Latin · Unit 36

Lēctiōnēs 20–24

Secundus Annus II

Incursiō Gallōrum. (A. U. C. CCCLXXXVII.); Rōma capta. (A. U. C. CCCLXXXVII.); Camillus. (A. U. C. CCCLXXXVII.); Capitōlium oppūgnātum.; Gallī victī.

94 lines

Incursiō Gallōrum: subordinate clauses in indirect speech

Cum gives the circumstances

Hoc cum respondissent, incēnsīs utrimque animīs, ad arma concurrunt et proelium committunt.

This means, "When they had given this answer, tempers being inflamed on both sides, they rush to arms and join battle."

Here the answer supplies the circumstances of the rush to arms. In cum Etruscōs māgnō proeliō fūdissent, the victory supplies the circumstances of the siege.

Cum takes the subjunctive when its clause gives circumstances for the main action. It does not merely fix the action's time.

1
The Gauls, having made an invasion of Italy, when they had routed the Etruscans in a great battle, besieged Clusium.
Gallī,gallus: a Gaul
incursiōneincursio: onrush, attack, raid
inin, on; into, to, against
ItaliamItalia: Italy
factā,facio: make, do; cause, bring about
cumwhen; since; although
EtruscōsEtrusci: Etrusci (a name)
māgnōmagnus: great, large
proeliōproelium: battle
fūdissent,fundo: pour, cast (metals)
ClūsiumClusium: sluice
obsēdērunt.obsideo: blockade, besiege, invest, beset
2
The people of Clusium, although they then had no alliance with the Romans, sent envoys to Rome to seek help from the senate.
3
Help was not obtained: envoys, however, the sons of M. Fabius, were sent by the Romans to warn the Gauls in the words of the senate and people of Rome not to attack allies of the Roman people from whom they had received no injury.
4
The Gauls, when they had heard the senate's instructions in council, gave the envoys this answer: that the Gauls did not spurn peace, if the people of Clusium ceded them part of their territory: otherwise peace could not be obtained.
5
When they had given this answer, tempers being inflamed on both sides, they rush to arms and join battle.
6
But the Roman envoys do not return to Rome, but against the law of nations take up arms.
7
Then the Gauls, when they had recognised them in the battle, sent envoys to Rome to demand that the Fabii, who had violated the law of nations, be handed over to them: these were not only not handed over but were elected military tribunes by the people.
8
The next year the Gauls, inflamed with anger, their column spread far and wide over the fields, begin the march on Rome.
9
With incredible speed they assembled at the eleventh milestone, where the river Allia joins the Tiber.
10
There the Romans had drawn up a long line in wings, so as not to be surrounded by the multitude of the enemy.

Clūsīnī: sluice
Allia: garlic
amnī: river, stream, from amnis

11
On the right was a hill, where they placed the reserves.
12
Seeing this, Brennus, chieftain of the Gauls, feared that the Romans had seized the higher ground with the intention of attacking his men from behind: the standards suddenly turned against the reserves, he took the hill in one charge.
13
On the left wing the Romans, when they had seen the enemy take the hill and their own men flee, fled in terror without attempting a fight: of these there was no slaughter in the battle, but, when they had come fleeing to the Tiber with their arms thrown away and tried to cross by swimming, very many, unskilled at swimming, were swallowed by the river.
14
Those who survived fled to Veii: from where they sent to Rome not only no help but not even news of the disaster.
15
On the right wing all, when they had fled from the hill, made for Rome: when they had arrived there they fled into the citadel without even closing the city gates.
16
the things done by the people of Clusium.
17
the embassy sent by the Romans to the Gauls.
18
the law of nations violated.
19
the lines drawn up near the Allia and the plans of the leaders.
20
the flight of the Romans.

subsidiāriōs: reserves, from subsidiarii
imperītī: unskilled, inexperienced, from imperitus
absūmptī: spend, waste, from absumo
subsidium: help, relief
clādis: defeat, reverse, from clades
lēgātiōnem: embassy, from legatio
missam: Mass, from missa

Rōma capta: the result clause

adeō prepares a result

adeō fraudem timēbant means "they so feared a trick." adeō marks the degree of their fear.

ut Rōmānōs persequī nōn audērent gives the result: they did not dare to pursue the Romans.

