Latin · Unit 35

Lēctiōnēs 13–19

Secundus Annus II

Mūcius Scaevola.; Cloelia.; Sēcēssiō Plēbis et Tribūnī creātī. (A. U. C. CCLX.); Coriolānus. (A. U. C. CCLXV.); Fabiī. (A. U. C. CCLXXVII.); Cincinnātus. (A. U. C. CCXCVI.)

236 lines

Mūcius Scaevola: the purpose clause

English infinitive, Latin clause

Ibi scrība cum rēge sedēbat parī ferē vestītū ōrnātus, ut mīlitibus stīpendium daret.

There a secretary sat with the king, dressed in almost the same clothing, to pay the soldiers their wages.

English expresses the purpose with the infinitive "to pay." Latin uses ut with the subjunctive daret for the intended outcome of sedēbat.

A plan takes the same form

Castra in campō rīpīsque Tiberis posuit, eō cōnsiliō ut urbem obsidēret.

Porsenna pitched camp on the plain and the banks of the Tiber, with the intention of besieging the city.

Eō cōnsiliō makes the intention explicit. Ut urbem obsidēret states the intended outcome, with obsidēret in the subjunctive.

In both lines, an ut purpose clause states the intended outcome of the main action.

1
In this way Porsenna had tried to storm Rome, but, repulsed, he turned his plans from storming the city to besieging it.
Hunchic: this
inin, on; into, to, against
modummodus: measure; manner, way, mode
PorsennaPorsenna (a name)
RōmamRoma: Rome
oppūgnāreoppugno: attack, assault, storm, besiege
cōnātusconor: attempt, try
erat,sum: be; exist
sedbut
repulsusrepulsus2: electoral defeat
cōnsiliaconsilium: plan
abfrom, by
oppūgnandāoppugno: attack, assault, storm, besiege
urbeurbs: city
adto
obsidendamobsideo: blockade, besiege, invest, beset
vertit.verto: turn, change
2
So, a garrison being placed on the Janiculum, he pitched camp on the plain and the banks of the Tiber, with the intention of besieging the city; this done, he prevented the Romans from fetching grain or going outside the gates.
3
From this came a great shortage of food in the city.
4
At last, however, Gaius Mucius, a young nobleman, formed a plan and went to the senate to set it out: that he wished, crossing the river, to enter the enemy's camp: that he had it in mind to dare something great.
5
He persuaded the fathers to approve the plan: and, a dagger hidden inside his clothing, he set out for the enemy.
6
When he had arrived there, he took his stand in the densest part of the crowd near the royal tribunal.
7
There a secretary was sitting with the king, dressed in almost the same clothing, to pay the soldiers their wages.
8
Mucius, however, to whom Porsenna was unknown, killed the secretary instead of the king.
9
At once he fled by the way he had himself made through the crowd with his bloody dagger, but the royal guards caught him and brought him back to the tribunal; there he said, 'I am a Roman citizen: they call me C. Mucius.
10
As an enemy I wished to kill an enemy, and I am no less ready to die than I was to kill.

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LXII, §§348-352

§348. Observe the sentence

Caesar hominēs mittit quī pontem reperiant,
Cæsar sends men to find the bridge

The verb reperiant in the dependent clause is in the subjunctive because it tells us what Cæsar wants the men to do; in other words, it expresses his will and the purpose in his mind. Such a use of the subjunctive is called the subjunctive of purpose.

§349. RULE. Subjunctive of Purpose. The subjunctive is used in a dependent clause to express the purpose of the action in the principal clause.

§350. A clause of purpose is introduced as follows:

I. If something is wanted, by

quī, the relative pronoun (as above)
ut, conj., in order that, that
quō (abl. of quī, by which), in order that, that, used when
  the purpose clause contains a comparative. The ablative quō
  expresses the measure of difference. (Cf. §317.)

II. If something is not wanted, by

nē, conj., in order that not, that not, lest

§351. EXAMPLES

1. Caesar cōpiās cōgit quibus hostīs īnsequātur
  Cæsar collects troops with which to pursue the foe

2. Pācem petunt ut domum revertantur
  They ask for peace in order that they may return home

3. Pontem faciunt quō facilius oppidum capiant
  They build a bridge that they may take the town more easily
  (lit. by which the more easily)

4. Fugiunt nē vulnerentur
   They flee that they may not (or lest they) be wounded

§352. Expression of Purpose in English. In English, purpose clauses are sometimes introduced by that or in order that, but much more frequently purpose is expressed in English by the infinitive, as We eat to live, She stoops to conquer. In Latin prose, on the other hand, purpose is never expressed by the infinitive. Be on your guard and do not let the English idiom betray you into this error.

repulsus: electoral defeat
locātō: seat, rank, from locatum
Mūcius: dumb, silent, from Mutius
trāiectō: transfer, from trajecto
approbārent: approve, commend, from approbo
mūcrōne: sword, sword point, from mucro
scrība: scribe, clerk
stīpendium: tribute, stipend
Mūcium: mucus, snot, from Mucia

11
Both to do and to suffer brave things is Roman.
12
Nor am I the only one who wanted this against you: there is a long line behind me seeking the same thing.'
13
Then the king, at once inflamed with anger and terrified by the danger, a fire being lit, ordered Mucius to set out his plans plainly.
14
He, however, said, 'The body is cheap to those who seek great glory': and of his own accord thrust his right hand into the flames, and did not seem to feel the pain.
15
Astonished at the marvel, Porsenna sprang from his seat and sent Mucius home: 'Go away,' he said, 'for you have dared brave things against yourself rather than against me.'
16
Then Mucius, not ungrateful, told him that three hundred young men had sworn together with the intention of killing the king: that his own lot had been first, that the others would be at hand each in his own time.
17
When he had been sent away, envoys soon followed him to Rome to bring terms of peace.
18
Afterwards, on account of his burnt right hand, the surname Scaevola was given him.
19
What second plan did Porsenna form?
20
What did he urge his soldiers?

iniēcit: enter, from injacio
ausus: daring, exploit
ingrātus: unpleasant
combūstam: burn up, from comburo

21
What did he prevent the Romans from doing?
22
What did C. Mucius say to the senate?
23
With what purpose did he set out?
24
With what purpose was the secretary sitting with the king?
25
Why did Mucius kill the secretary instead of the king?
26
Brought back, what did he do?
27
What did Mucius say about the other young men?
28
With what purpose were envoys sent to Rome?

