Dutch · Unit 3
Lessons 11 to 13
Parts of Speech I
De twist; De bediende en zijn meester; Lodewijk de Veertiende en Puget
Lesson 11: Nouns with two plurals
One noun, two plurals
Most nouns have one plural. A few have two, and the two plurals mean different things.
Benen are legs. Beenderen are bones. Bladen are leaves of a book or sheets. Bladeren are leaves of a tree. Kleden are rugs. Kleren are clothes.
The meaning decides the form. Learn each pair as two separate words.
The solemn plural
In some pairs the form in -en is solemn or biblical. Broeders are brothers. Broederen are brethren. Hemelen are the heavens.
Vaders are fathers. Vaderen are forefathers.
In other pairs the two forms mean the same. Zoons and zonen both mean sons. Zonen is the more formal.
- 1
the legs and the bones
dethebenenlegenanddethebeenderenbones - 2
the leaves of the book
dethebladenpagesvanof, fromhetit; theboekbook - 3
the leaves of the tree
dethebladerenleafing throughvanof, fromdetheboomtree - 4
the rugs and the clothes
dethekledenrugsenanddetheklerenclothes - 5
our forefathers
onzeourvaderenfathers - 6
the tables of the law
dethetafelentablesderof thewetlaw
Nouns with two plurals
Several nouns have two plurals with a difference in meaning: benen legs, beenderen bones; bladen leaves of a book, sheets, newspapers, bladeren leaves of a tree; kleden cloths, rugs, kleren clothes; letters letters, letteren letters, literature; tafels tables, tafelen (der wet) the tables of the law; vaders fathers, vaderen forefathers; waters waters, wateren bodies of water; wortels roots, wortelen carrots (wortels serves for both). In some pairs the -en form is the solemn or biblical one: broeders brothers, broederen brethren; dochters daughters, dochteren (in the Bible) descendants; hemels testers, canopies, hemelen heavens; heidenen heathens. In others the two forms have fallen together: knechts and knechten both mean servants, zoons and zonen both mean sons, zonen being the more formal. Older texts, and Multatuli, kept knechten for slaves or lansquenets, zonen for descendants, and heidens for gipsies.The plural of diminutives
The diminutives (ending in -je, -pje or -tje) take -s in the plural: het huisje, de huisjes; het boompje little tree, de boompjes. A few neuter nouns take -er- before the diminutive ending: het eitje, de eitjes or eiertjes; het blaadje, de blaadjes or bladertjes; het hoentje, de hoentjes or hoendertjes; het lammetje, de lammetjes or lammertjes; het radje, de radjes or radertjes. The plural of kindje is kindjes or kindertjes. Cf.: kleedjes = small cloths, rugs, and kleertjes = children's clothes.Plurals with a change of vowel, and man
Some nouns change their vowel in the plural: lid member, leden; gelid rank, gelederen; ooglid eyelid, oogleden; schip ship, schepen; smid smith, smeden; stad town, steden; vloo flea, vlooien; koe cow, koeien; kleinood gem, kleinoden or kleinodiën; sieraad ornament, sieraden.
All nouns ending in -heid change -heid into -heden: de gelegenheid the opportunity, de gelegenheden; de goedheid kindness, de goedheden.
The word man has in the plural: a) mannen; b) man, if preceded by a numeral: honderd man a hundred men; c) lieden or lui in compounds denoting an office or profession: de staatsman statesman, de staatslieden; de timmerman carpenter, de timmerlieden or timmerlui; de koopman merchant, de kooplieden or kooplui.
The following words, having a short vowel in the singular, change this into a long vowel in the plural, without doubling the final consonant: with [a]: het bad bath, de baden; het blad leaf, de bladen; de dag day, de dagen; het dak roof, de daken; het dal dale, de dalen; het gat hole, de gaten; het glas glass, de glazen; het pad path, de paden; het rad wheel, de raderen or raden; de slag blow, de slagen; het vat cask, de vaten; with [ɛ]: het bevel order, de bevelen; het spel game, de spelen; with [ɔ]: het hol cavern, de holen; het lot lot, de loten; de god god, de goden; de afgod idol, de afgoden; het slot lock, de sloten.Nouns used in the plural only
As in English some words are used in the plural only: geliefden lovers, goederen goods, hersenen (hersens) brains, ingewanden entrails, inkomsten revenue, kosten expenses, levensmiddelen victuals, mazelen measles, onkosten charges, ouders parents, pokken smallpox, voorouders ancestors, etc. Also the geographical names: de Antillen, de Apennijnen, de Ardennen, de Balearen, de Cycladen, de Karpaten, de Pyreneeën, etc. Note. The following English plural forms have a singular form in Dutch: arms wapens (one weapon: wapen), ashes koude (cold) as, compasses passer, embers gloeiende (glowing) as, billiards biljart, contents inhoud (m.), dregs bezinksel, droesem, nutcrackers notenkraker, oats haver, pincers nijptang, riches rijkdom, scissors schaar, snuffers kaarsensnuiter, spectacles bril, stairs trap, thanks dank, tidings tijding, bericht, tongs tang, trousers broek, wages loon. Older texts, and Multatuli, have gelieven for lovers and lieden for people, where a writer today has geliefden and mensen or lui.Nouns used in the singular only
In the singular only are used: a) the names of materials: melk milk, azijn vinegar, vlees meat; b) the abstract nouns: gehoorzaamheid obedience, verdriet sorrow; c) nouns denoting number, weight, measure or value after a numeral: twee riem papier two reams of paper, acht gros pennen eight gross of pens, drie vat bier three barrels of beer, tien pond suiker ten pounds of sugar, vier meter laken four metres of cloth, vijf paar kousen five pairs of stockings, twintig euro twenty euros, vijf cent five cents. The same rule that separates pence from pennies holds for the Dutch cent and centen: zestig cent = sixty cents as a sum, zestig centen = 60 one-cent pieces; tien pond suiker = 10 pounds of sugar, tien ponden = 10 separate one-pound parcels; twintig euro = 20 euros, twintig euro's = 20 one-euro coins. Note 1. The following English singular forms are used in Dutch in the plural: business zaken, furniture meubels, information inlichtingen, progress vorderingen, property bezittingen, smallpox pokken, strength krachten (when strength means one's powers). Note 2. The names of sciences ending in -ics have no plural form in Dutch: mathematics wiskunde, mechanics mechanica, physics natuurkunde, etc. Older texts, and Multatuli, count in gulden and stuiver (twintig gulden, vijf stuiver) and measure cloth by the el, and the rule for them is the same.The plural of abstract nouns
Abstract nouns have no plural as a rule; some of them take as their plurals the plurals of words allied in meaning: aanbod offer, aanbiedingen; bedrog deception, bedriegerijen; eer honour, eerbewijzen; gedrag behaviour, gedragingen; genot enjoyment, genietingen; kennis knowledge, kundigheden (kennissen = acquaintances); leer doctrine, leringen, leerstukken, leerstellingen; raad counsel, raadgevingen; roof plunder, roverijen; troost consolation, vertroostingen; twijfel hesitation, twijfels, twijfelingen; wanorde disorder, wanordelijkheden; zegen blessing, zegeningen. Doel aim has the plural doelen beside doeleinden, and oordeel judgment has oordelen beside beoordelingen.Proper nouns and foreign words
As regards proper nouns and foreign words the following should be noticed:
The possessive is formed by adding -s to the name; a name ending in s, x or z takes an apostrophe only. If the final letter is a vowel, 's is added, except when the vowel is ie, ee or an unaccented e, or the name ends in é. Examples: Willems vader, Nederlands dichters, Floris' zoon; Beatrix' moeder, Maria's boek, Cicero's werken, Maries armbanden, Karolines boek, Renés fiets.
