Dutch Conversation-Grammar 1732 Studios

Dutch · Unit 3

Lessons 11 to 13

Parts of Speech I

De twist; De bediende en zijn meester; Lodewijk de Veertiende en Puget

455 lines

Lesson 11: Nouns with two plurals

One noun, two plurals

Most nouns have one plural. A few have two, and the two plurals mean different things.

Benen are legs. Beenderen are bones. Bladen are leaves of a book or sheets. Bladeren are leaves of a tree. Kleden are rugs. Kleren are clothes.

The meaning decides the form. Learn each pair as two separate words.

The solemn plural

In some pairs the form in -en is solemn or biblical. Broeders are brothers. Broederen are brethren. Hemelen are the heavens.

Vaders are fathers. Vaderen are forefathers.

In other pairs the two forms mean the same. Zoons and zonen both mean sons. Zonen is the more formal.

  1. 1

    the legs and the bones

    dethe
    benenleg
    enand
    dethe
    beenderenbones
  2. 2

    the leaves of the book

  3. 3

    the leaves of the tree

  4. 4

    the rugs and the clothes

  5. 5

    our forefathers

  6. 6

    the tables of the law

Nouns with two plurals

Several nouns have two plurals with a difference in meaning: benen legs, beenderen bones; bladen leaves of a book, sheets, newspapers, bladeren leaves of a tree; kleden cloths, rugs, kleren clothes; letters letters, letteren letters, literature; tafels tables, tafelen (der wet) the tables of the law; vaders fathers, vaderen forefathers; waters waters, wateren bodies of water; wortels roots, wortelen carrots (wortels serves for both). In some pairs the -en form is the solemn or biblical one: broeders brothers, broederen brethren; dochters daughters, dochteren (in the Bible) descendants; hemels testers, canopies, hemelen heavens; heidenen heathens. In others the two forms have fallen together: knechts and knechten both mean servants, zoons and zonen both mean sons, zonen being the more formal. Older texts, and Multatuli, kept knechten for slaves or lansquenets, zonen for descendants, and heidens for gipsies.
The plural of diminutives

The diminutives (ending in -je, -pje or -tje) take -s in the plural: het huisje, de huisjes; het boompje little tree, de boompjes. A few neuter nouns take -er- before the diminutive ending: het eitje, de eitjes or eiertjes; het blaadje, de blaadjes or bladertjes; het hoentje, de hoentjes or hoendertjes; het lammetje, de lammetjes or lammertjes; het radje, de radjes or radertjes. The plural of kindje is kindjes or kindertjes. Cf.: kleedjes = small cloths, rugs, and kleertjes = children's clothes.
Plurals with a change of vowel, and man

Some nouns change their vowel in the plural: lid member, leden; gelid rank, gelederen; ooglid eyelid, oogleden; schip ship, schepen; smid smith, smeden; stad town, steden; vloo flea, vlooien; koe cow, koeien; kleinood gem, kleinoden or kleinodiën; sieraad ornament, sieraden.
All nouns ending in -heid change -heid into -heden: de gelegenheid the opportunity, de gelegenheden; de goedheid kindness, de goedheden.
The word man has in the plural: a) mannen; b) man, if preceded by a numeral: honderd man a hundred men; c) lieden or lui in compounds denoting an office or profession: de staatsman statesman, de staatslieden; de timmerman carpenter, de timmerlieden or timmerlui; de koopman merchant, de kooplieden or kooplui.
The following words, having a short vowel in the singular, change this into a long vowel in the plural, without doubling the final consonant: with [a]: het bad bath, de baden; het blad leaf, de bladen; de dag day, de dagen; het dak roof, de daken; het dal dale, de dalen; het gat hole, de gaten; het glas glass, de glazen; het pad path, de paden; het rad wheel, de raderen or raden; de slag blow, de slagen; het vat cask, de vaten; with [ɛ]: het bevel order, de bevelen; het spel game, de spelen; with [ɔ]: het hol cavern, de holen; het lot lot, de loten; de god god, de goden; de afgod idol, de afgoden; het slot lock, de sloten.
Nouns used in the plural only

As in English some words are used in the plural only: geliefden lovers, goederen goods, hersenen (hersens) brains, ingewanden entrails, inkomsten revenue, kosten expenses, levensmiddelen victuals, mazelen measles, onkosten charges, ouders parents, pokken smallpox, voorouders ancestors, etc. Also the geographical names: de Antillen, de Apennijnen, de Ardennen, de Balearen, de Cycladen, de Karpaten, de Pyreneeën, etc. Note. The following English plural forms have a singular form in Dutch: arms wapens (one weapon: wapen), ashes koude (cold) as, compasses passer, embers gloeiende (glowing) as, billiards biljart, contents inhoud (m.), dregs bezinksel, droesem, nutcrackers notenkraker, oats haver, pincers nijptang, riches rijkdom, scissors schaar, snuffers kaarsensnuiter, spectacles bril, stairs trap, thanks dank, tidings tijding, bericht, tongs tang, trousers broek, wages loon. Older texts, and Multatuli, have gelieven for lovers and lieden for people, where a writer today has geliefden and mensen or lui.
Nouns used in the singular only

In the singular only are used: a) the names of materials: melk milk, azijn vinegar, vlees meat; b) the abstract nouns: gehoorzaamheid obedience, verdriet sorrow; c) nouns denoting number, weight, measure or value after a numeral: twee riem papier two reams of paper, acht gros pennen eight gross of pens, drie vat bier three barrels of beer, tien pond suiker ten pounds of sugar, vier meter laken four metres of cloth, vijf paar kousen five pairs of stockings, twintig euro twenty euros, vijf cent five cents. The same rule that separates pence from pennies holds for the Dutch cent and centen: zestig cent = sixty cents as a sum, zestig centen = 60 one-cent pieces; tien pond suiker = 10 pounds of sugar, tien ponden = 10 separate one-pound parcels; twintig euro = 20 euros, twintig euro's = 20 one-euro coins. Note 1. The following English singular forms are used in Dutch in the plural: business zaken, furniture meubels, information inlichtingen, progress vorderingen, property bezittingen, smallpox pokken, strength krachten (when strength means one's powers). Note 2. The names of sciences ending in -ics have no plural form in Dutch: mathematics wiskunde, mechanics mechanica, physics natuurkunde, etc. Older texts, and Multatuli, count in gulden and stuiver (twintig gulden, vijf stuiver) and measure cloth by the el, and the rule for them is the same.
The plural of abstract nouns