A result clause uses ut or ut nōn with the subjunctive to state the consequence of a degree or cause.

tantus prepares a result

Tantus etiam pavor eōs tenuit means "such fear also held them." tantus marks the degree of the fear.

ut diem noctemque, impetum hostium exspectantēs, mūrīs tēctī sedērent gives the result: they sat sheltered by the walls day and night.

21
The Gauls too at first, stunned by the marvel of so sudden a victory, did not know what had happened: then they so feared a trick that they did not dare to pursue the Romans: at last, when the enemy appeared nowhere, taking the road they reached the city of Rome not long before sunset.
22
The horsemen, whom they had sent ahead, reported back that the gates were not closed, that there was no guard before the gates.
23
Yet they halted for the night between Rome and the Anio; for they so feared an ambush that they did not dare to enter the city.
24
Then at last scouts were sent round the walls and the other gates to learn the enemy's plans.
25
Of the Romans those who had fled to the citadel had heard nothing of those who had made for Veii from the battle: they believed none of them survived.
26
Such fear also held them that day and night, awaiting the enemy's attack, they sat sheltered by the walls.
27
But the old men of consular rank so despised the Gauls that they did not flee, but, dressed in their robes of office, remaining in the city itself, devoted themselves for their country.
28
The rest, so that the young men should not go short of grain, make for the neighbouring towns.
29
On the third day the Gauls, having entered through the open Colline gate, reach the forum.
30
From there, while they wander through the streets seeking plunder, they catch sight of those old men, most like gods, sitting each in the porch of his own house.

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LXVIII, §§383-387

§383. The verb fīō, be made, happen, serves as the passive of faciō, make, in the present system. The rest of the verb is formed regularly from faciō. Learn the principal parts and conjugation (§500). Observe that the i is long except before -er and in fit.

a. The compounds of facio with prepositions usually form the passive regularly, as,

Active     cōnficiō, cōnficere, cōnfēcī, cōnfectus
Passive    cōnficior, cōnficī, cōnfectus sum

[ Conjugation given in §500:

PRINCIPAL PARTS fīō, fierī, factus sum

INDICATIVE                 SUBJUNCTIVE              IMPERATIVE
Pres.    fīō      ----     fīam          2d Pers. fī      fīte
         fīs      ----
         fit      fīunt
Impf.    fīēbam            fierem
Fut.     fīam              ----

INDICATIVE                       SUBJUNCTIVE
Perf.    factus, -a, -um  sum    factus, -a, -um  sim
Plup.    factus, -a, -um  eram   factus, -a, -um  essem
F.P.     factus, -a, -um  erō

INFINITIVE                       PARTICIPLES
Pres.    fierī                   Perf.    factus, -a, -um
Perf.    factus, -a, -um  esse   Ger.     faciendus, -a, -um
Fut.     [[factum īrī]]]

§384. Observe the following sentences:

1. Terror erat tantus ut omnēs fugerent, the terror was so great that all fled.

2. Terror erat tantus ut nōn facile mīlitēs sēsē reciperent, the terror was so great that the soldiers did not easily recover themselves.

3. Terror fēcit ut omnēs fugerent, terror caused all to flee (lit. made that all fled).

a. Each of these sentences is complex, containing a principal clause and a subordinate clause.

b. The principal clause names a cause and the subordinate clause states the consequence or result of this cause.

c. The subordinate clause has its verb in the subjunctive, though it is translated like an indicative. The construction is called the subjunctive of consequence or result, and the clause is called a consecutive or result clause.

d. In the last example the clause of result is the object of the verb fēcit.

e. The conjunction introducing the consecutive or result clause is ut = so that; negative, ut nōn = so that not.

§385. RULE. Subjunctive of Result. Consecutive clauses of result are introduced by ut or ut nōn and have the verb in the subjunctive.

§386. RULE. Object clauses of result with ut or ut nōn are found after verbs of effecting or bringing about.

