Dutch Conversation-Grammar 1732 Studios

Dutch · Unit 4

Lessons 14 to 18

Parts of Speech II

De twaalf maanden van het jaar; De eik; Genève; Gestrafte onbeschaamdheid; Proza of poëzie

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Lesson 14: Impersonal verbs: operations of nature (§ 231-232) (and 1 more)

Verbs with no one doing them

An impersonal verb names an event with no doer. It has one form only, the third person singular, and its subject is always het.

Het regent means it is raining. Het dondert means it thunders. Het sneeuwt means it snows. Het names nothing. It is only the grammatical subject.

All verbs for the operations of nature work this way: het vriest, het waait, het hagelt.

How to read the weather list

Each entry gives the verb, its meaning, then its form with het: regenen, to rain, het regent.

One entry opens with er in place of het. Er broeit een onweer means a thunderstorm is gathering.

Het is with an adjective

Weather has a second pattern: het is and an adjective. Het is koud. Het is warm. Het is winderig.

Time uses the same pattern. Het is laat means it is late. Het is vroeg means it is early. Het is half zes means it is half past five.

Here too het names nothing. It is only the grammatical subject.

Actions with no doer named

Some verbs take het with no weather in them. Het slaat means it strikes. Het schijnt means it seems. Het houdt op means it ceases.

Er can open a sentence that does not name the doer. Er wordt gezegd means it is said.

Er werd veel gezongen en gesprongen means there was much singing and dancing. No singer or dancer is named.

  1. 1

    It is raining.

    Hetit; the
    regent.Regent
  2. 2

    It has frozen.

  3. 3

    The wind is blowing hard.

Impersonal verbs: operations of nature (§ 231-232)

Impersonal verbs are used in the third person singular only, with het as a grammatical subject.

Impersonal are: all verbs denoting the operations of nature: bliksemen, to lighten, het bliksemt; broeien, to brew (of weather), er broeit een onweer, a thunderstorm is gathering; donderen, to thunder, het dondert; dooien, to thaw, het dooit; hagelen, to hail, het hagelt; ijzelen, het ijzelt, there is freezing rain; lichten, to lighten, het licht; misten, to be misty, het mist; nevelen, to be hazy, het nevelt; regenen, to rain, het regent; rijpen, het rijpt, there is hoarfrost; schemeren, to grow dusky, het schemert; sneeuwen, to snow, het sneeuwt; stofregenen, to drizzle, het stofregent; vriezen, to freeze, het vriest; waaien, to blow, to be windy, het waait, the wind blows; weerlichten, to lighten (sheet lightning), het weerlicht.
Weather and time expressions with het (§ 232)

Periphrastic expressions describing weather, time, or an action without naming the doer: het is winderig, nevelig, koud, warm, zacht, zwoel (zoel), drukkend, gloeiend heet, buiig, ongestadig, onstuimig, it is windy, hazy, cold, warm, mild, sultry, close, broiling, showery, unsettled, stormy. Het is laat, vroeg, avond, half zes, it is late, early, evening, half past five. Het slaat, schijnt, houdt op, it strikes, seems, ceases. Er wordt gezegd, it is said. Er werd veel gezongen en gesprongen, there was much singing and dancing.
Impersonal verbs of feeling (§ 232)

Some verbs express a feeling or an impression of the mind (een gevoelsaandoening): het bedroeft mij, het smart mij, het verdriet mij, I am sorry; het berouwt mij, I regret it; het doet mij leed, I am sorry for it; het grieft mij, it grieves me; het past mij, it suits me; het spijt mij, I am sorry, it vexes me; het verheugt mij, het verblijdt mij, I am glad; het verveelt mij, it bores me; het walgt mij, it disgusts me. I am thirsty is ik heb dorst; I am hungry is ik heb honger.
General expressions with het (§ 232)

General expressions such as het gebeurt, it occurs, het geschiedt, it happens, het past, het voegt, het betaamt, it is proper, and the great number of expressions with het is: het is billijk, rechtvaardig, it is just; het is duidelijk, it is plain; het is helder, klaar, it is clear; het is natuurlijk, it is natural; het is waar, zeker, it is true, certain.
Dat zijn, het zijn (§ 233)

In English there are sentences such as: those were happy days; these are my books; they are my brothers. In Dutch they are rendered by: dat waren gelukkige dagen; dat zijn mijn boeken; het zijn mijn broers.
Er is, er zijn: there is, there are (§ 234)

Er is, er zijn (or daar is, daar zijn) are translated by there is, there are: er zijn slechte mensen! There are bad men! Wat voor nieuws is er? What news? Er zijn er weinig die dat weten! There are but few who know that!
Conjugation of an impersonal verb (§ 235)

Conjugation of an impersonal verb:
Infinitive: sneeuwen, to snow; past infinitive: gesneeuwd hebben, to have snowed.

Conjugation of an impersonal verb:
Infinitive: sneeuwen, to snow; past infinitive: gesneeuwd hebben, to have snowed.
Participles: sneeuwend, snowing; gesneeuwd, snowed.
Present: het sneeuwt, it snows.
Past (imperfect): het sneeuwde, it snowed.
Present perfect: het heeft gesneeuwd, it has snowed.
Pluperfect: het had gesneeuwd, it had snowed.
Future: het zal sneeuwen, it will snow.
Future perfect: het zal gesneeuwd hebben, it will have snowed.
Present conditional: het zou sneeuwen, it would snow.
Past conditional: het zou gesneeuwd hebben, it would have snowed.
Multatuli, writing in the 1860s, uses forms like het sneeuwe, het hebbe gesneeuwd and het zoude sneeuwen as living subjunctives, forms that survive only in a handful of fixed phrases, such as leve de koning, long live the king.
Weak and strong impersonal verbs (§ 236)

The impersonal verbs denoting an operation of nature are weak, except vriezen, which is strong: het vriest, it freezes; het vroor, it froze; het heeft gevroren, it has frozen.
Accusative and dative with impersonal verbs (§ 237)

Most verbs used impersonally to denote a feeling or an impression of the mind govern the accusative, a few the dative. With the accusative, present: het verheugt mij, hem, ons, u, hen, it gladdens me, him, us, you, them. Imperfect: het verheugde mij, hem, ons, u, hen. With the dative, present: het doet mij, hem, ons, u, hun leed, it grieves me, him, us, you, them. Imperfect: het deed mij, hem, ons, u, hun leed. The written convention keeps hen for the direct object and hun for the indirect.
  1. 4

    It is cold.

  2. 5

    It is already late.

  3. 6

    It is said that it is going to snow.

Lesson 14: Impersonal verbs of feeling (§ 232) (and 1 more)

Het and a feeling

Some impersonal verbs name a feeling. Het is the subject. The person who feels comes after the verb.

Het spijt mij means I am sorry. Word for word, it says it vexes me.

Other verbs follow the same pattern. Het verheugt mij means I am glad. Het verveelt mij means it bores me.

Hunger and thirst

Hunger and thirst do not take this pattern. Dutch says I have thirst and I have hunger.

Ik heb dorst means I am thirsty. Ik heb honger means I am hungry.

Het in general statements

Het is also the subject of many general statements. Het gebeurt means it occurs. Het past means it is proper.

Most of these statements are het is with an adjective. Het is duidelijk means it is plain. Het is waar means it is true. Het is natuurlijk means it is natural.

Each one has the same shape as het is koud. Only the adjective changes.

  1. 7

    I am sorry.

  2. 8

    I am sorry about it.

  3. 9

    I am thirsty.

  1. 10

    I am hungry.

  2. 11

    It does not happen often.

  3. 12

    It is plain.

  4. 13

    It is true.

Lesson 14: Dat zijn, het zijn (§ 233) (and 1 more)

Dat and het before a plural verb

English says those are, these are, they are. Dutch puts dat or het in that place, and the verb stays plural.

Dat waren gelukkige dagen means those were happy days. Dat zijn mijn boeken means these are my books.

Het zijn mijn broers means they are my brothers.

Dat and het are singular words, but in all three sentences the verb is plural: zijn or waren.

There is and there are

Er is means there is. Er zijn means there are. Daar is and daar zijn have the same meaning.

Er zijn slechte mensen means there are bad people.

In a question, er can come at the end. Wat voor nieuws is er? means what news is there?

A sentence can hold er twice. Er zijn er weinig die dat weten means there are few who know that.

  1. 14

    Those were happy days.

  2. 15

    These are my books.

  3. 16

    They are my brothers.

  1. 17

    There are bad people.

  2. 18

    What news is there?

  3. 19

    There are few who know that.

Lesson 14: Conjugation of an impersonal verb (§ 235) (and 1 more)

One person in every tense

An impersonal verb has one person only, het. Its table therefore has one form for each tense.

Het sneeuwt is the present. Het sneeuwde is the past. Het heeft gesneeuwd is the present perfect. Het zal sneeuwen is the future.

Het had gesneeuwd is the pluperfect. Het zou sneeuwen is the conditional.

Old subjunctive forms

Multatuli, writing in the 1860s, uses het sneeuwe, het hebbe gesneeuwd and het zoude sneeuwen as living subjunctives.

Today these forms survive only in a handful of fixed phrases. One is leve de koning, which means long live the king.

One strong weather verb

The verbs for the operations of nature are weak, with one exception. They follow the pattern of het sneeuwt and het sneeuwde.

Vriezen is the exception. It is strong. Het vriest is the present. Het vroor is the past. Het heeft gevroren is the present perfect.

Compare het vroor with het sneeuwde. The strong verb changes its vowel and adds no ending.

  1. 20

    It is snowing.

  2. 21

    It has snowed.

  3. 22

    It would snow.

  4. 23

    Long live the king!

  1. 24

    It is freezing.

  2. 25

    It froze yesterday.

  3. 26

    It has frozen.

Lesson 14: Accusative and dative with impersonal verbs (§ 237)

Two cases for the person who feels

With an impersonal verb of feeling, the person who feels takes one of two cases.

The accusative is the case of the direct object. The dative is the case of the indirect object, the person something is done for.

Most verbs of feeling take the accusative. A few take the dative.

Hen or hun

Het verheugt takes the accusative: het verheugt mij, hem, ons, u, hen. The past is het verheugde mij.

Het doet leed takes the dative: het doet mij, hem, ons, u, hun leed. The past is het deed mij leed.

Only the word for them differs. Written Dutch keeps hen for the direct object and hun for the indirect object.

  1. 27

    It gladdens me.

  2. 28

    It grieves them.

  3. 29

    It gladdened us greatly.

De twaalf maanden van het jaar

  1. 30

    The twelve months of the year

  2. 31

    The months of the year are: January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November and December.

  3. 32

    January, March, May, July, August, October and December have thirty-one days.

jaar
year
eenendertig
thirty-one
  1. 33

    April, June, September and November have thirty days.

  2. 34

    February has twenty-eight days in a common year, twenty-nine days in a leap year.

  3. 35

    December, January and February are the winter months; March, April and May the spring months; June, July and August the summer months; September, October and November the autumn months.

  4. 36

    Every month has its own particular charms, but many will still prefer the month of May with its splendid flowers and the month of October with its delicious fruits, while the children will consider December in particular one of the merriest months.

maand
month
schrikkeljaar
leap year
aan
to prefer ... to (de voorkeur geven aan)
gewoon
ordinary, common
dertig
thirty
achtentwintig
twenty-eight
negenentwintig
twenty-nine

Lesson 14: conversation

  1. 37

    What are the months of the year called?