Abstract nouns have no plural as a rule; some of them take as their plurals the plurals of words allied in meaning: aanbod offer, aanbiedingen; bedrog deception, bedriegerijen; eer honour, eerbewijzen; gedrag behaviour, gedragingen; genot enjoyment, genietingen; kennis knowledge, kundigheden (kennissen = acquaintances); leer doctrine, leringen, leerstukken, leerstellingen; raad counsel, raadgevingen; roof plunder, roverijen; troost consolation, vertroostingen; twijfel hesitation, twijfels, twijfelingen; wanorde disorder, wanordelijkheden; zegen blessing, zegeningen. Doel aim has the plural doelen beside doeleinden, and oordeel judgment has oordelen beside beoordelingen.
Proper nouns and foreign words

As regards proper nouns and foreign words the following should be noticed:

The possessive is formed by adding -s to the name; a name ending in s, x or z takes an apostrophe only. If the final letter is a vowel, 's is added, except when the vowel is ie, ee or an unaccented e, or the name ends in é. Examples: Willems vader, Nederlands dichters, Floris' zoon; Beatrix' moeder, Maria's boek, Cicero's werken, Maries armbanden, Karolines boek, Renés fiets.

The plural of proper names is formed by means of -s, except those ending in s or st, which take -en: de Willems, de Maartens, de De Witts, de Cornelissen, de De Vriezen. Names of nations take -en, those ending in -er take -s, those ending in -aar take -s or -en: Belg Belgian, Belgen; Deen Dane, Denen; Noor Norwegian, Noren; Portugees Portuguese, Portugezen; Rus Russian, Russen; Zweed Swede, Zweden; Amsterdammer, Amsterdammers people of Amsterdam; Rotterdammer, Rotterdammers people of Rotterdam; Londenaar, Londenaars or Londenaren people of London; Gouwenaar, Gouwenaars or Gouwenaren people of Gouda. Compound words with man take -en (the n of man is doubled), or, if the first part is an adjective, the word man is dropped and -en added to the adjective: Noorman Norman, Noormannen; een Engelsman, Fransman an Englishman, a Frenchman; tien Engelsen, Fransen; de Engelsen, de Fransen. A man from Gelderland is a Gelderlander, plural Gelderlanders.

Most foreign words take -s in the plural: de dame lady, de dames; de korporaal corporal, de korporaals; de sergeant, de sergeants or sergeanten; de kapitein captain, de kapiteins; de officier, de officieren; de professor, de professoren or professors. Inanimate things in -ier, -eur, -oor take -en: het vizier vizier, de vizieren; het humeur temper, de humeuren; het kwispedoor spittoon, de kwispedoren.

Proper nouns and foreign words ending in a single vowel a, i, o, u or y take 's in the plural: de collega's colleagues, de sofa's, de motto's, de menu's, de baby's. Those ending in an accented é, in -eau or in a vowel written double take a plain -s: de canapés, de bureaus, de cafés, de zees. Those in ie or in unaccented e take -s: Maries, bougies, tralies, Adelines, Lines, horloges watches, diligences stage-coaches. Latin words ending in -ius and -ium generally drop -us or -um before the plural ending: de genius, de geniën; het gymnasium, de gymnasia or gymnasiums. Older texts, and Multatuli, write bureau's, canapé's and gymnasiën, and the old spellings Engelschman and Franschman.
Verbs of this lesson, with their principal parts

vinden     to find        ik vind, ik vond, ik heb gevonden
spreken    to speak       ik spreek, ik sprak, ik heb gesproken
begrijpen  to understand  ik begrijp, ik begreep, ik heb begrepen
winnen     to win         ik win, ik won, ik heb gewonnen

Lesson 11: The plural of diminutives

The diminutive takes s

A diminutive makes its plural with s. Het huisje becomes de huisjes. Het boompje becomes de boompjes.

This holds for every ending of the diminutive: -je, -pje and -tje.

Diminutives with er

A few diminutives can put er before the ending in the plural. Het eitje has the plural eitjes or eiertjes. Het blaadje has blaadjes or bladertjes.

Kindje has the plural kindjes or kindertjes.

Kleedjes and kleertjes are two different words. Kleedjes are small rugs. Kleertjes are children's clothes.

  1. 7

    the little house, the little houses

  2. 8

    the little egg, the little eggs

  3. 9

    the little child, the little children

  4. 10

    the child's clothes

Lesson 11: Plurals with a change of vowel, and man

A vowel changes

A vowel is a letter such as a, e, i, o or u. Some nouns change their vowel in the plural. Het schip becomes de schepen. De stad becomes de steden.

Some nouns add letters. De koe becomes de koeien. De vloo becomes de vlooien.

Every noun ending in -heid changes it to -heden. De gelegenheid becomes de gelegenheden.

Short vowel, long vowel, and man

Many nouns have a short vowel in the singular. In the plural the vowel is long, and the last consonant is not doubled. De dag becomes de dagen. Het dak becomes de daken.

Man has three plural forms. Mannen is the usual one. After a number, man stays as it is: honderd man.

In words that name a job, man becomes lieden or lui. De timmerman becomes de timmerlieden or timmerlui.

  1. 11

    the ship, the ships

  2. 12

    the town, the towns

  3. 13

    the cow, the cows

  4. 14

    the opportunity, the opportunities

  5. 15

    a hundred men

  1. 16

    the carpenter, the carpenters

  2. 17

    the day, the days

  3. 18

    the lock, the locks

Lesson 11: Nouns used in the plural only

Nouns with no singular

Some Dutch nouns exist only in the plural. English has the same thing: thanks, wages.

Examples are ouders, kosten, inkomsten and mazelen. Hij heeft de mazelen.

Some place names are plural only: de Pyreneeën, de Ardennen.

English plural, Dutch singular

Some English nouns are plural, but the Dutch word is singular. Spectacles is bril. Trousers is broek. Scissors is schaar. Stairs is trap.

Dutch counts each of these as one thing: Ik zoek mijn bril. Mijn broek is nat.

  1. 19

    the parents and the ancestors

  2. 20

    He has the measles.

  3. 21

    the expenses and the revenue

  4. 22

    I am looking for my spectacles.

  5. 23

    My trousers are wet.

  6. 24

    the Pyrenees

Lesson 11: Nouns used in the singular only

Materials and ideas

Some nouns have no plural. The names of materials are one group: melk, azijn, vlees. The names of ideas are another: gehoorzaamheid, verdriet.