The plural of proper names is formed by means of -s, except those ending in s or st, which take -en: de Willems, de Maartens, de De Witts, de Cornelissen, de De Vriezen. Names of nations take -en, those ending in -er take -s, those ending in -aar take -s or -en: Belg Belgian, Belgen; Deen Dane, Denen; Noor Norwegian, Noren; Portugees Portuguese, Portugezen; Rus Russian, Russen; Zweed Swede, Zweden; Amsterdammer, Amsterdammers people of Amsterdam; Rotterdammer, Rotterdammers people of Rotterdam; Londenaar, Londenaars or Londenaren people of London; Gouwenaar, Gouwenaars or Gouwenaren people of Gouda. Compound words with man take -en (the n of man is doubled), or, if the first part is an adjective, the word man is dropped and -en added to the adjective: Noorman Norman, Noormannen; een Engelsman, Fransman an Englishman, a Frenchman; tien Engelsen, Fransen; de Engelsen, de Fransen. A man from Gelderland is a Gelderlander, plural Gelderlanders.
Most foreign words take -s in the plural: de dame lady, de dames; de korporaal corporal, de korporaals; de sergeant, de sergeants or sergeanten; de kapitein captain, de kapiteins; de officier, de officieren; de professor, de professoren or professors. Inanimate things in -ier, -eur, -oor take -en: het vizier vizier, de vizieren; het humeur temper, de humeuren; het kwispedoor spittoon, de kwispedoren.
Proper nouns and foreign words ending in a single vowel a, i, o, u or y take 's in the plural: de collega's colleagues, de sofa's, de motto's, de menu's, de baby's. Those ending in an accented é, in -eau or in a vowel written double take a plain -s: de canapés, de bureaus, de cafés, de zees. Those in ie or in unaccented e take -s: Maries, bougies, tralies, Adelines, Lines, horloges watches, diligences stage-coaches. Latin words ending in -ius and -ium generally drop -us or -um before the plural ending: de genius, de geniën; het gymnasium, de gymnasia or gymnasiums. Older texts, and Multatuli, write bureau's, canapé's and gymnasiën, and the old spellings Engelschman and Franschman.Verbs of this lesson, with their principal parts
vinden to find ik vind, ik vond, ik heb gevonden
spreken to speak ik spreek, ik sprak, ik heb gesproken
begrijpen to understand ik begrijp, ik begreep, ik heb begrepen
winnen to win ik win, ik won, ik heb gewonnenLesson 11: The plural of diminutives
The diminutive takes s
A diminutive makes its plural with s. Het huisje becomes de huisjes. Het boompje becomes de boompjes.
This holds for every ending of the diminutive: -je, -pje and -tje.
Diminutives with er
A few diminutives can put er before the ending in the plural. Het eitje has the plural eitjes or eiertjes. Het blaadje has blaadjes or bladertjes.
Kindje has the plural kindjes or kindertjes.
Kleedjes and kleertjes are two different words. Kleedjes are small rugs. Kleertjes are children's clothes.
- 7
the little house, the little houses
hetit; thehuisje,little housedethehuisjeshouse - 8
the little egg, the little eggs
hetit; theeitje,little eggdetheeitjeslittle eggs - 9
the little child, the little children
hetit; thekindje,childdethekindertjeslittle children - 10
the child's clothes
dethekleertjesclothesvanof, fromhetit; thekindthe child
Lesson 11: Plurals with a change of vowel, and man
A vowel changes
A vowel is a letter such as a, e, i, o or u. Some nouns change their vowel in the plural. Het schip becomes de schepen. De stad becomes de steden.
Some nouns add letters. De koe becomes de koeien. De vloo becomes de vlooien.
Every noun ending in -heid changes it to -heden. De gelegenheid becomes de gelegenheden.
Short vowel, long vowel, and man
Many nouns have a short vowel in the singular. In the plural the vowel is long, and the last consonant is not doubled. De dag becomes de dagen. Het dak becomes de daken.
Man has three plural forms. Mannen is the usual one. After a number, man stays as it is: honderd man.
In words that name a job, man becomes lieden or lui. De timmerman becomes de timmerlieden or timmerlui.
- 11
the ship, the ships
hetit; theschip,ship, shipsdetheschepenship, ships - 12
the town, the towns
dethestad,city, towndethestedencities - 13
the cow, the cows
dethekoe,cowdethekoeiencows - 14
the opportunity, the opportunities
dethegelegenheid,occasion, opportunitydethegelegenhedenoccasions - 15
a hundred men
honderdhundredmanman; husband
Lesson 11: Nouns used in the plural only
Nouns with no singular
Some Dutch nouns exist only in the plural. English has the same thing: thanks, wages.
Examples are ouders, kosten, inkomsten and mazelen. Hij heeft de mazelen.
Some place names are plural only: de Pyreneeën, de Ardennen.
English plural, Dutch singular
Some English nouns are plural, but the Dutch word is singular. Spectacles is bril. Trousers is broek. Scissors is schaar. Stairs is trap.
Dutch counts each of these as one thing: Ik zoek mijn bril. Mijn broek is nat.
- 19
the parents and the ancestors
detheoudersparentsenanddethevooroudersforefathers - 20
He has the measles.
Hijheheeftto have, to have haddethemazelen.measles - 21
the expenses and the revenue
dethekostencostsenanddetheinkomstenincome - 22
I am looking for my spectacles.
IkIzoekam looking formijnmybril.spectacles - 23
My trousers are wet.
MijnmybroekBroekisto be (irregular)nat.wet - 24
the Pyrenees
dethePyreneeënPyreneeën
Lesson 11: Nouns used in the singular only
Materials and ideas
Some nouns have no plural. The names of materials are one group: melk, azijn, vlees. The names of ideas are another: gehoorzaamheid, verdriet.
The names of sciences also have no plural. Wiskunde and natuurkunde are the Dutch for mathematics and physics.
A few English singular nouns are plural in Dutch. Business is zaken. Furniture is meubels.
Counting with a singular noun
After a number, a noun for a weight, a measure or a value stays singular. Tien pond suiker is ten pounds of sugar. Twee vat bier is two barrels of beer.
The same rule covers vijf paar kousen and zestig cent.
A plural ending changes the meaning. Twintig euro is twenty euros. Twintig euro's is twenty coins of one euro. Zestig centen is sixty coins of one cent.
Lesson 11: The plural of abstract nouns
Borrowed plurals
An abstract noun names an idea, not a thing you can touch. Zegen is blessing. Raad is counsel. Genot is enjoyment.
An abstract noun has no plural as a rule. When Dutch needs one, it borrows the plural of a related word.
De zegen has the plural zegeningen. De raad has the plural raadgevingen. Het doel has the plural doelen.
A plural with another meaning
Kennis is knowledge. Its borrowed plural is kundigheden. Kennissen is a different word: it means acquaintances, as in mijn kennissen.
Some nouns have more than one borrowed plural. Leer has leringen, leerstukken and leerstellingen.
Lesson 11: Proper nouns and foreign words
The possessive of a name
A proper noun is the name of one person or place, such as Maria. A possessive shows who owns something. In Willems vader, the father belongs to the person named.
Add s to the name. A name ending in s, x or z takes only an apostrophe. Floris' zoon is Floris's son.
After most vowels, add 's. Maria's boek is Maria's book. After ie, ee or an unaccented e, add s alone. Maries armbanden are Marie's bracelets.