Cloelia: the purpose clause

Purpose viewed from the past

Haud tamen procul ā rīpīs Tiberis castra posuit, nē Rōmānī condiciōnēs violārent.

He pitched camp, however, not far from the banks of the Tiber, so that the Romans should not violate the terms.

The past posuit sets the time. Its purpose clause has violārent, an imperfect subjunctive.

The same sequence with ut

The Tarquins excēpērunt, intercepted, the hostages eō cōnsiliō ut eās occīderent, with the intention of killing them.

The past excēpērunt sets the time. The purpose clause has occīderent, another imperfect subjunctive.

After a past main verb, a purpose clause normally uses the imperfect subjunctive for action intended at that past time.

29
Peace was made on the condition that hostages should be given by the Romans.
30
Then Porsenna led his army down from the Janiculum and withdrew from Roman territory.
31
He pitched camp, however, not far from the banks of the Tiber, so that the Romans should not violate the terms.
32
But the maiden Cloelia, one of the hostages, having eluded the guards and made herself leader of a band of maidens, swam across the Tiber amid the enemy's weapons and restored all her companions unharmed to their parents.
33
When this was reported to the king, at first, inflamed with anger, he sent envoys to Rome to demand that Cloelia at least be returned as a hostage: then, turned from anger to admiration, he said Cloelia was braver than Cocles and Mucius.
34
On both sides good faith held: the Romans sent all the hostages back to Porsenna.
35
As they set out the Tarquins intercepted them on the way, with the intention of killing them: for they did not want there to be peace between Porsenna and the Romans; but the Etruscan guards prevented the Tarquins from doing it.
36
Hearing this, Porsenna, having wholly rejected the friendship of the Tarquins, set out for home.
37
From then on the Romans had a firm peace with him.
38
To the Roman people, because there was a great shortage of food in the city, he gave everything that had been left in the Etruscan camp.

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LXIII, §§354-359

§354. The imperfect subjunctive may be formed by adding the personal endings to the present active infinitive.

   CONJ. I     CONJ. II     CONJ. III                 CONJ. IV
   ACTIVE
1. amā´rem     monē´rem     re´gerem     ca´perem     audī´rem
2. amā´rēs     monē´rēs     re´gerēs     ca´perēs     audī´rēs
3. amā´ret     monē´ret     re´geret     ca´peret     audī´ret

1. amārē´mus   monērē´mus   regerē´mus   caperē´mus   audīrē´mus
2. amārē´tis   monērē´tis   regerē´tis   caperē´tis   audīrē´tis
3. amā´rent    monē´rent    re´gerent    ca´perent    audī´rent

   PASSIVE
1. amā´rer     monē´rer     re´gerer     ca´perer     audī´rer
2. amārē´ris   monērē´ris   regerē´ris   caperē´ris   audīrē´ris
        (-re)        (-re)        (-re)        (-re)        (-re)
3. amārē´tur   monērē´tur   regerē´tur   caperē´tur   audīrē´tur

1. amārē´mur   monērē´mur   regerē´mur   caperē´mur   audīrē´mur
2. amārē´minī  monērē´minī  regerē´minī  caperē´minī  audīrē´minī
3. amāren´tur  monēren´tur  regeren´tur  caperen´tur  audīren´tur

a. In a similar way inflect the imperfect subjunctive, active and passive, of cūrō, iubeō, sūmō, iaciō, mūniō.

§355. The imperfect subjunctive of the irregular verb sum is inflected as follows:

      { 1. es´sem           { 1. essē´mus
SING. { 2. es´sēs    PLURAL { 2. essē´tis
      { 3. es´set           { 3. es´sent

§356. The three great distinctions of time are present, past, and future. All tenses referring to present or future time are called primary tenses, and those referring to past time are called secondary tenses. Now it is a very common law of language that in a complex sentence the tense in the dependent clause should be of the same kind as the tense in the principal clause. In the sentence He says that he is coming, the principal verb, says, is present, that is, is in a primary tense; and is coming, in the dependent clause, is naturally also primary. If I change he says to he said,--in other words, if I make the principal verb secondary in character,--I feel it natural to change the verb in the dependent clause also, and I say, He said that he was coming. This following of a tense by another of the same kind is called tense sequence, from sequī, “to follow.”

In Latin the law of tense sequence is obeyed with considerable regularity, especially when an indicative in the principal clause is followed by a subjunctive in the dependent clause. Then a primary tense of the indicative is followed by a primary tense of the subjunctive, and a secondary tense of the indicative is followed by a secondary tense of the subjunctive. Learn the following table:

§357. TABLE FOR SEQUENCE OF TENSES

P R I M   +-------------------+---------------------+---------------------+ A R T  PRINCIPAL VERB IN THE       +---------------------+---------------------+ INDICATIVE Present Future Future perfect  DEPENDENT VERBS IN THE SUBJUNCTIVE Incomplete or Continuing Action Present  Completed Action Perfect
S D E A C R O Y N-                                                                 Imperfect Perfect Pluperfect                                                                                        Imperfect                                                                   Pluperfect

§358. RULE. Sequence of Tenses. Primary tenses are followed by primary tenses and secondary by secondary.