The names of sciences also have no plural. Wiskunde and natuurkunde are the Dutch for mathematics and physics.

A few English singular nouns are plural in Dutch. Business is zaken. Furniture is meubels.

Counting with a singular noun

After a number, a noun for a weight, a measure or a value stays singular. Tien pond suiker is ten pounds of sugar. Twee vat bier is two barrels of beer.

The same rule covers vijf paar kousen and zestig cent.

A plural ending changes the meaning. Twintig euro is twenty euros. Twintig euro's is twenty coins of one euro. Zestig centen is sixty coins of one cent.

  1. 25

    ten pounds of sugar

  2. 26

    two barrels of beer

  3. 27

    five pairs of stockings

  1. 28

    twenty euros

  2. 29

    twenty one-euro coins

  3. 30

    sixty cents

Lesson 11: The plural of abstract nouns

Borrowed plurals

An abstract noun names an idea, not a thing you can touch. Zegen is blessing. Raad is counsel. Genot is enjoyment.

An abstract noun has no plural as a rule. When Dutch needs one, it borrows the plural of a related word.

De zegen has the plural zegeningen. De raad has the plural raadgevingen. Het doel has the plural doelen.

A plural with another meaning

Kennis is knowledge. Its borrowed plural is kundigheden. Kennissen is a different word: it means acquaintances, as in mijn kennissen.

Some nouns have more than one borrowed plural. Leer has leringen, leerstukken and leerstellingen.

  1. 31

    the blessing, the blessings

  2. 32

    the counsel, the pieces of advice

  3. 33

    the aim, the aims

  4. 34

    my acquaintances

Lesson 11: Proper nouns and foreign words

The possessive of a name

A proper noun is the name of one person or place, such as Maria. A possessive shows who owns something. In Willems vader, the father belongs to the person named.

Add s to the name. A name ending in s, x or z takes only an apostrophe. Floris' zoon is Floris's son.

After most vowels, add 's. Maria's boek is Maria's book. After ie, ee or an unaccented e, add s alone. Maries armbanden are Marie's bracelets.

Plurals of names and foreign words

Names make the plural with s: de Willems. Names ending in s or st take -en: de Cornelissen. Names of nations take -en: de Belgen, de Denen.

Names ending in -er take s: Amsterdammers. Een Engelsman becomes twee Engelsen: man drops and -en is added.

Most foreign words take s: de dames, de kapiteins. A single final a, i, o, u or y takes 's: de collega's. Final -eau or unaccented e takes s alone: de bureaus, de horloges.

Verbs of this lesson, with their principal parts

  1. 35

    William's father

  2. 36

    Floris's son

  3. 37

    Maria's book

  4. 38

    Marie's bracelets

  5. 39

    the Belgians and the Danes

  1. 40

    an Englishman, two Englishmen

  2. 41

    the colleagues

  3. 42

    the desks

  4. 43

    the watches

De twist

  1. 44

    The quarrel

  2. 45

    Two small boys had found a nut and fell into a fierce quarrel about it.

  3. 46

    “It is for me,” said one of them, “for I saw it first.”

twist
quarrel
noot
a nut
Twee
two
hevig
fierce, fiercely
hen
one of them (een van hen)
eerst
first (of all)
jongens
the two boys, both boys (de beide jongens)
daarover
about it
twisten
to quarrel
van
to recover from (bekomen van)
  1. 47

    “No, it belongs to me,” said the other, “I picked it up first.”

  2. 48

    They came to blows, when a third boy, who was a witness of the quarrel, said to them: “Come, I will settle your quarrel.”

  3. 49

    He placed himself between the two boys, cracked the nut and said: “One of the shells belongs to the one who saw the nut first, the other is for the one who picked it up first.

jongen
boy
derde
third
Nee
no
tussen
between
handgemeen
to come to blows (handgemeen raken)
beslechten
to settle
  1. 50

    As for the kernel, I keep that for pronouncing the sentence.”

  2. 51

    The two small boys had not yet recovered from their astonishment when the judge, in his high wisdom, had already eaten the nut.

  3. 52

    They now understood that one gains nothing by quarrelling.

pit
kernel
vellen
to pronounce sentence (een vonnis vellen)
verbazing
astonishment
rechter
judge
wijsheid
wisdom
al
already
aangaat
as for, concerning (wat ... aangaat)

Lesson 11: conversation

  1. 53

    What did the boys do after they had found a nut? They . . .

  2. 54

    Why did the first want to keep the nut for himself?

  3. 55

    What did the other think?

  4. 56

    How did the quarrel end?

  5. 57

    They fell into a fierce quarrel about it.

  6. 58

    Because he had seen the nut first.

  7. 59

    The other thought that the nut was his, because he had picked it up first.

  8. 60

    They came to blows.

  1. 61

    What did the third boy, who was a witness of the quarrel, say?

  2. 62

    Where did he place himself?

  3. 63

    What did he say when he cracked the nut?

  4. 64

    What did he keep for pronouncing the sentence?

  5. 65

    He said: “Come, I will settle your quarrel.”

  6. 66

    He placed himself between the two boys.

  7. 67

    He said: “One of the shells belongs to the one who saw the nut first, the other is for the one who picked it up first.”

  8. 68

    He kept the kernel for pronouncing the sentence.

  1. 69

    Had the judge eaten the nut soon? (Yes, even before . . .)

  2. 70

    What did they now understand?

  3. 71

    Yes, even before the two boys had recovered from their astonishment, he had already eaten the nut.

  4. 72

    They now understood that one gains nothing by quarrelling.