§387. Purpose and Result Clauses Compared. There is great similarity in the expression of purpose and of result in Latin. If the sentence is affirmative, both purpose and result clauses may be introduced by ut; but if the sentence is negative, the purpose clause has nē and the result clause ut nōn. Result clauses are often preceded in the main clause by such words as tam, ita, sic (so), and these serve to point them out. Compare

a. Tam graviter vulnerātus est ut caperētur
  He was so severely wounded that he was captured
b. Graviter vulnerātus est ut caperētur
  He was severely wounded in order that he might be captured

Which sentence contains a result clause, and how is it pointed out?

renūntiāvērunt: report, announce, from renuntio
contemnēbant: think little of, from contemno
vovērent: vow, dedicate, from voveo
Collīnam: hilly land, from Collina
vagantur: wander, roam, from vago

31
A certain Gaul, while he tries to stroke the beard of M. Papirius, he struck with his ivory staff: from him the beginning of the slaughter arose: the rest were killed in their seats: no one is spared, everything is plundered, fires are set to the roofs.
32
The Romans, having seen from the citadel the city full of enemies and all their possessions in the enemy's power, so far from losing heart resolved to defend the Capitol itself by valour to the death.
33
The Gauls too, since the enemy would not surrender, decide to make an attack on the citadel.
34
At last, raising a shout and forming a tortoise, they advance.
35
The Romans, however, resisted with such valour that they drove the enemy back again and again.
36
Driven back, they prepare a siege.
37
What did the Gauls do after the battle of the Allia?
38
Why did the Gauls not attack the Capitol at once?
39
How were the Romans distributed?
40
Describe the killing of the old men.
41
Describe the attack on the Capitol.

permulcēre: rub gently, stroke, from permulceo
percussit: beat, strike, from percutio
dīripiuntur: pull, from diripio
testūdine: tortoise, from testudo

Camillus: conditional clauses

A condition contrary to fact

Fortasse sī tunc dux Rōmānōrum fuisset means "perhaps, if he had then been leader of the Romans."

Gallī ad portās urbis nōn pervēnissent means "the Gauls would not have reached the gates of the city."

Camillus was not the leader, and the Gauls did reach the gates. The subjunctives fuisset and pervēnissent mark this unreal condition.

A condition still possible

Quod sī faciētis means "if you do this."

Ad caedem nōn ad proelium vōs dūcam means "I shall lead you to a slaughter, not to a battle."

The Ardeates can still act. The indicative faciētis marks a condition whose fulfillment remains possible.

42
So great was the shortage of grain that part of the Gauls were sent through the neighbouring peoples to plunder; some happened to reach Ardea, where it so happened that Camillus was in exile.
43
For he, Veii being taken, accused over the distribution of the spoils, had of his own accord gone from Rome into exile there.
44
Perhaps, if he had then been leader of the Romans, the Gauls would not have reached the gates of the city.
45
He used to speak to himself thus: 'Where are those men who took Veii with me?
46
If they were with me today, we could drive back the Gauls.
47
If only I were leading those Romans now!' While he thinks this, suddenly he hears that an army of Gauls is approaching.
48
Then in the midst of the assembly of citizens he made a speech like this:
49
'Ardeates, now my fellow-citizens, the Gauls have left Rome and are wandering through your fields: overcome by food and wine they lie near the banks of the river without fortification, without guards, like wild beasts.
50
If they were keeping watch, perhaps it would be difficult to defeat them; but they are not keeping watch; at the first watch, then, take up arms and follow me!
51
If you do this, I shall lead you to a slaughter, not to a battle.

praedandum: pillage, despoil, from praedor
exulāret: be exile, live in exile, from exsulo
Ardeātēs: dry, arid, from Ardeas
mūnīmentō: fortification, bulwark, from munimentum

52
But if you let them escape tonight, tomorrow they will return and attack the town by force of arms.
53
Seize the chance that is given.'
54
The assembly dismissed, the Ardeates waited intently for how soon the signal would be given: when it was given, at the first silence of night they were ready at the gates.
55
Having gone out, not far from the town they find the camp of the Gauls, as Camillus had said, unprotected and unguarded: with a huge shout they burst in: nowhere is there battle, everywhere slaughter: bodies naked and overcome by sleep are killed.
56
If only all Romans had been like Camillus!
57
For the Ardeates, had they not been led by him, would not have defeated the Gauls like this.
58
How had Camillus come to Ardea?
59
Why were the Gauls near Ardea?
60
What did Camillus say to himself?
61
What did he say to the Ardeates?
62
How did he defeat the Gauls?

intūta: defenseless, from intutus

Capitōlium oppūgnātum: grammar of every kind

Naming takes two accusatives

Camillum ab Ardeā revocātum dīctātōrem dīcere means to recall Camillus from Ardea and name him dictator.

