Prīmus et Secundus Annus, Lessons LXI–LXVI

The Subjunctive Mood (D'Ooge LXI)

Fact or willing

Statim proficīscimur presents the departure as fact. Statim proficīscāmur presents the same departure as willing.

Latin uses the indicative to assert or ask about facts. It uses the subjunctive for desire, purpose, possibility, expectation, and similar notions.

Possibility, expectation, and purpose

Cotīdiē eum audīs presents hearing as fact. Cotīdiē eum audiās presents it as possible.

Mānsit dum nāvis pervēnit states the ship's arrival. Exspectāvit dum nāvis pervenīret presents the arrival as expected. pervenīret is imperfect subjunctive.

Caesar mittit hominēs quī pontem reperiunt states what the men do. Caesar hominēs mittit quī pontem reperiant gives their purpose.

The subjunctive occurs in independent and dependent clauses. It is far more common in dependent clauses, and its English translation varies with the construction.

The sign of the present subjunctive

The present subjunctive comes from the present stem. Its mood sign is -ē- in the first conjugation and -ā- in the others.

In proficīscāmur and audiās, -ā- marks the present subjunctive. In reperiant, the same sign is short.

The mood sign takes the same personal endings as the indicative.

1
He is brave
Fortisbrave
estsum: be; exist
2
We set out at once
3
Let us set out at once
4
You hear him every day
5
You can hear him every day
6
He remained until the ship arrived
7
He waited until the ship should arrive
8
Cæsar sends men who find the bridge
9
Cæsar sends men who are to find (or to find) the bridge

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LXI, §§342-346

§342. In addition to the indicative, imperative, and infinitive moods, which you have learned, Latin has a fourth mood called the subjunctive. The tenses of the subjunctive are

PRESENT    }
IMPERFECT  }  ACTIVE AND PASSIVE
PERFECT    }
PLUPERFECT }

§343. The tenses of the subjunctive have the same time values as the corresponding tenses of the indicative, and, in addition, each of them may refer to future time. No meanings of the tenses will be given in the paradigms, as the translation varies with the construction used.

§344. The present subjunctive is inflected as follows:

   CONJ. I    CONJ. II     CONJ. III                CONJ. IV
   ACTIVE VOICE
   SINGULAR
1. a´mem      mo´neam      re´gam      ca´piam      au´diam
2. a´mēs      mo´neās      re´gās      ca´piās      au´diās
3. a´met      mo´neat      re´gat      ca´piat      au´diat

   PLURAL
1. amē´mus    moneā´mus    regā´mus    capiā´mus    audiā´mus
2. amē´tis    moneā´tis    regā´tis    capiā´tis    audiā´tis
3. a´ment     mo´neant     re´gant     ca´piant     au´diant

   PASSIVE VOICE
   SINGULAR
1. a´mer      mo´near      re´gar      ca´piar      au´diar
2. amē´ris    moneā´ris    regā´ris    capiā´ris    audiā´ris
      (-re)        (-re)       (-re)        (-re)        (-re)
3. amē´tur    moneā´tur    regā´tur    capiā´tur    audiā´tur

   PLURAL
1. amē´mur    moneā´mur    regā´mur    capiā´mur    audiā´mur
2. amē´minī   moneā´minī   regā´minī   capiā´minī   audiā´minī
3. amen´tur   monean´tur   regan´tur   capian´tur   audian´tur

a. The present subjunctive is formed from the present stem.

b. The mood sign of the present subjunctive is -ē- in the first conjugation and -ā- in the others. It is shortened in the usual places (cf. §12), and takes the place of the final vowel of the stem in the first and third conjugations, but not in the second and fourth.

c. The personal endings are the same as in the indicative.

d. In a similar way inflect the present subjunctive of cūrō, iubeō, sūmō, iaciō, mūniō.

§345. The present subjunctive of the irregular verb sum is inflected as follows:

      { 1.  sim            { 1.  sīmus
SING. { 2.  sīs     PLURAL { 2.  sītis
      { 3.  sit            { 3.  sint

§346. The Indicative and Subjunctive Compared.

1. The two most important of the finite moods are the indicative and the subjunctive. The indicative deals with facts either real or assumed. If, then, we wish to assert something as a fact or to inquire after a fact, we use the indicative.

2. On the other hand, if we wish to express a desire or wish, a purpose, a possibility, an expectation, or some such notion, we must use the subjunctive. The following sentences illustrate the difference between the indicative and the subjunctive ideas.

INDICATIVE IDEAS SUBJUNCTIVE IDEAS

1. He is brave 1. May he be brave
Fortis est Fortis sit (idea of wishing)
2. We set out at once 2. Let us set out at once
Statim proficīscimur Statim proficīscāmur
(idea of willing)
3. You hear him every day 3. You can hear him every day
Cotīdiē eum audīs Cotīdiē eum audiās
(idea of possibility)
4. He remained until the ship 4. He waited until the ship
arrived should arrive
Mānsit dum nāvis pervēnit Exspectāvit dum nāvis
pervenīret[1]
(idea of expectation)
5. Cæsar sends men who find the 5. Cæsar sends men
bridge who are to find
(or to find) the bridge
Caesar mittit hominēs quī Caesar hominēs mittit quī
pontem reperiunt pontem reperiant
(idea of purpose)
[1] pervenīret, imperfect subjunctive.

