Prīmus et Secundus Annus, Lessons LV–LX

Latin into English (D'Ooge LV)

Great, greater, greatest

In barbarōrum aedificiīs maior cōpia frūmentī reperta est means "In the buildings of the barbarians a greater supply of grain was found."

Magnus, maior, and maximus mean "great," "greater," and "greatest." These irregular comparisons change more than an ending.

Plūrimī captīvī means "very many captives." Optima in fāma illōrum mīlitum optima nōn erat means "the best."

The six irregular comparisons give the complete sets behind maior, plūrimī, and optima.

Four adjectives with two superlatives

In extrēmā parte silvae means "in the farthest part of the forest." Dē superiōre locō means "from the higher ground."

Posterō diē means "on the next day." In valle īmā means "in the bottom of the valley."

Extrēmā, superiōre, posterō, and īmā come from four adjectives that each have two superlatives.

Their four comparisons place these forms with exterus, superus, posterus, and īnferus.

Plūs changes with case and number

Eae quoque plūrīs fābulās dē exercitūs Rōmānī sceleribus audīverant means "They too had heard several stories about the crimes of the Roman army."

Plūrīs is the plural accusative of plūs and agrees with fābulās. Here it means "several."

The declension of plūs gives the case and number behind plūrīs fābulās.

1
The rest of the enemy, who had joined battle on the right wing, fled from the higher ground and withdrew into a very large forest.
Reliquīreliquus: remaining, rest of; the rest
hostēs,hostis: enemy
quīqui: who, which, what, that
āa: from, by, off
dextrōdexter: right
cornūcornu: horn, wing
proeliumbattle
commīserant,committo: intrust, commit
dēde: down from; concerning
superiōresuperus: above, upper
locōlocus: place, spot
fūgēruntfugio: flee, run; avoid, shun
etand
sēsēsui: of himself (herself, itself, themselves)
inin, on; into, to, against
silvamsilva: wood, forest
maximammagnus: great, large; strong, loud
recēpērunt.recipio: receive, recover
2
In the farthest part of the forest the camp of the enemy had been pitched.
3
Very many captives were led by the horsemen to Caesar.
4
Caesar indeed ordered them to be handed over into slavery.
5
On the next day a great multitude of women was found by the Romans in the bottom of the valley.
6
These women, thoroughly frightened by the arrival of Caesar, were eager to kill themselves.
7
They too had heard several stories about the crimes of the Roman army.
8
The reputation of those soldiers was not the best.
9
In the buildings of the barbarians a greater supply of grain was found.
10
No one can contend in frequent battles without some danger.

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LV, §§311-313

§311. Some adjectives in English have irregular comparison, as good, better, best; many, more, most. So Latin comparison presents some irregularities. Among the adjectives that are compared irregularly are

POSITIVE                     COMPARATIVE        SUPERLATIVE
bonus, -a, -um, good       melior, melius     optimus, -a, -um
magnus, -a, -um, great     maior, maius       maximus, -a, -um
malus, -a, -um, bad        peior, peius       pessimus, -a, -um
multus, -a, -um, much      ----, plūs         plūrimus, -a, -um
multī, -ae, -a, many       plūrēs, plūra      plūrimī, -ae, -a
parvus, -a, -um, small     minor, minus       minimus, -a, -um

§312. The following four adjectives have two superlatives. Unusual forms are placed in parentheses.

exterus, -a, -um, (exterior, -ius,    { extrēmus, -a, -um }
  outward               outer)          {(extimus, -a, -um) }
                                              outermost, last
īnferus, -a, -um,  īnferior, -ius,    { īnfimus, -a, -um    }
  low                   lower             { īmus, -a, -um       }
                                              lowest
posterus, -a, -um, (posterior, -ius,  { postrēmus, -a, -um }
  next                  later)          {(postumus, -a, -um) }
                                              last
superus, -a, -um,  superior, -ius       { suprēmus, -a, -um    }
  above                 higher            { summus, -a, -um      }
                                              highest

§313. Plūs, more (plural more, many, several), is declined as follows:

        SINGULAR                 PLURAL
        MASC. AND FEM.  NEUT.    MASC. AND FEM.  NEUT.
Nom.         ----       plūs     plūrēs          plūra
Gen.         ----       plūris   plūrium         plūrium
Dat.         ----       ----     plūribus        plūribus
Acc.         ----       plūs     plūrīs, -ēs     plūra
Abl.         ----       plūre    plūribus        plūribus

a. In the singular plūs is used only as a neuter substantive.