§359. EXAMPLES

I. Primary tenses in principal and dependent clauses:

Mittit     }
Mittet     } hominēs ut agrōs vāstent
Mīserit    }

     { sends            }       { that they may             }
He { will send        } men { in order to               }
     { will have sent }       { to lay waste the fields }

II. Secondary tenses in principal and dependent clauses:

Mittēbat}
Mīsit     } hominēs ut agrōs vāstārent
Mīserat }

     { was sending        }       { that they might           }
He { sent or has sent } men { in order to               }
     { had sent           }       { to lay waste the fields }

composita: well-arranged, regular, from compositus
frūstrāta: disappoint, frustrate, from frustro
rēiectā: throw back, from rejecto
fīrma: firm, from firmus

39
He not only sent Cloelia and the hostages back to Rome unconditionally, but even gave the maiden a horse and arms.
40
The Romans set up at the top of the Sacred Way a statue of Cloelia sitting on a horse.
41
On what condition was peace made?
42
With what purpose did Porsenna pitch camp not far from Rome?
43
How did Cloelia escape past the guards?
44
With what purpose was she made leader of the maidens?
45
What did Porsenna order at once?
46
How did he compare Cloelia with Cocles and Mucius?
47
With what purpose did the Tarquins intercept the hostages on the way?
48
For what reason did they do this?
49
What did Porsenna do about the Tarquins?
50
What did he give to Cloelia and the Romans?

īnsīdentis: sit, from insido

Sēcēssiō Plēbis et Tribūnī creātī: pronouns

Nē marks what they fear

Timēbant enim patrēs nē quis impetum in urbem faceret means "for the fathers were afraid that someone would make an attack on the city."

Timēbant introduces the fear. Nē introduces the event they fear: quis impetum in urbem faceret.

Fear requires the subjunctive

Faceret is subjunctive because it stands after timēbant in the clause introduced by nē.

Its tense follows the known sequence of tenses after the imperfect timēbant.

51
The Roman senate had promised the people that, the war finished, it would propose a law so that soldiers should be freed from debt.
52
The war finished, it had not kept its promise: indignant at this, the people, at the instigation of a certain Sicinius, withdrew to the Sacred Mount: the Sacred Mount is three miles from the city beyond the river Anio.
53
There, with no leader, their camp fortified with rampart and ditch, they sat quietly for some days and took nothing but what was necessary for life.
54
There was enormous fear in the city: for the fathers were afraid that someone would make an attack on the city: for any enemy could take Rome lacking soldiers.
55
At last the senate decided to send to the people as spokesman Menenius Agrippa, an eloquent man and dear to the people.
56
He, received into the camp, is said to have told this story:
57
'Formerly in a man all the limbs did not agree together, as now, but each did what seemed good to it.
58
Once the other parts conspired against the belly: they said that by their own care and their own labour they got everything for the belly, and that the belly did nothing else but enjoy the food that was given it.
59
So they resolved that the hands should not carry food to the mouth, nor the mouth accept the food given it, nor the teeth chew: in this way they hoped to conquer the belly by hunger.
60
But meanwhile the limbs themselves and the whole body were wasting away.

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson L, §§285-287

§285. Ipse means -self (him-self, her-self, etc.) or is translated by even or very. It is used to emphasize a noun or pronoun, expressed or understood, with which it agrees like an adjective.

a. Ipse must be carefully distinguished from the reflexive suī. The latter is always used as a pronoun, while ipse is regularly adjective. Compare

Homō sē videt, the man sees himself (reflexive)
Homō ipse perīculum videt,
  the man himself (intensive) sees the danger
Homō ipsum perīculum videt,
  the man sees the danger itself (intensive)

§286. Except for the one form ipse, the intensive pronoun is declined exactly like the nine irregular adjectives (cf. §§108, 109). Learn the declension (§481).

§287. The demonstrative īdem, meaning the same, is a compound of is. It is declined as follows:

        SINGULAR
        MASC.       FEM.        NEUT.
Nom.    īdem        e´adem      idem
Gen.    eius´dem    eius´dem    eius´dem
Dat.    eī´dem      eī´dem      eī´dem
Acc.    eun´dem     ean´dem     idem
Abl.    eō´dem      eā´dem      eō´dem

        PLURAL
Nom.    iī´dem      eae´dem     e´adem
          eī´dem
Gen.    eōrun´dem   eārun´dem   eōrun´dem
Dat.    iīs´dem     iīs´dem     iīs´dem
          eīs´dem     eīs´dem     eīs´dem
Acc.    eōs´dem     eās´dem     e´adem
Abl.    iīs´dem     iīs´dem     iīs´dem
          eīs´dem     eīs´dem     eīs´dem

a. From forms like eundem (eum + -dem), eōrundem (eōrum
+ -dem), we learn the rule that m before d is changed to n.

b. The forms iīdem, iīsdem are often spelled and pronounced with one ī.

§290. We have already learned the declension of the demonstrative pronoun is and its use. (Cf. Lesson XVII.) That pronoun refers to persons or things either far or near, and makes no definite reference to place or time. If we wish to point out an object definitely in place or time, we must use hic, iste, or ille. These demonstratives, like is, are used both as pronouns and as adjectives, and their relation to the speaker may be represented graphically thus:

           hic            iste          ille
SPEAKER ------------->-------------->--------------->
        this, he;  that, he;  that, he
          (near);       (remote);     (more remote)

a. In dialogue hic refers to a person or thing near the speaker; iste, to a person or thing near the person addressed; ille, to a person or thing remote from both. These distinctions are illustrated in the model sentences, §293, which should be carefully studied and imitated.

