -e or --
Abl.    īnsignī         animālī        calcārī     -ī

        PLURAL
Nom.    īnsignia        animālia       calcāria    -ia
Gen.    īnsignium       animālium      calcārium   -ium
Dat.    īnsignibus      animālibus     calcāribus  -ibus
Acc.    īnsignia        animālia       calcāria    -ia
Abl.    īnsignibus      animālibus     calcāribus  -ibus

1. Review §74 and see how it applies to this declension.

2. The final -i- of the stem is usually dropped in the nominative. If not dropped, it is changed to -e.

3. A long vowel is shortened before final -l or -r. (Cf. §12.2.)

turribus: tower, from turris
prohibēbant: restrain, keep from, from prohibeo
calcāria: spur, from calcar
īnsignia: decoration, badge, from insigne

English into Latin (D'Ooge XLIII)

12
Because of the lack of grain the animals of the village were not able to live.
13
When the general[2] heard the rumor, he quickly sent a horseman to the village.
14
The horseman had a beautiful horse and wore spurs of gold.
15
He said to the citizens, “Send your retainers with horses and wagons to our camp, and you will receive an abundance of grain.”
16
With happy hearts they hastened to obey his words.[3]

Latin into English (D'Ooge XLIV)

Two bases of iter

Rōmānī magnīs itineribus ad hostium fīnīs properāvērunt means "The Romans hastened by forced marches to the territory of the enemy."

The ablative plural itineribus uses the base itiner-, not iter-.

The table lists both bases and every form of iter.

Paradigms

Two gender patterns

Salūs sociōrum erat semper cāra Rōmānīs means "The safety of their allies was always dear to the Romans."

Salūs ends in -s after a long vowel other than ō, so the usual third declension rule makes it feminine. Cāra agrees with that gender.

Trāns flūmen Rhēnum means "across the river Rhine."

The nominative flūmen ends in -n. Third declension nouns ending in -n are neuter.

Pōns is an exception

Numquam anteā pōns in Rhēnō vīsus erat means "Never before had a bridge been seen on the Rhine."

Third declension nouns ending in a consonant followed by -s are usually feminine.

Pōns is masculine instead. The masculine participle vīsus agrees with pōns.

17
The safety of their allies was always dear to the Romans.
18
Once the Gauls, friends of the Romans, had received many wrongs from the Germans who lived across the river Rhine.
19
When ambassadors from them came to Caesar, the Roman commander, and demanded aid, the Romans hastened by forced marches to the territory of the enemy.
20
Soon they came to the banks of the great river.
21
The commander was eager to lead his forces across the river, but he could in no way.
22
He had no ships.
23
The water was deep.
24
But the commander, a famous man, never moved by adverse fortune, adopted a new plan.
25
He ordered his men to make a bridge over the wide river.
26
Never before had a bridge been seen on the Rhine.
27
When the enemy saw the bridge which the Romans had made, moved by the greatest terror, they began without delay to prepare for flight.

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XLIV, §§246-248

§246. PARADIGMS

        vīs, f., force    iter, n., march
STEMS   vī- and vīri-     iter- and itiner-
BASES   v- and vīr-       iter- and itiner-

        SINGULAR
Nom.    vīs                 iter
Gen.    vīs (rare)          itineris
Dat.    vī (rare)           itinerī
Acc.    vim                 iter
Abl.    vī                  itinere

         PLURAL
Nom.    vīrēs               itinera
Gen.    vīrium              itinerum
Dat.    vīribus             itineribus
Acc.    vīrīs, or -ēs       itinera
Abl.    vīribus             itineribus

§247. There are no rules for gender in the third declension that do not present numerous exceptions.[1] The following rules, however, are of great service, and should be thoroughly mastered:
[1] Review §60. Words denoting males are, of course, masculine, and those denoting females, feminine.

1. Masculine are nouns in -or, -ōs, -er, -ĕs (gen. -itis).

a. arbor, tree, is feminine; and iter, march, is neuter.

