Dutch Conversation-Grammar 1732 Studios

Dutch · Unit 1

Lessons 1 to 5

Parts of Speech I

Hoge ouderdom; De slimme herbergier; De krekel en de mier; De gierigaard (vrek); Vriendelijk aanbod

337 lines

Lesson 1: Hebben, to have: present tense

One verb, four forms

A verb is a word for doing or being: have, is, walk. Hebben means to have.

English changes this verb once: I have, he has. Dutch changes it with the person, and has four forms.

Ik takes heb. Jij adds a t: hebt. Hij, zij, het and men take heeft. Wij, jullie and zij meaning they take hebben. U takes hebt or heeft.

In the table, look at the form each person takes.

A question turns the words around

The subject is the person or thing doing the verb. In ik heb, ik is the subject.

To ask a question, Dutch puts the verb first and the subject after it. Ik heb becomes heb ik? Hij heeft becomes heeft hij?

One form changes in the turn. Jij hebt becomes heb jij? The verb drops its t when jij follows it. No other person drops anything.

As a question

  1. 1

    I have a dog.

    IkI
    hebto have
    eena
    hond.the dog, dogs
  2. 2

    Do you have a dog?

  3. 3

    Do you have a dog? (polite)

hebben · present tense
ikhebI have
jijhebtyou have (familiar)
uhebtyou have (polite)
hijheefthe has
zijheeftshe has
hetheeftit has
menheeftone has
wijhebbenwe have
julliehebbenyou have (familiar plural)
zijhebbenthey have
Hebben, to have: present tense

Present tense
ik heb         I have
jij hebt       you have (familiar)
u hebt         you have (polite)
hij heeft      he has
zij heeft      she has
het heeft      it has
men heeft      one has
wij hebben     we have
jullie hebben  you have (familiar plural)
zij hebben     they have

As a question
heb ik?         have I?
heb jij?        have you?
hebt u?         have you?
heeft hij?      has he?
heeft zij?      has she?
heeft het?      has it?
heeft men?      has one?
hebben wij?     have we?
hebben jullie?  have you?
hebben zij?     have they?

In a question the verb stands first and the subject follows it. The verb drops its -t when jij follows it: jij hebt, but heb jij?
You: jij, u and jullie

Dutch has three words for you. Jij (unstressed je) is the familiar singular, for a friend, a child, a colleague on first-name terms. Jullie is the familiar plural. U is the polite form, for one person or several, and takes the verb in the second or third person singular: u hebt or u heeft. The old pronoun gij, which this book's first readers still met in print, is now archaic in the Netherlands and survives in Flemish speech and in the Bible.
Gender

Every Dutch noun has a gender, and the gender decides its article. In practice there are two classes: de-words and het-words. Names of persons are de-words and are masculine or feminine as in English; names of animals and things may be de-words (masculine or feminine) or het-words (neuter). Dictionaries still mark m., f. and n., because the gender decides which pronoun refers back to the noun; for the article only de or het matters. This book's word lists give each noun with its article.
The article: het lidwoord

There are in Dutch as in English two articles: the definite (het bepaald lidwoord) and the indefinite article (het onbepaald lidwoord).

The definite article has two forms in the singular: de for masculine and feminine nouns, het for neuter nouns. The plural for all genders is de. Examples: de vader the father, de moeder the mother, het kind the child; plural de vaders, de moeders, de kinderen. In speech and informal writing het is often shortened to 't.
The article is not declined

The article does not change its form for the function of the noun in the sentence. De vader is de vader whether he is the subject, the object, or follows a preposition: de vader komt, ik zie de vader, het huis van de vader. Possession is expressed with van (het huis van de vader, the house of the father) or, for persons, with -s (vaders huis).

Written Dutch until 1947 declined the article: des vaders (of the father), den vader (to the father, the father as object), der moeder (of or to the mother). You will meet these forms on every page of Multatuli and of any Dutch book printed before the war. They survive today only in fixed expressions: 's morgens (des morgens) in the morning, in den beginne in the beginning, ter harte to heart, ten dienste van for the use of, ten dele partly, ter inzage for perusal, ten huize van at the house of.
The indefinite article

The indefinite article has one form for all genders: een. Een vader a father, een moeder a mother, een kind a child. It is pronounced with a weak vowel, like English a; the numeral één (one) is written with accents when the two could be confused.

The indefinite article is not declined, and neither are the possessive pronouns: mijn my, jouw (unstressed je) your, zijn his, haar her, zijn its, ons (before a het-word) or onze (before a de-word and in the plural) our, uw your (polite), jullie your (familiar plural), hun their. Only ons/onze changes: ons huis our house, onze vader our father, onze kinderen our children.
Prepositions

A preposition is followed by the noun in its plain form, with the ordinary article: van het jaar of the year, tot de dood until death, op haar mond on her mouth, met zijn vinger with his finger.
Verbs of this lesson, with their principal parts

zeggen      to say            ik zeg, ik zei, ik heb gezegd
zijn        to be             ik ben, ik was, ik ben geweest
hebben      to have           ik heb, ik had, ik heb gehad
vergeten    to forget         ik vergeet, ik vergat, ik ben (heb) vergeten
antwoorden  to answer         ik antwoord, ik antwoordde, ik heb geantwoord
leggen      to lay            ik leg, ik legde, ik heb gelegd
moeten      to have to, must  ik moet, ik moest, ik heb gemoeten
maken       to make           ik maak, ik maakte, ik heb gemaakt
  1. 4

    We have a house.

  2. 5

    Have they answered?

Lesson 1: You: jij, u and jullie

Three words for you

A pronoun is a short word that stands for a person: I, you, he. Dutch has three words for you.

Jij is for one person you know well: a friend, a child, a colleague on first names. Without stress it becomes je.

Jullie is for more than one friend at once.

U is the polite word. It is the same word for one person or several. The verb after u takes the form of jij or of hij: u hebt or u heeft. Both are right.

  1. 6

    Do you have a dog? (to a friend)

  2. 7

    Do you have a dog? (politely)

  3. 8

    Do you have a dog? (to several friends)

Lesson 1: Gender

Every noun has a gender

A noun is a word for a person, a thing or an idea: father, house, age. An article is the small word before a noun: the, a.

Gender is the class a noun belongs to. Every Dutch noun has one, and it decides the word for the. De-words take de. Het-words take het.

Most names of persons are de-words: de vader, de moeder. A few are het-words, such as het kind, the child. Animals and things can be either. The word lists give each noun with its article.

Dictionaries still mark each noun m., f. or n., because gender decides the pronoun that refers back to it. For the article only de or het matters.