Lesson 11: exercise 19

  1. 73

    ik raak

    I begin (to get into)

  2. 74

    hij raakt

    he begins (to get into)

  3. 75

    wij raken

    we begin (to get into)

  4. 76

    jij twist

    you quarrel

  5. 77

    jullie twisten

    you (plural) quarrel

  6. 78

    zij twisten

    they quarrel

  7. 79

    ik behoor

    I belong

  1. 80

    u behoort

    you belong

  2. 81

    zij behoren

    they belong

  3. 82

    wij hebben opgeraapt

    we (perfect of to pick up)

  4. 83

    ik heb beslecht

    I (perfect of to settle)

  5. 84

    wij hebben beslecht

    we (perfect of to settle)

  6. 85

    ik heb gekraakt

    I (perfect of to crack)

Lesson 11: exercise 20

  1. 86

    de twisten

    the quarrels

  2. 87

    de jongens

    the boys

  3. 88

    de noten

    the nuts

  4. 89

    de doppen

    the shells

  5. 90

    de pitten

    the kernels

  6. 91

    de vonnissen

    the sentences

  7. 92

    de rechters

    the judges

  1. 93

    de leden

    the members

  2. 94

    de gelederen

    the ranks

  3. 95

    de eitjes

    the little eggs

  4. 96

    de blaadjes

    the little leaves

  5. 97

    de oogleden

    the eyelids

  6. 98

    de schepen

    the ships

  7. 99

    de hoentjes

    the little hens

  1. 100

    de lammetjes

    the little lambs

  2. 101

    de smeden

    the smiths

  3. 102

    de diertjes

    the little animals

  4. 103

    de steden

    the towns

  5. 104

    de vlooien

    the fleas

  6. 105

    de sieraden

    the ornaments

  7. 106

    de koeien

    the cows

  1. 107

    de wijsheden

    the wisdoms

  2. 108

    de goedheden

    the kindnesses

  3. 109

    de timmerlieden

    the carpenters

  4. 110

    de landlieden

    the farmers

  5. 111

    de gelegenheden

    the opportunities

  6. 112

    de staatslieden

    the statesmen

  7. 113

    de kooplieden

    the merchants

  1. 114

    de heldendaden

    the heroic deeds

  2. 115

    de collega's

    the colleagues

  3. 116

    de bougies

    the candles

  4. 117

    de geniën

    the genii

  5. 118

    de horloges

    the watches

  6. 119

    de canapés

    the sofas

  7. 120

    de gymnasia

    the grammar schools

  1. 121

    de bureaus

    the desks, the offices

  2. 122

    de sofa's

    the sofas

  3. 123

    de tralies

    the bars

  4. 124

    de werken

    the works

  5. 125

    de dichters

    the poets

Lesson 11: exercise 21

  1. 126

    het doel

    aim

  2. 127

    het bad

    bath

  3. 128

    het gedrag

    behaviour

  4. 129

    de zegen

    blessing

  5. 130

    de slag

    blow

  6. 131

    het vat

    cask

  7. 132

    het hol

    cavern

  1. 133

    de troost

    consolation

  2. 134

    de raad

    counsel

  3. 135

    het dal

    dale

  4. 136

    de dag

    day

  5. 137

    het bedrog

    deception

  6. 138

    de wanorde

    disorder

  7. 139

    het genot

    enjoyment

  1. 140

    het spel

    game

  2. 141

    het glas

    glass

  3. 142

    de god

    god

  4. 143

    de aarzeling

    hesitation

  5. 144

    het gat

    hole

  6. 145

    de eer

    honour

  7. 146

    de afgod

    idol

  1. 147

    het oordeel

    judgment

  2. 148

    de kennis

    knowledge

  3. 149

    het blad

    leaf

  4. 150

    de leer

    doctrine

  5. 151

    het slot

    lock

  6. 152

    het lot

    lot

  7. 153

    het bevel

    order

  1. 154

    het pad

    path

  2. 155

    de roof

    plunder

  3. 156

    het rad

    wheel

Lesson 11: exercise 22

  1. 157

    brethren

  2. 158

    bones

  3. 159

    leaves (of a tree)

  4. 160

    descendants (f.)

  5. 161

    heathens

  6. 162

    heavens

  7. 163

    clothes

  1. 164

    servants (in older texts: slaves or, figuratively, lansquenets)

  2. 165

    letters, literature

  3. 166

    tables (of the law)

  4. 167

    forefathers

  5. 168

    waters, bodies of water

  6. 169

    carrots

  7. 170

    sons (in older texts: descendants, m.)

  1. 171

    small clothes

  2. 172

    brothers

  3. 173

    legs

  4. 174

    leaves of a book, sheets, blades, flaps of a table, newspapers

  5. 175

    daughters

  6. 176

    gipsies (an old use of the word)

  7. 177

    testers (bed canopies)

  1. 178

    cloths, rugs

  2. 179

    servants

  3. 180

    letters

  4. 181

    tables

  5. 182

    fathers

  6. 183

    rivers, waters

  7. 184

    roots (also figuratively)

  1. 185

    sons

  2. 186

    small cloths, rugs

Lesson 11: exercise 23

  1. 187

    ancestors

  2. 188

    Apennines

  3. 189

    arms

  4. 190

    ashes

  5. 191

    brains

  6. 192

    business

  7. 193

    Balearic Isles

  1. 194

    Belgians

  2. 195

    billiards

  3. 196

    clothes

  4. 197

    charges

  5. 198

    compasses

  6. 199

    contents

  7. 200

    Danes

  1. 201

    dregs

  2. 202

    entrails

  3. 203

    Englishman

  4. 204

    the English

  5. 205

    expenses

  6. 206

    embers

  7. 207

    furniture

  1. 208

    Frenchman

  2. 209

    the French

  3. 210

    goods

  4. 211

    information

  5. 212

    knowledge

  6. 213

    lovers

  7. 214

    mathematics

  1. 215

    measles

  2. 216

    Mussulman

  3. 217

    mechanics

  4. 218

    nutcrackers

  5. 219

    Normans

  6. 220

    oats

  7. 221

    parents

  1. 222

    people

  2. 223

    progress

  3. 224

    pincers

  4. 225

    property

  5. 226

    physics

  6. 227

    the Portuguese

  7. 228

    Pyrenees

  1. 229

    revenue

  2. 230

    riches

  3. 231

    Russians

  4. 232

    small-pox

  5. 233

    scissors

  6. 234

    strength

  7. 235

    snuffers

  1. 236

    Swedes

  2. 237

    spectacles

  3. 238

    stairs

  4. 239

    thanks

  5. 240

    tidings

  6. 241

    tongs

  7. 242

    trousers

  1. 243

    victuals

  2. 244

    wages

  3. 245

    captains

  4. 246

    corporals

  5. 247

    colleagues

  6. 248

    genii

  7. 249

    gymnasiums

  1. 250

    ladies

  2. 251

    officers

  3. 252

    professors

  4. 253

    sergeants

  5. 254

    stage-coaches

  6. 255

    tempers

  7. 256

    viziers

  1. 257

    watches

  2. 258

    ten pence

  3. 259

    five guilders

  4. 260

    four yards of cloth

  5. 261

    ten pounds of sugar

  6. 262

    twenty reams of paper

  7. 263

    two barrels of beer

  8. 264

    sixty cents

Lesson 12: The adjective used as a noun (and 1 more)

A describing word that names a person

An adjective is a word that describes a noun: good, blind, small. Dutch can use an adjective as a noun.