NOTE. From the sentences above we observe that the subjunctive may be used in either independent or dependent clauses; but it is far more common in the latter than in the former.

Publius is Born Near Pompeii (Lentulus LXI)

10
P. Cornelius Lentulus, a Roman youth, was born of a most distinguished family; for his father, Marcus, was a most skillful leader, by whose courage and wisdom many victories had been won; and his mother, Julia, was sprung from most famous ancestors.
11
Not in the city, however, but in the country was Publius born, and he lived with his mother in a villa which was situated on the shore of the sea and at the foot of a great mountain.
12
Now the mountain was Vesuvius, and the little city of Pompeii was eight miles away.
13
In ancient Italy there were very many villas, and beautiful ones, but among all these none was more beautiful than the villa of Marcus and Julia.
14
The front of the villa was protected by a wall from the waves of the sea.
15
From here the sea and the shores and the islands could be seen far and wide, and often warships and merchant ships.
16
In the rear and on either side most fertile fields stretched out.
17
On every side there was a great abundance of various flowers and many kinds of huge trees, which in summer brought shade most welcome to the weary farmers.
18
Besides, there were in the fields and stables many kinds of animals, not only horses and oxen but also rare birds.
19
There was also a great fishpond full of fish; for the Romans kept fish with care.

lūlia: Julia, from Iūlia
villa: farm, from villum
onerāriae: merchant vessel, transport, from oneraria
ferācissimī: fertile, from ferax
stabulīsque: stall
rārae: rare, from rarus
piscīna: fish pond

The Subjunctive of Purpose (D'Ooge LXII)

The subjunctive states the purpose

Caesar hominēs mittit quī pontem reperiant means "Cæsar sends men to find the bridge."

quī pontem reperiant is a purpose clause. It states Caesar's purpose for sending the men.

Latin puts the verb of a purpose clause in the subjunctive. Here reperiant states what Caesar wants the men to do.

The opening word marks the purpose

quī and ut introduce a wanted purpose. The lines use quī pontem reperiant and ut domum revertantur.

quō introduces a wanted purpose that contains a comparative. quō facilius oppidum capiant contains facilius.

nē introduces an unwanted purpose. Fugiunt nē vulnerentur means "They flee that they may not be wounded."

Latin does not use the infinitive

English often expresses purpose with an infinitive. The first line translates quī pontem reperiant as "to find the bridge."

Latin prose never uses an infinitive for purpose. It uses a purpose clause with a subjunctive verb.

20
Cæsar sends men to find the bridge
21
Cæsar collects troops with which to pursue the foe
22
They ask for peace in order that they may return home
23
They build a bridge that they may take the town more easily (lit. by which the more easily)
24
They flee that they may not (or lest they) be wounded

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LXII, §§348-352

§348. Observe the sentence

Caesar hominēs mittit quī pontem reperiant,
Cæsar sends men to find the bridge

The verb reperiant in the dependent clause is in the subjunctive because it tells us what Cæsar wants the men to do; in other words, it expresses his will and the purpose in his mind. Such a use of the subjunctive is called the subjunctive of purpose.

§349. RULE. Subjunctive of Purpose. The subjunctive is used in a dependent clause to express the purpose of the action in the principal clause.

§350. A clause of purpose is introduced as follows:

I. If something is wanted, by

quī, the relative pronoun (as above)
ut, conj., in order that, that
quō (abl. of quī, by which), in order that, that, used when
  the purpose clause contains a comparative. The ablative quō
  expresses the measure of difference. (Cf. §317.)

II. If something is not wanted, by

nē, conj., in order that not, that not, lest

§351. EXAMPLES

1. Caesar cōpiās cōgit quibus hostīs īnsequātur
  Cæsar collects troops with which to pursue the foe

2. Pācem petunt ut domum revertantur
  They ask for peace in order that they may return home

3. Pontem faciunt quō facilius oppidum capiant
  They build a bridge that they may take the town more easily
  (lit. by which the more easily)

4. Fugiunt nē vulnerentur
   They flee that they may not (or lest they) be wounded

§352. Expression of Purpose in English. In English, purpose clauses are sometimes introduced by that or in order that, but much more frequently purpose is expressed in English by the infinitive, as We eat to live, She stoops to conquer. In Latin prose, on the other hand, purpose is never expressed by the infinitive. Be on your guard and do not let the English idiom betray you into this error.

English into Latin (D'Ooge LXII)

25
The Helvetii send ambassadors to seek[1] peace.
26
They are setting out at daybreak in order that they may make a longer march before night.
27
They will hide the women in the forest (acc. with in) that they may not be captured.
28
The Gauls wage many wars to free[1] their fatherland from slavery.
29
They will resist the Romans[2] bravely lest they be destroyed.