  2. 38

    Which months have thirty and which have thirty-one days?

  3. 39

    How many days does February have?

  4. 40

    Which are the spring and summer months?

  5. 41

    The months of the year are January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November and December.

  6. 42

    January, March, May, July, August, October and December have thirty-one days; April, June, September and November have thirty days.

  7. 43

    February has twenty-eight days in a common year, twenty-nine days in a leap year.

  8. 44

    March, April and May are the spring months; June, July and August are the summer months.

  1. 45

    Which are the autumn and winter months?

  2. 46

    Which months are held by many to be the most beautiful?

  3. 47

    September, October and November are the autumn months; December, January and February are the winter months.

  4. 48

    Many prefer the month of May and the month of October.

  1. 49

    In which month do the children especially celebrate?

  2. 50

    On which day?

  3. 51

    The children especially celebrate in December.

  4. 52

    On the fifth of December, St Nicholas's Eve.

Lesson 14: exercise 29

  1. 53

    In January and in December it is cold.

  2. 54

    In February it often snows.

  3. 55

    In March it is often stormy.

  4. 56

    In May it is not yet warm.

  5. 57

    In (the) summer it is generally too warm.

  1. 58

    It thundered and lightened yesterday.

  2. 59

    It was very foggy this morning.

  3. 60

    It is warm enough now.

  1. 61

    I am glad, that it has not rained.

  2. 62

    It is natural, that it freezes in December.

  3. 63

    In which month does it freeze most (tr. the most)?

  1. 64

    In April the weather is unsettled, now it rains or hails or snows, now it is mild.

  2. 65

    Spring begins in March, summer in June, autumn in September and winter in December.

  3. 66

    There are many people, who do not know this.

  4. 67

    In which month are the apples ripe?

  1. 68

    Are there many apples and pears this year?

  2. 69

    Were there many bad men in his company (gezelschap)?

  3. 70

    Does it thaw now?

  4. 71

    No, it freezes again.

  5. 72

    I am very sorry that he leaves (verlaat) us.

  6. 73

    I am very glad that it freezes again (weer).

  7. 74

    It is very late already.

  1. 75

    There was much singing and dancing in the village.

  2. 76

    What o'clock is it?

  3. 77

    It is half past five.

Lesson 15: The passive voice: forming with worden (and 1 more)

Worden and a participle

Dutch builds the passive with worden and the past participle. In het huis wordt gebouwd, the house receives the action. Someone builds it.

Only worden changes with the person. The participle stays the same: ik word bemind, hij wordt bemind, wij worden bemind.

The infinitive is bemind worden, to be loved. De brief wordt geschreven means the letter is being written.

Worden in the present and the imperative

Ik takes word. Jij, u and hij take wordt. Wij, jullie and zij take worden.

In the imperative, word speaks to one person and wordt speaks to several. Word bemind! and wordt bemind! both mean be loved. Word niet gestoord! means do not be disturbed.

Zijn replaces worden in the perfect

In the perfect tenses, the passive drops geworden. It uses zijn with the past participle alone. The simple past keeps worden: ik werd bemind, I was loved.

Ik ben bemind means I have been loved. Ik was bemind means I had been loved.

Ik zal bemind zijn means I shall have been loved. Ik zou bemind zijn means I should have been loved.

An older form

Older written Dutch kept geworden in the perfect tenses of the passive. Multatuli writes this way. Hij is bemind geworden means he has been loved.

The forms of this lesson drop it: het huis is gebouwd, de brief was geschreven, hij zal geprezen zijn.

  1. 78

    The house is being built.

  2. 79

    The letter is being written.

  3. 80

    Do not be disturbed!

  4. 81

    The house has been built.

The passive voice: forming with worden

The passive voice is formed with the auxiliary verb worden and the past participle.

Infinitive: bemind worden, to be loved.
Participle: bemind wordende, being loved.

Present indicative: ik word, jij wordt or je wordt, u wordt, hij wordt, wij worden, jullie worden, zij worden (bemind), I am (being) loved.

Imperative: word bemind! be loved! to one person; wordt bemind! be loved! to several.
The passive perfect tenses: geworden drops out

The simple past keeps worden: ik werd bemind, I was loved.

In the perfect tenses the passive drops geworden and uses zijn with the past participle alone: present perfect ik ben bemind, I have been loved; pluperfect ik was bemind, I had been loved; future perfect ik zal bemind zijn, I shall have been loved; past conditional ik zou bemind zijn, I should have been loved.

Older written Dutch, and Multatuli, kept geworden through the perfect tenses of the passive: hij is bemind geworden, he has been loved.
The passive: future and present conditional

Future: ik zal bemind worden, jij zult or je zult bemind worden, wij zullen bemind worden, I shall be loved, etc.

Conditional: ik zou bemind worden, I should be loved, etc. Both keep worden, because neither is a perfect tense.
The impersonal worden: het wordt koud

Worden also means to become, and it conjugates the same way whether or not a participle follows it: het wordt koud, it is getting cold; het werd koud, it got cold; het is koud geworden, it has become cold; het was koud geworden, it had become cold; het zal koud worden, it will get cold; het zal koud geworden zijn, it will have become cold; het zou koud worden, it would get cold; het zou koud geworden zijn, it would have become cold.

Here geworden is worden's own past participle, not a passive marker, so it stays in every perfect tense.
Reflexive verbs

Reflexive verbs are always used with a reflexive pronoun: zich schamen (over) to be ashamed (of), zich beroemen (op) to pride oneself (on), zich ontfermen (over) to have mercy (upon). Compare zij wassen zich, they wash themselves, with zij wassen de kinderen, they wash the children.
Conjugating a reflexive verb: present, past and perfect

Conjugation of a reflexive verb: zich verheugen, to rejoice.

Infinitive: zich verheugen, to rejoice; zich verheugd hebben, to have rejoiced.
Participle: zich verheugende, rejoicing; zich verheugd hebbende, having rejoiced.

Present: ik verheug mij, jij verheugt je or je verheugt je, u verheugt u, hij verheugt zich, wij verheugen ons, jullie verheugen je, zij verheugen zich, I rejoice, etc.

Past: ik verheugde mij, I rejoiced, etc.

Present perfect: ik heb mij verheugd, I have rejoiced, etc.

Pluperfect: ik had mij verheugd, I had rejoiced, etc.
Reflexive verb: future, conditional, imperative and question forms

Future            ik zal mij verheugen, I shall rejoice, etc.
Future perfect    ik zal mij verheugd hebben, I shall have rejoiced, etc.
Conditional       ik zou mij verheugen, I should rejoice, etc.
Past conditional  ik zou mij verheugd hebben, I should have rejoiced, etc.

Imperative: verheug je! or verheug u! rejoice! to one person; verheugt u! or verheug je! rejoice! to several.

Question: verheug ik mij? do I rejoice? verheugde ik mij? did I rejoice?
Negative: ik verheug mij niet, I do not rejoice; ik verheugde mij niet, I did not rejoice.
Negative question: verheug ik mij niet? do I not rejoice? verheugde ik mij niet? did I not rejoice?
Verbs of this lesson, with their principal parts

schenken    to give   ik schenk, ik schonk, ik heb geschonken
uitblinken  to excel  ik blink uit, ik blonk uit, ik heb uitgeblonken
  1. 82

    The letter had been written.

  2. 83

    He will have been praised.

Lesson 15: The passive: future and present conditional (and 1 more)

Zal and zou keep worden

The future and the present conditional keep worden, because neither is a perfect tense.

The future is zal, then the participle, then worden. Ik zal bemind worden means I shall be loved. Het huis zal gebouwd worden means the house will be built.

The conditional is zou, then the participle, then worden. Ik zou geprezen worden means I would be praised.

Worden as become

Worden also means to become. Het wordt koud means it is getting cold.

Worden conjugates the same way, with or without a participle. Het werd koud means it got cold. Het zal koud worden means it will get cold. Het zou koud worden means it would get cold.

Geworden stays in the perfect

Here geworden is the past participle of worden itself. It is not a passive marker, so it stays in every perfect tense.

Het is koud geworden means it has become cold. Het was koud geworden means it had become cold.

Het zal koud geworden zijn means it will have become cold. Het zou koud geworden zijn means it would have become cold.

  1. 84

    The house will be built.

  2. 85

    I would be praised.

  3. 86

    It is getting cold.

  4. 87

    It has become cold.

  5. 88

    It will get cold.

Lesson 15: Reflexive verbs (and 1 more)

The action returns to the subject

A reflexive verb is a verb whose action returns to the subject. A reflexive pronoun is the word that shows it, such as mij or zich.

Zij wassen zich means they wash themselves. Zij wassen de kinderen means they wash the children. In the first, the pronoun and the subject are the same people.

A reflexive verb is always used with its reflexive pronoun: zich schamen, to be ashamed. Zich beroemen means to pride oneself. Zich ontfermen means to have mercy.

Verbs with a preposition

These three verbs also take a preposition. Zich schamen and zich ontfermen take over. Zich beroemen takes op.

Ik schaam mij daarover means I am ashamed of that. Hij beroemt zich op zijn kracht means he prides himself on his strength.

The pronoun changes with the person

The reflexive pronoun changes with the subject. Ik takes mij. Jij and jullie take je. U takes u. Hij and zij meaning they take zich. Wij takes ons.

Zich verheugen means to rejoice. In the present and the past, the pronoun follows the verb: ik verheug mij, hij verheugt zich, ik verheugde mij.

The perfect tenses

In the perfect tenses, the pronoun stands between hebben and the participle.

Ik heb mij verheugd means I have rejoiced. Wij hebben ons verheugd means we have rejoiced.

Ik had mij verheugd means I had rejoiced. Hadden jullie je verheugd? means had you rejoiced?

  1. 89

    I am ashamed of that.

  2. 90

    He prides himself on his strength.

  3. 91

    They wash themselves every morning.

  4. 92

    I am glad.

  1. 93

    We have rejoiced.

  2. 94

    Had you rejoiced?

Lesson 15: Reflexive verb: future, conditional, imperative and question forms

Future and conditional

In the future and the conditional, zal or zou follows the subject. The pronoun comes next. The verb goes last.

Ik zal mij verheugen means I shall rejoice. Ik zou mij verheugen means I should rejoice.

The perfect forms end in verheugd hebben. Ik zal mij verheugd hebben means I shall have rejoiced. Ik zou mij verheugd hebben means I should have rejoiced.

Commands, questions and negatives

The imperative drops the subject and keeps the pronoun: verheug je! or verheug u! Verheug je niet te vroeg means do not rejoice too soon.

A question puts the verb first. The pronoun follows the subject. Verheug ik mij? means do I rejoice? Verheugt u zich al? means are you glad already?

Niet comes after the pronoun. Ik verheug mij niet means I do not rejoice. Verheug ik mij niet? means do I not rejoice?

Reflexive verb: future, conditional, imperative and question forms

Verbs of this lesson, with their principal parts

  1. 95

    I shall rejoice.

  2. 96

    Do not rejoice too soon.

  3. 97

    Are you glad already?

De eik

  1. 98

    The oak

  2. 99

    The oak is distinguished from all the trees of our native land by its solid, hard wood, its broad crown and its gnarled trunk.