  1. 9

    the father

  2. 10

    the mother

  3. 11

    the child

  1. 12

    the dog

  2. 13

    the year

Lesson 1: The article: het lidwoord

De, het and een

Dutch has two words for the and one word for a.

The plural is the form for more than one. De is the for a de-word, and for every noun in the plural. Het is the for a het-word in the singular.

De vader, de moeder, het kind. In the plural: de vaders, de moeders, de kinderen.

Een is a or an, for any noun. In speech het is often shortened to 't.

  1. 14

    the father

  2. 15

    the mother

  3. 16

    the child

  4. 17

    the fathers, the mothers, the children

Lesson 1: The article is not declined

One form of the article

In some languages the article changes with the noun's job in the sentence. Dutch does not do this.

De vader keeps one form in every place in the sentence: de vader komt, ik zie de vader, het huis van de vader.

To show who owns a thing, Dutch uses van: het huis van de vader. For persons it can also add s: vaders huis.

Dutch printed before 1947 changed the article: des vaders, den vader, der moeder. Today these forms live only in fixed phrases: 's morgens, ter harte.

  1. 18

    the house of the father

  2. 19

    the book of the child

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    in the morning

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    to heart

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    at the house of her mother

Lesson 1: The indefinite article

Een means a

Een is a or an. It has one form for every noun: een vader, een moeder, een kind.

Say it with a weak vowel, like the a in about. The number one is spelled the same, so the number is written één when the two could be confused.

The words for my, your, his, her and their also keep one form. Only our changes: ons before a het-word, onze before a de-word and in the plural. Ons huis, onze vader, onze kinderen.

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    a father, a mother, a child

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    my dog

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    her mouth

  4. 26

    our house, our father

Lesson 1: Prepositions

Words of place and relation

A preposition is a small word that links a noun to the rest of the sentence: of, on, with, until.

Van is of. Op is on. Met is with. Tot is until.

The preposition comes before its noun, as in English. The noun keeps its plain form and its ordinary article: van het jaar, tot de dood, op haar mond, met zijn vinger.

Verbs of this lesson, with their principal parts

  1. 27

    of the year

  2. 28

    until death

  3. 29

    on her mouth

  4. 30

    with his finger

Hoge ouderdom

  1. 31

    A great age

  2. 32

    A woman of ninety said to Fontenelle, who was ninety-five: “Death has surely forgotten us.”

  3. 33

    “Hush!” Fontenelle answered her, laying his finger on her mouth, “one must not wake sleeping dogs.”

ouderdom
age
ouderdom
old age (hoge ouderdom)
vrouw
a woman, a lady
jaar
the year
dood
death
vinger
his finger (zijn vinger)
mond
her mouth (haar mond)
wakker
awake; to wake (someone) up
negentig
ninety
vijfennegentig
ninety-five
zeker
surely, certainly
Stil
hush! quiet!
die
who (relative)
haar
her
ons
us
men
one, people (impersonal)
geen
no, not a
terwijl
while
van
of, from
tegen
to (a person); on, upon

Lesson 1: conversation

  1. 34

    How old was the woman?

  2. 35

    How old was Fontenelle?

  3. 36

    What did the woman say to Fontenelle?

  4. 37

    What did Fontenelle answer?

  5. 38

    The woman was ninety years old.

  6. 39

    Fontenelle was ninety-five years old.

  7. 40

    She said: “Death has surely forgotten us.”

  8. 41

    He answered: “Hush! One must not wake sleeping dogs.”

  1. 42

    What did Fontenelle do as he answered?

  2. 43

    Which dogs must one not wake?

  3. 44

    He laid his finger on her mouth.

  4. 45

    One must not wake sleeping dogs.

Lesson 1: exercise 1

  1. 46

    The woman has a dog.

  2. 47

    The days of the year.

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    What have you answered?

  4. 49

    The house of the father.

  5. 50

    What have you made?

  6. 51

    We have a heart.

  7. 52

    Have they answered?

  1. 53

    Come before dinner.

  2. 54

    The dinner of the woman.

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    His mother has a house.

  4. 56

    A book for your perusal.

  5. 57

    Has she a dog?

  6. 58

    The book of the child.

  7. 59

    She was old.

  1. 60

    You must answer.

  2. 61

    She was at the house of her mother.

  3. 62

    For the use of schools.

  4. 63

    He laid his finger on her mouth.

Lesson 2: Zijn, to be: present tense

Zijn, to be

Zijn means to be. Like hebben, it changes with the person, and its forms differ more from each other.

Ik ben. Jij bent. Hij is. Wij zijn. Jullie zijn. Zij zijn. Is serves for he, she, it and men, one.

U takes bent. The older u is is still met in print, but say u bent.

Questions with zijn

A question puts the verb first and the subject after it, as with hebben. Ben ik? Is hij? Zijn wij?

Jij bent becomes ben jij? The verb has no t when jij follows it. Bent u? keeps its t.

  1. 64

    I have been in the Netherlands.

  2. 65

    Are you the innkeeper?

  3. 66

    Have you been here before? (polite)

  4. 67

    We are in England.

  5. 68

    Are eggs rare?

zijn · present tense
ikbenI am
jijbentyou are (familiar)
ubentyou are (polite)
hijishe is
zijisshe is
hetisit is
menisone is
wijzijnwe are
julliezijnyou are (familiar plural)
zijzijnthey are
Zijn, to be: present tense

Present tense
ik ben         I am
jij bent       you are (familiar)
u bent         you are (polite)
hij is         he is
zij is         she is
het is         it is
men is         one is
wij zijn       we are
jullie zijn    you are (familiar plural)
zij zijn       they are

As a question
ben ik?        am I?
ben jij?       are you?
bent u?        are you?
is hij?        is he?
is zij?        is she?
is het?        is it?
is men?        is one?
zijn wij?      are we?
zijn jullie?   are you?
zijn zij?      are they?

As with hebben, the verb stands first and the subject follows it in a question. Jij bent becomes ben jij: the verb loses its final t.
Het Werkwoord: weak, strong and irregular verbs

Dutch verbs fall into two families. Weak verbs (zwakke werkwoorden) build their past tense and past participle with an ending on the stem and no change of vowel. Strong verbs (sterke werkwoorden) change the stem vowel instead. A verb that follows neither pattern cleanly is irregular (onregelmatig).
Weak verbs: the past participle

Weak verbs have no vowel change; their past participle is formed by adding d or t to the stem.
Strong verbs: the past participle

Strong verbs have a vowel change; their past participle is formed by adding en to the stem.
The infinitive

The infinitive of a Dutch verb is formed by adding en to the stem.
Spelling: doubling and dropping consonants

If the stem ends in a double consonant, both consonants are written only before a following e; everywhere else one consonant is dropped: leggen: ik leg, jij legt / u legt, hij legt, wij leggen, zij leggen; zetten: ik zet, jij zet / u zet, hij zet, wij zetten, zij zetten.
The present tense

The stem gives the first person singular: leg, zet. The second and third person singular add t to the stem, unless it already ends in t: jij legt / u legt, hij legt; jij zet, u zet, hij zet. Jij drops that -t when it follows the verb in a question: leg jij? (not legt jij?). The first and third person plural, and jullie, take the form of the infinitive: wij leggen, jullie leggen, zij leggen; wij zetten, jullie zetten, zij zetten.