§291. Hic is declined as follows:

         SINGULAR
         MASC.   FEM.    NEUT.
Nom.     hic     haec    hoc
Gen.     huius   huius   huius
Dat.     huic    huic    huic
Acc.     hunc    hanc    hoc
Abl.     hōc     hāc     hōc

         PLURAL
Nom.     hī      hae     haec
Gen.     hōrum   hārum   hōrum
Dat.     hīs     hīs     hīs
Acc.     hōs     hās     haec
Abl.     hīs     hīs     hīs

a. Huius is pronounced ho͝o´yo͝os, and huic is pronounced ho͝oic (one syllable).

§292. The demonstrative pronouns iste, ista, istud, and ille, illa, illud, except for the nominative and accusative singular neuter forms istud and illud, are declined exactly like ipse, ipsa, ipsum. (See §481.)

§293. MODEL SENTENCES

Is this horse (of mine) strong?
  Estne hic equus validus?

That horse (of yours) is strong, but that one (yonder) is weak Iste equus est validus, sed ille est īnfīrmus

Are these (men by me) your friends?
  Suntne hī amīcī tuī?

Those (men by you) are my friends,
    but those (men yonder) are enemies
  Istī sunt amīcī meī, sed illī sunt inimīcī

§296. The indefinite pronouns are used to refer to some person or some thing, without indicating which particular one is meant. The pronouns quis and quī, which we have learned in their interrogative and relative uses, may also be indefinite; and nearly all the other indefinite pronouns are compounds of quis or quī and declined almost like them. Review the declension of these words, §§221, 227.

§297. Learn the declension and meaning of the following indefinites:

MASC.      FEM.             NEUT.
     quis                   quid, some one, any one (substantive)
quī        qua or quae    quod, some, any (adjective), §483
     aliquis                aliquid, some one, any one
                              (substantive), §487
aliquī     aliqua           aliquod, some, any (adjective), §487
quīdam     quaedam          quoddam, quiddam, a certain,
                               a certain one, §485
     quisquam               quicquam or quidquam (no plural),
                              any one (at all) (substantive), §486
     quisque                quidque, each one, every one
                              (substantive), §484
quisque    quaeque          quodque, each, every (adjective), §484

NOTE. The meanings of the neuters, something, etc., are easily inferred from the masculine and feminine.

a. In the masculine and neuter singular of the indefinites, quis-forms and quid-forms are mostly used as substantives, quī-forms and quod-forms as adjectives.

b. The indefinites quis and quī never stand first in a clause, and are rare excepting after sī, nisi, nē, num (as, sī quis, if any one; sī quid, if anything; nisi quis, unless some one). Generally aliquis and aliquī are used instead.

c. The forms qua and aliqua are both feminine nominative singular and neuter nominative plural of the indefinite adjectives quī and aliquī respectively. How do these differ from the corresponding forms of the relative quī?

d. Observe that quīdam (quī + -dam) is declined like quī, except that in the accusative singular and genitive plural m of quī becomes n (cf. §287.a): quendam, quandam, quōrundam, quārundam; also that the neuter has quiddam (substantive) and quoddam (adjective) in the nominative and accusative singular. Quīdam is the least indefinite of the indefinite pronouns, and implies that you could name the person or thing referred to if you cared to do so.

e. Quisquam and quisque (substantive) are declined like quis.

f. Quisquam, any one (quicquam or quidquam, anything), is always used substantively and chiefly in negative sentences. The corresponding adjective any is ūllus, -a, -um (§108).

Siciniō: dagger, from Sicinius
Aniēnem: ring, circle, from Anio
Menēnium: my, from Menenius
fācundum: eloquent, from facundus
ventrem: stomach, womb, from venter

61
From this it became clear that the belly too was by no means idle, and did not only enjoy food but also performed its own duty: for the food being consumed, it gave back blood from there to all parts of the body.'
62
This story told, it seemed beyond doubt to the people that by its own revolt it was harming itself.
63
So peace was made on the condition that two tribunes should be created from the people, who should have the right to forbid the consuls themselves to act.
64
Why was the people angry?
65
What did it do on that account?
66
What did the senate fear?
67
With what purpose did it send Menenius to the people?
68
Of what did he persuade the people?
69
On what condition did the people return?
70
What power did the Roman tribunes have?
71
Tell the story about the limbs of the body.

fungī: fungus, from fungus
sēditiōnem: sedition, riot, from seditio
proptereā: therefore, for this reason

Coriolānus: indirect question

A question inside the purpose

Prīmum lēgātōs mīsērunt means, First they sent envoys.

Quī rogārent num oppidum sibi trādere vellent means, to ask whether they were willing to hand over the town.

Quī rogārent states the envoys' purpose. Num oppidum sibi trādere vellent is the indirect question within that purpose clause.

The question keeps its word

Dēlīberābant quid faciendum esset means, They were deliberating what should be done.

Num remains whether in the first question, and quid remains what in the second. Vellent follows rogārent. Esset follows dēlīberābant.

Each indirect question uses an imperfect subjunctive after an imperfect verb. Sequence of tenses determines the subjunctive tense.