Plurals of names and foreign words
Names make the plural with s: de Willems. Names ending in s or st take -en: de Cornelissen. Names of nations take -en: de Belgen, de Denen.
Names ending in -er take s: Amsterdammers. Een Engelsman becomes twee Engelsen: man drops and -en is added.
Most foreign words take s: de dames, de kapiteins. A single final a, i, o, u or y takes 's: de collega's. Final -eau or unaccented e takes s alone: de bureaus, de horloges.
Verbs of this lesson, with their principal parts
De twist
- 44
The quarrel
Dethetwistquarrel, dispute - 45
Two small boys had found a nut and fell into a fierce quarrel about it.
Tweetwokleinesmalljongensboyshaddento have, to have hadeenanoota nutgevondento findenandraaktento get into, to begin todaaroverabout ithevigfierce, fiercelyaanon, at, tohetit; thetwisten.to quarrel - 46
“It is for me,” said one of them, “for I saw it first.”
“Diewho (relative)isisvoorformij,”mezeisaideenavanone of themhen,one of them“wantfor, becauseikIhebhavehemhimhetit; theeerstfirst (of all)gezien.”seen
- twist
- quarrel
- noot
- a nut
- Twee
- two
- hevig
- fierce, fiercely
- hen
- one of them (een van hen)
- eerst
- first (of all)
- jongens
- the two boys, both boys (de beide jongens)
- daarover
- about it
- twisten
- to quarrel
- van
- to recover from (bekomen van)
- 47
“No, it belongs to me,” said the other, “I picked it up first.”
“Nee,nohijheisisvanof, frommij,”mezeisaiddetheander,another (person)“ikIhebhavehemhimhetit; theeerstfirst (of all)opgeraapt.”picked up - 48
They came to blows, when a third boy, who was a witness of the quarrel, said to them: “Come, I will settle your quarrel.”
Zijshe; theyraaktencamehandgemeen,a fight, blows (handgemeen raken: to come to blows)toenas, wheneenaderdethirdjongen,boydiewho (relative)getuigewitnesswaswasvanof, fromdethetwist,quarrel, disputetegento (a person)henthemzei:said“Kom,comeikIzalshall, willjullieyou (plural)twistquarrel, disputebeslechten.”to settle - 49
He placed himself between the two boys, cracked the nut and said: “One of the shells belongs to the one who saw the nut first, the other is for the one who picked it up first.
Hijheplaatsteplacedzichoneself, himself, themselvestussenbetweendethebeidethe two boys, both boysjongens,the two boys, both boyskraaktecrackeddethenoota nutenandzei:said“Eenavanof, fromdethedoppenshellsisisvoorfordegenethe one (who)diewho (relative)dethenoota nuthetit; theeerstfirst (of all)gezienseenheeft,hasdetheandereotherisisvoorfordegenethe one (who)diewho (relative)hemhimhetit; theeerstfirst (of all)heefthasopgeraapt.picked up
- jongen
- boy
- derde
- third
- Nee
- no
- tussen
- between
- handgemeen
- to come to blows (handgemeen raken)
- beslechten
- to settle
- 50
As for the kernel, I keep that for pronouncing the sentence.”
Watwhatdethepitkernelaangaat,concernsdiewho (relative)houdhold, keepikIvoorforhetit; thevellensheetsvanof, fromhetit; thevonnis.”sentence - 51
The two small boys had not yet recovered from their astonishment when the judge, in his high wisdom, had already eaten the nut.
Dethebeidebothkleinesmalljongensboyswarento be (irregular)nogstill, yet; anothernietnotvanof, fromhunthem; theirverbazingastonishmentbekomen,receivedtoenas, whendetherechter,judgeininzijnhis; to behogehighwijsheid,wisdomdethenoota nutalalreadyhadto have, to have hadopgegeten.eaten up - 52
They now understood that one gains nothing by quarrelling.
Zijshe; theybegrepento understandnunow, at presentdatthat; that (conjunction)menone, peoplenietsnothingwintto winmetwithtwisten.quarrel, dispute
- pit
- kernel
- vellen
- to pronounce sentence (een vonnis vellen)
- verbazing
- astonishment
- rechter
- judge
- wijsheid
- wisdom
- al
- already
- aangaat
- as for, concerning (wat ... aangaat)
Lesson 11: conversation
- 53
What did the boys do after they had found a nut? They . . .
Watwhatdedendiddethejongensboysnadatafterzijshe; theyeenanoota nutgevondento findhadden?to have, to have hadZijshe; they... - 54
Why did the first want to keep the nut for himself?
Waaromwhywildeto want, to wishdetheeerstethe former (the first-mentioned)dethenoota nutvoorforzichoneself, himself, themselveshouden?to keep - 55
What did the other think?
Watwhatmeendeto think, to believedetheander?another (person) - 56
How did the quarrel end?
Hoehoweindigdeendeddethetwist?quarrel, dispute - 57
They fell into a fierce quarrel about it.
Zijshe; theyraaktento get into, to begin todaaroverabout ithevigfierce, fiercelyaanon, at, tohetit; thetwisten.to quarrel - 58
Because he had seen the nut first.
Omdatbecausehijhedethenoota nuthetit; theeerstfirst (of all)geziento seehad.to have, to have had - 59
The other thought that the nut was his, because he had picked it up first.
Detheanderanother (person)meendeto think, to believedatthat; that (conjunction)dethenoota nutvanof, fromhemhimwas,to be (irregular)omdatbecausehijhehemhimhetit; theeerstfirst (of all)hadto have, to have hadopgeraapt.picked up - 60
They came to blows.
Zijshe; theyraaktento get into, to begin tohandgemeen.a fight, blows (handgemeen raken: to come to blows)
- 61
What did the third boy, who was a witness of the quarrel, say?
Watwhatzeito saydethederdethirdjongen,boydiewho (relative)getuigewitnesswasto be (irregular)vanof, fromdethetwist?quarrel, dispute - 62
Where did he place himself?
Waarwhere; trueplaatsteto put, to placedezethe latter (the most recently mentioned)zich?oneself, himself, themselves - 63
What did he say when he cracked the nut?
Watwhatzeito sayhijhetoenas, whenhijhedethenoota nutkraakte?to crack - 64
What did he keep for pronouncing the sentence?
Watwhathieldto keephijhevoorforhetit; thevellensheetsvanof, fromhetit; thevonnis?sentence - 65
He said: “Come, I will settle your quarrel.”
Hijhezei:said“Kom,comeikIzalshall, willjullieyou (plural)twistquarrel, disputebeslechten.”to settle - 66
He placed himself between the two boys.
Hijheplaatsteto put, to placezichoneself, himself, themselvestussenbetweendethebeidethe two boys, both boysjongens.the two boys, both boys - 67
He said: “One of the shells belongs to the one who saw the nut first, the other is for the one who picked it up first.”
Hijhezei:said“Eenavanof, fromdethedoppenshellsisisvoorfordegenethe one (who)diewho (relative)dethenoota nuthetit; theeerstfirst (of all)gezienseenheeft,hasdetheandereotherisisvoorfordegenethe one (who)diewho (relative)hemhimhetit; theeerstfirst (of all)heefthasopgeraapt.”picked up - 68
He kept the kernel for pronouncing the sentence.
Dethepitkernelhieldheldhijhevoorforhetit; thevellensheetsvanof, fromhetit; thevonnis.sentence
- 69
Had the judge eaten the nut soon? (Yes, even before . . .)
Hadto have, to have haddetherechterjudgedethenoota nutspoedigsoonopgegeten?eaten up(Ja,yesnogstill, yet; anothervoordatbefore...) - 70
What did they now understand?
