Dutch · Unit 1
Lessons 1 to 5
Parts of Speech I
Hoge ouderdom; De slimme herbergier; De krekel en de mier; De gierigaard (vrek); Vriendelijk aanbod
Lesson 1: Hebben, to have: present tense
One verb, four forms
A verb is a word for doing or being: have, is, walk. Hebben means to have.
English changes this verb once: I have, he has. Dutch changes it with the person, and has four forms.
Ik takes heb. Jij adds a t: hebt. Hij, zij, het and men take heeft. Wij, jullie and zij meaning they take hebben. U takes hebt or heeft.
In the table, look at the form each person takes.
A question turns the words around
The subject is the person or thing doing the verb. In ik heb, ik is the subject.
To ask a question, Dutch puts the verb first and the subject after it. Ik heb becomes heb ik? Hij heeft becomes heeft hij?
One form changes in the turn. Jij hebt becomes heb jij? The verb drops its t when jij follows it. No other person drops anything.
As a question
- 1
I have a dog.
IkIhebto haveeenahond.the dog, dogs - 2
Do you have a dog?
Hebhavejijyoueenahond?the dog, dogs - 3
Do you have a dog? (polite)
Hebthaveuyou (polite)eenahond?the dog, dogs
| ik | heb | I have |
|---|---|---|
| jij | hebt | you have (familiar) |
| u | hebt | you have (polite) |
| hij | heeft | he has |
| zij | heeft | she has |
| het | heeft | it has |
| men | heeft | one has |
| wij | hebben | we have |
| jullie | hebben | you have (familiar plural) |
| zij | hebben | they have |
Hebben, to have: present tense
Present tense
ik heb I have
jij hebt you have (familiar)
u hebt you have (polite)
hij heeft he has
zij heeft she has
het heeft it has
men heeft one has
wij hebben we have
jullie hebben you have (familiar plural)
zij hebben they have
As a question
heb ik? have I?
heb jij? have you?
hebt u? have you?
heeft hij? has he?
heeft zij? has she?
heeft het? has it?
heeft men? has one?
hebben wij? have we?
hebben jullie? have you?
hebben zij? have they?
In a question the verb stands first and the subject follows it. The verb drops its -t when jij follows it: jij hebt, but heb jij?You: jij, u and jullie
Dutch has three words for you. Jij (unstressed je) is the familiar singular, for a friend, a child, a colleague on first-name terms. Jullie is the familiar plural. U is the polite form, for one person or several, and takes the verb in the second or third person singular: u hebt or u heeft. The old pronoun gij, which this book's first readers still met in print, is now archaic in the Netherlands and survives in Flemish speech and in the Bible.Gender
Every Dutch noun has a gender, and the gender decides its article. In practice there are two classes: de-words and het-words. Names of persons are de-words and are masculine or feminine as in English; names of animals and things may be de-words (masculine or feminine) or het-words (neuter). Dictionaries still mark m., f. and n., because the gender decides which pronoun refers back to the noun; for the article only de or het matters. This book's word lists give each noun with its article.The article: het lidwoord
There are in Dutch as in English two articles: the definite (het bepaald lidwoord) and the indefinite article (het onbepaald lidwoord).
The definite article has two forms in the singular: de for masculine and feminine nouns, het for neuter nouns. The plural for all genders is de. Examples: de vader the father, de moeder the mother, het kind the child; plural de vaders, de moeders, de kinderen. In speech and informal writing het is often shortened to 't.The article is not declined
The article does not change its form for the function of the noun in the sentence. De vader is de vader whether he is the subject, the object, or follows a preposition: de vader komt, ik zie de vader, het huis van de vader. Possession is expressed with van (het huis van de vader, the house of the father) or, for persons, with -s (vaders huis).
Written Dutch until 1947 declined the article: des vaders (of the father), den vader (to the father, the father as object), der moeder (of or to the mother). You will meet these forms on every page of Multatuli and of any Dutch book printed before the war. They survive today only in fixed expressions: 's morgens (des morgens) in the morning, in den beginne in the beginning, ter harte to heart, ten dienste van for the use of, ten dele partly, ter inzage for perusal, ten huize van at the house of.The indefinite article
The indefinite article has one form for all genders: een. Een vader a father, een moeder a mother, een kind a child. It is pronounced with a weak vowel, like English a; the numeral één (one) is written with accents when the two could be confused.
The indefinite article is not declined, and neither are the possessive pronouns: mijn my, jouw (unstressed je) your, zijn his, haar her, zijn its, ons (before a het-word) or onze (before a de-word and in the plural) our, uw your (polite), jullie your (familiar plural), hun their. Only ons/onze changes: ons huis our house, onze vader our father, onze kinderen our children.Prepositions
A preposition is followed by the noun in its plain form, with the ordinary article: van het jaar of the year, tot de dood until death, op haar mond on her mouth, met zijn vinger with his finger.Verbs of this lesson, with their principal parts
zeggen to say ik zeg, ik zei, ik heb gezegd
zijn to be ik ben, ik was, ik ben geweest
hebben to have ik heb, ik had, ik heb gehad
vergeten to forget ik vergeet, ik vergat, ik ben (heb) vergeten
antwoorden to answer ik antwoord, ik antwoordde, ik heb geantwoord
leggen to lay ik leg, ik legde, ik heb gelegd
moeten to have to, must ik moet, ik moest, ik heb gemoeten
maken to make ik maak, ik maakte, ik heb gemaaktLesson 1: You: jij, u and jullie
Three words for you
A pronoun is a short word that stands for a person: I, you, he. Dutch has three words for you.
Jij is for one person you know well: a friend, a child, a colleague on first names. Without stress it becomes je.
Jullie is for more than one friend at once.
U is the polite word. It is the same word for one person or several. The verb after u takes the form of jij or of hij: u hebt or u heeft. Both are right.
Lesson 1: Gender
Every noun has a gender
A noun is a word for a person, a thing or an idea: father, house, age. An article is the small word before a noun: the, a.
Gender is the class a noun belongs to. Every Dutch noun has one, and it decides the word for the. De-words take de. Het-words take het.
Most names of persons are de-words: de vader, de moeder. A few are het-words, such as het kind, the child. Animals and things can be either. The word lists give each noun with its article.
Dictionaries still mark each noun m., f. or n., because gender decides the pronoun that refers back to it. For the article only de or het matters.
Lesson 1: The article: het lidwoord
De, het and een
Dutch has two words for the and one word for a.
The plural is the form for more than one. De is the for a de-word, and for every noun in the plural. Het is the for a het-word in the singular.
De vader, de moeder, het kind. In the plural: de vaders, de moeders, de kinderen.
Een is a or an, for any noun. In speech het is often shortened to 't.
Lesson 1: The article is not declined
One form of the article
In some languages the article changes with the noun's job in the sentence. Dutch does not do this.
De vader keeps one form in every place in the sentence: de vader komt, ik zie de vader, het huis van de vader.
To show who owns a thing, Dutch uses van: het huis van de vader. For persons it can also add s: vaders huis.
Dutch printed before 1947 changed the article: des vaders, den vader, der moeder. Today these forms live only in fixed phrases: 's morgens, ter harte.
- 18
the house of the father
hetit; thehuishousevanof, fromdethevaderthe father - 19
the book of the child
hetit; theboekbookvanof, fromhetit; thekindthe child - 20
in the morning
's(abbreviation)morgensmorning - 21
to heart
terfor theharteheart - 22
at the house of her mother
teninhuizehousevanof, fromhaarhermoederthe mother
Lesson 1: The indefinite article
Een means a
Een is a or an. It has one form for every noun: een vader, een moeder, een kind.
Say it with a weak vowel, like the a in about. The number one is spelled the same, so the number is written één when the two could be confused.
The words for my, your, his, her and their also keep one form. Only our changes: ons before a het-word, onze before a de-word and in the plural. Ons huis, onze vader, onze kinderen.
Lesson 1: Prepositions
Words of place and relation
A preposition is a small word that links a noun to the rest of the sentence: of, on, with, until.
Van is of. Op is on. Met is with. Tot is until.
The preposition comes before its noun, as in English. The noun keeps its plain form and its ordinary article: van het jaar, tot de dood, op haar mond, met zijn vinger.
Verbs of this lesson, with their principal parts
Hoge ouderdom
- 31
A great age
Hogehighouderdomage - 32
A woman of ninety said to Fontenelle, who was ninety-five: “Death has surely forgotten us.”
Eenavrouwa woman, a ladyvanof, fromnegentigninetyjaarthe yearzeisaidtegento (a person)Fontenelle,Fontenellediewho (relative)vijfennegentigninety-fivewas:was“Dethedooddeathheefthasonsuszekersurely, certainlyvergeten.”forgotten - 33
“Hush!” Fontenelle answered her, laying his finger on her mouth, “one must not wake sleeping dogs.”