Camillum is the direct object of dīcere. Dīctātōrem is its predicate accusative and states the office assigned to Camillus.

Verbs of making, choosing, calling, showing, and similar verbs may take this second accusative beside the direct object.

The passive makes both nominative

The clause ut dīctātor extemplō dīcerētur means that a dictator be named at once.

Since dīcerētur is passive, dīctātor is nominative. In the passive form of this construction, both active accusatives become nominatives.

63
Meanwhile the Romans were gathering at Veii in numbers: at last the time seemed at hand to rescue their country from the enemy, but the strong body lacked a head.
64
All agreed to recall Camillus from Ardea and name him dictator, but first the senate, which was at Rome, had to be consulted.
65
At great risk Pontius Cominius, a daring young man, lying on a piece of bark was carried down the Tiber to the city.
66
It happened that on this side of the city the climb to the citadel was so steep that it was neglected by the enemy's guards.
67
Pontius, when he had climbed up by this way, received the senate's decree that a dictator be named at once, and that the soldiers should have the dictator they wanted.
68
Then going out by the same way he returned to Veii: at once envoys were sent to Ardea to fetch Camillus.
69
While these things are being done at Veii, meanwhile the citadel of Rome and the Capitol were in enormous danger.
70
For the tracks of Pontius having been seen by the Gauls, it was plain that where one man had climbed up, there many could climb; and the Gauls did not doubt that they could take the citadel shortly.
71
A plan being formed, on a dark night they first sent ahead one unarmed man to try the way; then the rest, while one hands up his arms to another so as not to make a sound, reached the top of the citadel in such silence that they not only escaped the guards but did not even rouse the dogs.
72
The geese, however, they did not escape: for it happened that certain geese, sacred to Juno, were kept on the Capitol.

D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LXIX, §§389-393

§389. Akin to the subjunctive of consequence or result is the use of the subjunctive in clauses of characteristic or description.

This construction is illustrated in the following sentences:

1. Quis est quī suam domum nōn amet? who is there who does not love his own home?

2. Erant quī hoc facere nōllent, there were (some) who were unwilling to do this.

3. Tū nōn is es quī amīcōs trādās, you are not such a one as to, or you are not the man to, betray your friends.

4. Nihil videō quod timeam, I see nothing to fear (nothing of such as character as to fear it).

a. Each of these examples contains a descriptive relative clause which tells what kind of a person or thing the antecedent is. To express this thought the subjunctive is used. A relative clause that merely states a fact and does not describe the antecedent uses the indicative. Compare the sentences

Cæsar is the man who is leading us,
Caesar est is quī nōs dūcit
(mere statement of fact, no description, with the indicative)
Cæsar is the man to lead us,
Caesar est is quī nōs dūcat
(descriptive relative clause with the subjunctive)

b. Observe that in this construction a demonstrative pronoun and a relative, as is quī, are translated such a one as to, the man to.

c. In which of the following sentences would you use the indicative and in which the subjunctive?

These are not the men who did this
These are not the men to do this

§390. RULE. Subjunctive of Characteristic. A relative clause with the subjunctive is often used to describe an antecedent. This is called the subjunctive of characteristic or description.

§391. Observe the sentences

1. Rōmānī Caesarem cōnsulem fēcērunt,
     the Romans made Cæsar consul.

2. Caesar cōnsul ā Rōmānīs factus est,
     Cæsar was made consul by the Romans.

a. Observe in 1 that the transitive verb fēcērunt, made, has two objects: (1) the direct object, Caesarem; (2) a second object, cōnsulem, referring to the same person as the direct object and completing the predicate. The second accusative is called a Predicate Accusative.

b. Observe in 2 that when the verb is changed to the passive both of the accusatives become nominatives, the direct object becoming the subject and the predicate accusative the predicate nominative.