Watwhatbegrepento understandzijshe; theynu?now, at present - 71
Yes, even before the two boys had recovered from their astonishment, he had already eaten the nut.
Ja,yesnogstill, yet; anothervoordatbeforedethebeidethe two boys, both boysjongensthe two boys, both boysvanof, fromhunthem; theirverbazingastonishmentbekomenreceivedwaren,to be (irregular)hadto have, to have hadhijhedethenoota nutalalreadyopgegeten.eaten up - 72
They now understood that one gains nothing by quarrelling.
Zijshe; theybegrepento understandnunow, at presentdatthat; that (conjunction)menone, peoplenietsnothingwintto winmetwithtwisten.quarrel, dispute
Lesson 11: exercise 19
Lesson 11: exercise 20
- 86
de twisten
the quarrels
- 87
de jongens
the boys
- 88
de noten
the nuts
- 89
de doppen
the shells
- 90
de pitten
the kernels
- 91
de vonnissen
the sentences
- 92
de rechters
the judges
- 93
de leden
the members
- 94
de gelederen
the ranks
- 95
de eitjes
the little eggs
- 96
de blaadjes
the little leaves
- 97
de oogleden
the eyelids
- 98
de schepen
the ships
- 99
de hoentjes
the little hens
- 100
de lammetjes
the little lambs
- 101
de smeden
the smiths
- 102
de diertjes
the little animals
- 103
de steden
the towns
- 104
de vlooien
the fleas
- 105
de sieraden
the ornaments
- 106
de koeien
the cows
- 107
de wijsheden
the wisdoms
- 108
de goedheden
the kindnesses
- 109
de timmerlieden
the carpenters
- 110
de landlieden
the farmers
- 111
de gelegenheden
the opportunities
- 112
de staatslieden
the statesmen
- 113
de kooplieden
the merchants
Lesson 11: exercise 21
- 126
het doel
aim
- 127
het bad
bath
- 128
het gedrag
behaviour
- 129
de zegen
blessing
- 130
de slag
blow
- 131
het vat
cask
- 132
het hol
cavern
- 133
de troost
consolation
- 134
de raad
counsel
- 135
het dal
dale
- 136
de dag
day
- 137
het bedrog
deception
- 138
de wanorde
disorder
- 139
het genot
enjoyment
- 140
het spel
game
- 141
het glas
glass
- 142
de god
god
- 143
de aarzeling
hesitation
- 144
het gat
hole
- 145
de eer
honour
- 146
de afgod
idol
Lesson 11: exercise 22
- 157
brethren
broederenbrothers - 158
bones
beenderenbones - 159
leaves (of a tree)
bladerenleafing through - 160
descendants (f.)
dochterendaughters - 161
heathens
heidenenheathens - 162
heavens
hemelenheavens - 163
clothes
klederenclothes
- 164
servants (in older texts: slaves or, figuratively, lansquenets)
knechtenservants - 165
letters, literature
letterenlines - 166
tables (of the law)
tafelentables - 167
forefathers
vaderenfathers - 168
waters, bodies of water
waterenwaters - 169
carrots
wortelencarrots - 170
sons (in older texts: descendants, m.)
zonensons
- 171
small clothes
kleertjessmall clothes - 172
brothers
broedersbrothers - 173
legs
benenleg - 174
leaves of a book, sheets, blades, flaps of a table, newspapers
bladenpages - 175
daughters
dochtersdaughters - 176
gipsies (an old use of the word)
heidensheathen - 177
testers (bed canopies)
hemelsheaven
Lesson 11: exercise 23
- 187
ancestors
vooroudersforefathers - 188
Apennines
detheApennijnenApennijnen - 189
arms
wapensweapons - 190
ashes
koudecoldasaxles - 191
brains
hersenenbrain - 192
business
zakenmatters - 193
Balearic Isles
detheBalearenBalearen
- 194
Belgians
BelgenBelgen - 195
billiards
biljartbilliards - 196
clothes
klerenclothes - 197
charges
onkostencharges - 198
compasses
passercompasses - 199
contents
inhoudcontents - 200
Danes
DenenDenen
- 201
dregs
bezinkseldregs - 202
entrails
ingewandenentrails - 203
Englishman
EngelsmanEnglish - 204
the English
detheEngelsenEngelsen - 205
expenses
kostencosts - 206
embers
gloeiendeglowingasaxles - 207
furniture
meubelsfurniture
- 208
Frenchman
FransmanFrenchman - 209
the French
detheFransenFransen - 210
goods
goederengood, well - 211
information
inlichtingeninformation - 212
knowledge
kennisknowledge - 213
lovers
geliefdenbeloved - 214
mathematics
wiskundemathematics
- 215
measles
mazelenmeasles - 216
Mussulman
moslimMussulman - 217
mechanics
mechanicamechanics - 218
nutcrackers
notenkrakernutcrackers - 219
Normans
NoormannenNoormannen - 220
oats
haveroats - 221
parents
oudersparents
- 222
people
mensenpeople - 223
progress
vorderingenprogress - 224
pincers
nijptangpincers - 225
property
bezittingenpossessions - 226
physics
natuurkundephysics - 227
the Portuguese
dethePortugezenPortugezen - 228
Pyrenees
dethePyreneeënPyreneeën
- 229
revenue
inkomstenincome - 230
riches
rijkdomwealth - 231
Russians
RussenRussen - 232
small-pox
pokkensmallpox - 233
scissors
schaarscissors - 234
strength
krachtstrength - 235
snuffers
kaarsensnuitersnuffers
- 236
Swedes
ZwedenZweden - 237
spectacles
brilspectacles - 238
stairs
trapstairs - 239
thanks
dankthanks - 240
tidings
tijdingtidings - 241
tongs
tangtongs - 242
trousers
broekBroek
- 243
victuals
levensmiddelenprovisions - 244
wages
loonreward - 245
captains
kapiteinscaptain - 246
corporals
korporaalscorporals - 247
colleagues
collega'sthe colleagues - 248
genii
geniëngenii - 249
gymnasiums
gymnasiagymnasiums
- 250
ladies
damesladies - 251
officers
officierenofficers - 252
professors
professorenprofessors - 253
sergeants
sergeantensergeants - 254
stage-coaches
diligencesstagecoaches - 255
tempers
humeurentemper - 256
viziers
vizierenviziers
- 257
watches
horlogesthe watches - 258
ten pence
tientenstuiverstivers - 259
five guilders
vijffiveguldenguilders - 260
four yards of cloth
vierfourelyardlakenupholstery - 261
ten pounds of sugar
tientenpondpoundsuikersugar - 262
twenty reams of paper
twintigtwentyriemreamspapierpaper - 263
two barrels of beer
tweetwovatvesselbierbeer - 264
sixty cents
zestigsixtycentpennies
Lesson 12: The adjective used as a noun (and 1 more)
A describing word that names a person
An adjective is a word that describes a noun: good, blind, small. Dutch can use an adjective as a noun.
Used this way, it takes e in the singular. De blinde means the blind man or woman. The form is the same for both.
The plural takes en: de blinden means the blind people. The pattern is the same as for any noun that ends in e.
The good, and of the blind
An adjective can also name a quality. Het goede means the good, or what is good. It has one form and no plural.
Dutch says of with van, never with a changed ending: van de blinde, van het goede.
Older writing, and Multatuli, use other forms for the same idea, such as des blinden. Today Dutch uses van.
Two forms of every adjective
Before a noun, an adjective has two forms. One is bare: goed. The other adds e: goede.
Two things decide the form: the word before the adjective and the kind of noun after it. The job of the noun in the sentence does not matter.