“Stil!”hush! quiet!antwoorddeansweredFontenelleFontenellehaar,herterwijlwhilehijhezijnhis fingervingerhis fingeropon her mouthhaaron her mouthmondon her mouthlegde,laid“menone, peoplemoetmustgeenno, not aslapendesleepinghondenthe dog, dogswakkerto wake (someone) upmaken.”to wake (someone) up
- ouderdom
- age
- ouderdom
- old age (hoge ouderdom)
- vrouw
- a woman, a lady
- jaar
- the year
- dood
- death
- vinger
- his finger (zijn vinger)
- mond
- her mouth (haar mond)
- wakker
- awake; to wake (someone) up
- negentig
- ninety
- vijfennegentig
- ninety-five
- zeker
- surely, certainly
- Stil
- hush! quiet!
- die
- who (relative)
- haar
- her
- ons
- us
- men
- one, people (impersonal)
- geen
- no, not a
- terwijl
- while
- van
- of, from
- tegen
- to (a person); on, upon
Lesson 1: conversation
- 34
How old was the woman?
Hoehowoudoldwasto bedethevrouw?a woman, a lady - 35
How old was Fontenelle?
Hoehowoudoldwasto beFontenelle?Fontenelle - 36
What did the woman say to Fontenelle?
Watwhatzeito saydethevrouwa woman, a ladytegenagainst; toFontenelle?Fontenelle - 37
What did Fontenelle answer?
Watwhatantwoorddeto answerFontenelle?Fontenelle - 38
The woman was ninety years old.
Dethevrouwa woman, a ladywasto benegentigninetyjaarthe yearoud.old - 39
Fontenelle was ninety-five years old.
FontenelleFontenellewasto bevijfennegentigninety-fivejaarthe yearoud.old - 40
She said: “Death has surely forgotten us.”
Zijshe; theyzei:said“Dethedooddeathheefthasonsuszekersurely, certainlyvergeten.”forgotten - 41
He answered: “Hush! One must not wake sleeping dogs.”
Hijheantwoordde:answered“Stil!hush! quiet!Menone, peoplemoetmustgeenno, not aslapendesleepinghondenthe dog, dogswakkerto wake (someone) upmaken.”to wake (someone) up
- 42
What did Fontenelle do as he answered?
WatwhatdeeddidFontenelleFontenelletoenwhen (past); thenhijheantwoordde?to answer - 43
Which dogs must one not wake?
Welkewhich, whathondenthe dog, dogsmoetto have to, mustmenone, peoplenietnotwakkerto wake (someone) upmaken?to wake (someone) up - 44
He laid his finger on her mouth.
Hijhelegdeto layzijnhis fingervingerhis fingeropon her mouthhaaron her mouthmond.on her mouth - 45
One must not wake sleeping dogs.
Menone, peoplemoetto have to, mustgeenno, not aslapendesleephondenthe dog, dogswakkerto wake (someone) upmaken.to wake (someone) up
Lesson 1: exercise 1
- 46
The woman has a dog.
Dethevrouwa woman, a ladyheeftto haveeenahond.the dog, dogs - 47
The days of the year.
Dethedagendaysvanof, fromhetit; thejaar.the year - 48
What have you answered?
Watwhathebtto haveuyou (polite)geantwoord?to answer - 49
The house of the father.
Hetit; thehuishousevanof, fromdethevader.the father - 50
What have you made?
Watwhathebtto haveuyou (polite)gemaakt?to make - 51
We have a heart.
Wijwehebbento haveeenahart.heart - 52
Have they answered?
Hebbento havezijshe; theygeantwoord?to answer
- 53
Come before dinner.
Komcomevoorfor; before, in front ofhetit; theeten.eat; food - 54
The dinner of the woman.
Hetit; themiddagmaalmidday mealvanof, fromdethevrouw.a woman, a lady - 55
His mother has a house.
Zijnhis; to bemoederthe motherheeftto haveeenahuis.house - 56
A book for your perusal.
Eenaboekbookterfor theinzage.sight - 57
Has she a dog?
Heeftto havezijshe; theyeenahond?the dog, dogs - 58
The book of the child.
Hetit; theboekbookvanof, fromhetit; thekind.the child - 59
She was old.
Zijshe; theywasto beoud.old
- 60
You must answer.
Uyou (polite)moetto have to, mustantwoorden.to answer - 61
She was at the house of her mother.
Zijshe; theywasto beteninhuizehousevanof, fromhaarhermoeder.the mother - 62
For the use of schools.
Teningebruikeusevanof, fromscholen.school - 63
He laid his finger on her mouth.
Hijhelegdeto layzijnhis fingervingerhis fingeropon her mouthhaaron her mouthmond.on her mouth
Lesson 2: Zijn, to be: present tense
Zijn, to be
Zijn means to be. Like hebben, it changes with the person, and its forms differ more from each other.
Ik ben. Jij bent. Hij is. Wij zijn. Jullie zijn. Zij zijn. Is serves for he, she, it and men, one.
U takes bent. The older u is is still met in print, but say u bent.
Questions with zijn
A question puts the verb first and the subject after it, as with hebben. Ben ik? Is hij? Zijn wij?
Jij bent becomes ben jij? The verb has no t when jij follows it. Bent u? keeps its t.
- 64
I have been in the Netherlands.
IkIbento be (irregular)ininNederlandNederlandgeweest.to be (irregular) - 65
Are you the innkeeper?
Bento be (irregular)jijyoudetheherbergier?innkeeper, host - 66
Have you been here before? (polite)
Bentareuyou (polite)hierherealalreadyeensonce, one daygeweest?to be (irregular) - 67
We are in England.
Wijwezijnto be (irregular)ininEngeland.Engeland - 68
Are eggs rare?
Zijnto be (irregular)detheeierenegg, eggszeldzaam?rare
| ik | ben | I am |
|---|---|---|
| jij | bent | you are (familiar) |
| u | bent | you are (polite) |
| hij | is | he is |
| zij | is | she is |
| het | is | it is |
| men | is | one is |
| wij | zijn | we are |
| jullie | zijn | you are (familiar plural) |
| zij | zijn | they are |
Zijn, to be: present tense
Present tense
ik ben I am
jij bent you are (familiar)
u bent you are (polite)
hij is he is
zij is she is
het is it is
men is one is
wij zijn we are
jullie zijn you are (familiar plural)
zij zijn they are
As a question
ben ik? am I?
ben jij? are you?
bent u? are you?
is hij? is he?
is zij? is she?
is het? is it?
is men? is one?
zijn wij? are we?
zijn jullie? are you?
zijn zij? are they?
As with hebben, the verb stands first and the subject follows it in a question. Jij bent becomes ben jij: the verb loses its final t.Het Werkwoord: weak, strong and irregular verbs
Dutch verbs fall into two families. Weak verbs (zwakke werkwoorden) build their past tense and past participle with an ending on the stem and no change of vowel. Strong verbs (sterke werkwoorden) change the stem vowel instead. A verb that follows neither pattern cleanly is irregular (onregelmatig).Weak verbs: the past participle
Weak verbs have no vowel change; their past participle is formed by adding d or t to the stem.Strong verbs: the past participle
Strong verbs have a vowel change; their past participle is formed by adding en to the stem.The infinitive
The infinitive of a Dutch verb is formed by adding en to the stem.Spelling: doubling and dropping consonants
If the stem ends in a double consonant, both consonants are written only before a following e; everywhere else one consonant is dropped: leggen: ik leg, jij legt / u legt, hij legt, wij leggen, zij leggen; zetten: ik zet, jij zet / u zet, hij zet, wij zetten, zij zetten.The present tense
The stem gives the first person singular: leg, zet. The second and third person singular add t to the stem, unless it already ends in t: jij legt / u legt, hij legt; jij zet, u zet, hij zet. Jij drops that -t when it follows the verb in a question: leg jij? (not legt jij?). The first and third person plural, and jullie, take the form of the infinitive: wij leggen, jullie leggen, zij leggen; wij zetten, jullie zetten, zij zetten.
An archaic first-person ending in -e appears in a few fixed formulas: zegge, printed on Dutch invoices and cheques to spell out a sum in words (driehonderd euro, zegge driehonderd euro, three hundred euros, say three hundred), and the letter-closing ik verblijve (I remain). Multatuli's prose and the Bible use gij for the second person singular.Model conjugation: leggen and zetten
Leggen: ik leg (I lay), jij legt / u legt (you lay), hij legt (he lays), wij leggen (we lay), jullie leggen (you lay, plural), zij leggen (they lay).