  3. 100

    Since very ancient times it has been the symbol of manly strength, sublime calm and royal dignity.

kruin
crown, top (of a tree)
stam
trunk, stem
zinnebeeld
symbol
kracht
strength
waardigheid
dignity
hout
made of wood (van hout gemaakt)
stevig
strong, solid
verheven
sublime, elevated
Sedert
since
zich
to distinguish oneself (zich onderscheiden)
  1. 101

    Even now people give a wreath of fresh oak leaves to the man who excels through civic virtue.

  2. 102

    From its wood people make useful tools and use it for building ships and houses.

  3. 103

    After a hundred years and more it is often still as solid and strong as if it were new.

krans
wreath
eikenloof
oak leaves
bouw
construction, building
vast
solid, firm
thans
even now, still today (nog thans)
  1. 104

    The joiner therefore works it into fine chairs, tables, cupboards and writing tables.

  2. 105

    Except for the fruit trees, no tree is as useful as the oak.

  3. 106

    The pine, the linden, together with the beech and the elm, are of lesser value than it.

  4. 107

    The oak, however, grows only slowly.

  5. 108

    While the poplar grows very tall within a few years, it has reached its full growth only after a very long time.

meubelmaker
joiner, cabinetmaker
waarde
value
nuttig
useful
weinige
a few
daarom
therefore
Behalve
except
geen
no, not a
evenals
together with, just like
evenwel
however
slechts
only

Lesson 15: conversation

  1. 109

    How is the oak distinguished from other trees?

  2. 110

    Of what has it been the symbol since very ancient times?

  3. 111

    What does one still give today to the man who excels through civic virtue?

  4. 112

    What do people make from its wood?

  5. 113

    The oak is distinguished by its solid, hard wood, its broad crown and its gnarled trunk.

  6. 114

    It has been the symbol of manly strength, sublime calm and royal dignity since very ancient times.

  7. 115

    One gives him a wreath of fresh oak leaves.

  8. 116

    People make useful tools from it and use it for building ships and houses.

  1. 117

    Does oak wood stay solid and strong for a long time?

  2. 118

    What does the joiner work this wood into?

  3. 119

    Which trees are just as useful as the oak?

  4. 120

    Which trees are of lesser value?

  5. 121

    Yes, after a hundred years and more it is often still as solid and strong as if it were new.

  6. 122

    The joiner works it into fine chairs, tables, cupboards and writing tables.

  7. 123

    Except for the fruit trees, no tree is as useful as the oak.

  8. 124

    The pine, the linden, together with the beech and the elm, are of lesser value than the oak.

  1. 125

    How does the oak grow?

  2. 126

    When has it reached its full growth?

  3. 127

    Does the poplar also grow slowly?

  4. 128

    The oak grows only slowly.

  5. 129

    It has reached its full growth only after a very long time.

  6. 130

    No, the poplar grows very tall within a few years.

Lesson 15: exercise 30

  1. 131

    ik word gestraft

    I am punished

Lesson 15: exercise 31

  1. 132

    ik schaam mij

    I am ashamed

  2. 133

    ik was mij

    I (pluperfect of to wash oneself)

Lesson 16: Cardinal numbers (and 1 more)

Numbers that count

A cardinal number says how many: one, two, three. The small ones are separate words: een, twee, drie, vier, vijf, zes, zeven, acht, negen, tien.

Eleven and twelve have their own words: elf, twaalf. From thirteen to nineteen the word ends in tien: dertien, veertien, zestien, negentien.

The tens end in tig: twintig, dertig, veertig, tachtig, negentig.

One word for each number

Every number from twenty-one up is written as one word. The small number comes first, then en, then the ten: eenentwintig, tweeëntwintig.

Hundreds and thousands join the same way: honderdeen, duizendeen, elfhonderd, tweeduizend, honderdduizend.

Three words that stay the same

Een and geen keep one form. Een boek is a book. Geen tijd is no time.

Beide means both. It has one form before a noun: beide boeken. It has another form when it stands alone for people: beiden zagen het.

Older books, and Multatuli, add endings to een and geen: eens, eenen, eener.

  1. 134

    I have seventy-five euros.

  2. 135

    Two thousand people live in the village.

  3. 136

    A hundred thousand people watched the match.

  4. 137

    I have no time.

Cardinal numbers

The cardinal numbers are: 1 een, 2 twee, 3 drie, 4 vier, 5 vijf, 6 zes, 7 zeven, 8 acht, 9 negen, 10 tien, 11 elf, 12 twaalf, 13 dertien, 14 veertien, 15 vijftien, 16 zestien, 17 zeventien, 18 achttien, 19 negentien, 20 twintig, 21 eenentwintig, 22 tweeëntwintig, and so on to 29 negenentwintig, 30 dertig, 40 veertig, 50 vijftig, 60 zestig, 70 zeventig, 80 tachtig, 90 negentig, 100 honderd, 101 honderdeen, up to 1000 duizend, 1001 duizendeen, 1100 elfhonderd, 1200 twaalfhonderd, 2000 tweeduizend, and on to 100,000 honderdduizend, 1,000,000 een miljoen, 10,000,000 tien miljoen. Every compound number from twenty-one up is written as a single word.
Declension of een, geen and beide

Een and the negation geen are not declined: een boek a book, geen tijd no time. Beide (both) is not declined either, but it keeps two forms according to how it is used: beide before a noun (beide boeken, both books) and beiden used on its own for people (beiden zagen het, both of them saw it).

Older written Dutch, and Multatuli, show the full case paradigm behind this: eens, eenen, eener as genitive and dative endings on een and geen, and der beide, den beiden on beide.
Miljoen and the plural of honderd, duizend

Miljoen, biljoen, triljoen and miljard are neuter nouns: plural miljoenen, and so on. The plural of the nouns honderd and duizend is formed regularly with -en: honderden, duizenden.
Cardinal numbers are indeclinable; telling the time

The cardinal numbers do not take endings, except: when used substantively, twee vieren two fours, vier negens four nines; and in expressions of time, when the word uren is left out: Hoe laat is het? What time is it? Het is zes uur it is six o'clock, het is half zes it is half past five, het is kwart (kwartier) voor zessen it is a quarter to six, het is kwart (kwartier) over zessen it is a quarter past six, het is vijf voor zessen it is five minutes to six, het is tien voor zessen it is ten minutes to six, het is bijna zessen it is nearly six o'clock, het is over zessen it is past six o'clock, ik ga om zes uur uit I go out at six o'clock.
Writing large numbers; the number 1120

The number 1120 may be read and written elfhonderdtwintig or duizendhonderdtwintig; as a date it is pronounced (in the year) elfhonderdtwintig. Note. A cardinal number is written solid with the number before it, however large: tweehonderd, driehonderd, vierhonderd, and in the same way tweeduizend, drieduizend, vierduizend.

Older written Dutch, and Multatuli, keep duizend as a separate word after a numeral (twee duizend, drie duizend).
Ordinal numbers

Ordinal numbers are formed from the cardinals by adding -de from 2 to 19, and -ste from 20 upwards. Irregular are eerste and achtste; instead of driede, the word derde is used. The 1st de eerste, the 2nd de tweede, the 3rd de derde, the 4th de vierde, the 5th de vijfde, the 6th de zesde, the 7th de zevende, the 8th de achtste, the 9th de negende, the 10th de tiende, the 11th de elfde, the 12th de twaalfde, the 13th de dertiende, and so on to the 19th de negentiende, the 20th de twintigste, the 21st de eenentwintigste, the 30th de dertigste, the 40th de veertigste, the 50th de vijftigste, the 60th de zestigste, the 70th de zeventigste, the 80th de tachtigste, the 90th de negentigste, the 100th de honderdste, the 500th de vijfhonderdste, the 1000th de duizendste, the 1,000,000th de miljoenste. They take the same endings as adjectives.

The former and the latter, when they refer to two people or things, are translated into Dutch by de eerste and de laatste.
The date

The date is expressed as follows: De hoeveelste is het vandaag? What day of the month is it today? Het is de tweeëntwintigste april It is the 22nd of April.

Older written Dutch, and Multatuli, also show the declined alternative: den hoeveelste hebben wij vandaag, wij hebben den tweeëntwintigsten april, built on the case endings of the definite article.
Distinctives with ten

Distinctives are formed from the ordinals with the word ten: ten eerste firstly, ten tweede secondly, ten derde thirdly, ten tiende tenthly, ten twintigste twentiethly, and so on.
Multiplicatives

Multiplicatives are formed by adding the syllable -voud to the cardinal numbers: eenvoud or enkelvoud (the more usual word) simple, tweevoud twofold, drievoud threefold, honderdvoud hundredfold; they are used only as nouns. An adjective or adverb is formed from them by adding -ig: eenvoudig or enkelvoudig, tweevoudig or dubbel, drievoudig, honderdvoudig.
Variative numerals

Variative numbers meaning of ... kinds are formed mainly with -erlei, added directly to the cardinal: enerlei of one kind, tweeërlei of two kinds, drieërlei, vijfderlei, dertigerlei, and so on; allerlei and allerhande, both meaning all kinds of, are the two words most commonly used this way.

Older written Dutch, and Multatuli, also built these with -erhande or -derhande after er or der: eenerhande, tweeërhande, vierderhande, honderderhande; only allerhande survives from that pattern in everyday modern Dutch.
Numbers of repetition

Numbers of repetition are adverbs formed by adding maal or keer to the cardinal numbers: eenmaal or eens once, tweemaal or twee keer twice, driemaal or drie keer three times, and so on. Keer is the form used in speech; maal is more common in writing.

Older written Dutch, and Multatuli, also used werf (driewerf, three times) and the suffix -reis (eenreis once, shortened to ereis).
Fractional numbers

Except for half, fractions have the same form as the ordinal numbers: 1/2 een half, 1/3 een derde, 1/4 een vierde or een kwart, 1/5 een vijfde, 0.1 een tiende, 0.01 een honderdste, 0.001 een duizendste, 0.000001 een miljoenste. If half is used as an adjective it goes after the article: een half uur half an hour, het halve jaar half the year, een halve dag half a day.

Anderhalf (one and a half) is the one indeclinable dimidiative numeral in ordinary use; for the others, modern Dutch simply says twee en een half two and a half, drie en een half three and a half, and so on. Older written Dutch, and Multatuli, also built derdehalf (two and a half), vierdehalf (three and a half), vijfdehalf (four and a half) on the same pattern as anderhalf; these are archaic.
Indefinite numbers

These are: weinige a few, enkele, ettelijke, enige, sommige some, verscheidene several, vele many, alle all, menig many a, de meeste most, de minste the least. Enig is also used as an adjective before a collective or abstract noun: enig geld some money, enig geduld some patience. Menig is used only in the singular: menig man, menige vrouw, menig kind; before a masculine name of a person it takes no ending at all: menig generaal.
Indefinite numbers used on their own, for people

Sommige, verscheidene and alle are used without the article; vele, weinige, enkele, enige and beide may be used with or without the article. Before a noun they take the same -e ending as an adjective: sommige, alle, vele, enige mensen.

Used on their own, without a following noun, and only for people, these words take an -en ending instead: sommigen, allen, velen, enigen, weinigen. Ik heb weinig mensen gezien I have seen few people. Binnen enkele minuten was hij klaar he was ready within a few minutes.

Older written Dutch, and Multatuli, built a genitive on this -en form with -er: sommiger, weiniger, where van sommigen, van weinigen is the form in use.
Verbs of this lesson, with their principal parts

zenden    to send        ik zend, ik zond, ik heb gezonden
verjagen  to drive away  ik verjaag, ik verjoeg, ik heb verjaagd
  1. 138

    Both books are on the table.