English into Latin (D'Ooge LV)

11
The remaining women fled from their dwellings and hid themselves.
12
They were terrified and did not wish to be captured and given over into slavery.
13
Nothing can be worse than slavery.
14
Slavery is worse than death.
15
In the Roman empire a great many were killed because they refused to be slaves.
16
To surrender the fatherland is the worst crime.

abdidērunt: hide, from abdo

Irregular Comparison of Adjectives, concluded: Ablative of the Measure of Difference (D'Ooge LVI)

Capite states the difference

Galba est altior capite quam Sextus means "Galba is a head taller than Sextus."

Capite is ablative and means "by a head." It states the measure of difference in height between Galba and Sextus.

This construction is the ablative of the measure of difference.

Multō states the measure

Illud iter ad Italiam est multō brevius means "That route to Italy is much shorter."

Multō is ablative and means "by much." With comparatives and words implying comparison, the ablative states the measure of difference.

The common forms state measures such as "by much" and "by a little."

Ablative of the Measure of Difference

17
Galba is a head taller (taller by a head) than Sextus.
18
That route to Italy is much shorter (shorter by much)

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LVI, §§315-317

§315. The following adjectives are irregular in the formation of the superlative and have no positive. Forms rarely used are in parentheses.

COMPARATIVE              SUPERLATIVE
citerior, hither      (citimus, hithermost)
interior, inner       (intimus, inmost)
prior, former          prīmus, first
propior, nearer        proximus, next, nearest
ulterior, further      ultimus, furthest

§316. In the sentence Galba is a head taller than Sextus, the phrase a head taller expresses the measure of difference in height between Galba and Sextus. The Latin form of expression would be Galba is taller than Sextus by a head. This is clearly an ablative relation, and the construction is called the ablative of the measure of difference.

EXAMPLES

Galba est altior capite quam Sextus
  Galba is a head taller (taller by a head) than Sextus.
Illud iter ad Italiam est multō brevius
  That route to Italy is much shorter (shorter by much)

§317. RULE. Ablative of the Measure of Difference. With comparatives and words implying comparison the ablative is used to denote the measure of difference.

a. Especially common in this construction are the neuter ablatives

eō, by this, by that           nihilō,[1] by nothing
hōc, by this                   paulō, by a little
multō, by much
[1] nihil was originally nihilum and declined like pīlum. There is no plural.

Latin into English (D'Ooge LVI)

19
The barbarians decided to join battle, the more so because the Romans seemed to be weak.
20
My plan is much better than yours because it is much easier.
21
This road is much wider than that one.
22
The barbarians were no slower than the Romans.
23
Your horse is a little swifter than mine.
24
Those who were a little braver prevented the rest from leaving the approach.
25
Among those states Germany has the best soldiers.
26
The nearer road, which leads through this valley, is between the harbor and the lake.
27
The slaves who inhabited the fields on this side did not wish to leave their former masters, because they loved them.
28
The farthest parts of Germany never came under the protection of the Romans.
29
For across the Rhine the approach was much more difficult for the Roman army.

Propior: nearer
citeriōrēs: clown
Ultimae: far

English into Latin (D'Ooge LVI)

30
Another way much more difficult (more difficult by much) was left through hither Gaul.
31
In ancient times no state was stronger than the Roman empire.
32
The states of further Gaul did not wish to give hostages to Cæsar.
33
Slavery is no better (better by nothing) than death.
34
The best citizens are not loved by the worst.
35
The active enemy immediately withdrew into the nearest forest, for they were terrified by Cæsar’s recent victories.

obsidēs: hostage, from obses

Latin into English (D'Ooge LVII)

An ablative form used as an adverb

Prīmō barbarī esse superiōrēs vidēbantur means At first the barbarians seemed to be superior.

Prīmō is the ablative singular neuter of prīmus, first. Here it serves as an adverb meaning at first.

Case forms used as adverbs

Inter omnīs gentīs Rōmānī plūrimum valēbant means Among all tribes the Romans were the most powerful.