An archaic first-person ending in -e appears in a few fixed formulas: zegge, printed on Dutch invoices and cheques to spell out a sum in words (driehonderd euro, zegge driehonderd euro, three hundred euros, say three hundred), and the letter-closing ik verblijve (I remain). Multatuli's prose and the Bible use gij for the second person singular.
Model conjugation: leggen and zetten

Leggen: ik leg (I lay), jij legt / u legt (you lay), hij legt (he lays), wij leggen (we lay), jullie leggen (you lay, plural), zij leggen (they lay).
Zetten: ik zet (I set), jij zet / u zet (you set), hij zet (he sets), wij zetten (we set), jullie zetten (you set, plural), zij zetten (they set).
Verbs of this lesson, with their principal parts

trekken     to travel          ik trek, ik trok, ik heb getrokken
vernachten  to pass the night  ik overnacht, ik overnachtte, ik heb overnacht
wenschen    to wish            ik wens, ik wenste, ik heb gewenst
gebruiken   to eat, to have    ik gebruik, ik gebruikte, ik heb gebruikt
bezorgen    to procure         ik bezorg, ik bezorgde, ik heb bezorgd
zetten      to put, to set     ik zet, ik zette, ik heb gezet
schijnen    to seem            het schijnt, het scheen, het heeft geschenen.

Lesson 2: Het Werkwoord: weak, strong and irregular verbs (and 2 more)

Three kinds of verb

Dutch verbs fall into two families. The family decides how a verb talks about the past.

The stem is the verb without its ending: the stem of maken is maak. The past tense says what happened: I made. The past participle is the form after have: I have made.

Weak verbs add an ending to the stem and keep its vowel. Maken is weak. Strong verbs change the stem vowel instead. Trekken is strong.

An irregular verb follows neither pattern cleanly. Zijn is irregular.

The weak past participle

A weak verb keeps its vowel. Its past participle adds d or t to the stem.

Maken becomes gemaakt. The stem maak keeps its vowel and takes a t. Antwoorden becomes geantwoord.

In both examples ge also comes before the stem.

The strong past participle

A strong verb changes its vowel. Its past participle adds en to the stem.

Trekken becomes getrokken. The e of the stem turns into o. Zingen becomes gezongen. The i turns into o.

  1. 69

    to make (weak)

  2. 70

    to travel, to pull (strong)

  3. 71

    to be (irregular)

  4. 72

    to make - made

  1. 73

    to answer - answered

  2. 74

    to travel, to pull - traveled, pulled

  3. 75

    to sing - sung

Lesson 2: The infinitive (and 1 more)

The whole verb

The infinitive is the form that names the verb. In English it is to make or to set.

A Dutch infinitive is the stem plus en. Maak plus en is maken. Zet plus en is zetten.

Double letters

Some verbs write a double letter in some forms and a single letter in others. The spelling follows one rule.

In leggen and zetten the stem ends in a double letter: the g and the t are doubled. Both letters are written only when an e follows: wij leggen, wij zetten.

Everywhere else one letter is dropped: ik leg, hij legt, ik zet.

  1. 76

    make + en = to make

  2. 77

    set + en = to set

  3. 78

    I lay, we lay

  4. 79

    I set, we set

Lesson 2: The present tense (and 1 more)

Building the present tense

Person is the word for who does the verb. First person is I or we. Second person is you. Third person is he, she, it or they.

The stem is the form for I: leg, zet. Jij, u and hij add t to the stem: jij legt, hij legt. A stem that already ends in t adds nothing: jij zet, hij zet.

Wij, jullie and zij take the infinitive form: wij leggen, jullie leggen, zij zetten.

In a question jij drops that t. Leg jij? is correct. Legt jij? is not.

Old forms in fixed phrases

An old first person ending in e survives in a few fixed phrases.

Zegge is printed on invoices and cheques to spell out a sum in words: zegge driehonderd euro. It means say three hundred euros. Ik verblijve closes a letter and means I remain.

Gij is an old word for you, one person. Some old prose and the Bible use it.

Two verbs as models

A model shows one verb in every person. Leggen and zetten are the two models.

Ik leg and ik zet are the stems. Wij leggen and wij zetten are the infinitive forms.

Jij legt and u legt are the same form. Jij zet and u zet are also the same form. Zetten adds no t, because its stem already ends in t.

  1. 80

    Are you putting the egg on the table?

  2. 81

    He puts the guinea on the bill.

  3. 82

    We are traveling to Hannover.

  1. 83

    say three hundred euros (on an invoice)

  2. 84

    I put my finger on the bill.

  3. 85

    Are you putting the egg on the table?

De slimme herbergier

  1. 86

    The sly innkeeper

  2. 87

    George II, king of England, once traveled through the Netherlands to Hannover, spent the night at a country inn, and wished to have a single egg for his breakfast.

  3. 88

    The innkeeper brought him the egg and put a guinea on the bill.

  4. 89

    The king said, smiling, to him: “It certainly seems that eggs are rare in your country.”

  5. 90

    “Not so, Sire”, answered the innkeeper; “eggs are not so scarce, but kings are.”

herbergier
innkeeper, host
koning
king, kings
Engeland
England
Nederland
the Netherlands
dorpsherberg
a country inn
ei
egg, eggs
ontbijt
his breakfast (zijn ontbijt)
guinje
a guinea
rekening
the bill
land
your country (uw land)
enkel
single
glimlachend
smiling
zeldzaam
rare
schaars
scarce
eens
once, one day
wel
but; so, as
niet
not so (I beg your pardon) (dat niet)
door
through; for
te
to (infinitive marker); to, towards

Lesson 2: conversation

  1. 91

    Where was George II traveling to?

  2. 92

    Through which country did George II travel?

  3. 93

    Where did the king spend the night?

  4. 94

    What did he wish to have for his breakfast?

  5. 95

    George II was traveling to Hannover.

  6. 96

    George II traveled through the Netherlands.

  7. 97

    The king spent the night at a country inn.

  8. 98

    He wished to have a single egg for his breakfast.