2. Feminine are nouns in -ō, -is, -x, and in -s preceded by a consonant or by any long vowel but ō.

a. Masculine are collis (hill), lapis, mēnsis (month), ōrdō, pēs, and nouns in -nis and -guis--as ignis, sanguis (blood)--and the four monosyllables

dēns, a tooth; mōns, a mountain
pōns, a bridge; fōns, a fountain

3. Neuters are nouns in -e, -al, -ar, -n, -ur, -ŭs, and caput.

§248. Give the gender of the following nouns and the rule by which it is determined:

animal     calamitās     flūmen      lapis     nāvis
avis       caput         ignis       legiō     opus
caedēs     eques         īnsigne     mare      salūs
calcar     fīnis         labor       mīles     urbs

English into Latin (D'Ooge XLIV)

28
The enemy had taken (possession of) the top of the mountain.
29
There were many trees on the opposite hills.
30
We pitched our camp near (ad) a beautiful spring.
31
A march through the enemies’ country is never without danger.
32
The time of the month was suitable for the march.
33
The teeth of the monster were long.
34
When the foot soldiers[4] saw the blood of the captives, they began to assail the fortifications with the greatest violence.[5]

fontem: fountain, from fons

Latin into English (D'Ooge XLV)

Ācre marks a neuter noun

Grave et ācre erat proelium means "The battle was severe and fierce."

Ācre agrees with neuter proelium. It is one of the three nominative forms ācer, ācris, ācre.

Adjectives of the third declension have one, two, or three nominative forms. The number tells whether the genders share a form.

From the book

Ācer has three forms

Ācer imperātor uses masculine ācer. Grave et ācre erat proelium uses neuter ācre. The feminine form is ācris.

The singular table shows ācer in every case and gender.

The forms of ācer

35
Once the Roman foot soldiers with swift horsemen were marching into a city of the enemy.
36
When they were not far off, they seized a farmer, who showed them a short and easy way.
37
Already the Romans could see the high walls, the strong towers, and the other works of the city.
38
On the walls stood many chiefs.
39
When the chiefs saw the Romans, they ordered the citizens to throw stones and other weapons from the walls.
40
Then the brave soldiers could not be kept from battle, and the eager commander ordered the signal to be given with the trumpet.
41
All hastened with the greatest force.
42
The commander entrusted all the baggage to Sextus the lieutenant.
43
Sextus placed the baggage on the top of a hill.
44
The battle was severe and fierce, but the enemy were not equal to the Romans.

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XLV, §§250-257

§250. Adjectives are either of the first and second declensions (like bonus, aeger, or līber), or they are of the third declension.

§251. Nearly all adjectives of the third declension have i-stems, and they are declined almost like nouns with i-stems.

§252. Adjectives learned thus far have had a different form in the nominative for each gender, as, bonus, m.; bona, f.; bonum, n. Such an adjective is called an adjective of three endings. Adjectives of the third declension are of the following classes:

I. Adjectives of three endings--
  a different form in the nominative for each gender.

II. Adjectives of two endings--
   masculine and feminine nominative alike, the neuter different.

III. Adjectives of one ending--
    masculine, feminine, and neuter nominative all alike.

§253. Adjectives of the third declension in -er have three endings; those in -is have two endings; the others have one ending.

CLASS I

§254. Adjectives of Three Endings are declined as follows:

ācer, ācris, ācre, keen, eager
STEM ācri-
BASE ācr-

        SINGULAR               PLURAL
        MASC.  FEM.   NEUT.    MASC.       FEM.        NEUT.
Nom.    ācer   ācris  ācre     ācrēs       ācrēs       ācria
Gen.    ācris  ācris  ācris    ācrium      ācrium      ācrium
Dat.    ācrī   ācrī   ācrī     ācribus     ācribus     ācribus
Acc.    ācrem  ācrem  ācre     ācrīs, -ēs  ācrīs, -ēs  ācria
Abl.    ācrī   ācrī   ācrī     ācribus     ācribus     ācribus

CLASS II

§255. Adjectives of Two Endings are declined as follows:

omnis, omne, every, all[1]
STEM omni-
BASE omn-
[1] omnis is usually translated every in the singular and all in the plural.