  2. 139

    Both of them saw the accident happen.

Lesson 16: Miljoen and the plural of honderd, duizend (and 2 more)

Plurals of big numbers

The words for the big numbers are also nouns, so they have a plural.

Miljoen, biljoen, triljoen and miljard take het. The plural of miljoen is miljoenen.

Honderd and duizend add en for the plural: honderden, duizenden. Er waren honderden bezoekers is there were hundreds of visitors.

Numbers keep their shape

A cardinal number takes no ending. There are two exceptions.

The first is a number used as a noun: twee vieren is two fours, and vier negens is four nines.

The second is the time of day when the word uren is left out. With uur, the number keeps its form: het is zes uur. Ik ga om zes uur uit.

Telling the time

Hoe laat is het? asks what time it is. The answer starts with het is.

Without uur, the hour takes an ending: zessen. Het is kwart over zessen is a quarter past six. Het is kwart voor zessen is a quarter to six. Kwartier also works in place of kwart.

Het is vijf voor zessen is five to six. Het is bijna zessen is nearly six. Het is over zessen is past six.

Het is half zes is half past five.

Large numbers in one piece

A number before honderd or duizend joins it in one word: tweehonderd, driehonderd, tweeduizend, vierduizend.

The number eleven hundred and twenty has two readings: elfhonderdtwintig or duizendhonderdtwintig. As a year, people say elfhonderdtwintig.

Older books, and Multatuli, write duizend as a separate word: twee duizend, drie duizend.

  1. 140

    Two million people live in the city.

  2. 141

    There were hundreds of visitors.

  3. 142

    It is a quarter past six.

  1. 143

    I go out at six o'clock.

  2. 144

    Four nines are on the board.

  3. 145

    Four thousand people live here.

  4. 146

    He was born in eleven hundred and twenty.

Lesson 16: Ordinal numbers (and 2 more)

Numbers that rank

An ordinal number gives a place in a row: first, second, third. Dutch builds it from the cardinal number.

From two to nineteen, add de: de vierde, de vijfde, de negentiende. From twenty up, add ste: de twintigste, de eenentwintigste, de honderdste.

Three are irregular. De eerste is first. De achtste is eighth. De derde is third.

Ending and order

Ordinal numbers take the same endings as adjectives.

De eerste and de laatste also mean the former and the latter, when two people or things are named.

Saying the date

The date uses an ordinal number, then the month.

To ask the date, say De hoeveelste is het vandaag? It asks what day of the month it is today. The answer: Het is de tweeëntwintigste april.

Older books, and Multatuli, use other endings: wij hebben den tweeëntwintigsten april.

Listing points in order

To number points in order, put ten before an ordinal number: ten eerste, ten tweede, ten derde. They mean firstly, secondly, thirdly.

The pattern goes on: ten tiende, ten twintigste. Ten eerste ben ik het niet eens is firstly, I do not agree.

  1. 147

    She is the third in line.

  2. 148

    This is the twentieth edition.

  3. 149

    He won the twenty-first stage.

  1. 150

    What day of the month is it today?

  2. 151

    It is the twenty-second of April.

  3. 152

    Firstly, I do not agree.

  4. 153

    Secondly, I have no time.

Lesson 16: Multiplicatives (and 2 more)

Numbers of times as much

Add voud to a cardinal number to say how many times as much: tweevoud is twofold, drievoud is threefold. These words are nouns only.

For simple, enkelvoud is more usual than eenvoud.

Add ig to make an adjective or adverb: tweevoudig, drievoudig, honderdvoudig. Dubbel can replace tweevoudig.

Numbers of kinds

Add erlei to a cardinal number to say how many kinds: enerlei is of one kind. Tweeërlei is of two kinds.

Allerlei and allerhande both mean all kinds of. These two are the most used.

Older books, and Multatuli, also use erhande or derhande: eenerhande, vierderhande. In everyday Dutch only allerhande remains.

How many times

Add maal or keer to a cardinal number to say how many times. Eenmaal or eens is once. Tweemaal or twee keer is twice.

Keer is the form used in speech. Maal is more common in writing.

Older books, and Multatuli, also use werf and reis: driewerf is three times, and eenreis is once.

  1. 154

    This is a twofold problem.

  2. 155

    He paid triple the amount.

  3. 156

    There are all sorts of reasons for it.

  1. 157

    They speak two kinds of languages.

  2. 158

    I have said it three times.

  3. 159

    Call me one more time.

Lesson 16: Fractional numbers (and 2 more)

Fractions

A fraction has the form of an ordinal number: een derde, een vijfde, een honderdste. A quarter is een vierde or een kwart.

Half is the exception: een half. Before a noun, half goes after the article: een half uur, het halve jaar, een halve dag.

One and a half

Anderhalf means one and a half. It keeps one form: anderhalf uur.

For other amounts, say the whole number, then en een half: twee en een half, drie en een half.

Older books, and Multatuli, use derdehalf, vierdehalf and vijfdehalf on the pattern of anderhalf.

Amounts without a figure

These words give an amount without a figure. Weinige is a few. Enkele, ettelijke, enige and sommige are some. Verscheidene is several, vele is many, alle is all.

De meeste is most. De minste is the least.

Enig also comes before a noun for a mass or an idea: enig geld is some money, enig geduld is some patience.

Many a

Menig means many a. It is used only in the singular: menig man, menige vrouw, menig kind.

Before a noun for a male person it takes no ending: menig generaal.

With a noun and alone

These words have one form before a noun and another when they stand alone for people.

Before a noun they take the e ending of an adjective: sommige, alle, vele, enige mensen. Sommige, verscheidene and alle take no article. Vele, weinige, enkele, enige and beide may take one.

Alone, for people only, they take en: sommigen, allen, velen, enigen, weinigen.

Some people

Sommigen zeggen dat het waar is means some people say it is true. Sommigen already means some people, so no noun follows.

Older books, and Multatuli, add er to this form: sommiger, weiniger. The form in use is van sommigen, van weinigen.

  1. 160

    A quarter of the apples is rotten.

  2. 161

    He stayed an hour and a half.

  3. 162

    Some people do not like travelling.

  1. 163

    I have saved some money.

  2. 164

    Some people say it is true.

  3. 165

    Many people came to the party.

Genève

  1. 166

    Geneva

  2. 167

    Geneva was the birthplace or home of a number of men whose names are widely known.

  3. 168

    Here Calvin exerted great influence in his day; here lived and worked, to name only a few, Beza, Rousseau, de Saussure, de Candolle and Madame de Staël.

Genève
Geneva
woonplaats
dwelling place
aantal
number
mevrouw
madam, Mrs.
namen
whose names (wier namen)
algemeen
generally, widely
bekend
known
enigen
some, a few (people)
tijd
a long time (lange tijd)
noemen
to call, to name
  1. 169

    There is hardly a street that does not contain a house whose occupant made a name for himself in the world.

  2. 170

    Even today the city is famous for its fine industry, and it keeps more than four thousand people busy in it.

  3. 171

    Every year at least a hundred thousand watches are made and sent abroad.

naam
name
bewoner
inhabitant
wereld
world
industrie
the domain of industry (het gebied van de industrie)
buitenland
foreign country; abroad
bewoner
the inhabitant of which (waarvan de bewoner)
vermaard
celebrated, famed
vierduizend
four thousand
honderdduizend
a hundred thousand
tegenwoordig
nowadays, at present
Jaarlijks
annually
Jaarlijks
annual
Bijna
nearly; hardly any
minstens
at least
naam
to make a name for oneself (naam maken)
  1. 172

    One of the finest spots in Geneva is Rousseau's Island, which is adorned with his bronze statue.

  2. 173

    On the twenty-eighth of June 1836 the city, which had once cast him out, celebrated the birth centenary of the philosopher with great ceremony.

  3. 174

    Voltaire, too, lived for a long time at the country house les Délices near Geneva, but was likewise driven from there by intolerance and went to Lausanne, until at last he bought the wretched Ferney, with its eight thatched-roof cottages, again near Geneva.

plechtigheid
ceremony
eeuwfeest
centenary, jubilee
wijsgeer
philosopher
buitenplaats
country house, country seat
nabijheid
neighbourhood, vicinity
eiland
island
bronzen
bronze
eenmaal
once
veel
much, many
doch
but, however
evenzeer
likewise, equally
vandaar
from there
totdat
until
eindelijk
at last, finally
wederom
again

Lesson 16: conversation

  1. 175

    What is Geneva known for in history?

  2. 176

    Who, for instance, lived and worked there?

  3. 177

    Geneva is known because famous men such as Calvin, Rousseau and Voltaire lived and worked there.

  4. 178

    Calvin, Beza, Rousseau, de Saussure, de Candolle and Madame de Staël lived and worked there.

  1. 179

    What does almost every street remind us of?

  2. 180

    In what field is the city still famous today?

  3. 181

    With what does it keep more than four thousand people busy?

  4. 182

    How many watches are made annually?

  5. 183

    Almost every street reminds us of an inhabitant who made a name for himself in the world.

  6. 184

    It is famous for its fine industry.

  7. 185

    It keeps them busy making watches.

  8. 186

    At least a hundred thousand watches are made every year.

  1. 187

    Where are these sent?

  2. 188

    Name one of the finest spots in Geneva.

  3. 189

    What did the city celebrate on the 28th of June 1836?

  4. 190

    Where did Voltaire live for a long time?

  5. 191

    They are sent abroad.

  6. 192

    Rousseau's Island is one of the finest spots in Geneva.

  7. 193

    It celebrated the birth centenary of Rousseau with great ceremony.

  8. 194

    He lived for a long time at the country house les Délices near Geneva.

  1. 195

    Where did he go?

  2. 196

    How long did he stay there?

  3. 197

    He went to Lausanne.

  4. 198

    The text does not say how long he stayed in Lausanne; he finally bought Ferney near Geneva.

Lesson 16: exercise 32

  1. 199

    Thirty-one apples.

  2. 200

    Some idols.

  3. 201

    Many commoners.

  4. 202

    Fifty-three books.

  5. 203

    All leaves.

  6. 204

    A hundred loaves.

  7. 205

    The first trees.

  1. 206

    The tenth brig (brik).

  2. 207

    Many a kingdom.

  3. 208

    A few pigeons.

  4. 209

    The eighteenth of December.

  1. 210

    Three three-masters.

  2. 211

    Most oaks.

  3. 212

    Many a general.

  1. 213

    Two kinds of trumpets.

  2. 214

    All sorts of songs.

  3. 215

    Many heads.

  4. 216

    A few houses.

  5. 217

    Half past six.

  6. 218

    The twentieth of June.

  7. 219

    It is a quarter past one.

  1. 220

    Both saw it.

  2. 221

    No kings.

  3. 222

    It is past three o'clock.

  4. 223

    The eighth merchant.

  5. 224

    Four sorts of lilies.

  6. 225

    All kinds of men.

  1. 226

    The ninth month.

  2. 227

    The first dinner.

  3. 228

    Some money.

  4. 229

    The twenty-first of May, eighteen hundred and thirty-six.

  5. 230

    A hundred thousand watches.

  6. 231

    Four hundred streets.

  7. 232

    Four thousand persons.

  1. 233

    A half.