Used this way, it takes e in the singular. De blinde means the blind man or woman. The form is the same for both.

The plural takes en: de blinden means the blind people. The pattern is the same as for any noun that ends in e.

The good, and of the blind

An adjective can also name a quality. Het goede means the good, or what is good. It has one form and no plural.

Dutch says of with van, never with a changed ending: van de blinde, van het goede.

Older writing, and Multatuli, use other forms for the same idea, such as des blinden. Today Dutch uses van.

Two forms of every adjective

Before a noun, an adjective has two forms. One is bare: goed. The other adds e: goede.

Two things decide the form: the word before the adjective and the kind of noun after it. The job of the noun in the sentence does not matter.

A plural noun always takes the e form: goede vaders, goede moeders, goede kinderen.

Compare de goede vader with een goed boek. The same adjective has e once and is bare once.

  1. 265

    the blind man or woman

  2. 266

    the blind (people)

  3. 267

    the good, what is good

  4. 268

    of the blind man

  5. 269

    the good father

The adjective used as a noun

In Dutch an adjective or past participle can be used attributively, predicatively, or as a noun. A nominalized adjective (de blinde, the blind man or woman) is not declined by case; it takes -e in the singular for both masculine and feminine, and -en in the plural for all genders, exactly like an ordinary noun ending in -e. The neuter singular, used for an abstract quality (het goede, the good), has only one form and no plural. Possession or relation is always expressed with van, never with a genitive case ending: van de blinde (of the blind man or woman), van het goede (of the good). Older written Dutch, and Multatuli, show des blinden, der blinde, den blinde for these same relations.
Declension of an adjective preceding the noun

An attributive adjective has two forms: with -e (goede) and without it (goed). The plural always takes -e: goede vaders, goede moeders, goede kinderen.
Van instead of the genitive

Van, not a case ending, expresses of: van de grote man, van de goede vrouw, van het kleine land, van goede mannen, vrouwen, kinderen; van een grote man, van een goede vrouw, van een klein kind. Van is likewise the only way to say of when no article or pronoun precedes the adjective: van goede eieren (of good eggs), van oud brood (of stale bread).
When an attributive adjective takes -e

Before a het-word, the adjective stays bare when the noun has no article, or has een or a possessive: goed brood, een goed boek, mijn oud huis. It takes -e when the noun has de, het, dit, dat, or is followed by a superlative or an ordinal number, whatever the gender: het goede brood, het goede boek, het oude huis, hun beste boek, ons kleinste huis, dit tweede hoofdstuk. Before a de-word the adjective takes -e in every position, with or without een: een goede koning, de goede koning. Een grote man and een goede koning are written with -e whatever the sense, a tall man or a great man; the two meanings are told apart from context alone.
The old genitive -s in iets moois, niets nieuws

After iets, niets, wat, weinig, veel and similar indefinite words, the adjective takes -s instead of -e: iets moois (something pretty), niets slechts (nothing bad), wat aangenaams (something pleasant), weinig nieuws (little news), veel goeds (much good).
Adjectives that are never inflected

These adjectives never take -e or -en. Used predicatively: dit huis is groot, oud, hoog. Made from a material, ending in -en: het gouden horloge (the gold watch), de zilveren lepel (the silver spoon), de ijzeren vork (the iron fork), gesloten brieven (closed letters). Made from a place name, ending in -er: de Haarlemmerhout (the Haarlem wood), Neurenberger waren (Nuremberg wares). Rechter and linker, right and left: de rechterzijde, de linkerzijde (the right side, the left side), de rechterarm, de linkerarm (the right arm, the left arm), de rechterbeen, de linkerbeen (the right leg, the left leg), de rechterhand, de linkerhand (the right hand, the left hand), de rechterkant, de linkerkant (the right side, the left side). And, for the sound of it, adjectives of two or more syllables ending in -en, and comparatives of three or more syllables: verheven woorden (dignified words), verhevener woorden (more dignified words), dapperder mannen (braver men).
Verbs of this lesson, with their principal parts

zitten     to sit         ik zit, ik zat, ik heb gezeten
opnemen    to take up     ik neem op, ik nam op, ik heb opgenomen
wegwerpen  to throw away  ik werp weg, ik wierp weg, ik heb weggeworpen
  1. 270

    a good book

  2. 271

    good fathers

Lesson 12: Van instead of the genitive (and 1 more)

Of is always van

The genitive is a form of the noun that says of, as in the king of the land. Dutch has no such form. It puts van before the noun.

Van de grote man means of the great man. Van het kleine land means of the small country. Van goede mannen means of good men.

Van with no article

Van is also the only way to say of when no article or pronoun comes before the adjective.

Van goede eieren means of good eggs. Van oud brood means of stale bread.

Nouns with het: bare or e

Before a het-word, the adjective stays bare after een or a possessive, or with no article: goed brood, een goed boek, mijn oud huis.

It takes e when the noun has de, het, dit or dat: het goede boek, het oude huis.

It also takes e when it means most, as beste does, or gives a place in order, as tweede does. This holds after a possessive too: hun beste boek, ons kleinste huis.

Nouns with de: always e

Before a de-word the adjective takes e in every position, with een or without it: een goede koning, de goede koning.

Een grote man has e whether it means a tall man or a great man. Only the context tells the two meanings apart.

  1. 272

    of the great man

  2. 273

    of good eggs

  3. 274

    a good book

  4. 275

    the good book

  5. 276

    a good king

  6. 277

    their best book

Lesson 12: The old genitive -s in iets moois, niets nieuws (and 1 more)

An s after iets and niets

After a word for an unnamed thing or amount, the adjective takes s instead of e. These words are iets, niets, wat, weinig, veel and others like them.

Iets moois means something pretty. Niets nieuws means nothing new. Veel goeds means much good.

This s is what is left of an old genitive ending.

Adjectives that stay as they are

Some adjectives never take e or en. After a verb such as is, every adjective stays bare: dit huis is groot, oud, hoog.

An adjective made from a material ends in en and does not change: de zilveren lepel, het gouden horloge.

An adjective made from a place name ends in er and does not change: de Haarlemmerhout.

Right, left and long words

Rechter and linker, right and left, do not change: de rechterzijde, de linkerhand.

For the sound, two kinds of long adjective also stay bare. The first has two or more syllables and ends in en: verheven woorden.

The second means more and has three or more syllables: dapperder mannen, braver men.