        SINGULAR                 PLURAL
        MASC. AND FEM.  NEUT.    MASC. AND FEM.  NEUT.
Nom.    omnis           omne     omnēs           omnia
Gen.    omnis           omnis    omnium          omnium
Dat.    omnī            omnī     omnibus         omnibus
Acc.    omnem           omne     omnīs, -ēs      omnia
Abl.    omnī            omnī     omnibus         omnibus

CLASS III

§256. Adjectives of One Ending are declined as follows:

pār, equal
 STEM pari-
 BASE par-

        SINGULAR                 PLURAL
        MASC. AND FEM.  NEUT.    MASC. AND FEM.  NEUT.
Nom.    pār             pār      parēs           paria
Gen.    paris           paris    parium          parium
Dat.    parī            parī     paribus         paribus
Acc.    parem           pār      parīs, -ēs      paria
Abl.    parī            parī     paribus         paribus

1. All i-stem adjectives have -ī in the ablative singular.

2. Observe that the several cases of adjectives of one ending have the same form for all genders excepting in the accusative singular and in the nominative and accusative plural.

3. Decline vir ācer, legiō ācris, animal ācre, ager omnis, scūtum omne, proelium pār.

§257. There are a few adjectives of one ending that have consonant stems. They are declined exactly like nouns with consonant stems.

aliaque: by another
mandāvit: commit, intrust, from mando
conlocāvit: arrange, station, from conloco

45
Some were killed, others captured.
46
Among the captives were the mother and sister of the king.
47
Few of the Romans were wounded by the enemy.
48
The successful battle was pleasing to the Romans.
49
Fortune always favors the brave.

English into Latin (D'Ooge XLV)

50
Some months are short, others are long.
51
To seize the top of the mountain was difficult.
52
Among the hills of Italy are many beautiful springs.
53
The soldiers were sitting where the baggage had been placed because their feet were weary.
54
The city which the soldiers were eager to storm had been fortified by strong walls and high towers.
55
Did not the king intrust a heavy crown of gold and all his money to a faithless slave? Yes, but the slave had never before been faithless.

Latin into English (D'Ooge XLVI)

Three forms in the lines

Ante adventum Caesaris means "before the arrival of Caesar."

Adventum is accusative singular. The same declension gives equitātus for nominative singular and equitātū for ablative singular.

These masculine forms end in -um, -us, and -ū because their cases differ.

The masculine forms

Nouns of the fourth declension are masculine or neuter. The nouns here are masculine.

The genitive singular ends in -ūs. The forms of adventus give the full masculine pattern in singular and plural.

56
Before the arrival of Caesar the swift horsemen of the enemy made a fierce attack on the camp.
57
To keep the army from battle was not easy.
58
After his arrival Caesar ordered the legions to be led out of the camp.
59
In front of the camp there was fighting with the cavalry of the enemy.
60
After a short time the cavalry fled across the river where the camp of the enemy had been pitched.
61
Then the victorious commander laid waste the fields and burned the villages of the enemy.
62
But he did not attack the camp, because the soldiers were worn out and the place was difficult.
63
The enemy did not cease to throw weapons, which harmed a few.
64
After the unsuccessful battle the chiefs of the Gauls were eager to send ambassadors to Caesar, but they could not persuade the people.

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XLVI, §§259-260

§259. Nouns of the fourth declension are either masculine or neuter.

§260. Masculine nouns end in -us, neuters in -ū. The genitive ends in -ūs.

a. Feminine by exception are domus, house; manus, hand; and a few others.