A plural noun always takes the e form: goede vaders, goede moeders, goede kinderen.
Compare de goede vader with een goed boek. The same adjective has e once and is bare once.
- 265
the blind man or woman
detheblindethe blind man or woman - 266
the blind (people)
detheblindenthe blind (people) - 267
the good, what is good
hetit; thegoedethe good, what is good - 268
of the blind man
vanof, fromdetheblindethe blind man or woman - 269
the good father
dethegoedethe good fathervaderthe good father
The adjective used as a noun
In Dutch an adjective or past participle can be used attributively, predicatively, or as a noun. A nominalized adjective (de blinde, the blind man or woman) is not declined by case; it takes -e in the singular for both masculine and feminine, and -en in the plural for all genders, exactly like an ordinary noun ending in -e. The neuter singular, used for an abstract quality (het goede, the good), has only one form and no plural. Possession or relation is always expressed with van, never with a genitive case ending: van de blinde (of the blind man or woman), van het goede (of the good). Older written Dutch, and Multatuli, show des blinden, der blinde, den blinde for these same relations.Declension of an adjective preceding the noun
An attributive adjective has two forms: with -e (goede) and without it (goed). The plural always takes -e: goede vaders, goede moeders, goede kinderen.Van instead of the genitive
Van, not a case ending, expresses of: van de grote man, van de goede vrouw, van het kleine land, van goede mannen, vrouwen, kinderen; van een grote man, van een goede vrouw, van een klein kind. Van is likewise the only way to say of when no article or pronoun precedes the adjective: van goede eieren (of good eggs), van oud brood (of stale bread).When an attributive adjective takes -e
Before a het-word, the adjective stays bare when the noun has no article, or has een or a possessive: goed brood, een goed boek, mijn oud huis. It takes -e when the noun has de, het, dit, dat, or is followed by a superlative or an ordinal number, whatever the gender: het goede brood, het goede boek, het oude huis, hun beste boek, ons kleinste huis, dit tweede hoofdstuk. Before a de-word the adjective takes -e in every position, with or without een: een goede koning, de goede koning. Een grote man and een goede koning are written with -e whatever the sense, a tall man or a great man; the two meanings are told apart from context alone.The old genitive -s in iets moois, niets nieuws
After iets, niets, wat, weinig, veel and similar indefinite words, the adjective takes -s instead of -e: iets moois (something pretty), niets slechts (nothing bad), wat aangenaams (something pleasant), weinig nieuws (little news), veel goeds (much good).Adjectives that are never inflected
These adjectives never take -e or -en. Used predicatively: dit huis is groot, oud, hoog. Made from a material, ending in -en: het gouden horloge (the gold watch), de zilveren lepel (the silver spoon), de ijzeren vork (the iron fork), gesloten brieven (closed letters). Made from a place name, ending in -er: de Haarlemmerhout (the Haarlem wood), Neurenberger waren (Nuremberg wares). Rechter and linker, right and left: de rechterzijde, de linkerzijde (the right side, the left side), de rechterarm, de linkerarm (the right arm, the left arm), de rechterbeen, de linkerbeen (the right leg, the left leg), de rechterhand, de linkerhand (the right hand, the left hand), de rechterkant, de linkerkant (the right side, the left side). And, for the sound of it, adjectives of two or more syllables ending in -en, and comparatives of three or more syllables: verheven woorden (dignified words), verhevener woorden (more dignified words), dapperder mannen (braver men).Verbs of this lesson, with their principal parts
zitten to sit ik zit, ik zat, ik heb gezeten
opnemen to take up ik neem op, ik nam op, ik heb opgenomen
wegwerpen to throw away ik werp weg, ik wierp weg, ik heb weggeworpenLesson 12: Van instead of the genitive (and 1 more)
Of is always van
The genitive is a form of the noun that says of, as in the king of the land. Dutch has no such form. It puts van before the noun.
Van de grote man means of the great man. Van het kleine land means of the small country. Van goede mannen means of good men.
Van with no article
Van is also the only way to say of when no article or pronoun comes before the adjective.
Van goede eieren means of good eggs. Van oud brood means of stale bread.
Nouns with het: bare or e
Before a het-word, the adjective stays bare after een or a possessive, or with no article: goed brood, een goed boek, mijn oud huis.
It takes e when the noun has de, het, dit or dat: het goede boek, het oude huis.
It also takes e when it means most, as beste does, or gives a place in order, as tweede does. This holds after a possessive too: hun beste boek, ons kleinste huis.
Nouns with de: always e
Before a de-word the adjective takes e in every position, with een or without it: een goede koning, de goede koning.
Een grote man has e whether it means a tall man or a great man. Only the context tells the two meanings apart.
- 272
of the great man
vanof, fromdethegrotebig, greatmanman; husband - 273
of good eggs
vanof, fromgoedethe good, what is goodeierenegg, eggs - 274
a good book
eenagoeda good bookboeka good book - 275
the good book
hetit; thegoedethe good bookboekthe good book - 276
a good king
eenagoedea good kingkoninga good king - 277
their best book
hunthem; theirbestebestboekbook
Lesson 12: The old genitive -s in iets moois, niets nieuws (and 1 more)
An s after iets and niets
After a word for an unnamed thing or amount, the adjective takes s instead of e. These words are iets, niets, wat, weinig, veel and others like them.
Iets moois means something pretty. Niets nieuws means nothing new. Veel goeds means much good.
This s is what is left of an old genitive ending.
Adjectives that stay as they are
Some adjectives never take e or en. After a verb such as is, every adjective stays bare: dit huis is groot, oud, hoog.
An adjective made from a material ends in en and does not change: de zilveren lepel, het gouden horloge.
An adjective made from a place name ends in er and does not change: de Haarlemmerhout.
Right, left and long words
Rechter and linker, right and left, do not change: de rechterzijde, de linkerhand.
For the sound, two kinds of long adjective also stay bare. The first has two or more syllables and ends in en: verheven woorden.
The second means more and has three or more syllables: dapperder mannen, braver men.
De bediende en zijn meester
- 285
The servant and his master
Dethebediendethe servant, the servantsenandzijnhis mastermeesterhis master - 286
A rich Englishman is sitting at the table.
EenarijkerichEngelsmanEngelsmanzitto sitaanon, at, totafel.table - 287
He picks up the bread that the servant has brought him, and then says in a stern tone: “Thompson, I have scolded you several times because you have brought me stale bread for my dinner.
Hijheneemttakeshetit; thebroodbreadop,on, upondatthat; that (conjunction)detheknechtservanthemhimgebrachtbroughtheeft,hasenandzegtsaystoenas, whenopin a stern tonestrengein a stern tonetoon:in a stern tone“Thompson,ThompsonikIhebhavejeyou; yourverscheideneseveralmalentimesbeknord,scoldedomdatbecausejeyou; yourmemeoudbakkenstalebroodbreadbijwithmijnmymiddagetendinnergebrachtbroughthebt.have
- meester
- his master (zijn meester)
- brood
- bread
- middageten
- dinner
- toon
- tone, voice
- verscheidene
- several
- oudbakken
- stale
- toen
- then
- toon
- in a stern tone (op strenge toon)
- omdat
- because
- bij
- with
- 288
How is it that you are bringing me stale bread again now?”
Hoehowkomtcomeshetit; thedatthat; that (conjunction)jeyou; yourmemenunow, at presentweeragainoudbakkenstalebrengt?”brings - 289
Thompson answers in a dignified and respectful tone: “Truly, sir, I no longer know how I am to manage it.