Plūrimum is the accusative singular neuter of plūrimus, most. Here it serves as an adverb meaning most.

Some adjectives use an accusative or ablative singular neuter form as an adverb instead of a usual adverb form.

The table pairs prīmus and plūrimus with the case forms that serve as their adverbs.

From the book

36
No affair was better managed than that battle where Marius with a much smaller army put to flight much larger forces of the Germans.
37
The enemy boldly made attacks on the cohorts of the Romans.
38
Marius, however, most bravely withstood all these.
39
The barbarians were no braver than the Romans.
40
At first the barbarians seemed to be superior; then the Romans contended more fiercely.
41
At last, when the fighting had now gone on for a very long time in an almost equal battle, the barbarians sought flight.
42
Certain tribes of the Germans, as soon as they heard the rumor of that disaster, hid themselves in the farthest regions of their territory.
43
The Romans conquered more often than the enemy, because they had better arms.
44
Among all tribes the Romans were the most powerful.
45
These cohorts, as soon as they withdrew into more level country, pitched camp without any difficulty.

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LVII, §§319-325

§319. Adverbs are generally derived from adjectives, as in English (e.g. adj. sweet, adv. sweetly). Like adjectives, they can be compared; but they have no declension.

§320. Adverbs derived from adjectives of the first and second declensions are formed and compared as follows:

        POSITIVE                COMPARATIVE  SUPERLATIVE
Adj.    cārus, dear             cārior       cārissimus
Adv.    cārē, dearly            cārius       cārissimē

Adj.    pulcher, beautiful      pulchrior    pulcherrimus
Adv.    pulchrē, beautifully    pulchrius    pulcherrimē

Adj.    līber, free             līberior     līberrimus
Adv.    līberē, freely          līberius     līberrimē

a. The positive of the adverb is formed by adding -ē to the base of the positive of the adjective. The superlative of the adverb is formed from the superlative of the adjective in the same way.

b. The comparative of any adverb is the neuter accusative singular of the comparative of the adjective.

§321. Adverbs derived from adjectives of the third declension are formed like those described above in the comparative and superlative. The positive is usually formed by adding -iter to the base of adjectives of three endings or of two endings, and -ter to the base of those of one ending;[1] as,
[1] This is a good working rule, though there are some exceptions to it.

        POSITIVE              COMPARATIVE  SUPERLATIVE
Adj.    fortis, brave         fortior      fortissimus
Adv.    fortiter, bravely     fortius      fortissimē

Adj.    audāx, bold           audācior     audācissimus
Adv.    audācter, boldly      audācius     audācissimē

§322. Case Forms as Adverbs. As we learned above, the neuter accusative of comparatives is used adverbially. So in the positive or superlative some adjectives, instead of following the usual formation, use the accusative or the ablative singular neuter adverbially; as,

Adj.    facilis, easy               prīmus, first
Adv.    facile (acc.), easily       prīmum (acc.), first
                                    prīmō (abl.), at first
Adj.    multus, many                plūrimus, most
Adv.    multum (acc.), much         plūrimum (acc.), most
        multō (abl.), by much

§323. Learn the following irregular comparisons:

bene, well             melius, better      optimē, best
diū, long (time)     diūtius, longer     diūtissimē, longest
magnopere, greatly     magis, more         maximē, most
parum, little          minus, less         minimē, least
prope, nearly, near    propius, nearer     proximē, nearest
saepe, often           saepius, oftener    saepissimē, oftenest

§324. Form adverbs from the following adjectives, using the regular rules, and compare them: laetus, superbus, molestus, amīcus, ācer, brevis, gravis, recēns.

§325. RULE. Adverbs. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.

rūmōrem: rumor, report, from rumor
ultimīs: far

English into Latin (D'Ooge LVII)

46
Some nations are easily overcome by their enemies.
47
Germany is much larger than Gaul.
48
Were not the Romans the most powerful among the tribes of Italy?
49
On account of (his) wounds the soldier dragged his body from the ditch with the greatest difficulty.
50
He was able neither to run nor to fight.
51
Who saved him? A certain horseman boldly undertook the matter.
52
The rumors concerning the soldier’s death were not true.

Numerals: The Partitive Genitive (D'Ooge LVIII)

The numbers through twenty

decem mīlia mīlitum means ten thousand soldiers. Decem is the cardinal numeral ten.