§392. RULE. Two Accusatives. Verbs of making, choosing, calling, showing, and the like, may take a predicate accusative along with the direct object. With the passive voice the two accusatives become nominatives.

§393. The verbs commonly found with two accusatives are

creo, creāre, creāvī, creātus, choose
appellō, appellāre, appellāvī, appellātus }
nōminō, nōmināre, nōmināvī, nōminātus       } call
vocō, vocāre, vocāvī, vocātus               }
faciō, facere, fēcī, factus, make

§423. Review the word lists in §§513, 514.

§424. Learn the principal parts and conjugation of the verb ferō, bear (§498).

1. Learn the principal parts and meanings of the following compounds of ferō, bear:

ad´ferō, adfer´re, at´tulī, adlā´tus, bring to; report cōn´ferō, cōnfer´re, con´tulī, conlā´tus, bring together, collect dē´ferō, dēfer´re, dē´tulī, dēlā´tus, bring to; report; grant, confer īn´ferō, īnfer´re, in´tulī, inlā´tus, bring in, bring against re´ferō, refer´re, ret´tulī, relā´tus, bear back, report

[ Conjugation given in §498:

PRINCIPAL PARTS ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus
PRES. STEM  fer-    PERF. STEM  tul-    PART. STEM  lāt-

INDICATIVE
        ACTIVE                    PASSIVE
Pres. ferō      ferimus         feror        ferimur
        fers      fertīs          ferris, -re  ferimimī
        fert      ferunt          fertur       feruntur
Impf. ferēbam                   ferēbar
Fut.    feram, ferēs, etc.        ferar, ferēris, etc.
Perf. tulī                      lātus, -a, -um sum
Plup. tuleram                   lātus, -a, -um eram
F.P.    tulerō                    lātus, -a, -um erō

SUBJUNCTIVE
Pres. feram, ferās, etc.        ferar, ferāris, etc.
Impf. ferrem                    ferrer
Perf. tulerim                   lātus, -a, -um sim
Plup. tulissem                  lātus, -a, -um essem

IMPERATIVE
Pres. 2d Pers.    fer     ferte     ferre    feriminī
Fut. 2d Pers.     fertō   fertōte   fertor
     3d Pers.     fertō   ferunto   fertor   feruntor

INFINITIVE
Pres. ferre                     ferrī
Perf. tulisse                   lātus, -a, -um esse
Fut.    lātūrus, -a, -um esse     ----

PARTICIPLES
Pres. ferēns, -entis    Pres. ----
Fut.    lātūrus, -a, -um  Ger.    ferendus, -a, -um
Perf. ----              Perf. lātus, -a, -um

GERUND
Gen. ferendī
Dat. ferendō
Acc. ferendum
Abl. ferendō

SUPINE (Active Voice)
Acc. [[lātum]]
Abl. [[lātū]] ]

§425. The dative is the case of the indirect object. Many intransitive verbs take an indirect object and are therefore used with the dative (cf. §153). Transitive verbs take a direct object in the accusative; but sometimes they have an indirect object or dative as well. The whole question, then, as to whether or not a verb takes the dative, depends upon its capacity for governing an indirect object. A number of verbs, some transitive and some intransitive, which in their simple form would not take an indirect object, when compounded with certain prepositions, have a meaning which calls for an indirect object. Observe the following sentences:

1. Haec rēs exercituī magnam calamitātem attulit, this circumstance brought great disaster to the army.

2. Germānī Gallīs bellum īnferunt, the Germans make war upon the Gauls.

3. Hae cōpiae proeliō nōn intererant, these troops did not take part in the battle.

4. Equitēs fugientibus hostibus occurrunt, the horsemen meet the fleeing enemy.

5. Galba cōpiīs fīlium praefēcit, Galba put his son in command of the troops.

In each sentence there is a dative, and in each a verb combined with a preposition. In no case would the simple verb take the dative.

§426. RULE. Dative with Compounds. Some verbs compounded with ad, ante, con, dē, in, inter, ob, post, prae, prō, sub, super, admit the dative of the indirect object. Transitive compounds may take both an accusative and a dative.