  2. 234

    The half.

  3. 235

    Half a pound.

  4. 236

    A tenth part.

  5. 237

    Three nines.

  6. 238

    Four eighths.

  7. 239

    A ten millionth.

  1. 240

    Several ministers.

  2. 241

    Both boys.

  3. 242

    A threefold misfortune.

  4. 243

    Ninety patients.

  5. 244

    A twofold puzzle.

  6. 245

    His birthday is on the sixth of August.

  1. 246

    The eleventh bill.

  2. 247

    It is already past twelve o'clock.

  3. 248

    Another time.

  4. 249

    Two guineas and a half.

  5. 250

    One guilder and a half.

  6. 251

    Eighty books.

  7. 252

    The third dog.

  1. 253

    Six sorts of trees.

  2. 254

    Four hundredths of a guilder.

  3. 255

    The thirtieth of November, eighteen hundred and ninety-one.

  4. 256

    Fifty sorts of watches.

  5. 257

    Several dogs.

  1. 258

    Some numerals.

  2. 259

    Many verbs.

  3. 260

    The hundredth man.

  4. 261

    What o'clock is it?

  5. 262

    What day of the month is it?

  6. 263

    It is the first, the third, the eighth.

Lesson 17: The infinitive after auxiliaries and verbs of perception

The infinitive after a second verb

With an auxiliary, the infinitive nearly always comes after it. Hebben, zijn, worden, kunnen and mogen are auxiliaries.

Verbs of seeing, hearing, helping, making and teaching work the same way. Zien, horen, helpen, maken and leren all take a second verb.

Ik heb hem leren kennen means I got to know him. Ik heb hem helpen zoeken. Hij heeft mij laten komen.

In a dependent clause, the two verbs can swap places. Hij wist dat ik hem had geroepen. Geroepen had is also right.

  1. 264

    I got to know him.

  2. 265

    I helped him look for it.

  3. 266

    He sent for me.

  4. 267

    He knew that I had called him.

The infinitive after auxiliaries and verbs of perception

If an infinitive is used with an auxiliary (hebben, zijn, worden, kunnen, mogen, and so on) or with a verb of perception or causation (zien, horen, helpen, maken, leren), the infinitive nearly always comes after the auxiliary or that other verb: een hoveling, die B. zag wandelen (a courtier who saw B. walking), toen de hoveling echter bleef aandringen (when the courtier nevertheless kept insisting). Compare: ik heb hem leren kennen (I got to know him), ik heb hem helpen zoeken (I helped him look for it), hij heeft mij laten komen (he sent for me), hij wist dat ik hem had geroepen or geroepen had (he knew that I had called him).
Personal pronouns: declension

Dutch personal pronouns have a subject form and one object form, not the four cases this table lists. Singular: ik / mij (me); jij or je / jou or je (familiar); u / u (polite); hij / hem; zij or ze / haar; het / het. Plural: wij or we / ons; jullie / jullie (familiar); u / u (polite); zij or ze / hen (direct object) or hun (indirect object, in careful writing; ze covers both in speech). Gij, this table's ordinary second person, is archaic in the Netherlands and survives in Flemish and Bible Dutch; jij/je and u take its place.
Gij becomes jij, jou and u

The old singular pronoun du is not used; gij, once a plural, took over as the ordinary word for 'you', and gij itself is archaic or Flemish. Jij (unstressed je) is the ordinary familiar singular, and jullie (from an older gijlieden, jelui) is the familiar plural. U is the polite form, used for one person or many, and takes a verb in the second or third person singular: u hebt or u heeft. A friend is addressed as jij/je, in letters as in speech; u is kept for anyone addressed as u in speech. Nineteenth-century letters, and Multatuli, address a friend as Gij, following the convention this note describes.
The old genitive mijns, uws, zijns, haars

Mijn gelijke, jouw gelijke, iemand zoals ik (my equal, your equal) are paraphrased with van or a plain possessive rather than a genitive pronoun. A verb or adjective governing what was once a genitive pronoun likewise takes a paraphrase: gedenk mij (remember me), hij is jou niet waardig (he is not worthy of you). Mijns inziens (in my view) is the one such genitive kept in ordinary use, as a fixed phrase. Multatuli and other nineteenth-century writers use mijns gelijke, uws gelijke, and gedenk mijner freely, in the dignified and poetic style this section describes.
The genitive today: van or a possessive

In every other case the genitive is paraphrased with van, or replaced by a possessive pronoun: de kinderen van mijn vriend (my friend's children), de huizen van uw vader (your father's houses). Dutch also keeps an -s genitive for people's names: Jans huis, mijn broers boek (my brother's book).
Reflexive pronouns: zich

The dative and accusative forms of the personal pronouns serve as reflexive pronouns for the first and second persons: ik was me, jij wast je. The third person has its own reflexive, zich, used for both the dative and accusative function, for every gender, singular and plural alike: hij wast zich, zij wast zich, het kind wast zich, zij wassen zich.
Reciprocal pronouns: elkaar

The reciprocal pronoun is elkaar (each other); elkander is a more formal equivalent, proper to writing. The genitive takes -s, and the dative and accusative look like the plain form: zij ontmoetten elkaar (they met each other), wij zullen elkaar schrijven (we will write to each other), elkaars geluk (each other's happiness). Nineteenth-century Dutch, and Multatuli, use malkander/malkaar as a plain alternative to elkander/elkaar; that form has become dialectal.
Emphasizing pronouns: zelf

Zelf emphasizes a personal pronoun, singular and plural alike: ik zelf heb het gezien (I saw it myself), wij zelf hebben het gehoord (we heard it ourselves). Nineteenth-century Dutch keeps a separate plural, zelven, alongside singular zelf: wij zelven hebben het gehoord.
Personal pronouns doing the work of other pronouns

Dutch sometimes uses a personal pronoun where a demonstrative would do, and often uses one where a correlative pronoun like die or wat would be expected.
Possessive pronouns

The possessive pronouns are: mijn my, jouw/je your (familiar), uw your (polite), zijn his or its, haar her, ons/onze our, jullie your (familiar plural), hun their. None of them is declined; each has one form for every case. Ons/onze changes for gender, not case: ons before a het-word (ons huis, our house), onze before a de-word and in the plural (onze vader, our father; onze kinderen, our children). Every other possessive is invariable: mijn vader, mijn moeder, mijn kinderen; uw vader, uw moeder, uw kinderen. Nineteenth-century Dutch declines every possessive pronoun through four cases and two numbers, as this section's own table shows.
Possessive pronoun with the article: no longer declined

The possessive pronoun combined with the definite article (de mijne, de uwe, de zijne, de hare, de onze, and so on, meaning 'mine, yours, his, hers, ours') is not declined; one form covers every role in the sentence: mijn vader of de uwe is hier (my father or yours is here), het huis van mijn vader en dat van u (the house of my father and that of yours), ik gehoorzaam mijn vader en jij de jouwe (I obey my father and you obey yours), ik bemin mijn vader en jij de jouwe (I love my father and you love yours). The plural works the same way: mijn broers en de uwe (my brothers and yours). A friend of his is een vriend van hem; a book of mine is een boek van mij. Written Dutch until 1947, and Multatuli, decline de mijne/de uwe through four cases in the singular and plural, as this section's own table shows.
Possessive pronoun used on its own: de mijne, de zijnen

Used on their own, without a following noun, these same forms (de mijne, de uwe, de zijne...) mean 'mine, yours, his', and zijn familie, mijn familie (rather than de zijnen, de mijnen) is the ordinary way to say 'his family, my family': hij zorgt goed voor zijn familie (he takes good care of his family), geen mensen zijn hem dierbaarder dan zijn familie (nobody is dearer to him than his family), hij geeft zijn familie een goed voorbeeld (he sets his family a good example). A formal letter closes met vriendelijke groet. Nineteenth-century letters close Hoogachtend, blijf ik geheel de Uwe (I remain, yours respectfully), and use de zijnen, de mijnen for 'his family, my family', as this section describes.
Du and dijn: gone, replaced by jouw/je

Du and dijn are not used; jouw (or unstressed je) is the familiar possessive, and uw is the polite one, used for one person or several. Jullie is the familiar plural possessive: jullie boek (your (all's) book).
Interrogative pronouns: wie, wat, welk

These are: wie who?, wat what?, welk(e) which? Wie asks about a person and is always used on its own, never before a noun: wie is dat? (who is that?). Wat asks about a thing and can stand alone or before a noun, though before a noun wat voor (een) is also used: wat wil je? / wat boek wil je? Welk(e) asks about a person or thing, picking one out of a set, and is used both adjectively (welke jas? which coat?) and on its own (welke is van jou? which is yours?).
Wie: wien has merged into wie

a. Wie does not change for gender or case: it serves as subject and object alike, wie zie je? (whom do you see?). Wiens (whose) is used for both a man's and a woman's antecedent: wiens boek is dit? Wier is paraphrased with van wie: van wie is dat boek? (whose book is that?). Older Dutch declines wie by gender and case, giving masculine/feminine wiens, dative/accusative wien, and a separate feminine genitive wier, as this section's own table shows.
Wat: subject and object only

b. Wat is used only as subject and object; for every other role Dutch fuses the preposition onto waar: not van wat, aan wat, in wat, but waarvan, waaraan, waarin. Waarover spreekt hij? (what is he talking about?) is built the same way.
Welk: no longer declined, and no longer masculine-marked

c/271. Welk(e) is not declined for case. Welke stands before a de-word, singular or plural; welk stands before a het-word in the singular: welke soldaat, welke moeder, welke kinderen, but welk kind. Van welke soldaat spreekt u? (of which soldier are you speaking?). As an alternative, Dutch also uses wat voor (een) or simply wat: wat voor een soldaat is hij? wat voor een vrouw is dat? welke man zou dat doen? In the plural: wat voor soldaten/vrouwen zijn dat? Written Dutch until 1947 declines welk by case and, in the masculine singular nominative and accusative, uses the bare form welk rather than welke even before a de-word like soldaat, as this section's own table shows.
Verbs of this lesson, with their principal parts

blijven    to remain, stay                                                     ik blijf, ik bleef, ik ben gebleven
aanhouden  to insist, persist (today mainly: to arrest; to keep up, continue)  ik houd aan, ik hield aan, ik heb aangehouden

Lesson 17: Personal pronouns: declension

One word, two jobs

A pronoun changes its shape with its case, the job it does in the sentence.

Dutch keeps two forms for most pronouns. The subject form does the action. The object form receives it. Ik zie hem: ik is the subject, hem is the object.

The object form has two uses. A direct object receives the action. An indirect object is the person who gets something. Hij geeft het aan haar.

Reading the pronoun table

Each line has a subject form, then an object form. Some pairs are the same word: u and u, het and het, jullie and jullie.

Jij and je, zij and ze, wij and we are full and short forms of one word. The short form is the unstressed one.

In the plural, zij or ze has two object forms. Hen is for the direct object. Hun is for the indirect object, in careful writing. Ze covers both in speech.

The table also lists genitive forms, such as mijns and uws. Older written Dutch uses them. Today the subject and object forms are enough.

  1. 268

    I see him.

  2. 269

    He gives it to her.

  3. 270

    We met them.

  4. 271

    I told it to them.

Lesson 17: Gij becomes jij, jou and u (and 1 more)

The old you is gone

Gij was once the ordinary word for you. Today it is archaic in the Netherlands. It survives in Flemish and in Bible Dutch.