The cardinal numeral table gives the Latin forms from one through twenty, including decem.

The Cardinal Numerals

The plural of one

ūna castra means one camp. Castra is plural in form but singular in meaning, so ūnus also takes a plural form.

Gallī ūnī means only the Gauls. Here the plural of ūnus means only.

A part of a whole

Omnium avium aquila est vēlōcissima means of all birds the eagle is the swiftest.

The eagle is one member of the whole group, omnium avium. Latin puts that whole group in the genitive.

This use of the genitive is the partitive genitive.

Numbers take two patterns

Ūna ex captīvīs means one of the captives. Cardinal numbers other than mīlle regularly use the ablative with ex or dē.

mīlle mīlitēs means a thousand soldiers. Singular mīlle is usually an adjective and does not change its form.

decem mīlia mīlitum means ten thousand soldiers. Plural mīlia is a noun and takes the partitive genitive mīlitum.

53
one camp
54
only the Gauls
55
Of all birds the eagle is the swiftest
56
This oracle was the most famous of all
57
a thousand soldiers
58
ten thousand soldiers
59
The bravest of these are the Germans
60
Ten thousand (lit. thousands) of the enemy were slain
61
One of the captives was the king’s sister

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LVIII, §§327-331

§327. The Latin numeral adjectives may be classified as follows:

1. Cardinal Numerals, answering the question how many? as, ūnus, one; duo, two; etc.

2. Ordinal Numerals, derived in most cases from the cardinals and answering the question in what order? as, prīmus, first; secundus, second; etc.

3. Distributive Numerals, answering the question how many at a time? as, singulī, one at a time.

§328. The Cardinal Numerals. The first twenty of the cardinals are as follows:

1, ūnus         6, sex        11, ūndecim          16, sēdecim
2, duo          7, septem     12, duodecim         17, septendecim
3, trēs         8, octō       13, tredecim         18, duodēvīgintī
4, quattuor     9, novem      14, quattuordecim    19, ūndēvīgintī
5, quīnque     10, decem      15, quīndecim        20, vīgintī

a. Learn also centum = 100, ducentī = 200, mīlle = 1000.

§329. Declension of the Cardinals. Of the cardinals only ūnus, duo, trēs, the hundreds above one hundred, and mīlle used as a noun, are declinable.

a. ūnus is one of the nine irregular adjectives, and is declined like nūllus (cf. §§109, 470). The plural of ūnus is used to agree with a plural noun of a singular meaning, as, ūna castra, one camp; and with other nouns in the sense of only, as, Gallī ūnī, only the Gauls.

b. Learn the declension of duo, two; trēs, three; and mīlle, a thousand. (§479.)

c. The hundreds above one hundred are declined like the plural of bonus; as,

ducentī,    -ae,   -a
ducentōrum, -ārum, -ōrum
  etc.        etc.   etc.

§330. We have already become familiar with sentences like the following:

Omnium avium aquila est vēlōcissima
  Of all birds the eagle is the swiftest
Hoc ōrāculum erat omnium clārissimum
  This oracle was the most famous of all

In such sentences the genitive denotes the whole, and the word it modifies denotes a part of that whole. Such a genitive, denoting the whole of which a part is taken, is called a partitive genitive.

§331. RULE. Partitive Genitive. Words denoting a part are often used with the genitive of the whole, known as the partitive genitive.

a. Words denoting a part are especially pronouns, numerals, and other adjectives. But cardinal numbers excepting mīlle regularly take the ablative with ex or dē instead of the partitive genitive.

b. Mīlle, a thousand, in the singular is usually an indeclinable adjective (as, mīlle mīlitēs, a thousand soldiers), but in the plural it is a declinable noun and takes the partitive genitive (as, decem mīlia mīlitum, ten thousand soldiers).