Zetten: ik zet (I set), jij zet / u zet (you set), hij zet (he sets), wij zetten (we set), jullie zetten (you set, plural), zij zetten (they set).Verbs of this lesson, with their principal parts
trekken to travel ik trek, ik trok, ik heb getrokken
vernachten to pass the night ik overnacht, ik overnachtte, ik heb overnacht
wenschen to wish ik wens, ik wenste, ik heb gewenst
gebruiken to eat, to have ik gebruik, ik gebruikte, ik heb gebruikt
bezorgen to procure ik bezorg, ik bezorgde, ik heb bezorgd
zetten to put, to set ik zet, ik zette, ik heb gezet
schijnen to seem het schijnt, het scheen, het heeft geschenen.Lesson 2: Het Werkwoord: weak, strong and irregular verbs (and 2 more)
Three kinds of verb
Dutch verbs fall into two families. The family decides how a verb talks about the past.
The stem is the verb without its ending: the stem of maken is maak. The past tense says what happened: I made. The past participle is the form after have: I have made.
Weak verbs add an ending to the stem and keep its vowel. Maken is weak. Strong verbs change the stem vowel instead. Trekken is strong.
An irregular verb follows neither pattern cleanly. Zijn is irregular.
The weak past participle
A weak verb keeps its vowel. Its past participle adds d or t to the stem.
Maken becomes gemaakt. The stem maak keeps its vowel and takes a t. Antwoorden becomes geantwoord.
In both examples ge also comes before the stem.
The strong past participle
A strong verb changes its vowel. Its past participle adds en to the stem.
Trekken becomes getrokken. The e of the stem turns into o. Zingen becomes gezongen. The i turns into o.
Lesson 2: The infinitive (and 1 more)
The whole verb
The infinitive is the form that names the verb. In English it is to make or to set.
A Dutch infinitive is the stem plus en. Maak plus en is maken. Zet plus en is zetten.
Double letters
Some verbs write a double letter in some forms and a single letter in others. The spelling follows one rule.
In leggen and zetten the stem ends in a double letter: the g and the t are doubled. Both letters are written only when an e follows: wij leggen, wij zetten.
Everywhere else one letter is dropped: ik leg, hij legt, ik zet.
Lesson 2: The present tense (and 1 more)
Building the present tense
Person is the word for who does the verb. First person is I or we. Second person is you. Third person is he, she, it or they.
The stem is the form for I: leg, zet. Jij, u and hij add t to the stem: jij legt, hij legt. A stem that already ends in t adds nothing: jij zet, hij zet.
Wij, jullie and zij take the infinitive form: wij leggen, jullie leggen, zij zetten.
In a question jij drops that t. Leg jij? is correct. Legt jij? is not.
Old forms in fixed phrases
An old first person ending in e survives in a few fixed phrases.
Zegge is printed on invoices and cheques to spell out a sum in words: zegge driehonderd euro. It means say three hundred euros. Ik verblijve closes a letter and means I remain.
Gij is an old word for you, one person. Some old prose and the Bible use it.
Two verbs as models
A model shows one verb in every person. Leggen and zetten are the two models.
Ik leg and ik zet are the stems. Wij leggen and wij zetten are the infinitive forms.
Jij legt and u legt are the same form. Jij zet and u zet are also the same form. Zetten adds no t, because its stem already ends in t.
- 80
Are you putting the egg on the table?
Legto layjijyouhetit; theeiegg, eggsopon, upontafel?table - 81
He puts the guinea on the bill.
Hijhezetto put, to setdetheguinjea guineaopon, upondetherekening.the bill - 82
We are traveling to Hannover.
Wijwetrekkento travel, to pull (strong)naarto, towardsHannover.Hannover
De slimme herbergier
- 86
The sly innkeeper
Detheslimmeslyherbergierinnkeeper, host - 87
George II, king of England, once traveled through the Netherlands to Hannover, spent the night at a country inn, and wished to have a single egg for his breakfast.
GeorgeGeorgeII,IIkoningking, kingsvanof, fromEngeland,Engelandtrokto traveleensonce, one daydoorthroughNederlandNederlandnaarto, towardsHannover,Hannoverovernachtteto pass the nightinineenadorpsherberga country innenandwensteto wisheenaenkelsingleeiegg, eggsvoorforzijnhis breakfastontbijthis breakfasttetogebruiken.to use - 88
The innkeeper brought him the egg and put a guinea on the bill.
Detheherbergierinnkeeper, hostbezorgdeto procurehemhimhetit; theeiegg, eggsenandzetteto put, to seteenaguinjea guineaopon, upondetherekening.the bill - 89
The king said, smiling, to him: “It certainly seems that eggs are rare in your country.”
Dethekoningking, kingszeisaidglimlachendsmilingtegento (a person)hem:him“Hetit; theschijntseemswelbutdatthat; that (conjunction)detheeierenegg, eggszeldzaamrarezijnhis; to beininuwyour countryland.”your country - 90
“Not so, Sire”, answered the innkeeper; “eggs are not so scarce, but kings are.”
“Datnot so (I beg your pardon)niet,not so (I beg your pardon)Sire”,Sireantwoorddeanswereddetheherbergier;innkeeper, host“detheeierenegg, eggszijnhis; to bezoso, asschaarsscarceniet,notwelbutdethekoningen.”king, kings
- herbergier
- innkeeper, host
- koning
- king, kings
- Engeland
- England
- Nederland
- the Netherlands
- dorpsherberg
- a country inn
- ei
- egg, eggs
- ontbijt
- his breakfast (zijn ontbijt)
- guinje
- a guinea
- rekening
- the bill
- land
- your country (uw land)
- enkel
- single
- glimlachend
- smiling
- zeldzaam
- rare
- schaars
- scarce
- eens
- once, one day
- wel
- but; so, as
- niet
- not so (I beg your pardon) (dat niet)
- door
- through; for
- te
- to (infinitive marker); to, towards
Lesson 2: conversation
- 91
Where was George II traveling to?
Waarheenwhere totrokto travelGeorgeGeorgeII?II - 92
Through which country did George II travel?
Doorthroughwelkwhich, whatlandlandtrokto travelGeorgeGeorgeII?II - 93
Where did the king spend the night?
Waarwhere; trueovernachtteto pass the nightdethekoning?king, kings - 94
What did he wish to have for his breakfast?
Watwhatwensteto wishhijhevoorforzijnhis breakfastontbijthis breakfasttetogebruiken?to use - 95
George II was traveling to Hannover.
GeorgeGeorgeIIIItrokto travelnaarto, towardsHannover.Hannover - 96
George II traveled through the Netherlands.
GeorgeGeorgeIIIItrokto traveldoorthroughNederland.Nederland - 97
The king spent the night at a country inn.
Dethekoningking, kingsovernachtteto pass the nightinineenadorpsherberg.a country inn - 98
He wished to have a single egg for his breakfast.
Hijhewensteto wisheenaenkelsingleeiegg, eggsvoorforzijnhis breakfastontbijthis breakfasttetogebruiken.to use
- 99
How much did the innkeeper put on the bill?
Hoeveelhow much, how manyzetteto put, to setdetheherbergierinnkeeper, hosthemhimopon, upondetherekening?the bill - 100
What did the king say, smiling, to the innkeeper?
Watwhatzeito saydethekoningking, kingsglimlachendsmilingtegenagainst; todetheherbergier?innkeeper, host - 101
What did the innkeeper answer?
Watwhatantwoorddeto answerdetheherbergier?innkeeper, host - 102
The innkeeper put a guinea on the bill.
Detheherbergierinnkeeper, hostzetteto put, to seteenaguinjea guineaopon, upondetherekening.the bill - 103
He said: “It certainly seems that eggs are rare in your country.”
Hijhezei:said“Hetit; theschijntseemswelbutdatthat; that (conjunction)detheeierenegg, eggszeldzaamrarezijnhis; to beininuwyour countryland.”your country - 104
He answered: “Not so, Sire; eggs are not so scarce, but kings are.”
Hijheantwoordde:answered“Datnot so (I beg your pardon)niet,not so (I beg your pardon)Sire;Siredetheeierenegg, eggszijnhis; to bezoso, asschaarsscarceniet,notwelbutdethekoningen.”king, kings
Lesson 2: exercise 2
- 105
de herbergier
the innkeeper
- 106
een herbergier
an innkeeper
- 107
de koning
the king
- 108
de dorpsherberg
the country inn
- 109
een dorpsherberg
a country inn
- 110
het ei
the egg
- 111
mijn ei
my egg
Lesson 2: exercise 3
- 125
ik zeg
I say
- 126
hij zegt
he says
- 127
wij zeggen
we say
- 128
jij vergeet
you forget
- 129
jullie vergeten
you (plural) forget
- 130
zij vergeten
they forget
- 131
ik antwoord
I answer
- 132
u antwoordt
you answer
- 133
zij antwoorden
they answer
- 134
jij maakt
you make
- 135
hij maakt
he makes
- 136
wij maken
we make
- 137
ik trek
I travel
- 138
hij trekt
he travels
- 139
wij trekken
we travel
- 140
jij overnacht
you spend the night
- 141
jullie overnachten
you (plural) spend the night
- 142
zij overnachten
they spend the night
- 143
ik wens
I wish
- 144
u wenst
you wish
- 145
zij wensen
they wish
Lesson 2: exercise 4
- 158
The woman is old.