Du is not used at all. Jij and je took the place of gij for one friend. Jullie is the familiar plural, for several friends.

U is the polite form for one person or many. It takes a verb in the form of jij or of hij: u hebt or u heeft.

A friend is jij or je, in letters as in speech. Use u for anyone you call u aloud.

A fixed phrase from an old form

Older Dutch had genitive forms of the pronoun, such as mijns and uws. Today Dutch says the same thing another way.

Mijn gelijke and jouw gelijke use a plain possessive. Gedenk mij and hij is jou niet waardig use the ordinary object form.

One old form is still in ordinary use: mijns inziens, in my view. It is a fixed phrase and is learned whole.

Multatuli and other writers of the nineteenth century use the old forms freely, in a dignified style.

  1. 272

    Are you tired?

  2. 273

    What are you saying?

  3. 274

    Are you (all) ready?

  4. 275

    Have you seen it?

  1. 276

    In my view he is right.

  2. 277

    He is not your equal.

  3. 278

    I am doing it for her sake.

Lesson 17: The genitive today: van or a possessive (and 1 more)

Belonging with van

Dutch usually shows belonging with van, not with a genitive. English uses an apostrophe and s: my friend's children.

De kinderen van mijn vriend. De huizen van uw vader.

A possessive pronoun can also do the work. Dutch keeps an s on a person's name. Jans huis is John's house. Mijn broers boek is my brother's book.

Pronouns that turn back

A reflexive pronoun points back to the subject. For ik and jij, the ordinary object form does this job. Ik was me. Jij wast je.

The third person has its own word, zich. It is the same for every gender, in the singular and the plural. Hij wast zich. Zij wassen zich.

Zich also comes with other verbs. Zij herinnert zich alles means she remembers everything. Beaumarchais verwijderde zich means Beaumarchais withdrew.

  1. 279

    my friend's children

  2. 280

    your father's houses

  3. 281

    John's house

  4. 282

    I wash myself.

  1. 283

    He washes himself.

  2. 284

    She remembers everything.

  3. 285

    Beaumarchais withdrew (removed himself).

Lesson 17: Reciprocal pronouns: elkaar (and 2 more)

Each other

A reciprocal pronoun says that two or more people do the same thing to one another. In Dutch it is elkaar.

Elkaar has one form for both kinds of object. Zij ontmoetten elkaar. Wij zullen elkaar schrijven.

For belonging, it takes an s: elkaars geluk, each other's happiness.

Elkander is a more formal word with the same meaning. It belongs to writing.

Zelf adds weight

Zelf comes after a personal pronoun and stresses it, as myself or ourselves does in English.

It does not change for singular or plural. Ik zelf heb het gezien. Wij zelf hebben het gehoord.

Doe het zelf means do it yourself.

Nineteenth-century Dutch has a separate plural, zelven. Zelf alone is enough today.

A pronoun in another's place

A demonstrative is a word that points, such as this or that. Dutch sometimes uses a personal pronoun where a demonstrative would do.

It also often uses a personal pronoun where a word like die or wat would be expected.

The book returns to both uses in a later lesson.

  1. 286

    They met each other.

  2. 287

    We will write to each other.

  3. 288

    each other's happiness

  4. 289

    Have you seen each other?

  1. 290

    I saw it myself.

  2. 291

    We heard it ourselves.

  3. 292

    Do it yourself.

Lesson 17: Possessive pronouns

My, your, his

The possessives show who owns a noun: my, your, his, her, our, their.

They do not change with their case. Mijn vader, mijn moeder, mijn kinderen. Uw vader, uw moeder, uw kinderen.

Only our changes, and it changes with the noun's gender. Ons stands before a het-word: ons huis. Onze stands before a de-word and in the plural: onze vader, onze kinderen.

Jouw or je is the familiar your. Uw is the polite your. Jullie is your for several friends.

  1. 293

    my father, my mother, my children

  2. 294

    our house

  3. 295

    our father

  4. 296

    our children

Lesson 17: Possessive pronoun with the article: no longer declined

Mine, yours and his

A possessive can take de and stand without a noun. De uwe means yours. The form does not change with the job in the sentence.

Mijn vader of de uwe is hier. Ik gehoorzaam mijn vader en jij de jouwe.

The plural works the same way. Mijn broers en de uwe means my brothers and yours.

Dutch also says of mine with van. Een vriend van hem. Een boek van mij.

  1. 297

    My father or yours is here.

  2. 298

    the house of my father and that of yours

  3. 299

    I obey my father and you obey yours.

  4. 300

    a friend of his

  5. 301

    a book of mine

Lesson 17: Possessive pronoun used on its own: de mijne, de zijnen (and 1 more)

Your family, my family

The same forms, used alone, mean mine, yours and his. For family, Dutch prefers zijn familie and mijn familie.

Hij zorgt goed voor zijn familie. Hij geeft zijn familie een goed voorbeeld.

A modern formal letter ends with met vriendelijke groet. Letters of the nineteenth century end with a longer formula and use de zijnen for his family.

Your, with no du

Du and dijn are not used. Jouw is the familiar your for one person. Je is its short form.

Uw is the polite your, for one person or several. Jullie is the familiar your for several friends.

Is dit jouw boek? Is dit uw boek? Is dit jullie boek? The English is the same each time. The Dutch shows who is asked.

  1. 302

    He takes good care of his family.

  2. 303

    Nobody is dearer to him than his family.

  3. 304

    He sets his family a good example.

  4. 305

    Kind regards, (a modern letter's closing)

  1. 306

    Is this your book?

  2. 307

    Is this your book? (polite)

  3. 308

    Is this your (all's) book?

Lesson 17: Interrogative pronouns: wie, wat, welk (and 1 more)

Three question words

An interrogative pronoun is a word that asks a question. Dutch has three: wie, wat, welk.

Wie asks about a person. It stands alone and never comes before a noun. Wie is dat?

Wat asks about a thing. It can stand alone or come before a noun. Wat wil je?

Welk or welke picks one from a set, of people or things. It can come before a noun or stand alone. Welke jas? Welke is van jou?

Wie does not change

Wie has one form for the subject and for the object. Wie zie je? means whom do you see?

Wiens means whose, for a man or a woman. Wiens boek is dit?

Wier, the older whose for a woman, is now said with van wie. Van wie is dat boek?

Older Dutch changes wie with gender and case, and has wien and wier.

  1. 309

    Who is that?

  2. 310

    What do you want?

  3. 311

    Which coat is yours?

  4. 312

    Whom do you see?

  1. 313

    Whose book is this?

  2. 314

    Whose book is that?

Lesson 17: Wat: subject and object only

Wat and the fused word

Wat is used only as a subject or an object. Wat is dat?

After a preposition, Dutch joins the preposition to waar. It does not say van wat, aan wat or in wat. It says waarvan, waaraan, waarin.

Waarover spreekt hij? means what is he talking about? Waaraan denk je? means what are you thinking of?

  1. 315

    What is that?

  2. 316

    What is he talking about?

  3. 317

    What are you thinking of?

Lesson 17: Welk: no longer declined, and no longer masculine-marked

Welk and welke

Welk and welke do not change with the job in the sentence. Only the noun decides which one to use.

Welke stands before a de-word, in the singular or the plural: welke soldaat, welke moeder, welke kinderen. Welk stands before a het-word in the singular: welk kind.

Wat voor een asks what sort of. Wat voor een man is dat? In the plural the een goes: wat voor soldaten zijn dat?

Written Dutch until 1947 used the bare welk even before a de-word like soldaat, when the noun was masculine and singular.

  1. 318

    Which soldier is that?

  2. 319

    Which mother would do that?

  3. 320

    Which child did that?

  4. 321

    What sort of man is that?

  5. 322

    What sort of soldiers are those?

Gestrafte onbeschaamdheid

  1. 323

    Insolence punished

  2. 324

    A courtier, who saw Beaumarchais, the writer of The Marriage of Figaro, walking in the gallery of Versailles in a very fine coat, thought he could give the witty playwright, who was the son of a watchmaker, a lesson he would really feel.

  3. 325

    He went up to him and said: “So, Monsieur Beaumarchais, I am glad to meet you: my watch is quite out of order; be so good as to take a quick look at it.”

onbeschaamdheid
impudence, insolence
hoveling
courtier
schrijver
writer, author; clerk
Huwelijk
the marriage
jas
coat (dated in this sense; rok now means 'skirt')
galerij
gallery
toneeldichter
playwright, dramatist
horlogemaker
watchmaker
toe
to him, towards him (naar hem toe)
wandelen
to walk, stroll
streek
to be out of order (of a thing); to be upset, unwell (of a person) (van streek zijn)
  1. 326

    “Gladly, sir, but I must tell you beforehand that I am very clumsy.”

  2. 327

    When the courtier nevertheless kept insisting, he took the watch and let it fall.

  3. 328

    “Oh, sir, forgive me.

  4. 329

    I did warn you, after all, but you would have it no other way.”

  5. 330

    And Beaumarchais withdrew, leaving the man who had wanted to humiliate him standing there quite embarrassed.

tevoren
beforehand, in advance (van tevoren)
Graag
gladly, with pleasure
onhandig
clumsy
echter
however
toch
indeed, after all (here: 'I did warn you, after all')
staan
to stand there embarrassed (verlegen staan)
vernederen
to humiliate, humble
kwalijk
to take amiss; neem(t u) mij niet kwalijk = I am so sorry, excuse me (kwalijk nemen)

Lesson 17: conversation

  1. 331

    Where did Beaumarchais once walk?

  2. 332

    What was he wearing?

  3. 333

    What is Beaumarchais chiefly known for?

  4. 334

    Whose son was Beaumarchais?

  5. 335

    Beaumarchais once walked in the gallery of Versailles.

  6. 336

    He was wearing a very fine coat.

  7. 337

    Beaumarchais is chiefly known as the author of The Marriage of Figaro.

  8. 338

    Beaumarchais was the son of a watchmaker.

  1. 339

    Who saw him walking there?

  2. 340

    What did this man think he could give the playwright?

  3. 341

    What did he therefore say to him?

  4. 342

    What did Beaumarchais think he had to say beforehand?

  5. 343

    A courtier saw him walking there.

  6. 344

    He thought he could give the playwright a lesson he would really feel.

  7. 345

    He said to him: “My watch is quite out of order; be so good as to take a quick look at it.”

  8. 346

    Beaumarchais thought he had to say beforehand that he was very clumsy.

  1. 347

    What did Beaumarchais do when the courtier kept insisting?

  2. 348

    How did Beaumarchais excuse himself?

  3. 349

    What did Beaumarchais do afterward?

  4. 350

    When the courtier kept insisting, he took the watch and dropped it.

  5. 351

    He said: “I did warn you, after all, but you would have it no other way.”

  6. 352

    He withdrew and left the courtier standing there quite embarrassed.

Lesson 17: exercise 33

  1. 353

    My book.

  2. 354

    Your daughter.

  3. 355

    Our house.

  4. 356

    Your king.

  5. 357

    His country-houses.

  6. 358

    Which loaf?

  7. 359

    Which man is his brother?

  1. 360

    What mother would do this?

  2. 361

    Whom do you see?

  3. 362

    [To] whom have you said it?

  4. 363

    Who was here?

  5. 364

    Whose house is this?

  6. 365

    Whose books have been lost?

  7. 366

    My house and yours.