His Life on the Farm (Lentulus LXII)

30
Of this villa Davus, the slave of Marcus, is the overseer, and with his wife Lesbia he looks after everything.
31
The overseer and his wife live in a humble cottage, situated in the middle of the fields.
32
From dawn until evening they busy themselves with heavy labors, so that they may manage everything well.
33
For very many are the duties of Davus and Lesbia.
34
The overseer directs the slaves so that they may not be slow; he sends some to plow the fields, others to water the gardens, and he assigns tasks for the whole day.
35
Lesbia, on the other hand, prepares clothing for all, cooks the food, and makes the bread.
36
Not far from their cottage, and situated on the top of a hill, rose the very spacious dwelling of the master and mistress themselves.
37
There for many years Publius lived a happy life with his mother; for his father, Marcus, was waging serious wars for the state in distant lands and could not return home.
38
Nor indeed is it troublesome for a boy to live in the country.
39
Many things delight him.

humilī: low, humble, from humilis
inrigent: water

40
He greatly loves the woods, the fields, the horses, the oxen, the chickens, the birds, and the other animals.
41
Often he sits for many hours by the sea in order to watch the waves and the ships the better.
42
Nor was he wholly without companions, because Lydia, the daughter of Davus, who was of the same age, used to play with him while he was still an infant, and between them friendship grew with the years.
43
Lydia chose no other leader, and Publius rarely left the girl's side.
44
And so under the bright sun of Italy Publius and Lydia, most faithful friends, wandered daily over the plains and hills.
45
Now they played in the neighboring wood, where Publius brought down birds with swift arrows and Lydia adorned her hair with wreaths of various flowers; now they carried water and food to Davus and the weary slaves who were tilling the fields; now in the little cottage they either spent happy hours in play or gave help to Lesbia, who was preparing food for her husband and the slaves or attending to other household matters.

rārō: rarely
lactās: milk, from lacta
domesticās: of the house, domestic, from domesticus

English into Latin (D'Ooge LXIII)

A past action and its purpose

Caesar mīlitēs hortātus est quō fortius pugnārent means "Cæsar encouraged the soldiers in order that they might fight more bravely."

The encouragement is past. Its purpose is the soldiers' intended fighting, expressed by pugnārent.

How the imperfect subjunctive forms

The imperfect subjunctive adds personal endings to the present active infinitive.

Amārent, monērent, regerent, caperent, and audīrent show the active plural pattern used in pugnārent.

Amārentur, monērentur, regerentur, caperentur, and audīrentur show the passive plural pattern used in caperentur and perterrērentur.

Past tense sets the sequence

Present and future tenses are primary tenses. Tenses that refer to past time are secondary tenses.

Sequence of tenses is Latin's regular pairing of indicative and subjunctive tenses across principal and dependent clauses.

Hortātus est is secondary. The continuing purpose therefore takes the imperfect subjunctive pugnārent.

The sequence table sets out both pairs and separates continuing action from completed action.

46
Cæsar encouraged the soldiers in order that they might fight more bravely.
47
The Helvetii left their homes to wage war.
48
The scouts set out at once lest they should be captured by the Germans.
49
Cæsar inflicted punishment on them in order that the others might be more terrified.
50
He sent messengers to Rome to announce the victory.

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LXIII, §§354-359

§354. The imperfect subjunctive may be formed by adding the personal endings to the present active infinitive.

   CONJ. I     CONJ. II     CONJ. III                 CONJ. IV
   ACTIVE
1. amā´rem     monē´rem     re´gerem     ca´perem     audī´rem
2. amā´rēs     monē´rēs     re´gerēs     ca´perēs     audī´rēs
3. amā´ret     monē´ret     re´geret     ca´peret     audī´ret

1. amārē´mus   monērē´mus   regerē´mus   caperē´mus   audīrē´mus
2. amārē´tis   monērē´tis   regerē´tis   caperē´tis   audīrē´tis
3. amā´rent    monē´rent    re´gerent    ca´perent    audī´rent

   PASSIVE
1. amā´rer     monē´rer     re´gerer     ca´perer     audī´rer
2. amārē´ris   monērē´ris   regerē´ris   caperē´ris   audīrē´ris
        (-re)        (-re)        (-re)        (-re)        (-re)
3. amārē´tur   monērē´tur   regerē´tur   caperē´tur   audīrē´tur

1. amārē´mur   monērē´mur   regerē´mur   caperē´mur   audīrē´mur
2. amārē´minī  monērē´minī  regerē´minī  caperē´minī  audīrē´minī
3. amāren´tur  monēren´tur  regeren´tur  caperen´tur  audīren´tur

a. In a similar way inflect the imperfect subjunctive, active and passive, of cūrō, iubeō, sūmō, iaciō, mūniō.

§355. The imperfect subjunctive of the irregular verb sum is inflected as follows:

      { 1. es´sem           { 1. essē´mus
SING. { 2. es´sēs    PLURAL { 2. essē´tis
      { 3. es´set           { 3. es´sent

§356. The three great distinctions of time are present, past, and future. All tenses referring to present or future time are called primary tenses, and those referring to past time are called secondary tenses. Now it is a very common law of language that in a complex sentence the tense in the dependent clause should be of the same kind as the tense in the principal clause. In the sentence He says that he is coming, the principal verb, says, is present, that is, is in a primary tense; and is coming, in the dependent clause, is naturally also primary. If I change he says to he said,--in other words, if I make the principal verb secondary in character,--I feel it natural to change the verb in the dependent clause also, and I say, He said that he was coming. This following of a tense by another of the same kind is called tense sequence, from sequī, “to follow.”