  1. 99

    How much did the innkeeper put on the bill?

  2. 100

    What did the king say, smiling, to the innkeeper?

  3. 101

    What did the innkeeper answer?

  4. 102

    The innkeeper put a guinea on the bill.

  5. 103

    He said: “It certainly seems that eggs are rare in your country.”

  6. 104

    He answered: “Not so, Sire; eggs are not so scarce, but kings are.”

Lesson 2: exercise 2

  1. 105

    de herbergier

    the innkeeper

  2. 106

    een herbergier

    an innkeeper

  3. 107

    de koning

    the king

  4. 108

    de dorpsherberg

    the country inn

  5. 109

    een dorpsherberg

    a country inn

  6. 110

    het ei

    the egg

  7. 111

    mijn ei

    my egg

  1. 112

    de guinje

    the guinea

  2. 113

    een guinje

    a guinea

  3. 114

    de rekening

    the bill

  4. 115

    hun rekening

    their bill

  5. 116

    het land

    the country

  6. 117

    ons land

    our country

  7. 118

    de honden

    the dogs

  1. 119

    mijn honden

    my dogs

  2. 120

    de koningen

    the kings

  3. 121

    onze koningen

    our kings

  4. 122

    de eieren

    the eggs

  5. 123

    hun eieren

    their eggs

  6. 124

    de Nederlanden

    the Netherlands

Lesson 2: exercise 3

  1. 125

    ik zeg

    I say

  2. 126

    hij zegt

    he says

  3. 127

    wij zeggen

    we say

  4. 128

    jij vergeet

    you forget

  5. 129

    jullie vergeten

    you (plural) forget

  6. 130

    zij vergeten

    they forget

  7. 131

    ik antwoord

    I answer

  1. 132

    u antwoordt

    you answer

  2. 133

    zij antwoorden

    they answer

  3. 134

    jij maakt

    you make

  4. 135

    hij maakt

    he makes

  5. 136

    wij maken

    we make

  6. 137

    ik trek

    I travel

  7. 138

    hij trekt

    he travels

  1. 139

    wij trekken

    we travel

  2. 140

    jij overnacht

    you spend the night

  3. 141

    jullie overnachten

    you (plural) spend the night

  4. 142

    zij overnachten

    they spend the night

  5. 143

    ik wens

    I wish

  6. 144

    u wenst

    you wish

  7. 145

    zij wensen

    they wish

  1. 146

    jij gebruikt

    you use

  2. 147

    hij gebruikt

    he uses

  3. 148

    wij gebruiken

    we use

  4. 149

    ik bezorg

    I procure

  5. 150

    hij bezorgt

    he procures

  6. 151

    wij bezorgen

    we procure

  7. 152

    jij zet

    you set

  1. 153

    jullie zetten

    you (plural) set

  2. 154

    zij zetten

    they set

  3. 155

    ik schijn

    I seem

  4. 156

    u schijnt

    you seem

  5. 157

    zij schijnen

    they seem

Lesson 2: exercise 4

  1. 158

    The woman is old.

  2. 159

    The king has forgotten.

  3. 160

    How old are you?

  4. 161

    We have a dog.

  5. 162

    He has an egg.

  6. 163

    The host is sly.

  7. 164

    The king is old.

  1. 165

    The eggs are scarce.

  2. 166

    Have the Netherlands a king?

  3. 167

    Is the woman old?

  4. 168

    Has the host a dog?

  5. 169

    We have a receipt.

  6. 170

    We procure him a dog.

  7. 171

    Kings are scarce.

  1. 172

    The woman smiles.

  2. 173

    Here (Hier) is an inn.

  3. 174

    He wishes an egg for his breakfast.

  4. 175

    His country has a king.

  5. 176

    Was the host old?

Lesson 3: Hebben, to have: past tense (and 1 more)

Two past forms of hebben

The past tense of hebben has only two forms. Ik heb is I have. Ik had is I had.

Had is for one person: ik had, jij had, hij had. Hadden is for more than one: wij hadden, jullie hadden, zij hadden.

U takes had or hadt. Both are right.

No t after jij in the past

In the present tense, jij hebt ends in t. In the past tense, jij had takes no ending.

A question puts the verb first and the subject after it. Had ik? Had jij? Hadden wij? The verb keeps the same form.

The weak past endings

A weak verb makes its past tense and past participle with an ending on the stem. Every weak verb does this the same way.

Add -de to the stem for the past tense. Add -d for the past participle.

Ik legde is I laid. Ik heb gelegd is I have laid.

Endings -te and -t

A consonant is any letter that is not a vowel. If the stem ends in the consonant t, k, f, s, ch or p, the endings are -te and -t.

Ik wenste, ik heb gewenst. Ik vernachtte, ik heb vernacht.

If the stem already ends in t, the past participle adds no second t. Ik zette, ik heb gezet.

  1. 177

    I had a dog.

  2. 178

    Were you hungry?

  3. 179

    We had a house.

  4. 180

    Had they sung?

hebben · past tense
ikhadI had
jijhadyou had (familiar)
uhadyou had (polite)
hij(zijhet, men) had, he (she, it, one) had
wijhaddenwe had
julliehaddenyou had (familiar plural)
zijhaddenthey had
Hebben, to have: past tense

Past tense
ik had         I had
jij had        you had (familiar)
u had          you had (polite)
hij (zij       het, men) had, he (she, it, one) had
wij hadden     we had
jullie hadden  you had (familiar plural)
zij hadden     they had

As a question
had ik?         had I?
had jij?        had you?
had u?          had you?
had hij?        had he?
hadden wij?     had we?
hadden jullie?  had you?
hadden zij?     had they?

Jij and je take no ending in the past tense: jij had, not jij hadt; compare the present tense, jij hebt.
Weak verbs: past tense and past participle

All weak verbs form the past tense by adding -de to the stem, and the past participle by adding -d. This -de/-d changes to -te/-t if the stem ends in one of the consonants t, k, f, s, ch, p (the mnemonic is 't kofschip, or soft ketchup). Ik legde, wenste, vernachtte; gelegd, gewenst, vernacht. If the stem already ends in t, the past participle adds no second t: gezet, vernacht.
Stem-final v or z becomes f or s

A stem ending in a simple v or z changes it to f or s: before -de, -d: leven to live, leefde, geleefd; verhuizen to move house, verhuisde, verhuisd; and in every other form of the conjugation where no e immediately follows: leven: ik leef, jij leeft, hij leeft; wij leven, zij leven. Verhuizen: ik verhuis, jij (hij) verhuist; wij (zij) verhuizen.
Weak past tense: plural forms, and leggen, redden, zetten

The third person singular of the past tense has the same form as the first. The first and third person plural add -n to that same singular form: legde becomes legden; wenste becomes wensten. If the stem already ends in dd or tt, these plural forms look the same as the present tense: wij (zij) redden means we (they) save or we (they) saved; zetten wij (zij)? means do we (they) set? or did we (they) set?