Dethevrouwa woman, a ladyisto be (irregular)oud.old - 159
The king has forgotten.
Dethekoningking, kingsheeftto havevergeten.to forget - 160
How old are you?
Hoehowoudoldbentto be (irregular)u?you (polite) - 161
We have a dog.
Wijwehebbento haveeenahond.the dog, dogs - 162
He has an egg.
Hijheheeftto haveeenaei.egg, eggs - 163
The host is sly.
Detheherbergierinnkeeper, hostisto be (irregular)slim.sly - 164
The king is old.
Dethekoningking, kingsisto be (irregular)oud.old
- 165
The eggs are scarce.
Detheeierenegg, eggszijnto be (irregular)schaars.scarce - 166
Have the Netherlands a king?
Hebbento havedetheNederlandenNederlandeneenakoning?king, kings - 167
Is the woman old?
Isto be (irregular)dethevrouwa woman, a ladyoud?old - 168
Has the host a dog?
Heeftto havedetheherbergierinnkeeper, hosteenahond?the dog, dogs - 169
We have a receipt.
Wijwehebbento haveeenakwitantie.receipt - 170
We procure him a dog.
Wijwebezorgento procurehemhimeenahond.the dog, dogs - 171
Kings are scarce.
Koningenking, kingszijnto be (irregular)schaars.scarce
- 172
The woman smiles.
Dethevrouwa woman, a ladyglimlacht.smiles - 173
Here (Hier) is an inn.
Hierhereisto be (irregular)eenaherberg.inn - 174
He wishes an egg for his breakfast.
Hijhewenstwishedeenaeiegg, eggsvoorforzijnhis breakfastontbijt.his breakfast - 175
His country has a king.
Zijnhis; to belandlandheeftto haveeenakoning.king, kings - 176
Was the host old?
Wasto be (irregular)detheherbergierinnkeeper, hostoud?old
Lesson 3: Hebben, to have: past tense (and 1 more)
Two past forms of hebben
The past tense of hebben has only two forms. Ik heb is I have. Ik had is I had.
Had is for one person: ik had, jij had, hij had. Hadden is for more than one: wij hadden, jullie hadden, zij hadden.
U takes had or hadt. Both are right.
No t after jij in the past
In the present tense, jij hebt ends in t. In the past tense, jij had takes no ending.
A question puts the verb first and the subject after it. Had ik? Had jij? Hadden wij? The verb keeps the same form.
The weak past endings
A weak verb makes its past tense and past participle with an ending on the stem. Every weak verb does this the same way.
Add -de to the stem for the past tense. Add -d for the past participle.
Ik legde is I laid. Ik heb gelegd is I have laid.
Endings -te and -t
A consonant is any letter that is not a vowel. If the stem ends in the consonant t, k, f, s, ch or p, the endings are -te and -t.
Ik wenste, ik heb gewenst. Ik vernachtte, ik heb vernacht.
If the stem already ends in t, the past participle adds no second t. Ik zette, ik heb gezet.
- 177
I had a dog.
IkIhadto haveeenahond.the dog, dogs - 178
Were you hungry?
Hadto havejijyouhonger?hunger - 179
We had a house.
Wijwehaddento haveeenahuis.house - 180
Had they sung?
Haddento havezijshe; theygezongen?to sing
| ik | had | I had |
|---|---|---|
| jij | had | you had (familiar) |
| u | had | you had (polite) |
| hij | (zij | het, men) had, he (she, it, one) had |
| wij | hadden | we had |
| jullie | hadden | you had (familiar plural) |
| zij | hadden | they had |
Hebben, to have: past tense
Past tense
ik had I had
jij had you had (familiar)
u had you had (polite)
hij (zij het, men) had, he (she, it, one) had
wij hadden we had
jullie hadden you had (familiar plural)
zij hadden they had
As a question
had ik? had I?
had jij? had you?
had u? had you?
had hij? had he?
hadden wij? had we?
hadden jullie? had you?
hadden zij? had they?
Jij and je take no ending in the past tense: jij had, not jij hadt; compare the present tense, jij hebt.Weak verbs: past tense and past participle
All weak verbs form the past tense by adding -de to the stem, and the past participle by adding -d. This -de/-d changes to -te/-t if the stem ends in one of the consonants t, k, f, s, ch, p (the mnemonic is 't kofschip, or soft ketchup). Ik legde, wenste, vernachtte; gelegd, gewenst, vernacht. If the stem already ends in t, the past participle adds no second t: gezet, vernacht.Stem-final v or z becomes f or s
A stem ending in a simple v or z changes it to f or s: before -de, -d: leven to live, leefde, geleefd; verhuizen to move house, verhuisde, verhuisd; and in every other form of the conjugation where no e immediately follows: leven: ik leef, jij leeft, hij leeft; wij leven, zij leven. Verhuizen: ik verhuis, jij (hij) verhuist; wij (zij) verhuizen.Weak past tense: plural forms, and leggen, redden, zetten
The third person singular of the past tense has the same form as the first. The first and third person plural add -n to that same singular form: legde becomes legden; wenste becomes wensten. If the stem already ends in dd or tt, these plural forms look the same as the present tense: wij (zij) redden means we (they) save or we (they) saved; zetten wij (zij)? means do we (they) set? or did we (they) set?
Examples.
Weak past tense: plural forms, and leggen, redden, zetten
ik legde I laid
hij legde he laid
wij legden we laid
jij legde you laid (familiar)
zij legden they laid
Weak past tense: plural forms, and leggen, redden, zetten
ik redde I saved
hij redde he saved
wij redden we saved
jij redde you saved (familiar)
zij redden they saved
Weak past tense: plural forms, and leggen, redden, zetten
ik zette I set
hij zette he set
wij zetten we set
jij zette you set (familiar)
zij zetten they setVerbs of this lesson, with their principal parts
doorbrengen to pass, to spend (time) ik breng door, ik bracht door, ik heb doorgebracht
zingen to sing ik zing, ik zong, ik heb gezongen
krijgen to get; honger krijgen: to become hungry ik krijg, ik kreeg, ik heb gekregen
verzoeken to beg, to request ik verzoek, ik verzocht, ik heb verzocht
eten to eat ik eet, ik at, ik heb gegeten
geven to give ik geef, ik gaf, ik heb gegeven
doen to do ik doe, ik deed, ik heb gedaan
dansen to dance ik dans, ik danste, ik heb gedanstLesson 3: Stem-final v or z becomes f or s (and 1 more)
V and z written as f and s
Some stems end in v or z. Where no e follows that letter, v is written f and z is written s.
This happens before -de and -d. Leven gives leefde and geleefd. Verhuizen gives verhuisde and verhuisd.
It also happens in the present tense. Ik leef, jij leeft, hij leeft. Wij leven keeps the v, because an e follows it.
Verhuizen works the same way: ik verhuis, jij verhuist, wij verhuizen.
One singular form, one plural form
The weak past tense has one form for a single person and one for more than one.
Ik, jij and hij take the same form. Ik legde, jij legde, hij legde.
For wij and zij, add -n to that form. Legde becomes legden. Wenste becomes wensten.
Plural past forms that match the present
If the stem ends in dd or tt, the plural past looks the same as the present tense.
Wij redden means we save or we saved. Zetten wij? means do we set or did we set.
The singular past forms are ik redde and ik zette.
Weak past tense: plural forms, and leggen, redden, zetten
The third person singular of the past tense has the same form as the first. The first and third person plural add -n to that same singular form: legde becomes legden; wenste becomes wensten. If the stem already ends in dd or tt, these plural forms look the same as the present tense: wij (zij) redden means we (they) save or we (they) saved; zetten wij (zij)? means do we (they) set? or did we (they) set?
Examples.