In Latin the law of tense sequence is obeyed with considerable regularity, especially when an indicative in the principal clause is followed by a subjunctive in the dependent clause. Then a primary tense of the indicative is followed by a primary tense of the subjunctive, and a secondary tense of the indicative is followed by a secondary tense of the subjunctive. Learn the following table:

§357. TABLE FOR SEQUENCE OF TENSES

P R I M   +-------------------+---------------------+---------------------+ A R T  PRINCIPAL VERB IN THE       +---------------------+---------------------+ INDICATIVE Present Future Future perfect  DEPENDENT VERBS IN THE SUBJUNCTIVE Incomplete or Continuing Action Present  Completed Action Perfect
S D E A C R O Y N-                                                                 Imperfect Perfect Pluperfect                                                                                        Imperfect                                                                   Pluperfect

§358. RULE. Sequence of Tenses. Primary tenses are followed by primary tenses and secondary by secondary.

§359. EXAMPLES

I. Primary tenses in principal and dependent clauses:

Mittit     }
Mittet     } hominēs ut agrōs vāstent
Mīserit    }

     { sends            }       { that they may             }
He { will send        } men { in order to               }
     { will have sent }       { to lay waste the fields }

II. Secondary tenses in principal and dependent clauses:

Mittēbat}
Mīsit     } hominēs ut agrōs vāstārent
Mīserat }

     { was sending        }       { that they might           }
He { sent or has sent } men { in order to               }
     { had sent           }       { to lay waste the fields }

Marcus Lentulus, the Father of Publius, is Shipwrecked: Julia Receives a Letter from Him (Lentulus LXIII)

51
Publius was now ten years old when M. Cornelius Lentulus, his father, who for five years had been waging a serious war in Asia, was returning home not without glory.
52
For he had fought many successful battles, had destroyed very great forces of the enemy, and had taken many cities hostile to the Roman people.
53
First a messenger arrived who had been sent by Lentulus to announce his departure.
54
Then for many days mother and son awaited the return of that excellent man, and with anxious hearts vainly worshipped the immortal gods.
55
Then at last with the greatest joy they received this letter:
56
"Marcus sends greeting to his Julia.
57
If you are well, it is well; I am well.
58
From Greece, where beyond hope and expectation I arrived to-day, I write this letter to you.
59
For our ship has been wrecked; we, however, thanks be to the gods, are unharmed.
60
From a harbor of Asia we set sail with a gentle wind.

profectiōnem: departure, from profectio
sollicitis: disturbed, anxious, from sollicitus
immortālīs: immortal
autem—dīs: god, from but, moreover, now; deus
gratia—incolumes: unharmed, from thanks, gratitude; incolumis

61
After we were well out to sea and no longer did any land appear, sky on every side and on every side waves, suddenly a great storm arose and battered the ship most violently.
62
Tossed about by the winds and waves, we could neither make out the sun nor hold our course, and everything threatened instant death.
63
For three days and three nights we are driven without oars or sails.
64
On the fourth day land was seen for the first time, and we were violently thrown upon rocks which were not far from the shore.
65
Then indeed we feared greater dangers; but a certain sailor, a most brave man, leaped from the ship into the angry waves to carry a rope to the shore; a thing which he barely accomplished with the greatest effort.
66
So we were all saved.
67
Therefore we owe thanks and honor to Neptune, the god who snatched us from danger.
68
Now I am at Athens, where I have taken refuge to give myself a few hours for rest.
69
But as soon as possible I shall hire another ship to finish the remainder of the journey to Italy and return home to my dear ones.
70
Greet our Publius most affectionately, and look after your health with care. The first of March."

coorta: rise, break forth, from coorior
vehementissimē: vehemently, vigorously
adflīctātī: shatter, damage
discernere: separate, from discerno
intentābant: aim, from intento
violenter: violently, furiously
cōnfūgī: flee for refuge, flee, from confugio

The Perfect and Pluperfect Subjunctive: Substantive Clauses of Purpose (D'Ooge LXIV)

A purpose clause follows the command

Imperātor mīlitibus imperāvit ut currerent means "The general ordered the soldiers to run."

English uses the infinitive to run after ordered. Latin uses ut currerent, with a subjunctive verb, as the object of imperāvit.

After a verb of commanding, urging, asking, persuading, or advising, Latin uses a purpose clause as its object. Its verb is subjunctive.

Nē makes the purpose negative

Nōbīs persuādēbit nē proficīscāmur means "He will persuade us not to set out."

Ut introduces something to be done. Nē introduces something not to be done.

Iubeō and imperō differ

Iubeō eum venīre means "I order him to come." Iubeō takes the infinitive venīre.

Imperō eī ut veniat means "I give orders to him that he is to come." Imperō takes the dative eī for the person ordered.

Imperō takes the subjunctive purpose clause ut veniat for the order.

71
The general ordered the soldiers to run
72
He urged them to resist bravely
73
He asked them to give the children food
74
He will persuade us not to set out
75
He advises us to remain at home
76
I order him to come
77
I give orders to him that he is to come

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LXIV, §§361-367

§361. The perfect and the pluperfect subjunctive active are inflected as follows:

   CONJ. I       CONJ. II      CONJ. III                 CONJ. IV
   PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE
   SINGULAR
1. amā´verim     monu´erim     rē´xerim     cē´perim     audī´verim
2. amā´veris     monu´eris     rē´xeris     cē´peris     audī´veris
3. amā´verit     monu´erit     rē´xerit     cē´perit     audī´verit

   PLURAL
1. amāve´rimus   monue´rimus   rēxe´rimus   cēpe´rimus   audīve´rimus
2. amāve´ritis   monue´ritis   rēxe´ritis   cēpe´ritis   audīve´ritis
3. amā´verint    monu´erint    rē´xerint    cē´perint    audī´verint

   PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE
   SINGULAR
1. amāvis´sem    monuis´sem    rēxis´sem    cēpis´sem    audīvis´sem
2. amāvis´sēs    monuis´sēs    rēxis´sēs    cēpis´sēs    audīvis´sēs
3. amāvis´set    monuis´set    rēxis´set    cēpis´set    audīvis´set

   PLURAL
1. amāvissē´mus  monuissē´mus  rēxissē´mus  cēpissē´mus  audīvissē´mus
2. amāvissē´tis  monuissē´tis  rēxissē´tis  cēpissē´tis  audīvissē´tis
3. amāvis´sent   monuis´sent   rēxis´sent   cēpis´sent   audīvis´sent

a. Observe that these two tenses, like the corresponding ones in the indicative, are formed from the perfect stem.

b. Observe that the perfect subjunctive active is like the future perfect indicative active, excepting that the first person singular ends in -m and not in -ō.

c. Observe that the pluperfect subjunctive active may be formed by adding -issem, -issēs, etc. to the perfect stem.

d. In a similar way inflect the perfect and pluperfect subjunctive active of cūrō, iubeō, sūmō, iaciō, mūniō.

§362. The passive of the perfect subjunctive is formed by combining the perfect passive participle with sim, the present subjunctive of sum.

   CONJ. I       CONJ. II      CONJ. III                 CONJ. IV
   PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE
   SINGULAR
1. amā´tus sim   mo´nitus sim  rēc´tus sim  cap´tus sim  audī´tus sim
2. amā´tus sīs   mo´nitus sīs  rēc´tus sīs  cap´tus sīs  audī´tus sīs
3. amā´tus sit   mo´nitus sit  rēc´tus sit  cap´tus sit  audī´tus sit

   PLURAL
1. amā´tī sīmus  mo´nitī s.    rēc´tī s.    cap´tī s.    audī´tī s.
2. amā´tī sītis  mo´nitī s.    rēc´tī s.    cap´tī s.    audī´tī s.
3. amā´tī sint   mo´nitī sint  rēc´tī sint  cap´tī sint  audī´tī sint

§363. The passive of the pluperfect subjunctive is formed by combining the perfect passive participle with essem, the imperfect subjunctive of sum.

   CONJ. I        CONJ. II        CONJ. III                 CONJ. IV
   PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE
   SINGULAR
1. amātus essem   monitus essem   rēctus essem   captus e.  audītus e.
2. amātus essēs   monitus essēs   rēctus essēs   captus e.  audītus e.
3. amātus esset   monitus esset   rēctus esset   captus e.  audītus e.

   PLURAL
1. amātī essēmus  monitī essēmus  rēctī essēmus  captī e.   audītī e.
2. amātī essētis  monitī essētis  rēctī essētis  captī e.   audītī e.
3. amātī essent   monitī essent   rēctī essent   captī e.   audītī e.

a. In a similar way inflect the perfect and pluperfect subjunctive passive of cūrō, iubeō, sūmō, iaciō, mūniō.

§364. The perfect and pluperfect subjunctive of the irregular verb sum are inflected as follows:

PERFECT               PLUPERFECT
fu´erim  fue´rimus    fuis´sem  fuissē´mus
fu´eris  fue´ritis    fuis´sēs  fuissē´tis
fu´erit  fu´erint     fuis´set  fuis´sent

§365. A substantive clause is a clause used like a noun, as,

That the men are afraid is clear enough (clause as subject) He ordered them to call on him (clause as object)

We have already had many instances of infinitive clauses used in this way (cf. §213), and have noted the similarity between Latin and English usage in this respect. But the Latin often uses the subjunctive in substantive clauses, and this marks an important difference between the two languages.

§366. RULE. Substantive Clauses of Purpose. A substantive clause of purpose with the subjunctive is used as the object of verbs of commanding, urging, asking, persuading, or advising, where in English we should usually have the infinitive.

EXAMPLES

1. The general ordered the soldiers to run
     Imperātor mīlitibus imperāvit ut currerent
2. He urged them to resist bravely
     Hortātus est ut fortiter resisterent
3. He asked them to give the children food
     Petīvit ut līberīs cibum darent
4. He will persuade us not to set out
     Nōbīs persuādēbit nē proficīscāmur
5. He advises us to remain at home
     Monet ut domī maneāmus

a. The object clauses following these verbs all express the purpose or will of the principal subject that something be done or not done. (Cf. §348.)

§367. The following verbs are used with object clauses of purpose. Learn the list and the principal parts of the new ones.

hortor, urge
imperō, order (with the dative of the person ordered and a
  subjunctive clause of the thing ordered done)
moneō, advise
petō, quaerō, rogō, ask, seek
persuādeō, persuade (with the same construction as imperō)
postulō, demand, require
suādeō, advise (cf. persuādeō)

N.B. Remember that iubeō, order, takes the infinitive as in English. (Cf. §213.1.) Compare the sentences

Iubeō eum venīre, I order him to come
Imperō eī ut veniat, I give orders to him that he is to come

We ordinarily translate both of these sentences like the first, but the difference in meaning between iubeō and imperō in the Latin requires the infinitive in the one case and the subjunctive in the other.