72
Peace being made with the Latin peoples, the Romans, many towns of the Volsci being taken, came to Corioli.
73
First they sent envoys to ask whether they were willing to hand over the town: then, the townsmen refusing, they assaulted the town with great force.
74
Then, while the Romans were intent on the siege, at the same time the Volsci hurried from Antium to bring help and the townsmen burst out of the town.
75
As it happened Gaius Marcius was on guard, a young man ready both in counsel and in action: he with a picked band of soldiers not only drove back the attack of those bursting out, but fiercely burst in through the open gate, and, slaughter being made in the town, set fire to the buildings.
76
But the Volsci, who had come to bring help, amid the shouts of the townsmen did not know which were the Romans, which their own allies.
77
They being put to flight, the town of Corioli was taken.
78
C. Marcius on account of his deeds got the surname Coriolanus.
79
That year the Romans were short of grain: for the fields were untilled because of the secession.
80
Oppressed by hunger, such as the besieged are wont to suffer, they were deliberating what should be done.
81
At last a great quantity of grain was brought from Sicily: it was asked in the senate at what price it should be sold to the people.

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LXXIV, §§429-433

§429. Review the word lists in §§517, 518.

§430. When we report a statement instead of giving it directly, we have an indirect statement. (Cf. §414.) So, if we report a question instead of asking it directly, we have an indirect question.

DIRECT QUESTION                  INDIRECT QUESTION
Who conquered the Gauls?      He asked who conquered the Gauls

a. An indirect question depends, usually as object, upon a verb of asking (as petō, postulō, quaerō, rogō) or upon some verb or expression of saying or mental action. (Cf. §420.)

§431. Compare the following direct and indirect questions:

DIRECT INDIRECT

Quis Gallōs vincit?      {  a. Rogat quis Gallōs vincat
Who is conquering the    {       He asks who is conquering the
  Gauls?                 {       Gauls
                         {  b. Rogavit quis Gallōs vinceret
                         {       He asked who was conquering
                         {       the Gauls

                         {  a. Rogat ubi sit Rōma
Ubī est Rōma?            {       He asks where Rome is
Where is Rome?           {  b. Rogāvit ubi esset Rōma
                         {        He asked where Rome was

                         {  a. Rogat num Caesar Gallōs vīcerit
                         {       He asks whether Cæsar conquered
Caesarne Gallōs vīcit? {       the Gauls
Did Cæsar conquer the    {  b. Rogāvit num Caesar Gallōs
  Gauls?                 {         vīcisset
                         {       He asked whether Cæsar had
                         {       conquered the Gauls

a. The verb in a direct question is in the indicative mood, but the mood is subjunctive in an indirect question.

b. The tense of the subjunctive follows the rules for tense sequence.

c. Indirect questions are introduced by the same interrogative words as introduce direct questions, excepting thatyes-or-no direct questions (cf. §210) on becoming indirect are usually introduced by num, whether.

§432. RULE. Indirect Questions. In an indirect question the verb is in the subjunctive and its tense is determined by the law for tense sequence.

§433. IDIOMS

dē tertiā vigiliā, about the third watch iniūriās alicui īnferre, to inflict injuries upon some one facere verba prō, with the ablative, to speak in behalf of in reliquum tempus, for the future

Coriolōs: small piece of leather, from Corioli
adortī: assail, rise against, from adorior
Antiō: locks of hair that hang, from Antium
irrūpit: invade, from irrumpo
oppidānōrum: townspeople, from oppidani
incultī: uncultivated, overgrown, from incultus
advēcta: carry, bring, from adveho

82
But C. Marcius warned the senators not to give the people any grain: for the previous year they had seceded: let them then secede again, if it so pleased them.
83
Was not the way open to the Sacred Mount and the other hills?
84
Before, they had seized grain from Roman fields: then too they might seize whatever was in the fields.
85
At last, inflamed with anger, the people demanded that Coriolanus be accused before the judges.
86
Accused, he is condemned; to avoid death, he went off as an exile to the Volsci: kindly received by the Volsci he was soon made their leader.
87
Then the Volsci, war being declared on the Romans, many towns being taken, besieged Rome itself.
88
First spokesmen, then priests, were sent as suppliants to Marcius to beg him to make peace: but he gave a savage answer.
89
Finally two matrons, bringing their sons with them, appeared at the enemy's camp.
90
Coriolanus asked who was coming: but when it was reported to him that women were there, at first he spurned them much more stubbornly: soon a certain slave, who had recognised Veturia his mother and Volumnia his wife, said, 'Unless my eyes deceive me, your mother and wife and children are here.'
91
Coriolanus leaped down from his seat to embrace his mother.

sēcēderent: withdraw, from secedo
supplicēs: suppliant, kneeling, from supplex
sprēvit: scorn, despise, from sperno
Volumniam: womb, from Volumnia

92
She, however, turning from entreaty to anger, asked him whether he was an enemy or a son, she herself a mother or a captive.
93
Then Coriolanus embraced his family and sent them away, and himself moved his camp from the city.
94
That he perished among the Volsci by one death or another, different writers relate.
95
With what purpose did the Romans send envoys to Corioli?
96
What did the townsmen answer?
97
What sort of man was C. Marcius?
98
With what purpose did the Volsci come from Antium?
99
What did Marcius do in the town?
100
Why were the Romans short of grain?
101
By what sort of hunger were they oppressed?

102
What was fetched from Sicily?
103
What was deliberated in the senate?
104
What did Marcius advise?
105
Why did he not want food given to the people?
106
What did the people then demand?
107
With what purpose did Marcius go into exile?
108
With what purpose were spokesmen sent to Marcius?
109
Who else was sent to him?
110
What did the slave report?
111
What did his mother ask Marcius?
112
What do they relate about his death?

Fabiī: indirect question

Quid marks the reported question

Rogantem senātum quid in animō habērent means "when the senate asked what they had in mind."

Quid in animō habērent reports the senate's question. Its verb habērent is subjunctive.

The tenses follow the asking verb

Rogābant inter sē quae aliae gentēs contrā Volscōs pūgnāre vellent means "they asked among themselves what other clans were willing to fight against the Volsci."

Quae marks the indirect question. Rogābant is imperfect, so the subjunctive vellent is imperfect.