  1. 367

    My dogs and his.

  2. 368

    Of what is he speaking (tr. speaks he)?

  3. 369

    Have you seen each other?

  4. 370

    He always thinks of his family.

  5. 371

    The book of my brother or that of yours is lost.

  6. 372

    His family loves him.

  7. 373

    The child has lost its money, it is sad.

  1. 374

    Have you sold (verkocht) your house?

  2. 375

    Which house?

  3. 376

    There you find your equals.

  4. 377

    We have done it for his sake.

  5. 378

    In which garden was his treasure?

  6. 379

    Whose book is this?

  7. 380

    My brother's or John's (tr. it is of my brother or of John).

Lesson 18: Demonstrative pronouns: an overview (and 1 more)

Words that point

Dutch has a small set of demonstratives: words for this, that, the same, the one and self.

Deze means this. Die means that. Both work before a noun or on their own. Dezelfde and diezelfde mean the same.

Degene means the one, and it stands on its own only. Zelf means self.

De can also point. It then has the same forms as the article de.

This and that follow the noun's article

Deze and die never change for their job in a sentence. The noun's article and number decide the form.

For a de-word, use deze or die. For a het-word, use dit or dat. Deze stoel, die tafel. Dit huis, dat boek.

The plural is the same for both articles: deze for this, die for that. Ik ken deze mensen, maar die ken ik niet.

To show who owns something, use van: het huis van deze vrouw.

  1. 381

    This car is new, that one is old.

  2. 382

    The one who comes first may choose.

  3. 383

    this chair, that table

  4. 384

    this house, that book

  5. 385

    I know these people, but I don't know those.

Demonstrative pronouns: an overview

The demonstrative pronouns are: de (the article, used demonstratively before a noun); deze this, die that (used both before a noun and on their own); dezelfde, diezelfde the same; degene the one, used on its own only; zelf self.

De as a demonstrative takes the same forms as the article de.
Deze and die: not declined

Deze and die do not change form for their function in the sentence. Deze is used before or in place of a de-word, dit before or in place of a het-word, both in the singular; the plural for both genders is deze. Die is used before or in place of a de-word, dat before or in place of a het-word, both in the singular; the plural for both genders is die. Possession is expressed with van: het huis van deze vrouw.
Gene and gindsch; pronominal adverbs for dit and dat

Gene ('that, yonder') and gindse belong to formal or literary writing, and survive chiefly in the fixed phrase aan gene zijde van (on the other side of). Everyday Dutch points at a distant thing with die/dat plus daar: dat huis daar, die man daar.

A preposition before dit or dat used on its own is replaced by a pronominal adverb: hierdoor (instead of door dit), daarin (instead of in dat), daarmee (instead of met dat), hiervoor, and so on.
Dezelfde, hetzelfde: not declined

Dezelfde and hetzelfde do not change for case. Dezelfde stands before or in place of a de-word, hetzelfde before or in place of a het-word; dezelfden is used for the plural when it refers to people. Diegene and diezelfde have dropped out of the language; degene and dezelfde/hetzelfde cover the same ground.
Degene, datgene

Degene has one form for all functions: degene die iets doet is the subject, aan degene die iets doet is the object, with no change to degene itself. The plural is degenen. Datgene serves the neuter singular: datgene wat hij zei.
Zelf

Zelf is placed after a noun or a personal pronoun for emphasis, and it never changes form: ik zelf, wij zelf, hem zelf, de man zelf.
A personal pronoun for a demonstrative

A personal pronoun sometimes stands in for a demonstrative: Ken je die officier? Nee, hem niet, wel de andere. Note: Je sleutel? Die is niet hier. Je boek? Dat heb ik niet.
Correlative pronouns

A demonstrative paired with a relative pronoun forms a correlative pair: degene die, wie... die, dat/wat, hij/zij die. Degene is te beklagen die geen vriend heeft. Wie geen vriend heeft, is te beklagen. Hij (zij) die geen vriend heeft, enzovoort. Wee hem wiens leven onnuttig besteed is. Wat ik bedoel, zal ik u zeggen; wat hij weet, zegt hij ook; aan wat ik zeg (aan hetgeen ik zeg), hoef je niet te twijfelen.
Relative pronouns: die, dat and wie

The relative pronoun for a de-word is die, for a het-word dat: de man die daar staat, het huis dat hij kocht. Wie is used without an antecedent, for a general 'whoever': wie waagt, die wint. After a preposition referring to a person, wie is used: de man met wie ik sprak, de vrouw aan wie ik het gaf. Wiens (masculine and neuter) and wier (feminine and plural) are the relative possessive, 'whose'.
Wat after het, alles, dat

Wat as a relative pronoun follows het, alles, dat and datgene: alles wat wij gekocht hebben, was goedkoop.
Wiens, wier and waarvan

Wiens and wier refer to persons only. For a thing, and often for a person as well, waarvan is used instead. For a het-word's genitive or dative, waarvan, waaruit, waarin, waardoor and the like replace uit wat, in wat, door wat.
Welke: not declined

Welke does not change for case; it stands before a de-word's relative clause (de stad, welke hij bezocht) and hetwelk before a het-word's (het huis, hetwelk hij kocht), though die and dat are the plainer choice in both. Used before a noun to ask a question, welk/welke means 'which': welk boek, welke stad.
Indefinite pronouns: an overview

Some indefinite pronouns stand on their own only: men one, they, people; iemand somebody, anybody, someone; niemand nobody; iets something, anything; niets nothing; iedereen or een ieder everybody, everyone; elkaar each other, one another. Ieder and elk stand on their own or before a noun: every one, each. Zeker stands before a noun only: a certain.
Men, iets, niets: invariable

Men, iets and niets never change form. Men zegt, people say; als men ziek is, when one is ill; men heeft hem geroepen, he has been called. Heb je iets gezien? Nee, ik heb niets gezien.
Iemand, niemand: genitive -s

Iemand and niemand take -s for the genitive; the dative and accusative are unchanged: iemands boek, someone's book; ik heb niemand gezien, I have seen no one.
Iedereen, elkeen, ieder, elk

Iedereen and elkeen never change form. Een ieder, ieder and elk have no plural, and take -s for the genitive when they stand on their own: ieders mening, everyone's opinion.
Ieder, elk: not declined

Ieder and elk do not change for case. Elke and iedere stand before a de-word, ieder and elk before a het-word: iedere/elke man, iedere/elke soldaat, iedere/elke vogel, elk kind, elk boek.
Zeker

Zeker takes ordinary adjective agreement: -e before a de-word or a plural, no ending before a het-word with no article. Een zekere man, a certain man; zekere lieden, certain people.
Elkander and elkaar

Elkaar (formal elkander) may take -s for the genitive; the other cases are unchanged: elkaars boeken, each other's books; zij helpen elkaar, they help each other.
Het, een and wat as indefinite pronouns

Het serves as the subject of an impersonal verb: het regent, it is raining; het is laat, it is late. Wat means something, some, a little: wat moois, something beautiful; wat brood, some bread.
Verbs of this lesson, with their principal parts

helpen  to help  ik help, ik hielp, ik heb geholpen

Lesson 18: Gene and gindsch; pronominal adverbs for dit and dat (and 2 more)

Pointing at things far away

Gene means that, over there. It belongs to formal or literary writing. It survives mainly in the fixed phrase aan gene zijde van.

Everyday Dutch adds daar to die or dat: dat huis daar, die man daar.

Dit and dat after a preposition

When dit or dat stands on its own, without a noun, a preposition does not go before it. Dutch uses a pronominal adverb instead.

A pronominal adverb is one word made of hier or daar and the preposition.

Door dit becomes hierdoor. In dat becomes daarin. Met dat becomes daarmee. Daarmee ben ik het niet eens means I don't agree with that.

The same

Dezelfde and hetzelfde mean the same. They do not change for the job they do in a sentence.

Use dezelfde before or in place of a de-word. Use hetzelfde before or in place of a het-word. Zij droegen dezelfde jas. Wij wonen in hetzelfde huis.

For people in the plural, dezelfden is used.

Diegene and diezelfde have dropped out of the language. Degene and dezelfde or hetzelfde cover the same ground.

The one who

Degene means the one. Degene die het weet, mag het zeggen.

It has one form for every job. In degene die iets doet, it is the subject. In aan degene die iets doet, it is the object. The word itself stays the same.

The plural is degenen. Ik dank degenen die geholpen hebben.

Datgene is the form for a het-word in the singular: datgene wat hij zei.

  1. 386

    on the other side of the river

  2. 387

    that house over there

  3. 388

    I don't agree with that.

  4. 389

    We live in the same house.

  1. 390

    They wore the same coat.

  2. 391

    The one who knows it may say it.

  3. 392

    I thank those who helped.

Lesson 18: Zelf (and 2 more)

Zelf adds emphasis

Zelf comes after a noun or a personal pronoun. It gives that word emphasis. It never changes form.

Ik zelf. Wij zelf. Hem zelf. De man zelf.

Ik heb het zelf gedaan means I did it myself. De koning zelf was er means the king himself was there.

A pronoun can replace a pointing word

Sometimes a personal pronoun does the work of a demonstrative. The question points at a person with die. The answer names the same person with a pronoun.

Ken je die vrouw? Ja, haar ken ik goed. Haar stands for die vrouw.

In these two answers die and dat stand on their own: Je sleutel? Die is niet hier. Je boek? Dat heb ik niet.

Pronouns in pairs

A relative pronoun starts a clause that describes a person or thing. Die, dat and wie are relative pronouns.

A correlative pair joins a demonstrative with a relative pronoun. Degene die means the one who. Hij die and zij die mean he who and she who.

Wie waagt, die wint. Here wie means whoever, and die answers it.

The same idea can take either form. Degene is te beklagen die geen vriend heeft. Wie geen vriend heeft, is te beklagen.

Wat can open the pair too. Wat ik bedoel, zal ik u zeggen.

  1. 393

    I did it myself.

  2. 394

    The king himself was there.

  3. 395

    Do you know that woman? Yes, I know her well.

  4. 396

    Fortune favours the bold (literally: who dares, wins).

  5. 397

    He who laughs last, laughs best.

Lesson 18: Relative pronouns: die, dat and wie (and 1 more)

Who and that

A relative pronoun refers back to a word, called its antecedent. In de man die daar staat, the antecedent is man.

The relative pronoun matches the antecedent. Use die after a de-word. Use dat after a het-word. De man die daar staat. Het huis dat hij kocht.

Wie has no antecedent. It means whoever. Wie waagt, die wint.

After a preposition, and whose

After a preposition that refers to a person, use wie. De man met wie ik sprak. De vrouw aan wie ik het gaf.

Wiens means whose. It refers back to a masculine or neuter word. Wier refers back to a feminine word or a plural.

Wat for things

After het, alles, dat and datgene, the relative pronoun is wat.

Alles wat wij gekocht hebben, was goedkoop. Alles means everything. Wat joins it to the clause.

Dit is niet wat ik bedoelde.

  1. 398

    The man who stands there is my nephew.

  2. 399

    The book that I am reading is exciting.

  3. 400

    The woman with whom I spoke was nice.

  4. 401

    Fortune favours the bold.

  1. 402

    Everything we bought was cheap.

  2. 403

    This is not what I meant.

Lesson 18: Wiens, wier and waarvan (and 1 more)

Whose, for people and for things

Wiens and wier refer to people only. De schrijver wiens boek ik las, is beroemd.