Latin into English (D'Ooge LXIV)

78
He asks and urges that he himself may speak.
79
Caesar commanded the Helvetii not to march through the province.
80
Caesar did not order the Helvetii to march through the province.
81
He persuaded the citizens to depart from their territory.
82
Caesar will warn the chiefs not to join battle.
83
He demanded that they should not wage war with the Helvetii or with their allies.
84
I asked them not to set out.
85
I could not persuade them to remain at home.

English into Latin (D'Ooge LXIV)

86
Who ordered Cæsar to make the march? (Write this sentence both with imperō and with iubeō.)
87
The faithless scouts persuaded him to set out at daybreak.
88
They will ask him not to inflict punishment.
89
He demanded that they come to the camp.
90
He advised them to tell everything (omnia).

Lentulus Reaches Home: Publius Visits Pompeii with his Father (Lentulus LXIV)

91
After a few days the ship of M. Cornelius Lentulus made for the harbor of Misenum, which harbor is situated not far from Pompeii; and in this harbor the Roman fleet was stationed and fitted out for naval battles.
92
There ships of every kind could be seen.
93
And now with incredible speed the warship in which Lentulus was sailing drew near the shore; for it was driven not only by the wind but also by oars.
94
On the high stern stood the pilot, and not far off some Roman soldiers with splendid arms, among whom the most distinguished was Lentulus.
95
Then the slaves ceased to strain at the oars; the sailors furled the sail and cast the anchors.
96
Lentulus at once went out of the ship and hastened to his villa.
97
Julia, Publius, and the whole household welcomed him. What embraces, what great joys there were!
98
On the day after that day Lentulus said to his son, "Come with me, my Publius.
99
To-day I shall make a journey to Pompeii.
100
Your mother advises that I buy fruit and provisions.

classis: fleet
incrēdibilī: incredible, from incredibilis
ancorās: anchor, from ancora
complexūs: embrace
frūctūs: fruit
cibāria: food, provisions

101
For we have invited many friends to dinner and we need many things.
102
She urges that we set out as soon as possible."
103
"Gladly, my father," said Publius.
104
"To be with you is always pleasant to me; and I have never seen Pompeii.
105
I am ready to set out without delay."
106
Then they quickly mounted the carriage and were driven to the walls of the city.
107
They entered the city by the Stabian gate.
108
Publius wonders at the paved streets and the higher stones which had been set in the middle, and the deep ruts which the wheels had made between these stones.
109
He wonders also at the noise, the crowd, the wagons, the fountains, the houses, the shops, the forum with its statues, temples, and the other public buildings.

strātās: paved, from stratus

Latin into English (D'Ooge LXV)

Ut after fear means that not

Caesar verēbātur ut supplicium captīvōrum Gallīs placēret.

"Caesar feared that the punishment of the captives would not please the Gauls."

After verēbātur, ut means "that not," and placēret is subjunctive.

Nē after fear means that or lest

Rōmānī ipsī magnopere verēbantur nē Helvētiī iter per prōvinciam facerent.

"The Romans themselves greatly feared that the Helvetii would march through the province."

After verēbantur, nē means "that" or "lest," and facerent is subjunctive.

Verbs of fearing take a subjunctive clause with ut for "that not" or nē for "that" or "lest."

110
Caesar feared that the punishment of the captives would not please the Gauls.
111
The Romans themselves greatly feared that the Helvetii would march through the province.
112
They feared that enough grain supplies could not be sent.
113
I fear that I cannot withstand the attack of the enemy.
114
He feared that the baggage had been captured by the enemy.
115
Caesar never feared that the legions would be conquered.
116
The legions did not fear to fight.

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LXV, §§369-372

§369. Learn the subjunctive of possum (§495), and note especially the position of the accent.

§370. Subjunctive after Verbs of Fearing. We have learned that what we want done or not done is expressed in Latin by a subjunctive clause of purpose. In this class belong also clauses after verbs of fearing, for we fear either that something will happen or that it will not, and we either want it to happen or we do not. If we want a thing to happen and fear that it will not, the purpose clause is introduced by ut. If we do not want it to happen and fear that it will, nē is used. Owing to a difference between the English and Latin idiom we translate ut after a verb of fearing by that not, and nē by that or lest.

§371. EXAMPLES

timeō     }      { veniat
timēbō    } ut {
timuerō }      { vēnerit

I fear, shall fear, shall have feared, that he will not come, has not come

timēbam    }      { venīret
timuī      } ut {
timueram }      { vēnisset

I was fearing, feared, had feared, that he would not come, had not come

The same examples with nē instead of ut would be translated I fear that or lest he will come, has come, etc.

§372. RULE. Subjunctive after Verbs of Fearing. Verbs of fearing are followed by a substantive clause of purpose introduced by ut (that not) or nē (that or lest).

English into Latin (D'Ooge LXV)

117
We fear that they are not coming.
118
We fear lest they are coming.
119
We feared that they had come.
120
We feared that they had not come.
121
They feared greatly that the camp could not be defended.
122
Almost all feared[1] to leave the camp.