113
While the Romans were intent on other wars, the Veientes began to lay waste their fields.
114
The Romans lacked both soldiers and money.
115
Then the Fabian clan went to the senate: when the senate asked what they had in mind, Quintus Fabius on behalf of the clan begged that the senators should attend to the other wars and give the Fabii as enemies to the Veientes: that they wished to wage this war, as if a family matter, at their own expense.
116
Enormous thanks were given: for no one doubted that the Fabii would conquer.
117
The citizens praised them to the skies: they asked among themselves what other clans were willing to fight against the Volsci.
118
The next day the Fabii take up arms: they assemble where they had been ordered, three hundred and six soldiers, all patricians, all of one clan, 'of whom', as we find in Ovid, 'any one was fit to be made leader'.
119
They reach the river Cremera.
120
The enemy, routed and driven back to Saxa Rubra (they had their camp there), beg for peace as suppliants.
121
Peace being obtained, the enemy nevertheless made some raids for the sake of booty: in these contests the Fabii generally carried off the victory.
122
Once the Fabii caught sight of some cattle left by the enemy on a plain enclosed by hills and woods.

velut: just as, as if
Cremeram: gruel, pap, from Cremera

123
They were not on guard against an ambush, nor did they consider whether they would find enemies hidden there, or what tricks they were preparing; heedless they ran down onto the plain to seize the cattle.
124
But the enemy,
125
When to conquer openly
126
is not granted, prepare ambush and hidden arms.
127
Where are you rushing, noble house? You trust the enemy ill.
128
Simple nobility, beware treacherous weapons!
129
Valour perishes by fraud: onto the open plains from every side
130
the enemy leap out and hold every flank.
131
What can a few brave men do against so many thousands?
132
The Fabii being surrounded, weapons fell on them from every side: they fought fiercely but in vain: the Fabii were cut down to a man.

cēlātōs: conceal, hide, from celo
generōsa: noble, of noble birth, from generosus
nōbilitās: nobility

133
One day had sent all the Fabii to war,
134
one day destroyed those sent to war.
135
What did Quintus Fabius beg of the senate?
136
For what reason did he beg this?
137
What did the citizens ask?
138
How did Ovid describe the Fabii?
139
What did the routed enemy beg?
140
What sort of war was it thereafter?
141
How were the Fabii defeated?
142
Why did they fall into the ambush?

perdidit: ruin, destroy, from perdo
fūsī: spindle, from fusus

Cincinnātus: indirect question

An earlier action in a past question

Quīnctius uxōrem rogāvit ubi togam suam reposuisset means Quinctius asked his wife where she had put his toga.

Reposuisset is pluperfect subjunctive because putting away the toga was complete before the past asking.

Iussissent and accidisset follow the same rule. The orders and the event were complete before accēpit and nārrāvērunt.

A past indirect question uses the pluperfect subjunctive when its action was already complete before the main verb.

143
The Aequi, having made a raid into Latium, were besieging the camp of the Roman army.
144
This being reported, there was enormous panic in the city.
145
One consul was in the besieged camp; in the other no one had confidence.
146
So the senate decided to create a dictator: by the agreement of all Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus was created.
147
He, the one hope of the Roman state, was tilling a farm of four acres beyond the Tiber.
148
While he was ploughing, envoys arrived to announce the senate's orders to him; greetings given and returned, they asked that he hear the instructions wearing his toga.
149
Hearing this, Quinctius asked his wife where she had put his toga and to give it to him; at last, the toga put on, he received from the envoys what the fathers had ordered; they hailed him dictator, and told what had happened in the camp.
150
Cincinnatus, carried across the Tiber in a boat provided at public expense, was received at Rome by the fathers themselves.
151
The next day, when he had come into the forum before dawn, he named Lucius Tarquitius master of the horse; then he ordered that all shops be closed, and that all who were of military age should be present armed, with food cooked for five days and twelve stakes each, in the Campus Martius before sunset; the old men he ordered to cook the food.
152
Before sunset all assembled armed, carrying stakes and food, fit both for the march and for battle.

Aequī: level ground
incursiōne: onrush, attack, from incursio
cōnfīdēbat: rely on, trust, from confido
cōnsēnsū: agreement, consent, from consensus
Cincinnātus: ringlet, curl
togātus: wearing a toga
vāllōs: stake, palisade, from vallus

153
Cincinnatus, the column formed, set out for the besieged camp.
154
At midnight, when he perceived that he was near the enemy, riding round on horseback he reconnoitred what sort of camp the enemy had made.
155
Then he surrounded the enemy with his army in a long column.
156
At once, the signal given, the soldiers raise a huge shout, each drives his stakes into the ground before him, they begin to make a ditch and rampart.
157
The shout carried over the enemy's camp and was heard in the consul's camp.
158
At first, however, the consul did not know for certain where the shout had come from: then, when he understood that the shout was Roman and that help was at hand, he ordered his men to take up arms and follow him.
159
Immediately battle was joined in the night: the Aequi, who feared that the besieged Romans would break out through the middle of their camp, fought fiercely with the consul until dawn.
160
At first light, now wholly surrounded by the dictator, they could scarcely sustain the fight against one army.
161
Then at last the dictator's army was beginning a fresh fight with all its might: the enemy, who had now perceived how they were trapped, turning from battle to entreaty, begged the dictator on one side and the consul on the other to let them go away unarmed.
162
The dictator ordered the leader and chief men to be brought to him in chains: the rest might go, but first must pass under the yoke.

circumvectus: make rounds of, from circumvehor
fīgunt: fasten, fix, from figo
initum: entry, start, from initus

163
A yoke is made of three spears, two fixed in the ground and one laid across above them.
164
Under this yoke the dictator sent the Aequi.
165
Returning to the city in triumph, on the sixteenth day he laid down the dictatorship.
166
Why did the senate create a dictator?
167
With what purpose were envoys sent to Cincinnatus?
168
What was he doing?
169
What did they ask him?
170
What did he ask his wife?
171
The toga put on by him, what did the envoys set out?
172
What did Cincinnatus order the next day?

trānsversā: divert from one place, from transverto
abdicāvit: resign, abdicate, from abdico

173
In what state did everyone assemble in the Campus Martius?
174
With what purpose did Cincinnatus go round the enemy's camp?
175
The signal given, what did everyone do?
176
What did the consul, hearing the shout, order his men?
177
What did the Aequi fear?
178
What did they beg when now defeated?
179
What did the dictator answer?
180
Describe the yoke.