Examples.

Weak past tense: plural forms, and leggen, redden, zetten
ik legde                                                   I laid
hij legde                                                  he laid
wij legden                                                 we laid
jij legde                                                  you laid (familiar)
zij legden                                                 they laid

Weak past tense: plural forms, and leggen, redden, zetten
ik redde                                                   I saved
hij redde                                                  he saved
wij redden                                                 we saved
jij redde                                                  you saved (familiar)
zij redden                                                 they saved

Weak past tense: plural forms, and leggen, redden, zetten
ik zette                                                   I set
hij zette                                                  he set
wij zetten                                                 we set
jij zette                                                  you set (familiar)
zij zetten                                                 they set
Verbs of this lesson, with their principal parts

doorbrengen  to pass, to spend (time)                  ik breng door, ik bracht door, ik heb doorgebracht
zingen       to sing                                   ik zing, ik zong, ik heb gezongen
krijgen      to get; honger krijgen: to become hungry  ik krijg, ik kreeg, ik heb gekregen
verzoeken    to beg, to request                        ik verzoek, ik verzocht, ik heb verzocht
eten         to eat                                    ik eet, ik at, ik heb gegeten
geven        to give                                   ik geef, ik gaf, ik heb gegeven
doen         to do                                     ik doe, ik deed, ik heb gedaan
dansen       to dance                                  ik dans, ik danste, ik heb gedanst
  1. 181

    I laid, I have laid

  2. 182

    I wished, I have wished

  3. 183

    I set, I have set

Lesson 3: Stem-final v or z becomes f or s (and 1 more)

V and z written as f and s

Some stems end in v or z. Where no e follows that letter, v is written f and z is written s.

This happens before -de and -d. Leven gives leefde and geleefd. Verhuizen gives verhuisde and verhuisd.

It also happens in the present tense. Ik leef, jij leeft, hij leeft. Wij leven keeps the v, because an e follows it.

Verhuizen works the same way: ik verhuis, jij verhuist, wij verhuizen.

One singular form, one plural form

The weak past tense has one form for a single person and one for more than one.

Ik, jij and hij take the same form. Ik legde, jij legde, hij legde.

For wij and zij, add -n to that form. Legde becomes legden. Wenste becomes wensten.

Plural past forms that match the present

If the stem ends in dd or tt, the plural past looks the same as the present tense.

Wij redden means we save or we saved. Zetten wij? means do we set or did we set.

The singular past forms are ik redde and ik zette.

Weak past tense: plural forms, and leggen, redden, zetten

The third person singular of the past tense has the same form as the first. The first and third person plural add -n to that same singular form: legde becomes legden; wenste becomes wensten. If the stem already ends in dd or tt, these plural forms look the same as the present tense: wij (zij) redden means we (they) save or we (they) saved; zetten wij (zij)? means do we (they) set? or did we (they) set?

Examples.

  1. 184

    I live, we live

  2. 185

    I move house, we move house

  3. 186

    we laid, they laid

  4. 187

    we saved a child

  5. 188

    did we set the table?

leggen · weak past tense: plural forms, and leggen, redden, zetten
iklegdeI laid
hijlegdehe laid
wijlegdenwe laid
jijlegdeyou laid (familiar)
zijlegdenthey laid
redden · weak past tense: plural forms, and leggen, redden, zetten
ikreddeI saved
hijreddehe saved
wijreddenwe saved
jijreddeyou saved (familiar)
zijreddenthey saved
zetten · weak past tense: plural forms, and leggen, redden, zetten
ikzetteI set
hijzettehe set
wijzettenwe set
jijzetteyou set (familiar)
zijzettenthey set

De krekel en de mier

  1. 189

    The cricket and the ant

  2. 190

    The cricket had spent the whole summer singing.

  3. 191

    When it had become winter, he grew hungry and turned to the ant, and asked her to give him something to eat.

krekel
cricket
mier
ant
zomer
summer
met
with
winter
winter
Toen
as, when
honger
hunger
geworden
it had become ... (Het was ... geworden)
tot
he applied to, he turned to (hij wendde zich tot)
  1. 192

    But the ant said: “What have you done all summer?”

  2. 193

    “Night and day I have sung.”

  3. 194

    “Indeed, indeed, you have sung? Very well, dance now then.”

goed
very well (heel goed)
je
you (familiar; ge/gij is now archaic)
Maar
but
dag
day
dan
then
Nacht
night
nu
now, at present
Heel
whole
Zo
indeed!

Lesson 3: conversation

  1. 195

    How had the cricket spent the whole summer?

  2. 196

    When did he become hungry?

  3. 197

    To whom did he turn?

  4. 198

    What did he ask her?

  5. 199

    He had spent the whole summer singing.

  6. 200

    He became hungry when it had become winter.

  7. 201

    He turned to the ant.

  8. 202

    He asked her to give him something to eat.

  1. 203

    What did the ant say then?

  2. 204

    What had the cricket done night and day?

  3. 205

    What advice did he get?

  4. 206

    She said: “What have you done all summer?”

  5. 207

    He had sung night and day.

  6. 208

    He got the advice to dance.

Lesson 3: exercise 5

  1. 209

    ik zeg

    I say

  2. 210

    ik leg

    I lay

  3. 211

    ik vernacht

    I spend the night (dated/formal; overnachten is the everyday word)

  4. 212

    ik gebruik

    I use

  5. 213

    ik zet

    I set

  6. 214

    ik leef

    I live

  7. 215

    ik red

    I save

Lesson 3: exercise 6

  1. 216

    The host had a dog.

  2. 217

    Had the woman eggs?

  3. 218

    Had George II. a kingdom?

  4. 219

    We had a receipt.

  5. 220

    Had you a guinea?

  6. 221

    The cricket had sung.

  7. 222

    The woman had danced and sung.

  1. 223

    Had he done anything (iets)?

  2. 224

    They had an inn.

  3. 225

    We wished some (eenige) eggs for [the] breakfast.

  4. 226

    They applied to the king.

  5. 227

    Have they danced?

  6. 228

    We saved a child.

  7. 229

    The king had some dogs.

  1. 230

    What had the child?

  2. 231

    The child had a guinea.

Lesson 4: Zijn, to be: past tense (and 1 more)

Was and waren

Zijn means to be. Its past tense has two forms, as English has was and were.

Was goes with one person. Waren goes with more than one. Ik was. Jij was. Hij was. Wij waren. Jullie waren.