ThompsonThompsonantwoordtanswersopon, upondeftigedignifiedenandeerbiedigerespectfultoon:tone, voice“Waarlijk,trulymijnheer,sir!; Mr. (as a title before a name)ikIweetknownietnotmeermorehoehowikI'titaanleggento managemoet.must - 290
The stale bread surely cannot be thrown away, can it?”
Hetit; theoudbakkenstalebroodbreadkancantochnot... after allnietnot... after allweggeworpento throw awayworden,become, are (passive)wel?”but - 291
“Certainly not, but it seems to me that the servants could well eat it.”
“Zekersurely, certainlyniet,notmaarbutmeme thinksdunktme thinksdatthat; that (conjunction)dethebediendenthe servant, the servantsdatthat; that (conjunction)welbutkondencouldeten.”eat; food - 292
“We eat only fresh bread in the kitchen,” Thompson answered.
“Wijweeteneat; foodalleenonlyversnewbroodbreadinindethekeuken,”kitchenantwoorddeansweredThompson.Thompson
- keuken
- kitchen
- vers
- new
- Waarlijk
- truly
- Zeker
- certainly
- weer
- again
- Hoe
- how
- wel
- well
- maar
- but
- alleen
- only
- aanleggen
- to manage
- dunkt
- me thinks (mij dunkt)
Lesson 12: conversation
- 293
Who is sitting at the table?
Wiewhozitto sitaanon, at, totafel?table - 294
What does the master say in a stern tone to his servant?
Watwhatzegtto saydethemeestermasteropin a stern tonestrengein a stern tonetoonin a stern tonetegenagainst; tozijnhis; to beknecht?servant - 295
What does he want to know? How it is, that . . . .
Watwhatwilto want, to wishhijheweten?to knowHoehowhetit; thekomt,to comedatthat; that (conjunction).... - 296
How, and what, does Thompson answer?
Hoehowenandwatwhatantwoordtto answerThompson?Thompson - 297
A rich Englishman is sitting at the table.
EenarijkerichEngelsmanEngelsmanzitto sitaanon, at, totafel.table - 298
He says: “Thompson, I have scolded you several times because you bring me stale bread for my dinner.”
Hijhezegt:says“Thompson,ThompsonikIhebhavejeyou; yourverscheideneseveralmalentimesbeknord,scoldedomdatbecausejeyou; yourmemeoudbakkenstalebroodbreadbijwithmijnmymiddagetendinnerbrengt.”brings - 299
He wants to know why Thompson keeps bringing him stale bread again and again.
Hijhewilto want, to wishwetento knowhoehowhetit; thekomtto comedatthat; that (conjunction)ThompsonThompsonhemhimsteedsalwaysweeragainoudbakkenstalebroodbreadbrengt.brings - 300
Thompson answers in a dignified and respectful tone that he no longer knows how to manage it.
ThompsonThompsonantwoordtto answeropon, upondeftigedignifiedenandeerbiedigerespectfultoontone, voicedatthat; that (conjunction)hijhenietnotmeermoreweetto knowhoehowhijhehetit; themoetto have to, mustaanleggen.to manage
- 301
What cannot be thrown away?
Watwhatkanto be able (can)nietnotweggeworpento throw awayworden?to become, to get - 302
What did the master suggest to Thompson?
Watwhatmeendeto think, to believedethemeestermastervanof, fromThompson?Thompson - 303
What did the last one answer?
Watwhatantwoorddeto answerdethelaatstelast(thethelatter)?latter - 304
The stale bread cannot be thrown away.
Hetit; theoudbakkenstalebroodbreadkanto be able (can)nietnotweggeworpento throw awayworden.to become, to get - 305
He suggested that the servants could well eat the stale bread.
Hijhemeendeto think, to believedatthat; that (conjunction)dethebediendenthe servant, the servantshetit; theoudbakkenstalebroodbreadwelbutkondento be able (can)eten.to eat - 306
Thompson answered that in the kitchen they ate only fresh bread.
ThompsonThompsonantwoorddeto answerdatthat; that (conjunction)zijshe; theyinindethekeukenkitchenalleenonlyversnewbroodbreadaten.ate
Lesson 12: exercise 24
Lesson 12: exercise 25
- 319
The death of the old woman.
Dethedooddeathvanof, fromdetheoudeoldvrouw.a woman, a lady - 320
No sleeping dogs.
Geenno, not aslapendesleephonden.the dog, dogs - 321
The bill of the sly host.
Detherekeningthe billvanof, fromdetheslimmeslyherbergier.innkeeper, host - 322
One single egg.
Eenaenkelsingleei.egg, eggs - 323
In a large village-inn.
Inineenagrotebig, greatdorpsherberg.a country inn - 324
Eggs are scarce.
Eierenegg, eggszijnto be (irregular)schaars.scarce - 325
During (Gedurende) the whole day and the whole night.
Gedurendeduringdethehelewholedagdayenanddethehelewholenacht.night
- 326
The treasure of the unhappy miser.
Detheschattreasurevanof, fromdetheongelukkigeunhappygierigaard.miser - 327
A miserable stone.
Eenaellendigewretchedsteen.stone - 328
You would not have your great treasure.
Uyou (polite)zoushould, woulduwyour (polite)grotebig, greatschattreasurenietnothebben.to have, to have had - 329
The miser was poor.
Dethevrekmiserwasto be (irregular)arm.poor, poorer - 330
The servants of a young and very proud nobleman.
Dethebediendenthe servant, the servantsvanof, fromeenajongeyoungenandzeerverytrotsehaughtyedelman.nobleman - 331
They spoke about (over) the friendly offer.
Zijshe; theysprakenspokeoveracross, overhetit; thevriendelijkefriendly, kindaanbod.the offer - 332
The study of a learned man.
Dethestudeerkamerstudyofor; whetherhetit; thestudeervertrekstudyvanof, fromeenageleerde,a learned manofor; whethervanof, fromeenageleerdlearnedman.man; husband
- 333
The learned man wrote large books.
Dethegeleerdea learned manschreefto writegrotebig, greatboeken.books - 334
The dog swam across the large river.
Dethehondthe dog, dogszwomto swimoveracross, overdethegrotebig, greatrivier.river - 335
How great was his astonishment!
Hoehowgrootgreatwasto be (irregular)zijnhis; to beverbazing!astonishment - 336
We go to (naar) a distant quarter.
Wijwegaanto gonaarto, towardseenaverwijderderemovestadswijk.quarter - 337
The physician of an English ship.
Dethedokterphysician, doctorvanof, fromeenaEngelsEnglishschip.ship, ships - 338
He was drowned in his own medicine-chest.
Hijheverdronkto drown, to be drownedininzijnhis; to beeigenownmedicijnkist.medicine chest - 339
He communicated it to the man.
Hijhedeeldeto communicate, to pass onhetit; theaanon, at, todethemanman; husbandmee.along, with
- 340
He lived in everlasting fear.
Hijheleefdelivedinineeuwigdurendeeverlastingvrees.fear - 341
That boy was (a) witness.
Diewho (relative)jongenboywasto be (irregular)getuige.witness - 342
Those boys were witnesses of the quarrel.
Diewho (relative)jongensboyswarento be (irregular)getuigenwitnessesvanof, fromdethetwist.quarrel, dispute - 343
He placed himself between the quarrelling (boys).
Hijheplaatsteto put, to placezichoneself, himself, themselvestussenbetweendethetwistenden.quarrelling boys - 344
The little boys saw the nut.
Dethekleinesmalljongensboyszagento seedethenoot.a nut - 345
In his great wisdom.
Ininzijnhis; to behogehighwijsheid.wisdom - 346
The stale bread.
Hetit; theoudbakkenstalebrood.bread
- 347
The stolen meat.