A Day at Pompeii (Lentulus LXV)

123
At the forum they got down from the carriage, and Lentulus said, "Here are many kinds of shops, my Publius.
124
Look, across the street is a cook-shop! This kind of shop sells provisions.
125
Fruit too stands before the door.
126
There I shall buy my provisions."
127
"Very good," answered Publius.
128
"But where, my father, can we buy pastry?
129
For mother ordered us to get these too.
130
I fear that cook-shop of yours does not sell pastry."
131
"You are right," said Lentulus.
132
"But do you not see that fountain on the right where the water flows through the lion's head?

popīna: restaurant

133
In that very place is a baker's shop which without doubt sells pastry."
134
In a short time everything was ready, and it was now the fifth hour.
135
Then Lentulus and his son hastened to an inn, because they were pressed by hunger and thirst.
136
There they sat under the shade of a tree and ordered the boy to give them food and wine.
137
This order the boy quickly obeyed.
138
Then, glad, they refreshed themselves after their labor.
139
After lunch they set out to see the other sights of the city.
140
At that time there were at Pompeii many temples, two theaters, baths, and a great amphitheater, all of which after a few years were destroyed by the flames and fires of Vesuvius and by an earthquake.
141
Before this disaster, however, men feared nothing from the mountain.
142
In the amphitheater indeed Publius wished to linger to see the gladiatorial shows, which had been announced for that very day and had now in fact begun.

pīstōris: baker, from pistor
caupōnam: inn, from caupona
refēcērunt: make again, repair, from reficio

143
But Lentulus said, "I fear, Publius, that we cannot linger.
144
It is now the tenth hour, and the road is long.
145
The time advises that we return home as soon as possible."
146
And so he ordered the slave to yoke the horses, and at sunset they reached the villa.

iungeret: join, from jungo

The Participles (D'Ooge LXVI)

The present action happens at the same time

mīlitēs īnsequentēs cēpērunt multōs means "the soldiers, while pursuing, captured many."

īnsequentēs is present active. Its action happens at the same time as the action of cēpērunt.

A participle changes to agree

Mīlitēs currentēs erant dēfessī means "the soldiers who were running were weary." currentēs agrees with Mīlitēs like an adjective.

Present active participles decline like adjectives of the third declension. The forms of amāns show the endings for each case, number, and gender.

The forms of amāns

Masc. and fem

Neut

Masc. and fem. neut

The future action happens later

Caesar profectūrus Rōmam nōn exspectāvit means "Cæsar, when about to set out for Rome, did not wait."

profectūrus is future active. Its action happens after the action of exspectāvit.

A deponent perfect has active meaning

Imperātor trīduum morātus profectus est means "the general, having delayed three days, set out."

morātus is the perfect participle of a deponent verb. Its form is passive, but its meaning is active.

Latin participles often become English relative clauses or clauses beginning with when, since, after, or though.

147
the soldiers, while pursuing, captured many
148
the soldiers who were running (lit. running) were weary
149
Cæsar, when about to set out (lit. about to set out) for Rome, did not wait
150
we saw the town which had been captured (lit. captured town)
151
the general, since (when, or after) he had delayed (lit. the general, having delayed) three days, set out
152
the soldiers, though they were conquered (lit. the soldiers conquered), did not retreat

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LXVI, §§374-377

§374. The Latin verb has the following Participles:[1]
[1] Review §203.

CONJ. I CONJ. II CONJ. III CONJ. IV
ACTIVE
PRESENT amāns monēns regēns capiēns audiēns
FUTURE amātūrus monitūrus rēctūrus captūrus audītūrus

PASSIVE
PERFECT amātus monitus rēctus captus audītus
FUTURE[2] amandus monendus regendus capiendus audiendus

CONJ. I CONJ. II
ACTIVE
PRESENT amāns monēns
loving advising
FUTURE amātūrus monitūrus
about to love about to advise

PASSIVE
PERFECT amātus monitus
loved, having advised, having been advised
been loved
FUTURE[2] amandus monendus
to be loved to be advised

CONJ. III CONJ. IV
ACTIVE
PRESENT regēns capiēns audiēns
ruling taking hearing
FUTURE rēctūrus captūrus audītūrus
about to rule about to take about to hear

PASSIVE
PERFECT rēctus captus audītus
ruled, having taken, having heard, havinh
been ruled been taken been heard
FUTURE[2] regendus capiendus audiendus
to be ruled to be taken to be heard
[2] The future passive participle is often called the gerundive.

a. The present active and future passive participles are formed from the present stem, and the future active and perfect passive participles are formed from the participial stem.

b. The present active participle is formed by adding -ns to the present stem. In -iō verbs of the third conjugation, and in the fourth conjugation, the stem is modified by the addition of -ē-, as capi-ē-ns, audi-ē-ns. It is declined like an adjective of one ending of the third declension. (Cf. §256.)

amāns, loving
BASE amant- STEM amanti-
SINGULAR PLURAL
MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT.
Nom. amāns amāns amantēs amantia
Gen. amantis amantis amantium amantium
Dat. amantī amantī amantibus amantibus
Acc. amantem amāns amantīs amantia
or -ēs
Abl. amantī amantī amantibus amantibus
or -e or -e

(1) When used as an adjective the ablative singular ends in -ī; when used as a participle or as a substantive, in -e.

(2) In a similar way decline monēns, regēns, capiēns, audiēns.

c. The future active participle is formed by adding -ūrus to the base of the participial stem. We have already met this form combined with esse to produce the future active infinitive. (Cf. §206.)

d. For the perfect passive participle see §201. The future passive participle or gerundive is formed by adding -ndus to the present stem.

e. All participles in -us are declined like bonus.

f. Participles agree with nouns or pronouns like adjectives.

g. Give all the participles of the following verbs: cūrō, iubeō, sūmō, iaciō, mūniō.