- 184
I live, we live
ikIleef,livewijwelevenlife - 185
I move house, we move house
ikIverhuis,move housewijweverhuizenmove - 186
we laid, they laid
wijwelegden,putzijshe; theylegdenput - 187
we saved a child
wijwereddensaveeenakindthe child - 188
did we set the table?
zettento put, to setwijwedethetafel?table
| ik | legde | I laid |
|---|---|---|
| hij | legde | he laid |
| wij | legden | we laid |
| jij | legde | you laid (familiar) |
| zij | legden | they laid |
| ik | redde | I saved |
|---|---|---|
| hij | redde | he saved |
| wij | redden | we saved |
| jij | redde | you saved (familiar) |
| zij | redden | they saved |
| ik | zette | I set |
|---|---|---|
| hij | zette | he set |
| wij | zetten | we set |
| jij | zette | you set (familiar) |
| zij | zetten | they set |
De krekel en de mier
- 189
The cricket and the ant
Dethekrekelcricketenanddethemierant - 190
The cricket had spent the whole summer singing.
Dethekrekelcrickethadto havedethehelewholezomersummerdoorgebrachtto pass, to spend (time)metwithzingen.to sing - 191
When it had become winter, he grew hungry and turned to the ant, and asked her to give him something to eat.
Toenas, whenhetit; thewinterwintergewordenbecomewas,to be (irregular)kreegto get; honger krijgen: to become hungryhijhehongerhungerenandwenddeturnedzichoneself, himself, themselvestotuntil, todethemier,antenandverzochtto beg, to requesthaarherhemhimwatwhattetoetento eattetogeven.to give
- krekel
- cricket
- mier
- ant
- zomer
- summer
- met
- with
- winter
- winter
- Toen
- as, when
- honger
- hunger
- geworden
- it had become ... (Het was ... geworden)
- tot
- he applied to, he turned to (hij wendde zich tot)
- 192
But the ant said: “What have you done all summer?”
Maarbutdethemierantzei:said“Watwhathebhavejeyou; yourdethehelewholezomersummergedaan?”done - 193
“Night and day I have sung.”
“NachtnightenanddagdayhebhaveikIgezongen.”sung - 194
“Indeed, indeed, you have sung? Very well, dance now then.”
“Zo,so, aszo,so, ashebhavejeyou; yourgezongen?sungHeelvery wellgoed,very welldansdancedanthennu.”now, at present
- goed
- very well (heel goed)
- je
- you (familiar; ge/gij is now archaic)
- Maar
- but
- dag
- day
- dan
- then
- Nacht
- night
- nu
- now, at present
- Heel
- whole
- Zo
- indeed!
Lesson 3: conversation
- 195
How had the cricket spent the whole summer?
Hoehowhadto havedethekrekelcricketdethehelewholezomersummerdoorgebracht?to pass, to spend (time) - 196
When did he become hungry?
Wanneerwhenkreegto get; honger krijgen: to become hungryhijhehonger?hunger - 197
To whom did he turn?
Totuntil, towiewhowenddeturnedhijhezich?oneself, himself, themselves - 198
What did he ask her?
Watwhatverzochtto beg, to requesthijhehaar?her - 199
He had spent the whole summer singing.
Hijhehadto havedethehelewholezomersummerdoorgebrachtto pass, to spend (time)metwithzingen.to sing - 200
He became hungry when it had become winter.
Hijhekreegto get; honger krijgen: to become hungryhongerhungertoenas, whenhetit; thewinterwintergewordenbecomewas.to be (irregular) - 201
He turned to the ant.
Hijhe applied to, he turned towenddehe applied to, he turned tozichhe applied to, he turned totothe applied to, he turned todethemier.ant - 202
He asked her to give him something to eat.
Hijheverzochtto beg, to requesthaarherhemhimwatwhattetoetento eattetogeven.to give
- 203
What did the ant say then?
Watwhatzeito saydethemieranttoen?as, when - 204
What had the cricket done night and day?
Watwhathadto havedethekrekelcricketnachtnightenanddagdaygedaan?to do - 205
What advice did he get?
Welkewhich, whatraadcounselkreegto get; honger krijgen: to become hungryhij?he - 206
She said: “What have you done all summer?”
Zijshe; theyzei:said“Watwhathebhavejeyou; yourdethehelewholezomersummergedaan?”done - 207
He had sung night and day.
Hijhehadto havenachtnightenanddagdaygezongen.to sing - 208
He got the advice to dance.
Hijhekreegto get; honger krijgen: to become hungrydetheraadcounselomaround; at (time); in order totetodansen.to dance
Lesson 3: exercise 5
Lesson 3: exercise 6
- 216
The host had a dog.
Detheherbergierinnkeeper, hosthadto haveeenahond.the dog, dogs - 217
Had the woman eggs?
Hadto havedethevrouwa woman, a ladyeieren?egg, eggs - 218
Had George II. a kingdom?
Hadto haveGeorgeGeorgeIIIIeenakoninkrijk?Kingdom - 219
We had a receipt.
Wijwehaddento haveeenakwitantie.receipt - 220
Had you a guinea?
Hadto haveuyou (polite)eenaguinje?a guinea - 221
The cricket had sung.
Dethekrekelcrickethadto havegezongen.to sing - 222
The woman had danced and sung.
Dethevrouwa woman, a ladyhadto havegedanstto danceenandgezongen.to sing
- 223
Had he done anything (iets)?
Hadto havehijheietssomethinggedaan?to do - 224
They had an inn.
Zijshe; theyhaddento haveeenaherberg.inn - 225
We wished some (eenige) eggs for [the] breakfast.
Wijwewenstenwishedenigeonly (het enige: the only thing)eierenegg, eggsvoorforhetit; theontbijt.breakfast - 226
They applied to the king.
Zijshe; theywenddenappliedzichoneself, himself, themselvestotuntil, todethekoning.king, kings - 227
Have they danced?
Hebbento havezijshe; theygedanst?to dance - 228
We saved a child.
Wijwereddensaveeenakind.the child - 229
The king had some dogs.
Dethekoningking, kingshadto haveenigeonly (het enige: the only thing)honden.the dog, dogs
Lesson 4: Zijn, to be: past tense (and 1 more)
Was and waren
Zijn means to be. Its past tense has two forms, as English has was and were.
Was goes with one person. Waren goes with more than one. Ik was. Jij was. Hij was. Wij waren. Jullie waren.
Zij waren means they were. The word zij also means she, and then the verb is was: zij was.
U takes was for one person: u was. Het was and men was also take was. Men means one, as in one was.
The question keeps the verb form
A question puts the verb first and the subject after it. Was ik? Was jij? Waren wij? Waren zij?
The verb does not change in the turn. Wij waren becomes waren wij. Ik was becomes was ik.
An old ending in fixed phrases
A statement of fact uses the ordinary present tense: ik leg, hij legt, wij leggen.
The subjunctive is an older form of the verb. It ends in e for I, he, she and it. Leve de koning! means long live the king.
Today only a few fixed, formal phrases keep it. God zegene u means God bless you.
Writers of the nineteenth century used it more freely, for a wish: dat hij kome, let him come. Today's Dutch says this with another verb.
- 232
The treasure was in the garden.
Detheschattreasurewasto be (irregular)inindethetuin.garden - 233
Were you furious?
Wasto be (irregular)jijyouwoedend?furious - 234
We were not rich.
Wijwewarento be (irregular)nietnotrijk.rich, richer
| ik | was | I was |
|---|---|---|
| jij | was | you were (familiar) |
| u | was | you were (polite) |
| hij | was | he was |
| zij | was | she was |
| het | was | it was |
| men | was | one was |
| wij | waren | we were |
| jullie | waren | you were (familiar plural) |
| zij | waren | they were |
Zijn, to be: past tense
Past tense
ik was I was
jij was you were (familiar)
u was you were (polite)
hij was he was
zij was she was
het was it was
men was one was
wij waren we were
jullie waren you were (familiar plural)
zij waren they were
As a question
was ik? was I?
was jij? were you?
was u? were you?
was hij? was he?
was zij? was she?
was het? was it?
was men? was one?
waren wij? were we?
waren jullie? were you?
waren zij? were they?