NOTE 1. Among such verbs are[1]
[1] But the accusative with ad or in is used with some of these, when the idea of motion to or against is strong.

ad´ferō, adfer´re, at´tulī, adlā´tus, bring to; report ad´sum, ades´se, ad´fuī, adfutū´rus, assist; be present dē´ferō, dēfer´re, dē´tulī, dēlātus, report; grant, confer dē´sum, dees´se, dē´fuī,----, be wanting, be lacking īn´ferō, īnfer´re, in´tulī, inlā´tus, bring against, bring upon inter´sum, interes´se, inter´fuī, interfutū´rus, take part in occur´rō, occur´rere, occur´rī, occur´sus, run against, meet praefi´ciō, praefi´cere, praefē´cī, praefec´tus, appoint over, place in command of prae´sum, praees´se, prae´fuī, ----, be over, be in command

§427. IDIOMS

graviter or molestē ferre, to be annoyed at, to be indignant at,
  followed by the accusative and infinitive
sē cōnferre ad or in, with the accusative,
  to betake one’s self to
alicui bellum īnferre, to make war upon some one
pedem referre, to retreat (lit. to bear back the foot)

§435. Review the word lists in §§521, 522.

§436. Observe the following sentences:

1. Explōrātōrēs locum castrīs dēlēgērunt, the scouts chose a place for a camp.

2. Hoc erat magnō impedīmentō Gallīs, this was (for) a great hindrance to the Gauls.

3. Duās legiōnēs praesidiō castrīs relīquit, he left two legions as (lit. for) a guard to the camp.

In each of these sentences we find a dative expressing the purpose or end for which something is intended or for which it serves. These datives are castrīs, impedīmentō, and praesidiō. In the second and third sentences we find a second dative expressing the person or thing affected (Gallīs and castrīs). As you notice, these are true datives, covering the relations of for which and to which. (Cf. §43.)

§437. RULE. Dative of Purpose or End. The dative is used to denote the purpose or end for which, often with another dative denoting the person or thing affected.

§438. IDIOMS

cōnsilium omittere, to give up a plan locum castrīs dēligere, to choose a place for a camp alicui magnō ūsuī esse, to be of great advantage to some one (lit. for great advantage to some one)

§440. Review the word lists in §§524, 525.

§441. Observe the English sentences

(1) A man of great courage, or (2) A man with great courage

(3) A forest of tall trees, or (4) A forest with tall trees

Each of these sentences contains a phrase of quality or description. In the first two a man is described; in the last two a forest. The descriptive phrases are introduced by the prepositions of and with.

In Latin the expression of quality or description is very similar.

The prepositions of and with suggest the genitive and the ablative respectively, and we translate the sentences above

(1) Vir magnae virtūtis, or (2) Vir magnā virtūte
(3) Silva altārum arborum, or (4) Silva altīs arboribus

There is, however, one important difference between the Latin and the English. In English we may say, for example, a man of courage, using the descriptive phrase without an adjective modifier. In Latin, however, an adjective modifier must always be used, as above.

a. Latin makes a distinction between the use of the two cases in that numerical descriptions of measure are in the genitive and descriptions of physical characteristics are in the ablative. Other descriptive phrases may be in either case.

§442. EXAMPLES

1. Fossa duodecim pedum, a ditch of twelve feet.

2. Homō magnīs pedibus et parvō capite,
   a man with big feet and a small head.

3. Rēx erat vir summā audāciā or rēx erat vir summae audāciae, the king was a man of the greatest boldness.

§443. RULE. Genitive of Description. Numerical descriptions of measure are expressed by the genitive with a modifying adjective.

§444. RULE. Ablative of Description. Descriptions of physical characteristics are expressed by the ablative with a modifying adjective.

§445. RULE. Genitive or Ablative of Description. Descriptions involving neither numerical statements nor physical characteristics may be expressed by either the genitive or the ablative with a modifying adjective.