For a thing, use waarvan. Often waarvan is used for a person too. Het boek waarvan ik de titel vergeten ben.

With other prepositions the pattern is the same: waaruit, waarin, waardoor. They replace uit wat, in wat and door wat. De stad waarin ik woon.

Which, and the formal relative

Welke does not change for its job in a sentence. It can start a clause after a de-word: de stad, welke hij bezocht. Hetwelk does the same after a het-word.

Die and dat are plainer in both cases.

Welk or welke before a noun asks a question. It means which. Welk boek lees je? Welke stad?

  1. 404

    The writer whose book I read is famous.

  2. 405

    The book of which I have forgotten the title.

  3. 406

    The city in which I live.

  4. 407

    Which book are you reading?

  5. 408

    The city we visited was beautiful.

Lesson 18: Indefinite pronouns: an overview (and 2 more)

Pronouns for no one in particular

An indefinite pronoun names a person or thing without saying which one. Someone, nothing, everybody.

Some stand on their own only. Men means one or they. Iemand means somebody. Niemand means nobody. Iets means something. Niets means nothing. Iedereen means everybody.

Ieder and elk stand on their own or before a noun. They mean every or each.

Zeker stands before a noun only. It means a certain. Elkaar means each other.

Three words that never change

Men, iets and niets keep one form in every sentence.

Men zegt means people say. Men moet niet te veel praten means one should not talk too much.

Heb je iets gezien? Nee, ik heb niets gezien.

Someone's and no one's

Iemand and niemand add s to show who owns something. Iemands boek means someone's book.

In other jobs they stay the same. Ik heb niemand gezien. Ik heb het aan niemand verteld.

  1. 409

    They say it is going to rain.

  2. 410

    Everyone knows it.

  3. 411

    They help each other.

  4. 412

    One should not talk too much.

  1. 413

    Do you need anything?

  2. 414

    These are somebody's keys.

  3. 415

    I have told no one.

Lesson 18: Iedereen, elkeen, ieder, elk (and 3 more)

Everyone and each

Iedereen and elkeen never change form.

Een ieder, ieder and elk have no plural. When they stand on their own, they add s to show ownership.

Ieders mening means everyone's opinion. Ieders mening telt.

Every and each before a noun

Ieder and elk do not change for the job they do in a sentence. The noun's article decides the form.

Before a de-word, use iedere or elke. Iedere leerling. Elke man.

Before a het-word, use ieder or elk. Elk kind mag kiezen. Elk boek.

Zeker as an adjective

Zeker before a noun means a certain. It follows the ordinary adjective pattern.

Before a de-word or a plural, it takes e. Een zekere man. Zekere lieden. Zekere mensen geloven dat niet.

Before a het-word with no article, it takes no ending.

Each other

Elkaar means each other. Elkander is the formal form.

Both can add s to show ownership. Elkaars boeken means each other's books.

In other jobs they stay the same. Zij helpen elkaar. Wij zien elkaar morgen.

  1. 416

    Everyone's opinion counts.

  2. 417

    Every pupil got a book.

  3. 418

    Every child may choose.

  1. 419

    A certain Mr. De Vries called.

  2. 420

    Certain people don't believe that.

  3. 421

    They know each other's family.

  4. 422

    We'll see each other tomorrow.

Lesson 18: Het, een and wat as indefinite pronouns

Het for the weather and the time

Het is the subject of an impersonal verb. Het regent means it is raining. Het is laat means it is late. Het sneeuwt means it is snowing.

Wat for a small amount

Wat means something, some or a little.

Before a noun it means some. Wat brood means some bread. Geef me wat water.

Wat moois means something beautiful. Wat lekkers means something tasty.

  1. 423

    It is snowing.

  2. 424

    Something tasty!

  3. 425

    Give me some water.

Proza of poëzie

  1. 426

    Prose or poetry

  2. 427

    Mr. Jourdain wants to write a lady a short note and asks his teacher to help him with it.

  3. 428

    He asks him: Do you want to write her verses?

Proza
prose
poëzie
poetry
dame
lady, woman
briefje
note, short letter
meester
teacher (in everyday speech, meester/schoolmeester is often used for a primary-school teacher; a teacher at a public secondary school (H.B.S.) or a gymnasium is called leraar, a university professor is called professor or hoogleraar)
daaraan
with that, in that
  1. 429

    Poetry?

  2. 430

    Mr. J. No, no, no verses.

  3. 431

    M. So prose?

  4. 432

    J. No, neither prose nor poetry.

  1. 433

    M. It must be one of the two, though.

  2. 434

    J. Why is that?

  3. 435

    M. Well, Mr. J., because we can express our thoughts in only two ways: in prose or in poetry.

  4. 436

    J. So there is nothing besides prose or poetry?

gedachten
thoughts
uitdrukken
to express
dan
more than (meer dan)
  1. 437

    M. Everything that is not prose is poetry, and everything that is not poetry is called prose.

  2. 438

    J. And what one usually speaks now, what is that, then?

  3. 439

    M. Well, that is prose.

gewoonlijk
generally, usually
  1. 440

    J. What: if I say, for instance: Jan, bring me my slippers and give me my nightcap, is that prose, then?

  2. 441

    M. Certainly, Mr. J.

  3. 442

    J. Good heavens! Then I have been speaking prose for more than forty years without knowing it myself, and I am very much obliged to you for having taught me that.

bijvoorbeeld
for instance
Jan
John (formerly the general name for a manservant or a waiter; a servant is now called by their own name, and a waiter is called ober)
slaapmuts
nightcap
hemel
heaven, sky
hemel
good heavens! (mijn hemel!)

Lesson 18: conversation

  1. 443

    What does Mr. Jourdain want to do, and what does he ask his teacher?

  2. 444

    What does he (the teacher) ask him?

  3. 445

    What did Mr. Jourdain want to write?

  4. 446

    Why did it have to be prose or poetry?

  5. 447

    Mr. Jourdain wants to write a lady a short note, and he asks his teacher to help him with it.

  6. 448

    He asks him whether he wants to write her verses, poetry.

  7. 449

    He did not want to write verses, nor prose either; he said he wanted neither the one nor the other.

  8. 450

    It had to be prose or poetry because we can express our thoughts in only two ways: in prose or in poetry.

  1. 451

    Is there nothing besides prose or poetry?

  2. 452

    What is that which one usually speaks?

  3. 453

    What did Mr. Jourdain give as an example?

  4. 454

    What had Mr. Jourdain been doing for more than forty years?

  5. 455

    No, everything that is not prose is poetry, and everything that is not poetry is called prose.

  6. 456

    That which one usually speaks is prose.

  7. 457

    He gave as an example: “Jan, bring me my slippers and give me my nightcap.”

  8. 458

    He had been speaking prose for more than forty years without knowing it himself.

Lesson 18: exercise 34

  1. 459

    They say so.

  2. 460

    Of what do you speak?

  3. 461

    Every one knows it.

  4. 462

    Everybody has seen it.

  5. 463

    Of whom have you heard it?

  6. 464

    A certain Mr. B. was here.

  7. 465

    Tell me with whom you converse (verkeeren), and I shall tell you who you are.

  1. 466

    He who says so (tr. that), knows nothing about it (tr. of it).

  2. 467

    We pity him who has no friend.

  3. 468

    Everyone has heard of it.

  4. 469

    Nobody will know anything of it.

  5. 470

    Here are two books, this [one] belongs [to] you, that [one] belongs [to] your brother.

  6. 471

    He does not know what he says.

  7. 472

    I have seen this man [here] very often.

  1. 473

    Do you know that man [there]?

  2. 474

    A friend of his has been here, but he does not know which.

  3. 475

    They meet each other often.

  4. 476

    In which street?

  5. 477

    Are those houses yours?

  6. 478

    No, but these are mine.

  7. 479

    They always help each other.

  1. 480

    I have found somebody's boots.

  2. 481

    I have told it nobody.

  3. 482

    Nobody's books have been found.

  4. 483

    Which way [weg, m.] must I take?

  5. 484

    This [one].

  6. 485

    Give him some meat.

  7. 486

    Have you a little bit of bread?

  1. 487

    Has he done anything good?

  2. 488

    This is all that I have read about (tr. of) him.

  3. 489

    What do people say about the war (oorlog, m.)?

  4. 490

    Every dog can swim.

  5. 491

    Every soldier would act (handelen) in this way (tr. in this way act).

Lesson 18: exercise 35

  1. 492

    hun

    their

  2. 493

    de laatste

    the latter

  3. 494

    de eerste

    the former

  4. 495

    er nog enkele

    some left

  5. 496

    Wat

    What

  6. 497

    Wat voor

    What sort of

  7. 498

    wiens

    whose

  1. 499

    wie

    whom (1st)

  2. 500

    wie

    whom (2nd)

  3. 501

    van hem

    of him

  4. 502

    Hij

    He

  5. 503

    hem

    him

  6. 504

    van hen

    of those

  7. 505

    niets

    nothing (1st)

  1. 506

    niets

    nothing (2nd)

  2. 507

    iets

    something

  3. 508

    Allen

    All

  4. 509

    iedereen

    every one

  5. 510

    Velen

    Many

  6. 511

    weinigen

    few

  7. 512

    ieder

    everybody

  1. 513

    wiens

    whose

  2. 514

    aan wie

    from whom

  3. 515

    goedendag

    good

  4. 516

    welke

    which

  5. 517

    waarvan

    of which

  6. 518

    beiden

    both

  7. 519

    anderen

    others

  8. 520

    wie

    whom (3rd)

Lesson 18: exercise 36

  1. 521

    hij die

    he who (1st)

  2. 522

    hij die

    he who (2nd)

  3. 523

    ons

    us

  4. 524

    Wie

    Whom

  5. 525

    die

    him

  6. 526

    Wiens

    whose (1st)

  7. 527

    diens

    whose (2nd)

  1. 528

    waarvan

    of which (1st)

  2. 529

    die

    which

  3. 530

    waarvan

    of which (2nd)

  4. 531

    hij die

    he who

  5. 532

    wat

    that which

  6. 533

    die

    those

  7. 534

    wie

    whom

  1. 535

    hij die

    he who (2nd)

  2. 536

    hen

    them

  3. 537

    hij

    he

  4. 538

    uw familie

    your family

  5. 539

    iemand

    anybody

  6. 540

    zoiets

    such a thing

  7. 541

    Jullie

    You

  1. 542

    jullie

    your

  2. 543

    zijns

    his

  3. 544

    weinigen

    few

  4. 545

    Iedereen

    Everyone

  5. 546

    het jouwe

    yours

  6. 547

    dat van mij

    mine

  7. 548

    over mij

    upon me (genitive)

  1. 549

    zelf

    himself

  2. 550

    Zelfs

    Even

  3. 551

    elkaar

    each other (1st)

  4. 552

    elkaar

    each other (2nd)

  5. 553

    elkaar

    each other (3rd)

The particulars

The course
Valette, Dutch Conversation-Grammar (1913) and its Key (1893); Defense Language Institute, Dutch Refresher Course, Books I to III (1961). Public domain. The teaching pages, the readings' English, the answers to the conversations and the narration are ours.
Reading aloud
Digital narration, directed by 1732 Studios.
The book
Max Havelaar, the work this course leads to, free to read here.
Data
JSON · Markdown · A guide for agents
Two whoopie pies and a pine. An inside joke.