In a question the verb stands first and the subject follows it.The Present Subjunctive
For an ordinary statement, use the present indicative: ik leg, hij legt, wij leggen. A handful of fixed, formal or ceremonial phrases keep the old ending in -e for the first and third person singular: leve de koning! (long live the king), God zegene u (God bless you). Multatuli and other nineteenth-century writers used this subjunctive productively, for a wish or a concession (dat hij kome, let him come), where present-day Dutch uses a modal verb instead.The Imperative
The imperative has one form, the bare stem, for every listener: leg! zet! leef! reis! antwoord! Older Dutch marked a plural listener by adding -t to the stem (legt, leeft, reist, antwoordt); you meet this form in the Bible and in a handful of set phrases such as weest gegroet, hail.The Present and Past Participle
The present participle is formed with stem + -d: klagend, reizend, stelend, overnachtend; a final -e is the ordinary adjective ending, added when the participle stands before a noun (de klagende vrek). The past participle takes the prefix ge-, unless the verb already carries an inseparable prefix on its stem (ver-, be-, ont-, ge-, her-, er-, ...), in which case no ge- is added: geklaagd, gereisd, gestolen, overnacht.The compound tenses
The compound tenses (samengestelde tijden) are formed, as in English, with an auxiliary verb (hebben, zijn, zullen) plus a participle or infinitive.Verbs of this lesson, with their principal parts
stelen to steal ik steel, ik stal, ik heb gestolen (ontstelen: to rob)
begraven to bury ik begraaf, ik begroef, ik heb begraven
kunnen to be able (can) ik kan, ik kon, ik heb gekund (kunnen)
worden to become, to get ik word, ik werd, ik ben gewordenLesson 4: The Imperative (and 2 more)
One form to give an order
The imperative is the form of a verb that gives an order. It is the bare stem: leg! zet! leef! reis! antwoord!
The same form speaks to one person or to many.
Older Dutch added a t to speak to several people: legt, leeft, reist, antwoordt. That form remains in the Bible and in a few set phrases. Weest gegroet means hail.
The present participle
A participle is a form made from a verb. Dutch has two: the present participle and the past participle.
The present participle is the stem plus d: klagend, reizend, stelend, overnachtend. It matches English words in ing: complaining, travelling.
Before a noun it adds a final e: de klagende vrek, the complaining miser.
The past participle and ge
The past participle puts ge in front of the verb: geklaagd, gereisd, gestolen.
A verb whose stem already begins with ver, be, ont, ge, her or er adds no ge. Begraven is the participle of begraven. Ontstolen is the participle of ontstelen.
Overnacht also takes no ge: wij hebben in het hotel overnacht, we spent the night in the hotel.
Two verbs make one tense
An auxiliary verb is a verb that helps another verb. The auxiliary verbs here are hebben, zijn and zullen.
A compound tense is an auxiliary plus a participle or an infinitive. English makes the same kind of tense: I have stolen.
Ik heb gestolen means I have stolen. Ik ben geworden means I have become.
Stelen takes hebben. Worden takes zijn. The list of verbs shows the auxiliary in each one's last form: ik heb gestolen, ik ben geworden.
De gierigaard (vrek)
- 244
The miser
Dethegierigaardmiser(vrek)miser - 245
“Miserable me!” thus complained a miser to his neighbor.
“IkIongelukkige!”unhappyzoso, asklaagdecomplainedeenavrekmiserbijat, near, withzijnhis; to bebuurman.neighbor - 246
“Someone has stolen from me the treasure that I had buried in my garden, and put a miserable stone in its place.”
“Menone, peopleheefthasmijmedetheschattreasureontstolenstolendiewho (relative)ikIininmijnmytuingardenbegravenburiedhad,hadenandeenaellendigewretchedsteenstoneinindetheplaatsplacegelegd.”set
- gierigaard
- miser
- plaats
- place
- buurman
- neighbor
- schat
- treasure
- tuin
- garden
- steen
- stone
- mij
- me
- die
- which, that (relative, object case)
- 247
The neighbor answered: “You would not have your treasure anyway.”
Dethebuurmanneighborantwoordde:answered“Uyou (polite)zoushould, woulduwyour (polite)schattreasuretochnot... after allnietnot... after allhebben.”have - 248
“Believe therefore that the stone is your treasure and you are no poorer than before.”
“Geloofbelievedaaromthereforedatthat; that (conjunction)dethesteenstoneuwyour (polite)schattreasureisisenanduyou (polite)bentarenietsnothingarmerpoor, poorerdanthan beforetevoren.”than before - 249
“Am I not poorer either?” said the miser, “then someone else is much richer.”
“BenamikIookalsonietnotarmer”,poor, poorerzeisaiddethevrek,miser“zoso, asisiseenaanderanother (person)veelmuchrijker.”rich, richer - 250
“I could become furious!”
“IkIzoushould, wouldwoedendfuriouskunnencanworden!”become, are (passive)
- woedend
- furious
- niet
- not... after all (toch niet)
- daarom
- therefore
- tevoren
- than before (dan tevoren)
- ander
- another (person)
- veel
- much
Lesson 4: conversation
- 251
What did the miser say, complaining, to his neighbor?
Watwhatzeito saydethevrekmiserklagendto complain, to lamenttegenagainst; tozijnhis; to bebuurman?neighbor - 252
What treasure had been stolen from him?
Welkewhich, whatschattreasurehadto havemenone, peoplehemhimontstolen?stolen - 253
What had been put in its place?
Watwhathadto havemenone, peopleinindetheplaatsplacegelegd?to lay - 254
What did the neighbor answer to the miser's complaint?
Watwhatantwoorddeto answerdethebuurmanneighboropon, uponhetit; theklagento complain, to lamentvanof, fromdethevrek?miser - 255
He said: “Miserable me! Someone has stolen my treasure, which I had buried in my garden, and put a wretched stone in its place.”
Hijhezei:said“IkIongelukkige!unhappyMenone, peopleheefthasmijmedetheschattreasureontstolen,stolendiewho (relative)ikIininmijnmytuingardenbegravenburiedhad,hadenandeenaellendigewretchedsteenstoneinindetheplaatsplacegelegd.”set - 256
The treasure that he had buried in his garden had been stolen from him.
Menone, peoplehadto havehemhimdetheschattreasureontstolenstolendiewho (relative)hijheininzijnhis; to betuingardenbegravento buryhad.to have - 257
A miserable stone had been put in its place.
Menone, peoplehadto haveeenaellendigewretchedsteenstoneinindetheplaatsplacegelegd.to lay - 258
The neighbor answered that the miser would not have had his treasure anyway, and that he should believe that the stone was his treasure and that he was no poorer than before.
Dethebuurmanneighborantwoorddeto answerdatthat; that (conjunction)dethevrekmiserzijnhis; to beschattreasuretochnot... after allnietnot... after allzoushould, wouldhebben,to haveenanddatthat; that (conjunction)hijhemoestto have to, mustgelovento believedatthat; that (conjunction)dethesteenstonezijnto be (irregular)schattreasurewasto be (irregular)enanddatthat; that (conjunction)hijhenietsnothingarmerpoor, poorerwasto be (irregular)danthan beforetevoren.than before
- 259
What was the miser simply to believe?
Watwhatmoestto have to, mustdethevrekmisermaarbutgeloven?to believe - 260
Why might the miser become furious?
Waaromwhyzoushould, woulddethevrekmiserwoedendfuriouskunnento be able (can)worden?to become, to get - 261
He was to believe that the stone was his treasure and that he was no poorer than before.
Hijhemoestto have to, mustgelovento believedatthat; that (conjunction)dethesteenstonezijnto be (irregular)schattreasurewasto be (irregular)enanddatthat; that (conjunction)hijhenietsnothingarmerpoor, poorerwasto be (irregular)danthan beforetevoren.than before - 262
He might become furious, because someone else was now much richer than he was.
Hijhezoushould, wouldwoedendfuriouskunnento be able (can)worden,to become, to getomdatbecauseeenaanderanother (person)nunow, at presentveelmuchrijkerrich, richerwasto be (irregular)danthenhij.he
Lesson 4: exercise 7
Lesson 4: exercise 8
- 267
The king was in Hanover and in the Netherlands.
Dethekoningking, kingswasto be (irregular)ininHannoverHannoverenandininNederland.Nederland - 268
Was the inn-keeper sly?
Wasto be (irregular)detheherbergierinnkeeper, hostslim?sly - 269
Were you in England?
Waswasuyou (polite)ininEngeland?Engeland - 270
Were they furious?
Warenwerezijshe; theywoedend?furious - 271
Was the woman old?
Wasto be (irregular)dethevrouwa woman, a ladyoud?old - 272
She had a treasure.
Zijshe; theyhadto haveeenaschat.treasure - 273
The stone was in the garden.
Dethesteenstonewasto be (irregular)inindethetuin.garden
- 274
The neighbour was much richer.
Dethebuurmanneighborwasto be (irregular)veelmuchrijker.rich, richer - 275
Were the eggs scarce?
Warenweredetheeierenegg, eggsschaars?scarce - 276
The dog was old.
Dethehondthe dog, dogswasto be (irregular)oud.old - 277
Was it in [the] summer?
Wasto be (irregular)hetit; theinindethezomer?summer - 278
The cricket had sung.
Dethekrekelcrickethadto havegezongen.to sing - 279
Was the cricket hungry (Had . . . honger)?
Wasto be (irregular)dethekrekelcrickethongerig?hungry
Lesson 5: Zijn or wezen, to be (and 1 more)
Zijn in the present and the past
Zijn means to be. Wezen is the literary form of the same verb. A tense is a form of the verb that places the action in time.