Hetit; thegestolento stealvlees.meat - 348
At the right side.
Aanon, at, todetherechterzijde.the right side - 349
With the left hand and foot.
Metwithdethelinkerhandthe left handenandlinkervoet.left foot - 350
Much good.
Veelmuchgoeds.good - 351
Nothing new.
Nietsnothingnieuws.new - 352
He saw it with his right eye.
Hijhezagto seehetit; themetwithzijnhis; to berechteroog.right eye - 353
Nurenberg toys (speelgoed).
NeurenbergerNeurenbergerspeelgoed.toys
Lesson 13: Degrees of comparison: § 216 (and 3 more)
Three degrees of comparison
An adjective can show how much of a quality a thing has. Dutch does this in three steps, called degrees.
The positive is the plain word: groot, big. The comparative says more: groter, bigger. The superlative says most: grootst, biggest.
Dutch names them de stellende trap, de vergrotende trap and de overtreffende trap.
The comparative ending
The comparative adds er to the positive. Groot becomes groter. Hoog becomes hoger.
A positive that ends in e adds only r: blode, bloder. A positive that ends in r takes a d before the ending. Ver becomes verder. Zwaar becomes zwaarder.
Dan means than. Dit huis is hoger dan dat huis.
The superlative ending
The superlative adds st to the positive. Groot becomes grootst. Hoog becomes hoogst.
A positive that ends in e drops the e: blode, bloodst. A positive that ends in s adds only t. Wijs becomes wijst. Fris becomes frist.
Meer and meest before the adjective
Some forms sound better with a separate word in place of the ending. Meer means more. Meest means most.
Dutch always does this in the superlative when the positive ends in st. Vast becomes meest vast. Juist becomes meest juist.
Dit antwoord is het meest juist.
- 354
Groot is the positive, groter the comparative and grootst the superlative.
Grootgreatisto be (irregular)dethestellendeputtingtrap,stairsgrotergreatdethevergrotendecomparativetrapstairsenandgrootstgreatestdetheovertreffendesurpassedtrap.stairs - 355
This house is higher than that house.
Ditthishuishouseisto be (irregular)hogerhigh; (of age) great, olddanthendatthat; that (conjunction)huis.house - 356
The journey was farther than we thought.
Dethereisjourneywasto be (irregular)verderfurtherdanthenwijwedachten.thought
Degrees of comparison: § 216
There are three degrees of comparison: the Positive (de stellende trap), the Comparative (de vergrotende trap), and the Superlative (de overtreffende trap).Forming the comparative: § 217
The Comparative is formed by adding (e)r to the Positive: groot - groter, hoog - hoger, blij - blijer, blode - bloder. If the Positive ends in r, the letter d is inserted: ver - verder, zwaar heavy - zwaarder. For the doubling and simplification of consonants and vowels in this process, see Book I.Forming the superlative: § 218
The Superlative is formed by adding st to the Positive: groot - grootst, hoog - hoogst. If the Positive ends in e, this letter is dropped: blij - blijst, blode - bloodst. If the Positive ends in s, t only is added: wijs wise - wijst, fris - frist.Meer and meest for euphony: § 219
For the sake of euphony the Comparative and Superlative are often expressed with meer more and meest most. This is always done in the Superlative if the Positive ends in st: vast firm - meest vast, juist exact - meest juist.Superlatives formed from adverbs: § 220
Some Superlatives are formed from Adverbs but are used as Adjectives: achterst (achter) hindermost, benedenst (beneden) lowest, binnenst (binnen) inmost, bovenst (boven) uppermost, buitenst (buiten) outmost, onderst (onder) undermost, voorst (voor) foremost.Irregular comparison: goed, veel, weinig, kwaad: § 221
The Positives goed, veel, weinig have adverbial forms in the Comparative and Superlative: goed, beter, best = good, better, best; veel, meer, meest = much (many), more, most; weinig, minder, minst = little, less, least. Note. Kwaad = bad, ill: erger, ergst (from erg); kwaad = angry: kwader, kwaadst.Absolute adjectives used figuratively: § 222
Some Adjectives with an absolute meaning are sometimes used in the Superlative in a figurative sense: de volmaaktste rust the most complete rest, het volste glas the fullest glass.Participles compared: § 223
Participles admit of degrees of comparison if they have become real Adjectives, with the accent on the root of the verb: een welsprekender man a more eloquent man, de welsprekendste man the most eloquent man; also uitstekend excellent, innemend charming, ingenomen pleased at. The participles uitstekend, innemend, ingenomen do not admit of degrees of comparison.English comparative, Dutch superlative: § 224
In English the Comparative is often used where Dutch requires the Superlative: de jongste van de twee broers the younger of the two brothers; compare Scipio de Jongere.Comparative expressing contrast only: § 225
Sometimes the Comparative expresses a contrast only: hoger onderwijs en lager onderwijs academic and primary instruction, het Lagerhuis en het Hogerhuis the House of Commons and the House of Lords.Strengthening the superlative with aller-: § 226
The Superlative is often strengthened by aller: aardig nice - aardigst, alleraardigst very nice; lief lovely - liefst, allerliefst most lovely; treurig sad - treurigst, allertreurigst most sad; belangrijk important - belangrijkst, allerbelangrijkst of the utmost importance.Compound words: § 227
If the Positive is a compound word the endings are added to the last part: bouwvallig decayed - bouwvalliger, bouwvalligst; vrijmoedig bold, free - vrijmoediger, vrijmoedigst; weldadig charitable - weldadiger, weldadigst.Goedkoop, and beterkoop/bestkoop: § 228
The degrees of goedkoop cheap are: goedkoper, goedkoopst. Written Dutch of the nineteenth century, Multatuli among the rest, also uses beterkoop and bestkoop as adjectives, though they are properly the comparative and superlative of the adverb goedkoop.Four notes on comparison: § 229
Note: 1. Hij is zo groot als ik = he is as tall as I; hij is niet zo groot als ik = he is not so tall as I. 2. Hij is groter dan ik = he is taller than I; hij is minder groot dan ik = he is less tall than I. 3. Hij is eerder vlug dan vlijtig = he is sharp rather than industrious. 4. Zij zijn hoogst gelukkig = they are most happy.The predicative superlative takes the article: § 230
Superlatives used predicatively are in Dutch preceded by the article: de mens is in zijn jeugd het gelukkigst man is happiest in his youth, de Schelde is hier het diepst the Scheldt is deepest here.Verbs of this lesson, with their principal parts
opgeven to declare ik geef op, ik gaf op, ik heb opgegeven
aandringen to insist ik dring aan, ik drong aan, ik heb aangedrongen- 357
Puget was the most famous sculptor of France.
PugetPugetwasto be (irregular)detheberoemdstecelebratedbeeldhouwersculptorvanof, fromFrankrijk.Frankrijk - 358
This is the freshest morning of the week.
Ditthisisto be (irregular)dethefrisstemore refreshingochtendmorningvanof, fromdetheweek.week - 359
This answer is the most exact.
Ditthisantwoordansweristo be (irregular)hetit; themeestmostjuist.exactly
Lesson 13: Superlatives formed from adverbs: § 220 (and 4 more)
Superlatives from words of place
Some adverbs of place have a superlative form. That form is used as an adjective.
Boven means above. Bovenst means uppermost. Achter means behind. Achterst means hindermost. Each form adds st to the adverb.
Hij woont op de bovenste verdieping. Zij zaten in de achterste rij.
Four words with their own forms
Three common words do not take er and st. Goed becomes beter and best. Veel becomes meer and meest. Weinig becomes minder and minst.