Zij waren means they were. The word zij also means she, and then the verb is was: zij was.

U takes was for one person: u was. Het was and men was also take was. Men means one, as in one was.

The question keeps the verb form

A question puts the verb first and the subject after it. Was ik? Was jij? Waren wij? Waren zij?

The verb does not change in the turn. Wij waren becomes waren wij. Ik was becomes was ik.

An old ending in fixed phrases

A statement of fact uses the ordinary present tense: ik leg, hij legt, wij leggen.

The subjunctive is an older form of the verb. It ends in e for I, he, she and it. Leve de koning! means long live the king.

Today only a few fixed, formal phrases keep it. God zegene u means God bless you.

Writers of the nineteenth century used it more freely, for a wish: dat hij kome, let him come. Today's Dutch says this with another verb.

  1. 232

    The treasure was in the garden.

  2. 233

    Were you furious?

  3. 234

    We were not rich.

zijn · past tense
ikwasI was
jijwasyou were (familiar)
uwasyou were (polite)
hijwashe was
zijwasshe was
hetwasit was
menwasone was
wijwarenwe were
julliewarenyou were (familiar plural)
zijwarenthey were
Zijn, to be: past tense

Past tense
ik was        I was
jij was       you were (familiar)
u was         you were (polite)
hij was       he was
zij was       she was
het was       it was
men was       one was
wij waren     we were
jullie waren  you were (familiar plural)
zij waren     they were

As a question
was ik?        was I?
was jij?       were you?
was u?         were you?
was hij?       was he?
was zij?       was she?
was het?       was it?
was men?       was one?
waren wij?     were we?
waren jullie?  were you?
waren zij?     were they?

In a question the verb stands first and the subject follows it.
The Present Subjunctive

For an ordinary statement, use the present indicative: ik leg, hij legt, wij leggen. A handful of fixed, formal or ceremonial phrases keep the old ending in -e for the first and third person singular: leve de koning! (long live the king), God zegene u (God bless you). Multatuli and other nineteenth-century writers used this subjunctive productively, for a wish or a concession (dat hij kome, let him come), where present-day Dutch uses a modal verb instead.
The Imperative

The imperative has one form, the bare stem, for every listener: leg! zet! leef! reis! antwoord! Older Dutch marked a plural listener by adding -t to the stem (legt, leeft, reist, antwoordt); you meet this form in the Bible and in a handful of set phrases such as weest gegroet, hail.
The Present and Past Participle

The present participle is formed with stem + -d: klagend, reizend, stelend, overnachtend; a final -e is the ordinary adjective ending, added when the participle stands before a noun (de klagende vrek). The past participle takes the prefix ge-, unless the verb already carries an inseparable prefix on its stem (ver-, be-, ont-, ge-, her-, er-, ...), in which case no ge- is added: geklaagd, gereisd, gestolen, overnacht.
The compound tenses

The compound tenses (samengestelde tijden) are formed, as in English, with an auxiliary verb (hebben, zijn, zullen) plus a participle or infinitive.
Verbs of this lesson, with their principal parts

stelen    to steal           ik steel, ik stal, ik heb gestolen (ontstelen: to rob)
begraven  to bury            ik begraaf, ik begroef, ik heb begraven
kunnen    to be able (can)   ik kan, ik kon, ik heb gekund (kunnen)
worden    to become, to get  ik word, ik werd, ik ben geworden
  1. 235

    Were they at home?

  2. 236

    Long live the king!

  3. 237

    God bless you.

Lesson 4: The Imperative (and 2 more)

One form to give an order

The imperative is the form of a verb that gives an order. It is the bare stem: leg! zet! leef! reis! antwoord!

The same form speaks to one person or to many.

Older Dutch added a t to speak to several people: legt, leeft, reist, antwoordt. That form remains in the Bible and in a few set phrases. Weest gegroet means hail.

The present participle

A participle is a form made from a verb. Dutch has two: the present participle and the past participle.

The present participle is the stem plus d: klagend, reizend, stelend, overnachtend. It matches English words in ing: complaining, travelling.

Before a noun it adds a final e: de klagende vrek, the complaining miser.

The past participle and ge

The past participle puts ge in front of the verb: geklaagd, gereisd, gestolen.

A verb whose stem already begins with ver, be, ont, ge, her or er adds no ge. Begraven is the participle of begraven. Ontstolen is the participle of ontstelen.

Overnacht also takes no ge: wij hebben in het hotel overnacht, we spent the night in the hotel.

Two verbs make one tense

An auxiliary verb is a verb that helps another verb. The auxiliary verbs here are hebben, zijn and zullen.

A compound tense is an auxiliary plus a participle or an infinitive. English makes the same kind of tense: I have stolen.

Ik heb gestolen means I have stolen. Ik ben geworden means I have become.

Stelen takes hebben. Worden takes zijn. The list of verbs shows the auxiliary in each one's last form: ik heb gestolen, ik ben geworden.

  1. 238

    Put the book on the table.

  2. 239

    Answer!

  3. 240

    the complaining miser

  4. 241

    we spent the night in the hotel

  1. 242

    I have stolen

  2. 243

    I have become

De gierigaard (vrek)

  1. 244

    The miser

  2. 245

    “Miserable me!” thus complained a miser to his neighbor.

  3. 246

    “Someone has stolen from me the treasure that I had buried in my garden, and put a miserable stone in its place.”

gierigaard
miser
plaats
place
buurman
neighbor
schat
treasure
tuin
garden
steen
stone
mij
me
die
which, that (relative, object case)
  1. 247

    The neighbor answered: “You would not have your treasure anyway.”

  2. 248

    “Believe therefore that the stone is your treasure and you are no poorer than before.”

  3. 249

    “Am I not poorer either?” said the miser, “then someone else is much richer.”

  4. 250

    “I could become furious!”

woedend
furious
niet
not... after all (toch niet)
daarom
therefore
tevoren
than before (dan tevoren)
ander
another (person)
veel
much

Lesson 4: conversation

  1. 251

    What did the miser say, complaining, to his neighbor?

  2. 252

    What treasure had been stolen from him?

  3. 253

    What had been put in its place?

  4. 254

    What did the neighbor answer to the miser's complaint?

  5. 255

    He said: “Miserable me! Someone has stolen my treasure, which I had buried in my garden, and put a wretched stone in its place.”

  6. 256

    The treasure that he had buried in his garden had been stolen from him.

  7. 257

    A miserable stone had been put in its place.

  8. 258

    The neighbor answered that the miser would not have had his treasure anyway, and that he should believe that the stone was his treasure and that he was no poorer than before.