The present has a different form for most persons. Ik ben. Jij bent. Hij is. Wij zijn. Jullie and zij also take zijn.
The past has two forms. Was goes with one person: ik was, jij was, hij was. Waren goes with more than one: wij waren, jullie waren, zij waren.
U takes the same form as jij: u bent, u was.
Every other tense has two parts
The other tenses of zijn are built from two words. The first is a form of zijn, or zal, zult, zou. The last is geweest or zijn.
Geweest means been. Ik ben geweest is I have been. Ik was geweest is I had been.
Zal and zult place the action in the future. Ik zal zijn is I shall be. Jij zult zijn is you will be.
Zou and zouden say what would happen. Ik zou zijn is I should be. Hij zou geweest zijn is he would have been.
Zijn or wezen, to be
Infinitief: zijn (literary: wezen), to be. Voltooid infinitief: geweest zijn, to have been.
Deelwoorden: zijnde, being; geweest, been.
One command form
A command with zijn uses one form for one listener or many: wees. Wees stil means be quiet.
Wees eerlijk. Wees niet bang.
Weest is an old plural form. It survives only in set phrases, such as weest gegroet, which means hail.
- 280
I am here.
IkIbento be (irregular)hier.here - 281
Were you at home?
Wasto be (irregular)jijyouthuis?at home - 282
They have been poor.
Zijshe; theyzijnhis; to bearmpoor, poorergeweest.to be (irregular) - 283
We shall be rich.
Wijwezullenshall, willrijkrich, richerzijn.to be (irregular)
| ik | ben | I am |
|---|---|---|
| jij | bent | you are |
| hij | is | he is |
| wij | zijn | we are |
| jullie | zijn | you are |
| zij | zijn | they are |
| ik | was | I was |
|---|---|---|
| jij | was | you were |
| hij | was | he was |
| wij | waren | we were |
| jullie | waren | you were |
| zij | waren | they were |
| ik | ben geweest | I have been |
|---|---|---|
| jij | bent geweest | you have been |
| hij | is geweest | he has been |
| wij | zijn geweest | we have been |
| jullie | zijn geweest | you have been |
| zij | zijn geweest | they have been |
| ik | was geweest | I had been |
|---|---|---|
| jij | was geweest | you had been |
| hij | was geweest | he had been |
| wij | waren geweest | we had been |
| jullie | waren geweest | you had been |
| zij | waren geweest | they had been |
| ik | zal zijn | I shall be |
|---|---|---|
| jij | zult zijn | you will be |
| hij | zal zijn | he will be |
| wij | zullen zijn | we shall be |
| jullie | zullen zijn | you will be |
| zij | zullen zijn | they will be |
Zijn or wezen, to be
Infinitief: zijn (literary: wezen), to be. Voltooid infinitief: geweest zijn, to have been.
Deelwoorden: zijnde, being; geweest, been.
Onvoltooid tegenwoordige tijd (present)
ik ben I am
jij bent you are
hij is he is
wij zijn we are
jullie zijn you are
zij zijn they are
Onvoltooid verleden tijd (past)
ik was I was
jij was you were
hij was he was
wij waren we were
jullie waren you were
zij waren they were
Voltooid tegenwoordige tijd (present perfect)
ik ben geweest I have been
jij bent geweest you have been
hij is geweest he has been
wij zijn geweest we have been
jullie zijn geweest you have been
zij zijn geweest they have been
Voltooid verleden tijd (pluperfect)
ik was geweest I had been
jij was geweest you had been
hij was geweest he had been
wij waren geweest we had been
jullie waren geweest you had been
zij waren geweest they had been
Onvoltooid toekomende tijd (future)
ik zal zijn I shall be
jij zult zijn you will be
hij zal zijn he will be
wij zullen zijn we shall be
jullie zullen zijn you will be
zij zullen zijn they will be
Voltooid toekomende tijd (future perfect)
ik zal geweest zijn I shall have been
jij zult geweest zijn you will have been
hij zal geweest zijn he will have been
wij zullen geweest zijn we shall have been
jullie zullen geweest zijn you will have been
zij zullen geweest zijn they will have been
Onvoltooid verleden-toekomende tijd (present conditional)
ik zou zijn I should be
jij zou zijn you would be
hij zou zijn he would be
wij zouden zijn we should be
jullie zouden zijn you would be
zij zouden zijn they would be
Voltooid verleden-toekomende tijd (past conditional)
ik zou geweest zijn I should have been
jij zou geweest zijn you would have been
hij zou geweest zijn he would have been
wij zouden geweest zijn we should have been
jullie zouden geweest zijn you would have been
zij zouden geweest zijn they would have beenThe imperative of zijn
The imperative of zijn has one form for every listener: wees. Wees stil! Be quiet! The old plural ending in -t, weest, survives only in set phrases, such as weest gegroet, hail.The past participle stands at the end
In a compound tense the past participle stands at the end of the sentence. Ik heb een boek gehad, I have had a book. Hij is koning geweest, he has been king. Zij hebben een steen gevonden, they have found a stone. Zij waren gelukkig geweest, they had been happy. Zij zijn hier geweest, they have been here.Adverbs of time
An adverb of time often opens the sentence; when it does, the first (or only) verb comes right after it, before the subject. An adverb of time that does not open the sentence follows immediately after the verb. Gisteren hebben wij een steen in de tuin gevonden, yesterday we found a stone in the garden. Deze morgen zijn wij hier geweest, this morning we have been here. Wij hebben deze morgen een steen gevonden, we have found a stone this morning. Wij zijn deze morgen hier geweest, we have been here this morning.Word order in a dependent clause
In a dependent clause the verb stands at the end of the clause; in a compound tense the auxiliary comes last of all. Ik geloof, dat hij hier is, I believe he is here. Ik geloof, dat hij hier geweest is, I believe he has been here.Position of the negation niet
The negation niet follows the direct object. Hij heeft de steen niet gevonden, he has not found the stone. Wij hebben hem niet gezien, we have not seen him.Verbs of this lesson, with their principal parts
gaan to go ik ga, ik ging, ik ben gegaan
willen to want, to wish ik wil, ik wilde (or wou), ik heb gewild
zullen shall, will (modal, forms the future) ik zal, ik zouLesson 5: The past participle stands at the end (and 2 more)
The participle goes last
In Dutch the past participle waits until the end of the sentence. English keeps it next to the helper verb.
A compound tense has two parts. The first is an auxiliary, a helper verb such as hebben or zijn. The second is the past participle.
Zij hebben een steen gevonden means they have found a stone. The object een steen comes between hebben and gevonden.
Ik heb een boek gehad. Hij is koning geweest. Zij zijn hier geweest. In each one the participle is the last word.
A time word at the start
An adverb of time says when something happens. Gisteren means yesterday. Deze morgen means this morning.
When the adverb opens the sentence, the first verb comes right after it. The subject follows that verb.
Wij hebben becomes gisteren hebben wij. The sentence is Gisteren hebben wij een steen in de tuin gevonden.
The participle still stands at the end.
A time word in the middle
When the adverb does not open the sentence, it follows immediately after the verb. The subject stays first.
Wij hebben deze morgen een steen gevonden. The adverb deze morgen follows hebben.
Wij zijn deze morgen hier geweest. The adverb deze morgen follows zijn, and hier comes after it.
The verb goes to the end
A dependent clause is a part of a sentence that depends on another part. In Ik geloof, dat hij hier is, the clause is dat hij hier is.
In a dependent clause the verb stands at the end of the clause. Compare hij is hier with dat hij hier is.
A compound tense has two verbs to place. The participle comes first and the auxiliary comes last of all. Ik geloof, dat hij hier geweest is.
Compare the main sentence, hij is hier geweest. The two verbs swap places in the clause.
- 287
I have had a book.
IkIhebto haveeenaboekbookgehad.to have - 288
They have found a stone.
Zijshe; theyhebbento haveeenasteenstonegevonden.found - 289
They have been here.
Zijshe; theyzijnto be (irregular)hierheregeweest.to be (irregular) - 290
Yesterday we found a stone in the garden.
Gisterenyesterdayhebbento havewijweeenasteenstoneinindethetuingardengevonden.found
- 291
We have found a stone this morning.
Wijwehebbento havedezethe latter (the most recently mentioned)morgenmorningeenasteenstonegevonden.found - 292
I believe he is here.
IkIgeloof,to believedatthat; that (conjunction)hijhehierhereis.to be (irregular) - 293
I believe he has been here.
IkIgeloof,to believedatthat; that (conjunction)hijhehierheregeweestto be (irregular)is.to be (irregular)
Lesson 5: Position of the negation niet
Niet follows the object
A negation is a word that says no. In Dutch it is niet. The direct object is the person or thing that the verb acts on.