  1. 278

    something pretty

  2. 279

    nothing new

  3. 280

    much good

  4. 281

    the silver spoon

  5. 282

    the right side

  1. 283

    the left hand

  2. 284

    braver men

De bediende en zijn meester

  1. 285

    The servant and his master

  2. 286

    A rich Englishman is sitting at the table.

  3. 287

    He picks up the bread that the servant has brought him, and then says in a stern tone: “Thompson, I have scolded you several times because you have brought me stale bread for my dinner.

meester
his master (zijn meester)
brood
bread
middageten
dinner
toon
tone, voice
verscheidene
several
oudbakken
stale
toen
then
toon
in a stern tone (op strenge toon)
omdat
because
bij
with
  1. 288

    How is it that you are bringing me stale bread again now?”

  2. 289

    Thompson answers in a dignified and respectful tone: “Truly, sir, I no longer know how I am to manage it.

  3. 290

    The stale bread surely cannot be thrown away, can it?”

  4. 291

    “Certainly not, but it seems to me that the servants could well eat it.”

  5. 292

    “We eat only fresh bread in the kitchen,” Thompson answered.

keuken
kitchen
vers
new
Waarlijk
truly
Zeker
certainly
weer
again
Hoe
how
wel
well
maar
but
alleen
only
aanleggen
to manage
dunkt
me thinks (mij dunkt)

Lesson 12: conversation

  1. 293

    Who is sitting at the table?

  2. 294

    What does the master say in a stern tone to his servant?

  3. 295

    What does he want to know? How it is, that . . . .

  4. 296

    How, and what, does Thompson answer?

  5. 297

    A rich Englishman is sitting at the table.

  6. 298

    He says: “Thompson, I have scolded you several times because you bring me stale bread for my dinner.”

  7. 299

    He wants to know why Thompson keeps bringing him stale bread again and again.

  8. 300

    Thompson answers in a dignified and respectful tone that he no longer knows how to manage it.

  1. 301

    What cannot be thrown away?

  2. 302

    What did the master suggest to Thompson?

  3. 303

    What did the last one answer?

  4. 304

    The stale bread cannot be thrown away.

  5. 305

    He suggested that the servants could well eat the stale bread.

  6. 306

    Thompson answered that in the kitchen they ate only fresh bread.

Lesson 12: exercise 24

  1. 307

    de goede vader

    a) the good father

  2. 308

    de oude moeder

    a) the old mother

  3. 309

    het kleine kind

    a) the little child

  4. 310

    mijn grote tuin

    a) my large garden

  5. 311

    uw slechte pen

    a) your bad pen

  6. 312

    zijn oud huis

    a) his old house

  7. 313

    goede wijn

    b) good wine (singular only)

  1. 314

    slechte vrucht

    b) bad fruit (singular only)

  2. 315

    oud brood

    b) stale bread (singular only)

  3. 316

    het kwade

    b) the bad, evil (singular only)

  4. 317

    een arme

    c) a poor woman

  5. 318

    een rijke

    c) a rich woman

Lesson 12: exercise 25

  1. 319

    The death of the old woman.

  2. 320

    No sleeping dogs.

  3. 321

    The bill of the sly host.

  4. 322

    One single egg.

  5. 323

    In a large village-inn.

  6. 324

    Eggs are scarce.

  7. 325

    During (Gedurende) the whole day and the whole night.

  1. 326

    The treasure of the unhappy miser.

  2. 327

    A miserable stone.

  3. 328

    You would not have your great treasure.

  4. 329

    The miser was poor.

  5. 330

    The servants of a young and very proud nobleman.

  6. 331

    They spoke about (over) the friendly offer.

  7. 332

    The study of a learned man.

  1. 333

    The learned man wrote large books.

  2. 334

    The dog swam across the large river.

  3. 335

    How great was his astonishment!

  4. 336

    We go to (naar) a distant quarter.

  5. 337

    The physician of an English ship.

  6. 338

    He was drowned in his own medicine-chest.

  7. 339

    He communicated it to the man.

  1. 340

    He lived in everlasting fear.

  2. 341

    That boy was (a) witness.

  3. 342

    Those boys were witnesses of the quarrel.

  4. 343

    He placed himself between the quarrelling (boys).

  5. 344

    The little boys saw the nut.

  6. 345

    In his great wisdom.

  7. 346

    The stale bread.

  1. 347

    The stolen meat.

  2. 348

    At the right side.

  3. 349

    With the left hand and foot.

  4. 350

    Much good.

  5. 351

    Nothing new.

  6. 352

    He saw it with his right eye.

  7. 353

    Nurenberg toys (speelgoed).

Lesson 13: Degrees of comparison: § 216 (and 3 more)

Three degrees of comparison

An adjective can show how much of a quality a thing has. Dutch does this in three steps, called degrees.

The positive is the plain word: groot, big. The comparative says more: groter, bigger. The superlative says most: grootst, biggest.

Dutch names them de stellende trap, de vergrotende trap and de overtreffende trap.

The comparative ending

The comparative adds er to the positive. Groot becomes groter. Hoog becomes hoger.

A positive that ends in e adds only r: blode, bloder. A positive that ends in r takes a d before the ending. Ver becomes verder. Zwaar becomes zwaarder.

Dan means than. Dit huis is hoger dan dat huis.

The superlative ending

The superlative adds st to the positive. Groot becomes grootst. Hoog becomes hoogst.

A positive that ends in e drops the e: blode, bloodst. A positive that ends in s adds only t. Wijs becomes wijst. Fris becomes frist.

Meer and meest before the adjective

Some forms sound better with a separate word in place of the ending. Meer means more. Meest means most.

Dutch always does this in the superlative when the positive ends in st. Vast becomes meest vast. Juist becomes meest juist.

Dit antwoord is het meest juist.

  1. 354

    Groot is the positive, groter the comparative and grootst the superlative.

  2. 355

    This house is higher than that house.

  3. 356

    The journey was farther than we thought.