  1. 259

    What was the miser simply to believe?

  2. 260

    Why might the miser become furious?

  3. 261

    He was to believe that the stone was his treasure and that he was no poorer than before.

  4. 262

    He might become furious, because someone else was now much richer than he was.

Lesson 4: exercise 7

  1. 263

    ik antwoord

    I answer

  2. 264

    ik klaag

    I complain

  3. 265

    ik reis

    I travel

  4. 266

    ik weef

    I weave

Lesson 4: exercise 8

  1. 267

    The king was in Hanover and in the Netherlands.

  2. 268

    Was the inn-keeper sly?

  3. 269

    Were you in England?

  4. 270

    Were they furious?

  5. 271

    Was the woman old?

  6. 272

    She had a treasure.

  7. 273

    The stone was in the garden.

  1. 274

    The neighbour was much richer.

  2. 275

    Were the eggs scarce?

  3. 276

    The dog was old.

  4. 277

    Was it in [the] summer?

  5. 278

    The cricket had sung.

  6. 279

    Was the cricket hungry (Had . . . honger)?

Lesson 5: Zijn or wezen, to be (and 1 more)

Zijn in the present and the past

Zijn means to be. Wezen is the literary form of the same verb. A tense is a form of the verb that places the action in time.

The present has a different form for most persons. Ik ben. Jij bent. Hij is. Wij zijn. Jullie and zij also take zijn.

The past has two forms. Was goes with one person: ik was, jij was, hij was. Waren goes with more than one: wij waren, jullie waren, zij waren.

U takes the same form as jij: u bent, u was.

Every other tense has two parts

The other tenses of zijn are built from two words. The first is a form of zijn, or zal, zult, zou. The last is geweest or zijn.

Geweest means been. Ik ben geweest is I have been. Ik was geweest is I had been.

Zal and zult place the action in the future. Ik zal zijn is I shall be. Jij zult zijn is you will be.

Zou and zouden say what would happen. Ik zou zijn is I should be. Hij zou geweest zijn is he would have been.

Zijn or wezen, to be

Infinitief: zijn (literary: wezen), to be. Voltooid infinitief: geweest zijn, to have been.

Deelwoorden: zijnde, being; geweest, been.

One command form

A command with zijn uses one form for one listener or many: wees. Wees stil means be quiet.

Wees eerlijk. Wees niet bang.

Weest is an old plural form. It survives only in set phrases, such as weest gegroet, which means hail.

  1. 280

    I am here.

  2. 281

    Were you at home?

  3. 282

    They have been poor.

  4. 283

    We shall be rich.

zijn · Onvoltooid tegenwoordige tijd (present)
ikbenI am
jijbentyou are
hijishe is
wijzijnwe are
julliezijnyou are
zijzijnthey are
zijn · Onvoltooid verleden tijd (past)
ikwasI was
jijwasyou were
hijwashe was
wijwarenwe were
julliewarenyou were
zijwarenthey were
zijn · Voltooid tegenwoordige tijd (present perfect)
ikben geweestI have been
jijbent geweestyou have been
hijis geweesthe has been
wijzijn geweestwe have been
julliezijn geweestyou have been
zijzijn geweestthey have been
zijn · Voltooid verleden tijd (pluperfect)
ikwas geweestI had been
jijwas geweestyou had been
hijwas geweesthe had been
wijwaren geweestwe had been
julliewaren geweestyou had been
zijwaren geweestthey had been
zijn · Onvoltooid toekomende tijd (future)
ikzal zijnI shall be
jijzult zijnyou will be
hijzal zijnhe will be
wijzullen zijnwe shall be
julliezullen zijnyou will be
zijzullen zijnthey will be
Zijn or wezen, to be

Infinitief: zijn (literary: wezen), to be. Voltooid infinitief: geweest zijn, to have been.

Deelwoorden: zijnde, being; geweest, been.

Onvoltooid tegenwoordige tijd (present)
ik ben                                   I am
jij bent                                 you are
hij is                                   he is
wij zijn                                 we are
jullie zijn                              you are
zij zijn                                 they are

Onvoltooid verleden tijd (past)
ik was                           I was
jij was                          you were
hij was                          he was
wij waren                        we were
jullie waren                     you were
zij waren                        they were

Voltooid tegenwoordige tijd (present perfect)
ik ben geweest                                 I have been
jij bent geweest                               you have been
hij is geweest                                 he has been
wij zijn geweest                               we have been
jullie zijn geweest                            you have been
zij zijn geweest                               they have been

Voltooid verleden tijd (pluperfect)
ik was geweest                       I had been
jij was geweest                      you had been
hij was geweest                      he had been
wij waren geweest                    we had been
jullie waren geweest                 you had been
zij waren geweest                    they had been

Onvoltooid toekomende tijd (future)
ik zal zijn                          I shall be
jij zult zijn                        you will be
hij zal zijn                         he will be
wij zullen zijn                      we shall be
jullie zullen zijn                   you will be
zij zullen zijn                      they will be

Voltooid toekomende tijd (future perfect)
ik zal geweest zijn                        I shall have been
jij zult geweest zijn                      you will have been
hij zal geweest zijn                       he will have been
wij zullen geweest zijn                    we shall have been
jullie zullen geweest zijn                 you will have been
zij zullen geweest zijn                    they will have been

Onvoltooid verleden-toekomende tijd (present conditional)
ik zou zijn                                                I should be
jij zou zijn                                               you would be
hij zou zijn                                               he would be
wij zouden zijn                                            we should be
jullie zouden zijn                                         you would be
zij zouden zijn                                            they would be

Voltooid verleden-toekomende tijd (past conditional)
ik zou geweest zijn                                   I should have been
jij zou geweest zijn                                  you would have been
hij zou geweest zijn                                  he would have been
wij zouden geweest zijn                               we should have been
jullie zouden geweest zijn                            you would have been
zij zouden geweest zijn                               they would have been
The imperative of zijn

The imperative of zijn has one form for every listener: wees. Wees stil! Be quiet! The old plural ending in -t, weest, survives only in set phrases, such as weest gegroet, hail.
The past participle stands at the end

In a compound tense the past participle stands at the end of the sentence. Ik heb een boek gehad, I have had a book. Hij is koning geweest, he has been king. Zij hebben een steen gevonden, they have found a stone. Zij waren gelukkig geweest, they had been happy. Zij zijn hier geweest, they have been here.
Adverbs of time

An adverb of time often opens the sentence; when it does, the first (or only) verb comes right after it, before the subject. An adverb of time that does not open the sentence follows immediately after the verb. Gisteren hebben wij een steen in de tuin gevonden, yesterday we found a stone in the garden. Deze morgen zijn wij hier geweest, this morning we have been here. Wij hebben deze morgen een steen gevonden, we have found a stone this morning. Wij zijn deze morgen hier geweest, we have been here this morning.
Word order in a dependent clause

In a dependent clause the verb stands at the end of the clause; in a compound tense the auxiliary comes last of all. Ik geloof, dat hij hier is, I believe he is here. Ik geloof, dat hij hier geweest is, I believe he has been here.
Position of the negation niet

The negation niet follows the direct object. Hij heeft de steen niet gevonden, he has not found the stone. Wij hebben hem niet gezien, we have not seen him.
Verbs of this lesson, with their principal parts

gaan    to go                                  ik ga, ik ging, ik ben gegaan
willen  to want, to wish                       ik wil, ik wilde (or wou), ik heb gewild
zullen  shall, will (modal, forms the future)  ik zal, ik zou
  1. 284

    He would have been happy.