§446. IDIOMS

Helvētiīs in animō est, the Helvetii intend,
  (lit. it is in mind to the Helvetians)
in mātrimōnium dare, to give in marriage
nihil posse, to have no power
fossam perdūcere, to construct a ditch
  (lit. to lead a ditch through)

Cominius: county, earldom
incubāns: brood, from incubo
praeceps: edge of abyss
sūrsum: up, on high
Ānserēs: goose, from anser

73
There is no doubt that this was the salvation of the Romans; for the sound of the Gauls climbing being heard, the geese at once began to make a great clatter with their wings.
74
By the clatter M. Manlius was roused: he, having seized his arms and roused the rest from sleep, himself alone goes to the spot and, while the rest hang back, with his shield hurls headlong the Gaul who had gained a footing on the top of the rock.
75
He, falling, so throws down those next to him that, letting go their arms, they grasp the rocks with their hands.
76
And now other Romans with weapons and rocks thrown from above drive the enemy off, so that all are carried headlong down.
77
From this it came about that the Gauls, despairing of victory, were now deliberating about terms.
78
How did Pontius reach and enter Rome?
79
What sort of decree of the senate did he receive?
80
Describe the danger into which Rome was brought.
81
Describe the climb of the Gauls.
82
Describe the fight joined among the rocks.

crepitum: rattling, rustling, from crepitus
dēsuper: from above, from overhead
prōturbant: drive, from proturbo

Gallī victī: the last reading

The subject changes to accusative

diem enim dē diē spērābant dīctātōrem exercitum sibi auxiliō dūctūrum esse.

It means, "for day after day they hoped the dictator would lead an army to their aid."

After spērābant, the indirect statement changes its subject from nominative dīctātor to accusative dīctātōrem. Its verb becomes the infinitive dūctūrum esse.

The infinitive sets relative time

In sē enim dīctātōrem esse, present esse places his being dictator at the time of imperāvit.

In the earlier hope, future dūctūrum esse places the dictator's leading after spērābant.

The infinitive tense places reported action before, at the same time as, or after the reporting verb.

83
For above all the evils of siege and war both armies were oppressed by hunger, the Gauls also by so great a plague that the bodies had to be heaped up and burnt.
84
And so a conference takes place between the leaders.
85
The Gauls indeed, because the Romans were oppressed by hunger, were calling them to surrender; they, however, to deceive the Gauls, threw bread down from the Capitol in many places into the enemy's posts: for day after day they hoped the dictator would lead an army to their aid.
86
At last, when hunger could neither be hidden nor borne any longer, they promise to give the Gauls gold on the condition that they abandon the siege: so it is agreed between them.
87
But the weights brought by the Gauls for weighing the gold were unfair, and when the tribune objected a certain Gaul, adding his sword to the weight, insolently cried 'Woe to the conquered.'
88
Matters had again been brought to the utmost crisis, when the dictator, who had at last reached Rome, advancing into the forum ordered that the gold and the weights be removed; for he was dictator, and no agreement was valid that had been made without his orders: the Gauls prepare for battle: the Romans wage war with iron, not gold.
89
At once on both sides they run to arms.
90
The Gauls make their attack on the Romans with more anger than judgement: it was fiercely fought.
91
But soon the Gauls were defeated more easily than they had conquered before at the Allia.
92
Routed, they flee to the eighth milestone on the Gabine road, where battle is joined again.
93
In this battle the Gauls being cut down almost to a man, the dictator, his country recovered, returns to the city in triumph, and is hailed father of his country and second founder of the city.
94
Describe the plague, the famine, the pact, the arrival of Camillus.

pestilentiā: plague
colloquium: talk, conversation
dēditiōnem: surrender, from deditio
dissimulārī: conceal, dissemble, from dissimulo
pollicentur: promise, from polliceo
īnsolenter: haughtily, arrogantly
summovērentur: remove, from summoveo
iniussū: without orders, unbidden, from injussus
discurritur: run off in different directions, from discurro
octāvum: October, from octavus
caesīs: cut, from caesa

The particulars

The course: Paine and Mainwaring, Prīmus Annus (Oxford, 1912) and Secundus Annus (1917); Appleton and Jones, Puer Rōmānus (1913); D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (Boston, 1911); Ritchie, Fabulae Faciles (1903). Public domain. The teaching pages, the glosses and the narration are ours.
Reading aloud: Digital narration, directed by 1732 Studios.
The app: The course on your phone, with the drills, your place kept and the audio offline.
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The book: The Aeneid, the work this course leads to, free to read here.
Data: JSON · Markdown · A guide for agents