PARADIGMS

       adventus,     cornū,
       m., arrival     n., horn
STEMS  adventu-        cornu-
BASES  advent-         corn-

        SINGULAR                   TERMINATIONS
        MASC.           NEUT.
Nom.    adventus        cornū      -us      -ū
Gen.    adventūs        cornūs     -ūs      -ūs
Dat.    adventuī (ū)    cornū      -uī (ū)  -ū
Acc.    adventum        cornū      -um      -ū
Abl.    adventū         cornū      -ū       -ū

        PLURAL
Nom.    adventūs        cornua     -ūs       -ua
Gen.    adventuum       cornuum    -uum      -uum
Dat.    adventibus      cornibus   -ibus     -ibus
Acc.    adventūs        cornua     -ūs       -ua
Abl.    adventibus      cornibus   -ibus     -ibus

1. Observe that the base is found, as in other declensions, by dropping the ending of the genitive singular.

2. lacus, lake, has the ending -ubus in the dative and ablative plural; portus, harbor, has either -ubus or -ibus.

3. cornū is the only neuter that is in common use.

adventum: approach, arrival, from adventus
equitātū: cavalry, from equitatus
cremāvit: burn, from cremo

English into Latin (D'Ooge XLVI)

65
Did you see the man-of-war on the lake?
66
I did not see it (fem.) on the lake, but I saw it in the harbor.
67
Because of the strong wind the sailor forbade his brother to sail.
68
Cæsar didn´t make an attack on the cavalry on the right wing, did he?
69
No, he made an attack on the left wing.
70
Who taught your swift horse to obey?
71
I trained my horse with my (own) hands, nor was the task difficult.
72
He is a beautiful animal and has great strength.

Expressions of Place: The Declension of Domus (D'Ooge XLVII)

Prepositions mark three relations

Galba ad oppidum properat means Galba hastens to the town.

Motion to a place uses ad or in with the accusative. Motion from a place uses ā, ab, dē, ē, or ex with the ablative.

Galba in oppidō habitat means Galba lives in the town. Location at or in a place uses in with the ablative.

Places without prepositions

Galba Athēnās properat means Galba hastens to Athens. The accusative appears without ad or in.

Galba Athēnīs properat means Galba hastens from Athens. Galba Athēnīs habitat means Galba lives in Athens. The ablative appears without ab or in.

Names of towns, domus, and rūs omit prepositions in expressions of place.

A separate case for location

Galba Athēnīs habitat means Galba lives in Athens. Athēnīs is a locative ablative.

The locative is a separate case for location at or in a place.

Plural Athēnae has no locative form. Athēnīs therefore uses the locative ablative without in.

73
Galba hastens to (or into) the town.
74
Galba hastens from (or down from, out of) the town.
75
Galba lives in the town.
76
Galba hastens to Athens
77
Galba hastens from Athens
78
Galba lives at (or in) Athens
79
Galba hastens home
80
Galba hastens to the country
81
Galba hastens from home
82
Galba hastens from the country

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XLVII, §§262-269

§262. We have become thoroughly familiar with expressions like the following:

Galba ad (or in) oppidum properat
Galba ab (dē or ex) oppidō properat
Galba in oppidō habitat

From these expressions we may deduce the following rules:

§263. RULE. Accusative of the Place to. The place to which is expressed by ad or in with the accusative. This answers the question Whither?

§264. RULE. Ablative of the Place from. The place from which is expressed by ā or ab, dē, ē or ex, with the separative ablative. This answers the question Whence? (Cf. Rule, §179.)

§265. RULE. Ablative of the Place at or in. The place at or in which is expressed by the ablative with in. This answers the question Where?

a. The ablative denoting the place where is called the locative ablative (cf. locus, place).

§266. Exceptions. Names of towns, small islands,[1] domus, home, rūs, country, and a few other words in common use omit the prepositions in expressions of place, as,
[1] Small islands are classed with towns because they generally have but one town, and the name of the town is the same as the name of the island.