§375. Participles of Deponent Verbs. Deponent verbs have the participles of the active voice as well as of the passive; consequently every deponent verb has four participles, as,

              Pres. Act. hortāns, urging
               Fut. Act. hortātūrus, about to urge
   Perf. Pass. (in form) hortātus, having urged
Fut. Pass. (Gerundive) hortandus, to be urged

a. Observe that the perfect participle of deponent verbs is passive in form but active in meaning. No other verbs have a perfect active participle. On the other hand, the future passive participle of deponent verbs is passive in meaning as in other verbs.

b. Give the participles of cōnor, vereor, sequor, patior, partior.

§376. Tenses of the Participle. The tenses express time as follows:

1. The present active participle corresponds to the English present active participle in -ing, but can be used only of an action occurring at the same time as the action of the main verb; as, mīlitēs īnsequentēs cēpērunt multōs, the soldiers, while pursuing, captured many. Here the pursuing and the capturing are going on together.

2. The perfect participle (excepting of deponents) is regularly passive and corresponds to the English past participle with or without the auxiliary having been; as, audītus, heard or having been heard.

3. The future active participle, translated about to, etc., denotes time after the action of the main verb.

§377. Review §§203, 204, and, note the following model sentences:

1. Mīlitēs currentēs erant dēfessī, the soldiers who were running (lit. running) were weary.

2. Caesar profectūrus Rōmam nōn exspectāvit, Cæsar, when about to set out (lit. about to set out) for Rome, did not wait.

3. Oppidum captum vīdimus, we saw the town which had been captured (lit. captured town).

4. Imperātor trīduum morātus profectus est, the general, since (when, or after) he had delayed (lit. the general, having delayed) three days, set out.

5. Mīlitēs vīctī terga nōn vertērunt, the soldiers, though they were conquered (lit. the soldiers conquered), did not retreat.

In each of these sentences the literal translation of the participle is given in parentheses. We note, however, that its proper translation usually requires a clause beginning with some conjunction (when, since, after, though, etc.), or a relative clause. Consider, in each case, what translation will best bring out the thought, and do not, as a rule, translate the participle literally.

Latin into English (D'Ooge LXVI)

153
The boy, fearing that he may be captured, flees.
154
The eagle, moved by anger, had tried to kill the other birds.
155
The soldiers, hard pressed by the enemy, could not throw their weapons.
156
Caesar, about to praise the tenth legion, advanced to the front of the column.
157
The commander, having urged the horsemen to fight bravely, gave the signal for battle.
158
The soldiers, having pursued the enemy eight miles, returned to camp with many captives.
159
The rising sun saw many slain.
160
The Romans, suspecting a bold plan, did not entrust themselves to the barbarians.
161
The ship, having gone out of the harbor, was in no danger.

English into Latin (D'Ooge LXVI)

162
The army was in very great danger while marching through the enemy’s country.
163
Frightened by the length of the way, they longed for home.
164
When the scouts were about to set out, they heard the shouts of victory.
165
When we had delayed many days, we set fire to the buildings and departed.
166
While living at Rome I heard orators much better than these.
167
The soldiers who are fighting across the river are no braver than we.

Lentulus Engages a Tutor for his Son (Lentulus LXVI)

168
From his earliest years indeed Julia herself had taught her son, and Publius not only could speak pure Latin but also read and wrote with ease.
169
He had already read Ennius and other poets.
170
But now Publius was twelve years old; so his father procured for him a good teacher, a man most distinguished for every kind of learning and virtue, to teach him Greek, music, and the other arts. For in those times almost all nations spoke Greek.
171
Along with Publius other boys, the sons of Lentulus's friends, were learning.
172
For often among the Romans it was the custom not to send their sons to school but to have them taught at home by a tutor.
173
Daily the pupils sat with the teacher in the peristyle of Marcus's house.
174
All the boys wore on the neck a golden locket, the sign of honorable birth, and all were clothed in the purple-bordered toga, because they were not yet sixteen years old.
175
PUPILS. Good morning, teacher.
176
TEACHER. Good morning to all of you too. Have you brought your tablets and styluses?
177
We have.

pūrē: purely
Latīnē: in Latin
aliōsque: elsewhere, another direction
doctrīnā: teaching, learning
mūsicam: music, from musica
peristȳlō: peristyle, from peristylum
bullam: bulla, from bulla
orīginis: source, origin, from origo
sēdecim: sixteen
Tabulāsne: writing tablet
portāvistis: carry, bring

178
Now we shall learn a fable of Aesop.
179
I shall read; you write on your tablets.
180
And you, Publius, give me the volume of Aesop from the book-box.
181
Now listen, all of you: The Fox and the Grapes.
182
A fox, once driven by hunger, saw a bunch of grapes hanging down.
183
She kept jumping at the grapes, trying to take them.
184
After trying in vain for a long time, at last she was angry and, ceasing to jump, said: "Those grapes are sour; I care nothing for sour grapes."
185
Have you written it all, boys?
186
All of it, teacher.

volūmen: roll, book
Vulpēs: fox, from vulpis
Ūva: grape, bunch of grapes
acerba: bitter, sour, from acerbus