Niet follows the direct object. In Hij heeft de steen niet gevonden, de steen is the object. Niet comes right after it.
The participle gevonden stays at the end. Wij hebben hem niet gezien. Here hem is the object, and niet follows it.
Vriendelijk aanbod
- 296
A friendly offer
Vriendelijkfriendly, kindaanbodthe offer - 297
A commoner once got into a quarrel with a young and very haughty nobleman at the theater.
Eenaburgermancommonerkreegto get; honger krijgen: to become hungryeensonce, one dayinindetheschouwburgtheatertwistquarrel, disputemetwitheenajongeyoungenandzeerverytrotsehaughtyedelman.nobleman - 298
The latter threatened him that he would order his servants to give him a good caning.
Dezethe latter (the most recently mentioned)bedreigdeto threaten, to menacehem,himdatthat; that (conjunction)hijhezijnhis; to bebediendenthe servant, the servantszoushould, wouldgelastento order, to charge (someone to do something)hemhimeenapaka good caning, a beating with a stickstokslagena good caning, a beating with a sticktoetotetodienen.to serve - 299
“Sir”, said the former, “servants I have none, but if you will just step outside with me for a moment, I shall have the honor of giving them to you myself.”
“Mijnheer”,sir!; Mr. (as a title before a name)zeisaiddetheeerste,the former (the first-mentioned)“bediendenthe servant, the servantshebhaveikIniet,notmaarbutalsifuyou (polite)evena moment, justmetwithmijmenaaroutside, outbuitenoutside, outwiltwantgaan,gozalshall, willikIdetheeerhonorhebbenhavezeshe; theyuyou (polite)zelfselfteto (before a verb); at, in (before a place); toogeven.”give
- aanbod
- the offer
- burgerman
- commoner
- schouwburg
- theater
- twist
- quarrel, dispute
- stokslagen
- a good caning, a beating with a stick (een pak stokslagen)
- Mijnheer
- sir!; Mr. (as a title before a name)
- eer
- honor
- Vriendelijk
- friendly, kind
- eerste
- the former (the first-mentioned)
- zelf
- I myself (ik zelf)
- Deze
- the latter (the most recently mentioned)
- ze
- they, them (unstressed form of zij) (ze = zij)
- zeer
- very
- als
- if
- even
- a moment, just
- buiten
- outside, out (naar buiten)
- gelasten
- to order, to charge (someone to do something)
Lesson 5: conversation
- 300
With whom did the commoner get into a quarrel?
Metwithwiewhokreegto get; honger krijgen: to become hungrydetheburgermancommonertwist?quarrel, dispute - 301
Where did he get into the quarrel?
Waarwhere; truekreegto get; honger krijgen: to become hungryhijhetwist?quarrel, dispute - 302
With what did the nobleman threaten him?
Waarmeewith whichbedreigdeto threaten, to menacedetheedelmannoblemanhem?him - 303
Whom would he order to administer the blows?
Wiewhozoushould, wouldhijhegelastento order, to charge (someone to do something)dethestokslagena stroke with a sticktoetotetodienen?to serve - 304
The commoner got into a quarrel with a young and very haughty nobleman.
Detheburgermancommonerkreegto get; honger krijgen: to become hungrytwistquarrel, disputemetwitheenajongeyoungenandzeerverytrotsehaughtyedelman.nobleman - 305
He got into the quarrel at the theater.
Hijhekreegto get; honger krijgen: to become hungrytwistquarrel, disputeinindetheschouwburg.theater - 306
The nobleman threatened him that he would order his servants to give him a good caning.
Detheedelmannoblemanbedreigdeto threaten, to menacehemhimermeewith itdatthat; that (conjunction)hijhezijnhis; to bebediendenthe servant, the servantszoushould, wouldgelastento order, to charge (someone to do something)hemhimeenapaka good caning, a beating with a stickstokslagena good caning, a beating with a sticktoetotetodienen.to serve - 307
He would order his servants to administer the blows.
Hijhezoushould, wouldzijnhis; to bebediendenthe servant, the servantsgelastento order, to charge (someone to do something)dethestokslagena stroke with a sticktoetotetodienen.to serve
- 308
What did the commoner answer?
Watwhatantwoorddeto answerdetheburgerman?commoner - 309
What honor did he wish to have?
Welkewhich, whateerhonorwildeto want, to wishhijhehebben?to have - 310
The commoner answered: “Servants I have none, but if you will just step outside with me for a moment, I shall have the honor of giving them to you myself.”
Detheburgermancommonerantwoordde:answered“Bediendenthe servant, the servantshebhaveikIniet,notmaarbutalsifuyou (polite)evena moment, justmetwithmijmenaaroutside, outbuitenoutside, outwiltwantgaan,gozalshall, willikIdetheeerhonorhebbenhavezeshe; theyuyou (polite)zelfselfteto (before a verb); at, in (before a place); toogeven.”give - 311
He wished to have the honor of giving the blows to the nobleman himself.
Hijhewildeto want, to wishdetheeerhonorhebbento havedethestokslagena stroke with a stickzelfselfaanon, at, todetheedelmannoblemantetogeven.to give
Lesson 5: exercise 9
- 312
The woman was ninety years old.
Dethevrouwa woman, a ladywasto be (irregular)negentigninetyjaarthe yearoud.old - 313
The dogs were awake.
Dethehondenthe dog, dogswarento be (irregular)wakker.awake - 314
The king is in England.
Dethekoningking, kingsisto be (irregular)ininEngeland.Engeland - 315
The eggs will be scarce.
Detheeierenegg, eggszullenshall, willschaarsscarcezijn.to be (irregular) - 316
The king has been in Hanover.
Dethekoningking, kingsisto be (irregular)ininHannoverHannovergeweest.to be (irregular) - 317
The inn-keeper would have been sly.
Detheherbergierinnkeeper, hostzoushould, wouldslimslygeweestto be (irregular)zijn.to be (irregular) - 318
The cricket had been lazy (lui).
Dethekrekelcricketwasto be (irregular)luilazygeweest.to be (irregular)
- 319
It is all right.
Hetit; theisto be (irregular)ininorde.order - 320
The miser will be very unhappy.
Dethevrekmiserzalshall, willzeerveryongelukkighappy, unhappyzijn.to be (irregular) - 321
You are not poorer than before.
Uyou (polite)bentto be (irregular)nietnotarmerpoor, poorerdanthan beforetevoren.than before - 322
Be quiet (S. and Pl.)!
Weesbe (imperative)stil!hush! quiet! - 323
He would have been furious.
Hijhezoushould, wouldwoedendfuriousgeweestto be (irregular)zijn.to be (irregular) - 324
Do not be (translate: be not, S. and Pl.) lazy!
Weesbe (imperative)nietnotlui!lazy - 325
We should have been richer.
Wijwezoudenshould, wouldrijkerrich, richergeweestto be (irregular)zijn.to be (irregular)
- 326
The king has been here.
Dethekoningking, kingsisto be (irregular)hierheregeweest.to be (irregular) - 327
The treasure is still (nog) in the garden.
Detheschattreasureisto be (irregular)nogstill, yet; anotherinindethetuin.garden - 328
Were they happy?
Warenwerezijshe; theygelukkig?happy, unhappy - 329
We are poor.
Wijwezijnto be (irregular)arm.poor, poorer - 330
They were rich.
Zijshe; theywarento be (irregular)rijk.rich, richer - 331
Were they old?
Warenwerezijshe; theyoud?old - 332
You have been lazy.
Uyou (polite)bentto be (irregular)luilazygeweest.to be (irregular)
- 333
The commoner was not sly.
Detheburgermancommonerwasto be (irregular)nietnotslim.sly - 334
He has been friendly.
Hijheisto be (irregular)vriendelijkfriendly, kindgeweest.to be (irregular) - 335
I believe that he is rich.
IkIgeloof,to believedatthat; that (conjunction)hijherijkrich, richeris.to be (irregular) - 336
Was the noble-man haughty?
Wasto be (irregular)detheedelmannoblemantrots?haughty - 337
Would he have been happy?
Zoushould, wouldhijhegelukkighappy, unhappygeweestto be (irregular)zijn?to be (irregular)
The particulars
- The course
- Valette, Dutch Conversation-Grammar (1913) and its Key (1893); Defense Language Institute, Dutch Refresher Course, Books I to III (1961). Public domain. The teaching pages, the readings' English, the answers to the conversations and the narration are ours.
- Reading aloud
- Digital narration, directed by 1732 Studios.
- The book
- Max Havelaar, the work this course leads to, free to read here.
- Data
- JSON · Markdown · A guide for agents