Galba Athēnās properat, Galba hastens to Athens Galba Athēnīs properat, Galba hastens from Athens Galba Athēnīs habitat, Galba lives at (or in) Athens Galba domum properat, Galba hastens home Galba rūs properat, Galba hastens to the country Galba domō properat, Galba hastens from home Galba rūre properat, Galba hastens from the country Galba rūrī (less commonly rūre) habitat, Galba lives in the country

a. Names of countries, like Germānia, Italia, etc., do not come under these exceptions. With them prepositions must not be omitted.

§267. The Locative Case. We saw above that the place-relation expressed by at or in is regularly covered by the locative ablative. However, Latin originally expressed this relation by a separate form known as the locative case. This case has been everywhere merged in the ablative excepting in the singular number of the first and second declensions. The form of the locative in these declensions is like the genitive singular, and its use is limited to names of towns and small islands, domī, at home, and a few other words.

§268. RULE. Locative and Locative Ablative. To express the place in which with names of towns and small islands, if they are singular and of the first or second declension, use the locative; otherwise use the locative ablative without a preposition; as,

Galba Rōmae habitat, Galba lives at Rome
Galba Corinthī habitat, Galba lives at Corinth
Galba domī habitat, Galba lives at home

Here Rōmae, Corinthī, and domī are locatives, being singular and of the first and second declensions respectively. But in

Galba Athēnīs habitat, Galba lives at Athens,
Galba Pompēiīs habitat, Galba lives at Pompeii

Athēnīs and Pompēiīs are locative ablatives. These words can have no locative case, as the nominatives Athēnae and Pompēiī are plural and there is no plural locative case form.

§269. The word domus, home, house, has forms of both the second and the fourth declension. Learn its declension (§468).

83
Galba lives in the country
84
Galba lives at Rome
85
Galba lives at Corinth
86
Galba lives at home
87
Galba lives at Athens
88
Galba lives at Pompeii

Corinthī: Corinth, from Corinthus

Latin into English (D'Ooge XLVII)

89
At Corinth all the decorations of gold had been seized by the victorious leaders.
90
Caesar led his army to Geneva by forced marches.
91
What bridge had the enemy burned? The enemy had burned the bridge on the Rhine.
92
At Pompeii you will be able to see many houses of the Romans.
93
From Rome the consul hastened to the country on a swift horse.
94
At the consul's house many men were sitting.
95
The commander had ordered the lieutenant to sail to Athens with many warships.
96
Before the walls of the city there are rows of tall trees.
97
On account of the tall trees we could find neither the lake nor the harbor.
98
By frequent battles Caesar was training his legions which were in Gaul.
99
Daily he pitched and fortified his camp in a suitable place.

Genāvam: Geneva, from Genava

Daedalus and Icarus (D'Ooge XLVII)

100
Crete is an ancient island which is beaten by the deep water of the great sea.
101
There once Minos was king.
102
To him came Daedalus, who was fleeing from Greece, his fatherland.
103
King Minos received him with kind words and gave him a home in Crete. And in this place Daedalus lived without care and made many famous works for the king.
104
After a long time, however, Daedalus began to long for his dear fatherland.
105
He was eager to hasten home, but he could not persuade the king, and the savage sea forbade flight.

English into Latin (D'Ooge XLVII)

106
Cæsar, the famous general, when he had departed from Rome, hastened to the Roman province on a swift horse.[2]
107
He had heard a rumor concerning the allies at Geneva.
108
After his arrival Cæsar called the soldiers together and commanded them to join battle.
109
The enemy hastened to retreat, some because[3] they were afraid, others because[3] of wounds.
110
Recently I was at Athens and saw the place where the judges used to sit.[4]
111
Marcus and Sextus are my brothers; the one lives at Rome, the other in the country.

committere: intrust, commit, from committo

Latin into English (D'Ooge XLVIII)

Time without a preposition

Merīdiē Iūlia fīlia eum ad cēnam vocat means At midday Julia, his daughter, calls him to dinner.