Iterātiō (tempore praesentī), review, in the present tense

Continuing action uses the present

Horātius ōrat ut sēcum maneant et pontem dēfendant means Horatius begs them to stay with him and defend the bridge.

The present main verb ōrat sets primary sequence. Maneant and dēfendant are present subjunctives because their actions continue with the request.

Completed action uses the perfect

Scītisne quī aliī Romānī tam fortia fēcerint asks whether the listeners know which other Romans did such brave things.

The present main verb scītisne also sets primary sequence. Fēcerint is perfect subjunctive because the brave acts precede the question.

After a present main verb, continuing action uses the present subjunctive. Completed action uses the perfect subjunctive.

181
The exiled Tarquins beg Porsenna to attack Rome and recover the kingdom for them and take vengeance on the Romans.
182
At last they persuade him to take up arms and come to their aid.
183
He, having urged his soldiers not to be afraid, comes to Rome: but the senate fears that the terrified citizens will give the kingdom back to the Tarquins.
184
The enemy approaching, Horatius begs the Romans fleeing from the Janiculum to stay with him and defend the bridge: when they refuse he entreats them to break the bridge: then he asks who is willing to resist the enemy with him.
185
He persuades two to stand by him: these three cross the bridge to drive back the enemy.
186
But only a small part of the bridge being left, he orders his companions to withdraw to safety.
187
The enemy urge one another to make an attack on Horatius: from every side they hurl weapons at him with the intention of thrusting him into the river.
188
But at last he himself, the bridge wholly broken, having prayed to the Tiber to receive him and his arms, swims across unharmed to his own men.
189
So he prevents the Etruscans from taking Rome.
190
Do you know what other Romans did such brave things?

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LXXVII, §§448-451

§448. There are four agreements:

1. That of the predicate noun or of the appositive with the noun to which it belongs (§§76, 81).

2. That of the adjective, adjective pronoun, or participle with its noun (§65).

3. That of a verb with its subject (§28).

4. That of a relative pronoun with its antecedent (§224).

§449. The relation expressed by the genitive is, in general, denoted in English by the preposition of. It is used to express

              { a. As attributive (§38).
1. Possession {
              { b. In the predicate (§409).

2. The whole of which a part is taken (partitive genitive) (§331).

3. Quality or description (§§443, 445).

§450. The relation expressed by the dative is, in general, denoted in English by the prepositions to or for when they do not imply motion through space. It is used to express

                       { a. With intransitive verbs and with
                       {   transitive verbs in connection with a
                       {   direct object in the accusative (§45).
1. The indirect object { b. With special intransitive verbs (§154).
                       { c. With verbs compounded with ad, ante,
                       {   con, dē, in, inter, ob, post,
                       {   prae, prō, sub, super (§426).

2. The object to which the quality of an adjective is directed (§143).

3. The purpose, or end for which, often with a second dative denoting the person or thing affected (§437).

§451. The accusative case corresponds, in general, to the English objective. It is used to express

1. The direct object of a transitive verb (§37).

2. The predicate accusative together with the direct object after verbs of making, choosing, falling, showing, and the like (§392).

3. The subject of the infinitive (§214).

4. The object of prepositions that do not govern the ablative (§340).

5. The duration of time and the extent of space (§336).

6. The place to which (§§263, 266).

§453. The relations of the ablative are, in general, expressed in English by the prepositions with (or by), from (or by), and in (or at). The constructions growing out of these meanings are

I. Ablative rendered with (or by):
  1. Cause (§102)
  2. Means (§103)
  3. Accompaniment (§104)
  4. Manner (§105)
  5. Measure of difference (§317)
  6. With a participle (ablative absolute) (§381)
  7. Description or quality (§§444, 445)
  8. Specification (§398)

II. Ablative rendered from (or by):
  1. Place from which (§§179, 264)
  2. Ablative of separation (§180)
  3. Personal agent with a passive verb (§181)
  4. Comparison without quam (§309)

III. Ablative rendered in (or at):
  1. Place at or in which (§§265, 266)
  2. Time when or within which (§275)

§455. The gerund is a verbal noun and is used only in the genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative singular. The constructions of these cases are in general the same as those of other nouns (§§402, 406.1).

§456. The gerundive is a verbal adjective and must be used instead of gerund + object, excepting in the genitive and in the ablative without a preposition. Even in these instances the gerundive construction is more usual (§406.2).

§457. The infinitive is used:

I. As in English.

a. As subject or predicate nominative (§216).

b. To complete the predicate with verbs of incomplete predication (complementary infinitive) (§215).

c. As object with subject accusative after verbs of wishing, commanding, forbidding, and the like (§213).

II. In the principal sentence of an indirect statement after verbs of saying and mental action. The subject is in the accusative (§§416, 418, 419).