EXAMPLES:

Fortissimī hōrum sunt Germānī
  The bravest of these are the Germans
Decem mīlia hostium interfecta sunt
  Ten thousand (lit. thousands) of the enemy were slain
Ūna ex captīvīs erat soror rēgis
  One of the captives was the king’s sister

Latin into English (D'Ooge LVIII)

62
Caesar burned the greatest part of the buildings.
63
A great part of the fortification was destroyed by the water of the river.
64
The Gauls of this region had collected five thousand men.
65
Two of my brothers heard the same rumor.
66
Who of the Romans was more famous than Caesar?
67
Five cohorts from that legion were defending the camp as bravely as possible.
68
This place was an equal distance from the camp of Caesar and the camp of the Germans.
69
Caesar, as soon as he arrived, demanded more supplies from the allies.
70
Had not the traders learned the size of the island? They had learned its length but not its breadth.
71
A few of the enemy were holding the hill which our scouts saw.

mūnītiōnis: fortification, from munitio
commeātūs: provisions
Longitūdinem: length, from longitudo
lātitūdinem: width, from latitudo

English into Latin (D'Ooge LVIII)

72
I have two brothers, and one of them lives at Rome.
73
Cæsar stormed that very town with three legions.
74
In one hour he destroyed a great part of the fortification.
75
When the enemy could no longer[2] defend the gates, they retreated to a hill which was not far distant.[3]
76
There three thousand of them bravely resisted the Romans.[4]

Numerals, continued: The Accusative of Extent (D'Ooge LIX)

Extent without per

Vir tōtum diem cucurrit means "the man ran for a whole day."

Caesar mūrum decem pedēs mōvit means "Cæsar moved the wall ten feet."

Tōtum diem states duration. Decem pedēs states distance. Both are accusative, and neither needs a preposition.

Per tōtum diem and per decem pedēs are correct, but Latin usually omits per.

Duration and distance

The accusative expresses duration of time and extent of space.

It answers how long or how far. The ablative of time answers when or within what time.

77
for a great many years
78
for a whole day
79
for ten feet
80
the man ran for a whole day
81
Cæsar moved the wall ten feet

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LIX, §§333-336

§333. Learn the first twenty of the ordinal numerals (§478). The ordinals are all declined like bonus.

§334. The distributive numerals are declined like the plural of bonus. The first three are

singulī, -ae, -a, one each, one by one
bīnī, -ae, -a, two each, two by two
ternī, -ae, -a, three each, three by three

§335. We have learned that, besides its use as object, the accusative is used to express space relations not covered by the ablative. We have had such expressions as per plūrimōs annōs, for a great many years; per tōtum diem, for a whole day. Here the space relation is one of extent of time. We could also say per decem pedēs, for ten feet, where the space relation is one of extent of space. While this is correct Latin, the usual form is to use the accusative with no preposition, as,

Vir tōtum diem cucurrit, the man ran for a whole day Caesar mūrum decem pedēs mōvit, Cæsar moved the wall ten feet

§336. RULE. Accusative of Extent. Duration of time and extent of space are expressed by the accusative.

a. This accusative answers the questions how long? how far?

b. Distinguish carefully between the accusative of time how long and the ablative of time when, or within which.

Select the accusatives of time and space and the ablatives of time in the following:

When did the general arrive? He arrived at two o’clock. How long had he been marching? For four days. How far did he march? He marched sixty-five miles. Where has he pitched his camp? Three miles from the river, and he will remain there several days. The wall around the camp is ten feet high. When did the war begin? In the first year after the king’s death.

Latin into English (D'Ooge LIX)

82
Caesar waged war in Gaul for seven years.
83
In the first year he conquered the Helvetii, and in the same year many tribes of the Germans surrendered themselves to him.
84
For many years now the Germans had been harassing the Gauls, and the German leaders often led their forces across the Rhine.
85
They did not come one at a time, but many thousands of men hastened into Gaul.
86
For this reason the chiefs of Gaul called a council together and decided to send ambassadors to Caesar.
87
Caesar, as soon as he heard this rumor, collected his forces without delay.
88
At dawn he bravely joined battle with the Germans.
89
The whole day there was fierce fighting.
90
Caesar himself led the battle line from the right wing.
91
A great part of the German army fell.
92
After the great slaughter a few fled many miles to the river.

vexabant: annoy, ravage, from vexo
trādūcēbant: bring across, move
milia: millet, from milium
concilium: council, assembly
legates: envoy, ambassador

English into Latin (D'Ooge LIX)

93
Cæsar pitched camp two miles from the river.
94
He fortified the camp with a ditch fifteen feet wide and a rampart nine feet high.
95
The camp of the enemy was a great way off (was distant by a great space).
96
On the next day he hastened ten miles in three hours.
97
Suddenly the enemy with all their forces made an attack upon (in with acc.) the rear.
98
For two hours the Romans were hard pressed by the barbarians.
99
In three hours the barbarians were fleeing.