Merīdiē is ablative. Latin uses the ablative without a preposition for the time when or within which something happens.

Nocte, aestāte, and hieme use the same rule for at night, in summer, and in winter.

Most fifth declension nouns are feminine

Nouns of the fifth declension are feminine, except diēs and merīdiēs, which are usually masculine.

Rēs is feminine. The adjective forms in rēs adversās and rēbus gestīs agree with it.

The fifth declension forms

Merīdiē is the ablative singular of merīdiēs. Like diēs, it ends in -ē in the ablative singular.

Rēs appears in rēs adversās, and rēbus appears in dē rēbus gestīs. The forms of diēs and rēs give each case and number ending.

112
Galba the farmer lives in the country.
113
Daily at dawn he begins to labor, and he does not cease from his pursuit before night.
114
At midday Julia, his daughter, calls him to dinner.
115
At night he turns his weary feet homeward.
116
In summer the farmer's sons give aid to their father.
117
In winter the farmer sends them to school.
118
There the teacher tells the boys many stories about the exploits of Caesar.
119
In summer the farmer's sons are trained by constant labors, and the heavy work of the field is not troublesome to them.
120
Galba lives without any care and does not fear adversity.

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XLVIII, §§272-275

§272. Gender. Nouns of the fifth declension are feminine except diēs, day, and merīdiēs, midday, which are usually masculine.

§273. PARADIGMS

        diēs,     rēs, f.,
        m., day     thing
STEMS   diē-        rē-
BASES   di-         r-

        SINGULAR          TERMINATIONS
Nom.    diēs        rēs      -ēs
Gen.    diēī        reī      -ē̆ī
Dat.    diēī        reī      -ē̆ī
Acc.    diem        rem      -em
Abl.    diē         rē       -ē

        PLURAL
Nom.    diēs        rēs      -ēs
Gen.    diērum      rērum    -ērum
Dat.    diēbus      rēbus    -ēbus
Acc.    diēs        rēs      -ēs
Abl.    diēbus      rēbus    -ēbus

1. The vowel e which appears in every form is regularly long. It is shortened in the ending -eī after a consonant, as in r-ĕī; and before -m in the accusative singular, as in di-em. (Cf. §12.2.)

2. Only diēs and rēs are complete in the plural. Most other nouns of this declension lack the plural. Aciēs, line of battle, and spēs, hope, have the nominative and accusative plural.

§274. The ablative relation (§50) which is expressed by the prepositions at, in, or on may refer not only to place, but also to time, as at noon, in summer, on the first day. The ablative which is used to express this relation is called the ablative of time.

§275. RULE. The Ablative of Time. The time when or within which anything happens is expressed by the ablative without a preposition.

a. Occasionally the preposition in is found. Compare the English Next day we started and On the next day we started.

Daedalus and Icarus, continued (D'Ooge XLVIII)

121
Then Daedalus, moved by heavy cares, spoke thus to his son Icarus: "My heart, Icarus, is full of sorrow, and my eyes do not lack tears.
122
To depart from Crete, to hasten to Athens, I am most eager; but the king refuses to hear my words and takes away all hope of return.
123
But never shall I be conquered by adversity.
124
Land and sea are unfriendly, but I shall find another way of flight."
125
Then he sends his mind into unknown arts and forms a wonderful plan.
126
For he sets feathers in a row and makes real wings.

ignōtās: unknown, strange, from ignotus
pennās: feather, from penna

English into Latin (D'Ooge XLVIII)

127
In that month there were many battles in Gaul.
128
The cavalry of the enemy made an attack upon Cæsar’s line of battle.
129
In the first hour of the night the ship was overcome by the billows.
130
On the second day the savages were eager to come under Cæsar’s protection.
131
The king had joined battle, moved by the hope of victory.
132
That year a fire destroyed many birds and other animals.
133
We saw blood on the wild beast’s teeth.