§458. The subjunctive is used:

1. To denote purpose (§§349, 366, 372).

2. To denote consequence or result (§§385, 386).

3. In relative clauses of characteristic or description (§390).

4. In cum clauses of time, cause, and concession (§396).

5. In indirect questions (§432).

interrumpant: drive a gap in, break, from interrumpo

191
Porsenna urges his soldiers not to despair of their cause but to besiege Rome.
192
The Romans being besieged, C. Mucius, to set out his plan, goes to the senate: the fathers ask why he has come there, what he wants done.
193
He persuades them to approve the plan, and, a dagger hidden inside his clothing, sets out for the enemy's camp.
194
There, uncertain which is the king, he kills the secretary instead of the king: then as he flees the guards order him to return to the tribunal: when he has come back the angry king asks what he wanted to do: he answers that the body is cheap to those who see great glory, and of his own accord thrusts his right hand into the flames.
195
The king, admiring his steadfastness, orders that he be sent home.
196
When he has been sent away, envoys soon follow him to Rome, to bring terms of peace.
197
Peace being made on the condition that hostages be given by the Romans, Porsenna nevertheless pitches camp not far from the banks of the Tiber, so that the Romans do not violate the terms.
198
But Cloelia persuades the hostages to escape by swimming the river: she leads many of them with her and restores them to their parents.
199
No one can doubt that Cloelia was no less brave than Cocles and Mucius.
200
But Porsenna sends envoys to Rome to demand that the hostages be returned.

201
As they return the Tarquins intercept them on the way, to kill them: for they fear that there will be peace between Porsenna and the Romans, and that they themselves will never reign again at Rome.
202
Hearing this, Porsenna wholly rejects their friendship: for he does not doubt that they are arrogant and faithless men.
203
The senate promises the people that, the war finished, it will propose a law so that soldiers be freed from debt.
204
But when the senate does not keep its promise, the people withdraws to the Sacred Mount.
205
The senators, uncertain what the people will do, fear that it will make an attack on the city: so they send Menenius Agrippa to appease the people.
206
Having told the story about the parts of the body, he persuades the people how foolish the limbs were.
207
Soon peace is made on the condition that the people create two tribunes from its own number, who are to have the right to forbid the consuls themselves to act.
208
On these conditions Menenius persuades the people to return to Rome.
209
The Romans, while they wage war against the Volsci, send envoys to Corioli to ask the inhabitants whether they are willing to hand over the town: they say they are not.
210
Then the Volsci come from Antium to bring them help, but, the town being set on fire by C. Marcius, amid the shouts of the townsmen they do not know which are the Romans, which their own allies.

211
The town taken, C. Marcius gets the surname Coriolanus.
212
The Romans then, oppressed by hunger, are uncertain what should be done: it is deliberated in the senate at what price grain should be sold to the people.
213
But C. Marcius advises the senate not to give the people any grain: for they may, as before, seize whatever is in the fields.
214
So the people demands that Coriolanus be accused before the judges: he, so as not to die condemned, goes off as an exile to the Volsci, and, kindly received, at last besieges Rome itself.
215
Spokesmen sent to him, to beg him to make peace, bring back a savage answer.
216
Finally, certain women approaching the camp, he asks who has come: a slave reports to him that, unless his eyes deceive him, his mother and wife and children are here.
217
Veturia, however, forbids him to embrace her before he has said whether he is an enemy or a son, she herself a mother or a captive.
218
Then Coriolanus, having embraced his family, moves his camp from the city.
219
The Romans being intent on other wars, the Veientes begin to lay waste their fields: the Fabii go to the senate to set out their plan.
220
They beg that the senators attend to the other wars, and give the Fabii as enemies to the Veientes.

221
What they ask, they obtain; Quintus, leader of the clan, leads his kinsmen against the Veientes.
222
But the Veientes, defeated, send envoys to the Fabii to seek peace: they ask whether they will make peace or kill them.
223
Peace being obtained, they nevertheless make some raids to seize booty: the Fabii generally carry off the victory.
224
Once, however, they run down onto an enclosed plain to seize some cattle: heedless, they do not consider whether they will find hidden enemies, nor do they know for certain what those are doing.
225
Caught in the ambush they are all cut down to a man.
226
The Aequi invade Latium, to besiege the camp of the Roman consul.
227
So the senate sends envoys to Cincinnatus to announce that he has been named dictator: they order him to hear the senate's instructions wearing his toga.
228
Quinctius asks his wife where she has put his toga: then to him, in his toga, the envoys set out what has happened in the camp, what panic there is in the city, what the fathers order.
229
He the next day orders that all shops be closed, and that all who are of military age be present armed in the Campus Martius: he orders the old men to cook food.
230
The march made, at midnight he reconnoitres what sort of camp the enemy have made.

gentīlēs: gentiles, from gentilis
imprōvidī: improvident, from improvidus

231
Then he orders the soldiers to raise a shout, drive stakes into the ground, make a ditch and rampart.
232
At first the consul does not know where the shout has come from: soon he orders his men to take up arms and follow him.
233
The Aequi, who fear that the besieged Romans will break out through the middle of their camp, fight fiercely.
234
They understand at last how they are trapped, and beg the Romans to let them go away unarmed.
235
But the dictator orders that the leader and chief men be brought to him in chains: the rest are to go away sent under the yoke.
236
Write Lessons XI and XIV in the present tense.

The particulars

The course: Paine and Mainwaring, Prīmus Annus (Oxford, 1912) and Secundus Annus (1917); Appleton and Jones, Puer Rōmānus (1913); D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (Boston, 1911); Ritchie, Fabulae Faciles (1903). Public domain. The teaching pages, the glosses and the narration are ours.
Reading aloud: Digital narration, directed by 1732 Studios.
The app: The course on your phone, with the drills, your place kept and the audio offline.
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The book: The Aeneid, the work this course leads to, free to read here.
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