Latin into English (D'Ooge LX)

A passive form carries an active meaning

Trēs ex lēgātīs, contrā Caesaris opīniōnem, iter facere per hostium fīnīs verēbantur.

Three of the lieutenants, contrary to Caesar's expectation, feared to march through the territory of the enemy.

Verēbantur is deponent. Its form is passive, but its meaning is active: "they feared."

Perfect deponents keep the active meaning

Imperātor eōs hortātus est et iīs persuādēre cōnātus est, sed nōn potuit.

The commander encouraged them and tried to persuade them, but could not.

Hortātus est and cōnātus est are perfect deponent forms. Their form is passive, while their meaning remains active.

The three rows group deponents by conjugation and give each verb's principal parts.

Three prepositions take the accusative

In the opening line, contrā takes opīniōnem and per takes fīnīs. Both nouns are accusative.

Contrā Caesaris opīniōnem means "contrary to Caesar's expectation." Per hostium fīnīs means "through the territory of the enemy."

Quam ob rem means "why." Ob takes rem, another accusative form.

100
Three of the lieutenants, contrary to Caesar's expectation, feared to march through the territory of the enemy.
101
Who encouraged them? The commander encouraged them and tried to persuade them, but could not.
102
What frightened the lieutenants? Either the fear of the enemy, who were pressing on every side, or the length of the road frightened them.
103
Yet almost all feared Caesar much more than the enemy.
104
The bravest tribes of Gaul sprang from the Germans.
105
Why were they so brave? Because they allowed neither wine nor other things which destroy courage to be brought to them.
106
Caesar asked the traders about the island of Britain, but could learn nothing.
107
And so he himself decided to make for this land, and about midsummer he set out with many warships.
108
He finished the journey with great speed and landed in a most favorable place.
109
The barbarians with their utmost strength tried to keep him from the island.
110
He, however, pursued the barbarians many miles; yet without cavalry he could not overtake them.

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LX, §§338-340

§338. A number of verbs are passive in form but active in meaning; as, hortor, I encourage; vereor, I fear. Such verbs are called deponent because they have laid aside (dē-pōnere, to lay aside) the active forms.

a. Besides having all the forms of the passive, deponent verbs have also the future active infinitive and a few other active forms which will be noted later. (Sec§§375, 403.b.)

§339. The principal parts of deponents are of course passive in form, as,

Conj. I         hortor, hortārī, hortātus sum, encourage
Conj. II        vereor, verērī, veritus sum, fear
Conj. III (a) sequor, sequī, secūtus sum, follow
          (b) patior, patī, passus sum, suffer, allow
Conj. IV        partior, partīrī, partītus sum, share, divide

Learn the synopses of these verbs. (See §493.) Patior is conjugated like the passive of capiō (§492).

§340. PREPOSITIONS WITH THE ACCUSATIVE

The prepositions with the accusative that occur most frequently are

ante, before
apud, among
circum, around
contrā, against, contrary to
extrā, outside of
in, into, in, against, upon
inter, between, among
intrā, within
ob, on account of (quam ob rem, wherefore, therefore)
per, through, by means of
post, after, behind
propter, on account of, because of
trāns, across, over

a. Most of these you have had before. Review the old ones and learn the new ones. Review the list of prepositions governing the ablative, §209.

hortātus: urge, incite, from hortor

English into Latin (D'Ooge LX)

111
Contrary to our expectation, the enemy fled and the cavalry followed close after them.
112
From all parts of the multitude the shouts arose of those who were being wounded.
113
Cæsar did not allow the cavalry to pursue too far.[1]
114
The cavalry set out at the first hour and was returning[2] to camp at the fourth hour.
115
Around the Roman camp was a rampart twelve feet high.
116
Cæsar will delay three days because of the grain supply.
117
Nearly all the lieutenants feared the enemy and attempted to delay the march.

subsecūtus: follow close after, from subsequor
frūmentāriae: pertaining to grain, from frumentarius