Degrees of comparison: § 216

There are three degrees of comparison: the Positive (de stellende trap), the Comparative (de vergrotende trap), and the Superlative (de overtreffende trap).
Forming the comparative: § 217

The Comparative is formed by adding (e)r to the Positive: groot - groter, hoog - hoger, blij - blijer, blode - bloder. If the Positive ends in r, the letter d is inserted: ver - verder, zwaar heavy - zwaarder. For the doubling and simplification of consonants and vowels in this process, see Book I.
Forming the superlative: § 218

The Superlative is formed by adding st to the Positive: groot - grootst, hoog - hoogst. If the Positive ends in e, this letter is dropped: blij - blijst, blode - bloodst. If the Positive ends in s, t only is added: wijs wise - wijst, fris - frist.
Meer and meest for euphony: § 219

For the sake of euphony the Comparative and Superlative are often expressed with meer more and meest most. This is always done in the Superlative if the Positive ends in st: vast firm - meest vast, juist exact - meest juist.
Superlatives formed from adverbs: § 220

Some Superlatives are formed from Adverbs but are used as Adjectives: achterst (achter) hindermost, benedenst (beneden) lowest, binnenst (binnen) inmost, bovenst (boven) uppermost, buitenst (buiten) outmost, onderst (onder) undermost, voorst (voor) foremost.
Irregular comparison: goed, veel, weinig, kwaad: § 221

The Positives goed, veel, weinig have adverbial forms in the Comparative and Superlative: goed, beter, best = good, better, best; veel, meer, meest = much (many), more, most; weinig, minder, minst = little, less, least. Note. Kwaad = bad, ill: erger, ergst (from erg); kwaad = angry: kwader, kwaadst.
Absolute adjectives used figuratively: § 222

Some Adjectives with an absolute meaning are sometimes used in the Superlative in a figurative sense: de volmaaktste rust the most complete rest, het volste glas the fullest glass.
Participles compared: § 223

Participles admit of degrees of comparison if they have become real Adjectives, with the accent on the root of the verb: een welsprekender man a more eloquent man, de welsprekendste man the most eloquent man; also uitstekend excellent, innemend charming, ingenomen pleased at. The participles uitstekend, innemend, ingenomen do not admit of degrees of comparison.
English comparative, Dutch superlative: § 224

In English the Comparative is often used where Dutch requires the Superlative: de jongste van de twee broers the younger of the two brothers; compare Scipio de Jongere.
Comparative expressing contrast only: § 225

Sometimes the Comparative expresses a contrast only: hoger onderwijs en lager onderwijs academic and primary instruction, het Lagerhuis en het Hogerhuis the House of Commons and the House of Lords.
Strengthening the superlative with aller-: § 226

The Superlative is often strengthened by aller: aardig nice - aardigst, alleraardigst very nice; lief lovely - liefst, allerliefst most lovely; treurig sad - treurigst, allertreurigst most sad; belangrijk important - belangrijkst, allerbelangrijkst of the utmost importance.
Compound words: § 227

If the Positive is a compound word the endings are added to the last part: bouwvallig decayed - bouwvalliger, bouwvalligst; vrijmoedig bold, free - vrijmoediger, vrijmoedigst; weldadig charitable - weldadiger, weldadigst.
Goedkoop, and beterkoop/bestkoop: § 228

The degrees of goedkoop cheap are: goedkoper, goedkoopst. Written Dutch of the nineteenth century, Multatuli among the rest, also uses beterkoop and bestkoop as adjectives, though they are properly the comparative and superlative of the adverb goedkoop.
Four notes on comparison: § 229

Note: 1. Hij is zo groot als ik = he is as tall as I; hij is niet zo groot als ik = he is not so tall as I. 2. Hij is groter dan ik = he is taller than I; hij is minder groot dan ik = he is less tall than I. 3. Hij is eerder vlug dan vlijtig = he is sharp rather than industrious. 4. Zij zijn hoogst gelukkig = they are most happy.
The predicative superlative takes the article: § 230

Superlatives used predicatively are in Dutch preceded by the article: de mens is in zijn jeugd het gelukkigst man is happiest in his youth, de Schelde is hier het diepst the Scheldt is deepest here.
Verbs of this lesson, with their principal parts

opgeven     to declare  ik geef op, ik gaf op, ik heb opgegeven
aandringen  to insist   ik dring aan, ik drong aan, ik heb aangedrongen
  1. 357

    Puget was the most famous sculptor of France.

  2. 358

    This is the freshest morning of the week.

  3. 359

    This answer is the most exact.

Lesson 13: Superlatives formed from adverbs: § 220 (and 4 more)

Superlatives from words of place

Some adverbs of place have a superlative form. That form is used as an adjective.

Boven means above. Bovenst means uppermost. Achter means behind. Achterst means hindermost. Each form adds st to the adverb.

Hij woont op de bovenste verdieping. Zij zaten in de achterste rij.

Four words with their own forms

Three common words do not take er and st. Goed becomes beter and best. Veel becomes meer and meest. Weinig becomes minder and minst.

These forms work as adverbs. De koning betaalde de generaals beter dan de beeldhouwer.

Kwaad has two meanings and two sets of forms. Kwaad as bad or ill becomes erger and ergst. Kwaad as angry becomes kwader and kwaadst.

Superlatives of words that name a limit

Some adjectives have an absolute meaning. A full glass cannot be more full. Dutch still gives these words a superlative, in a figurative sense.

De volmaaktste rust means the most complete rest. Het volste glas means the fullest glass.

Participles that have become adjectives

Some participles have become real adjectives. These take the comparative and superlative.

The sign is the accent. It falls on the root of the verb. Een welsprekender man is a more eloquent man. De welsprekendste man is the most eloquent man.

Three participles do not take degrees: uitstekend, innemend and ingenomen.

The superlative for one of two

English uses the comparative to pick one of two: the younger of the two brothers.

Dutch uses the superlative here: de jongste van de twee broers.

  1. 360

    He lives on the topmost floor.

  2. 361

    They sat in the back row.

  3. 362

    The king paid the generals better than the sculptor.

  1. 363

    There were fewer officers than generals.

  2. 364

    The king wished him the most complete rest.

  3. 365

    Puget was a more eloquent man than the minister.

  4. 366

    Puget was the younger of the two sculptors.

Lesson 13: Comparative expressing contrast only: § 225 (and 5 more)

A comparative that only contrasts

Sometimes a comparative sets two things apart and compares nothing. Hoger onderwijs is academic instruction. Lager onderwijs is primary instruction.

Het Lagerhuis and het Hogerhuis are the House of Commons and the House of Lords.

Aller before the superlative

Aller, joined to the front of a superlative, makes it stronger.

Aardigst becomes alleraardigst, very nice. Liefst becomes allerliefst, most lovely. Belangrijkst becomes allerbelangrijkst, of the utmost importance.

The ending on the last part

Some adjectives are made of two words joined into one. Bouwvallig is one example.

The comparative and superlative endings go on the last part. Bouwvallig becomes bouwvalliger and bouwvalligst.