  2. 285

    Don't be afraid.

  3. 286

    Be honest.

Lesson 5: The past participle stands at the end (and 2 more)

The participle goes last

In Dutch the past participle waits until the end of the sentence. English keeps it next to the helper verb.

A compound tense has two parts. The first is an auxiliary, a helper verb such as hebben or zijn. The second is the past participle.

Zij hebben een steen gevonden means they have found a stone. The object een steen comes between hebben and gevonden.

Ik heb een boek gehad. Hij is koning geweest. Zij zijn hier geweest. In each one the participle is the last word.

A time word at the start

An adverb of time says when something happens. Gisteren means yesterday. Deze morgen means this morning.

When the adverb opens the sentence, the first verb comes right after it. The subject follows that verb.

Wij hebben becomes gisteren hebben wij. The sentence is Gisteren hebben wij een steen in de tuin gevonden.

The participle still stands at the end.

A time word in the middle

When the adverb does not open the sentence, it follows immediately after the verb. The subject stays first.

Wij hebben deze morgen een steen gevonden. The adverb deze morgen follows hebben.

Wij zijn deze morgen hier geweest. The adverb deze morgen follows zijn, and hier comes after it.

The verb goes to the end

A dependent clause is a part of a sentence that depends on another part. In Ik geloof, dat hij hier is, the clause is dat hij hier is.

In a dependent clause the verb stands at the end of the clause. Compare hij is hier with dat hij hier is.

A compound tense has two verbs to place. The participle comes first and the auxiliary comes last of all. Ik geloof, dat hij hier geweest is.

Compare the main sentence, hij is hier geweest. The two verbs swap places in the clause.

  1. 287

    I have had a book.

  2. 288

    They have found a stone.

  3. 289

    They have been here.

  4. 290

    Yesterday we found a stone in the garden.

  1. 291

    We have found a stone this morning.

  2. 292

    I believe he is here.

  3. 293

    I believe he has been here.

Lesson 5: Position of the negation niet

Niet follows the object

A negation is a word that says no. In Dutch it is niet. The direct object is the person or thing that the verb acts on.

Niet follows the direct object. In Hij heeft de steen niet gevonden, de steen is the object. Niet comes right after it.

The participle gevonden stays at the end. Wij hebben hem niet gezien. Here hem is the object, and niet follows it.

  1. 294

    He has not found the stone.

  2. 295

    We have not seen him.

Vriendelijk aanbod

  1. 296

    A friendly offer

  2. 297

    A commoner once got into a quarrel with a young and very haughty nobleman at the theater.

  3. 298

    The latter threatened him that he would order his servants to give him a good caning.

  4. 299

    “Sir”, said the former, “servants I have none, but if you will just step outside with me for a moment, I shall have the honor of giving them to you myself.”

aanbod
the offer
burgerman
commoner
schouwburg
theater
twist
quarrel, dispute
stokslagen
a good caning, a beating with a stick (een pak stokslagen)
Mijnheer
sir!; Mr. (as a title before a name)
eer
honor
Vriendelijk
friendly, kind
eerste
the former (the first-mentioned)
zelf
I myself (ik zelf)
Deze
the latter (the most recently mentioned)
ze
they, them (unstressed form of zij) (ze = zij)
zeer
very
als
if
even
a moment, just
buiten
outside, out (naar buiten)
gelasten
to order, to charge (someone to do something)

Lesson 5: conversation

  1. 300

    With whom did the commoner get into a quarrel?

  2. 301

    Where did he get into the quarrel?

  3. 302

    With what did the nobleman threaten him?

  4. 303

    Whom would he order to administer the blows?

  5. 304

    The commoner got into a quarrel with a young and very haughty nobleman.

  6. 305

    He got into the quarrel at the theater.

  7. 306

    The nobleman threatened him that he would order his servants to give him a good caning.

  8. 307

    He would order his servants to administer the blows.

  1. 308

    What did the commoner answer?

  2. 309

    What honor did he wish to have?

  3. 310

    The commoner answered: “Servants I have none, but if you will just step outside with me for a moment, I shall have the honor of giving them to you myself.”

  4. 311

    He wished to have the honor of giving the blows to the nobleman himself.

Lesson 5: exercise 9

  1. 312

    The woman was ninety years old.

  2. 313

    The dogs were awake.

  3. 314

    The king is in England.

  4. 315

    The eggs will be scarce.

  5. 316

    The king has been in Hanover.

  6. 317

    The inn-keeper would have been sly.

  7. 318

    The cricket had been lazy (lui).

  1. 319

    It is all right.

  2. 320

    The miser will be very unhappy.

  3. 321

    You are not poorer than before.

  4. 322

    Be quiet (S. and Pl.)!

  5. 323

    He would have been furious.

  6. 324

    Do not be (translate: be not, S. and Pl.) lazy!

  7. 325

    We should have been richer.

  1. 326

    The king has been here.

  2. 327

    The treasure is still (nog) in the garden.

  3. 328

    Were they happy?

  4. 329

    We are poor.

  5. 330

    They were rich.

  6. 331

    Were they old?

  7. 332

    You have been lazy.

  1. 333

    The commoner was not sly.

  2. 334

    He has been friendly.

  3. 335

    I believe that he is rich.

  4. 336

    Was the noble-man haughty?

  5. 337

    Would he have been happy?

The particulars

The course
Valette, Dutch Conversation-Grammar (1913) and its Key (1893); Defense Language Institute, Dutch Refresher Course, Books I to III (1961). Public domain. The teaching pages, the readings' English, the answers to the conversations and the narration are ours.
Reading aloud
Digital narration, directed by 1732 Studios.
The book
Max Havelaar, the work this course leads to, free to read here.
Data
JSON · Markdown · A guide for agents
Two whoopie pies and a pine. An inside joke.