Vrijmoedig becomes vrijmoediger and vrijmoedigst. Weldadig becomes weldadiger and weldadigst.

The degrees of goedkoop

Goedkoop means cheap. Its comparative is goedkoper. Its superlative is goedkoopst.

Written Dutch of the nineteenth century, Multatuli among the rest, also uses beterkoop and bestkoop as adjectives. Properly they are the comparative and superlative of the adverb goedkoop.

Equal, less and rather

Zo groot als ik means as tall as I. Niet zo groot als ik means not so tall as I. Als links two things that are equal.

Groter dan ik means taller than I. Minder groot dan ik means less tall than I. Dan links two things that differ.

Eerder vlug dan vlijtig means sharp rather than industrious. Hoogst gelukkig means most happy.

Het before a superlative after the verb

When a superlative comes after a verb such as is, without a noun, Dutch puts het before it.

De Schelde is hier het diepst means the Scheldt is deepest here. De mens is in zijn jeugd het gelukkigst means man is happiest in his youth.

English has no the here. Dutch keeps het.

  1. 367

    He spoke about higher and primary education.

  2. 368

    France had few sculptors as famous as Puget: he was the most famous of all.

  3. 369

    The miser's house was more dilapidated than ours.

  1. 370

    Puget's statues were not cheap.

  2. 371

    Puget was not as modest as the minister thought.

  3. 372

    The king was richer than Puget.

  4. 373

    Puget was the most famous in France.

Lodewijk de Veertiende en Puget

  1. 374

    Louis the Fourteenth and Puget

  2. 375

    The famous sculptor Puget once complained to the marquis de Louvois that he was not content with the price the king had paid him for his statues.

  3. 376

    The minister spoke about it with the king; Louis the Fourteenth answered the minister: “Puget ought to explain himself more clearly and state precisely what he wants.”

Veertiende
Lewis the Fourteenth (Lodewijk de Veertiende)
beeldhouwer
sculptor
markies
marquis
prijs
price
tevreden
contented
nauwkeurig
exact(ly)
met
with
zich
to complain (zich beklagen)
verklaren
to explain; to explain oneself
  1. 377

    Louvois urged the sculptor to state the exact price to him.

  2. 378

    Puget asked for a very considerable sum.

  3. 379

    “But the king does not pay more than that to the generals of his armies,” the minister replied.

  4. 380

    “That may well be so,” answered Puget, “but the king knows very well that he can easily find capable generals among the many excellent officers he has among his troops; but there are not many Pugets in France.”

som
sum
Frankrijk
France
gemakkelijk
easy, easily
zeer
very
van
among a great number of (onder tal van)

Lesson 13: conversation

  1. 381

    Who complained to the marquis de Louvois?

  2. 382

    What did he complain about?

  3. 383

    What did Louis the Fourteenth say to the minister, who had spoken to him about it?

  4. 384

    What did Louvois insist on?

  5. 385

    The famous sculptor Puget complained to the marquis de Louvois.

  6. 386

    He complained that he was not content with the price the king had paid him for his statues.

  7. 387

    He said to the minister: “Puget ought to explain himself more clearly and state precisely what he wants.”

  8. 388

    Louvois insisted that Puget state the exact price to him.

  1. 389

    What did Puget ask?

  2. 390

    What did the minister reply?

  3. 391

    What was Puget's answer?

  4. 392

    Puget asked for a very considerable sum.

  5. 393

    He replied: “But the king does not pay more than that to the generals of his armies.”

  6. 394

    Puget's answer was: “That may well be so; the king knows very well that he can easily find capable generals among the many excellent officers he has among his troops; but there are not many Pugets in France.”

Lesson 13: exercise 26

  1. 395

    poor

  2. 396

    considerable

  3. 397

    sad, grieved

  1. 398

    beloved

  2. 399

    important

  3. 400

    dilapidated

  1. 401

    glad

  2. 402

    capable

  3. 403

    timid, shy

  1. 404

    clear

  2. 405

    wretched

  3. 406

    fresh

  1. 407

    good

  2. 408

    learned

  3. 409

    easy

  4. 410

    high

  1. 411

    handy

  2. 412

    violent, intense

  3. 413

    pleased

  1. 414

    young

  2. 415

    cool

  3. 416

    small

  1. 417

    dear, lovely

  2. 418

    old

  3. 419

    unhappy

  1. 420

    unwell, indisposed

  2. 421

    proud

  3. 422

    sad

  1. 423

    contented

  2. 424

    outstanding

  3. 425

    diligent

  1. 426

    satisfied

  2. 427

    much, many

  3. 428

    friendly

  1. 429

    wise

  2. 430

    little, few

  3. 431

    eloquent

  1. 432

    charitable, beneficial

  2. 433

    certain, sure

  3. 434

    pure

Lesson 13: exercise 27

  1. 435

    His sister is a tall and beautiful lady.

  2. 436

    Tell was no bad sportsman.

  3. 437

    The king is a good father.

  4. 438

    We go to London with the Flushing (Vlissingen - Vlissinger) boat.

  1. 439

    Do you go with the Amsterdam boat?

  2. 440

    My most beloved friend goes with me.

  3. 441

    In the wood we enjoyed the greatest rest.

  4. 442

    The upper part of the house is decayed.

  5. 443

    The younger of these two boys is ill (ziek).

  1. 444

    This fact (feit) is of the utmost importance.

  2. 445

    He goes with a Rotterdam boat to New-York.

  3. 446

    We have seen the House of Commons and the House of Lords.

  1. 447

    That village is most lovely.

  2. 448

    Are you as tall as your brother?

  3. 449

    No, I am much taller than he.

  4. 450

    That man is more clever than learned.

  5. 451

    Schoolbooks (Schoolboeken) are cheaper than novels (romans).

  6. 452

    This room is extremely large.

  1. 453

    Where is the (river) Thames (Theems) broadest?

  2. 454

    The miser was less happy than rich.

  3. 455

    Be contented and you will be happier than the richest (man).

The particulars

The course
Valette, Dutch Conversation-Grammar (1913) and its Key (1893); Defense Language Institute, Dutch Refresher Course, Books I to III (1961). Public domain. The teaching pages, the readings' English, the answers to the conversations and the narration are ours.
Reading aloud
Digital narration, directed by 1732 Studios.
The book
Max Havelaar, the work this course leads to, free to read here.
Data
JSON · Markdown · A guide for agents
Two whoopie pies and a pine. An inside joke.