These forms work as adverbs. De koning betaalde de generaals beter dan de beeldhouwer.
Kwaad has two meanings and two sets of forms. Kwaad as bad or ill becomes erger and ergst. Kwaad as angry becomes kwader and kwaadst.
Superlatives of words that name a limit
Some adjectives have an absolute meaning. A full glass cannot be more full. Dutch still gives these words a superlative, in a figurative sense.
De volmaaktste rust means the most complete rest. Het volste glas means the fullest glass.
Participles that have become adjectives
Some participles have become real adjectives. These take the comparative and superlative.
The sign is the accent. It falls on the root of the verb. Een welsprekender man is a more eloquent man. De welsprekendste man is the most eloquent man.
Three participles do not take degrees: uitstekend, innemend and ingenomen.
The superlative for one of two
English uses the comparative to pick one of two: the younger of the two brothers.
Dutch uses the superlative here: de jongste van de twee broers.
- 360
He lives on the topmost floor.
Hijhewoontlivesopon, upondethebovenstetopmostverdieping.floor - 361
They sat in the back row.
Zijshe; theyzatento sitinindetheachterstebackrij.row - 362
The king paid the generals better than the sculptor.
Dethekoningking, kingsbetaaldeto paydethegeneraalsgeneralbeterbetterdanthendethebeeldhouwer.sculptor
- 363
There were fewer officers than generals.
Ertherewarento be (irregular)minderlessofficierenofficersdanthengeneraals.generals - 364
The king wished him the most complete rest.
Dethekoningking, kingswensteto wishhemhimdethevolmaaktsteperfectrustresttoe.to - 365
Puget was a more eloquent man than the minister.
PugetPugetwasto be (irregular)eenawelsprekendermore eloquentmanman; husbanddanthendetheminister.Minister - 366
Puget was the younger of the two sculptors.
PugetPugetwasto be (irregular)dethejongsteyoungestvanof, fromdethetweetwobeeldhouwers.sculptor
Lesson 13: Comparative expressing contrast only: § 225 (and 5 more)
A comparative that only contrasts
Sometimes a comparative sets two things apart and compares nothing. Hoger onderwijs is academic instruction. Lager onderwijs is primary instruction.
Het Lagerhuis and het Hogerhuis are the House of Commons and the House of Lords.
Aller before the superlative
Aller, joined to the front of a superlative, makes it stronger.
Aardigst becomes alleraardigst, very nice. Liefst becomes allerliefst, most lovely. Belangrijkst becomes allerbelangrijkst, of the utmost importance.
The ending on the last part
Some adjectives are made of two words joined into one. Bouwvallig is one example.
The comparative and superlative endings go on the last part. Bouwvallig becomes bouwvalliger and bouwvalligst.
Vrijmoedig becomes vrijmoediger and vrijmoedigst. Weldadig becomes weldadiger and weldadigst.
The degrees of goedkoop
Goedkoop means cheap. Its comparative is goedkoper. Its superlative is goedkoopst.
Written Dutch of the nineteenth century, Multatuli among the rest, also uses beterkoop and bestkoop as adjectives. Properly they are the comparative and superlative of the adverb goedkoop.
Equal, less and rather
Zo groot als ik means as tall as I. Niet zo groot als ik means not so tall as I. Als links two things that are equal.
Groter dan ik means taller than I. Minder groot dan ik means less tall than I. Dan links two things that differ.
Eerder vlug dan vlijtig means sharp rather than industrious. Hoogst gelukkig means most happy.
Het before a superlative after the verb
When a superlative comes after a verb such as is, without a noun, Dutch puts het before it.
De Schelde is hier het diepst means the Scheldt is deepest here. De mens is in zijn jeugd het gelukkigst means man is happiest in his youth.
English has no the here. Dutch keeps het.
- 367
He spoke about higher and primary education.
Hijhesprakto speakoveracross, overhogerhigh; (of age) great, oldenandlagerlower downonderwijs.instruction - 368
France had few sculptors as famous as Puget: he was the most famous of all.
FrankrijkFrancehadto have, to have hadmaarbutweiniglittle, fewbeeldhouwerssculptordiewho (relative)zoso, asberoemdcelebratedwarento be (irregular)alsifPuget:Pugethijhewasto be (irregular)allerberoemdst.most famous of all - 369
The miser's house was more dilapidated than ours.
Hetit; thehuishousevanof, fromdethegierigaardmiserwasto be (irregular)bouwvalligerramshackledanthenhetit; theonze.our
- 370
Puget's statues were not cheap.
Dethestandbeeldenstatuesvanof, fromPugetPugetwarento be (irregular)nietnotgoedkoop.cheap - 371
Puget was not as modest as the minister thought.
PugetPugetwasto be (irregular)nietnotzoso, asbescheidenhumblealsifdetheministerMinisterdacht.thought - 372
The king was richer than Puget.
Dethekoningking, kingswasto be (irregular)rijkerrich, richerdanthenPuget.Puget - 373
Puget was the most famous in France.
PugetPugetwasto be (irregular)ininFrankrijkFrankrijkhetit; theberoemdst.most famous
Lodewijk de Veertiende en Puget
- 374
Louis the Fourteenth and Puget
LodewijkLouisdetheVeertiendeVeertiendeenandPugetPuget - 375
The famous sculptor Puget once complained to the marquis de Louvois that he was not content with the price the king had paid him for his statues.
DetheberoemdecelebratedbeeldhouwersculptorPugetPugetbeklaagdecomplainedzichoneself, himself, themselveseensonce, one daybijwithdethemarkiesmarquisdetheLouvois,Louvoisdatthat; that (conjunction)hijhenietnottevredencontentedwasto be (irregular)metwithdetheprijs,pricediewho (relative)dethekoningking, kingshemhimvoorforzijnhis; to bestandbeeldenstatuesbetaaldto payhad.to have, to have had - 376
The minister spoke about it with the king; Louis the Fourteenth answered the minister: “Puget ought to explain himself more clearly and state precisely what he wants.”
DetheministerMinistersprakspokeertheremetwithdethekoningking, kingsover;across, overLodewijkLouisdetheVeertiendefourteenthantwoorddeanswereddetheminister:Minister“PugetPugetmoesthad tozichoneself, himself, themselvesookalso, likewiseduidelijkermore clearlyverklarento explainenandnauwkeurigexact(ly)opgevenenterwatwhathijhehebbenhavemoet.”must
- Veertiende
- Lewis the Fourteenth (Lodewijk de Veertiende)
- beeldhouwer
- sculptor
- markies
- marquis
- prijs
- price
- tevreden
- contented
- nauwkeurig
- exact(ly)
- met
- with
- zich
- to complain (zich beklagen)
- verklaren
- to explain; to explain oneself
- 377
Louvois urged the sculptor to state the exact price to him.
LouvoisLouvoisdrongto insistbijwithdethebeeldhouwersculptoraanon, at, tohemhimdethejuisteexactlyprijspriceopon, upontetogeven.to give - 378
Puget asked for a very considerable sum.
PugetPugetvroegto askeenazeerveryaanzienlijkedistinguishedsom.sum - 379
“But the king does not pay more than that to the generals of his armies,” the minister replied.
“Maarbutdethekoningking, kingsbetaaltpaysnietnotmeermoreaanon, at, todethegeneraalsgeneralsvanof, fromzijnhis; to belegers”,armyhernamreturneddetheminister.Minister - 380
“That may well be so,” answered Puget, “but the king knows very well that he can easily find capable generals among the many excellent officers he has among his troops; but there are not many Pugets in France.”
“Datthat; that (conjunction)kancanwelbutzoso, aswezen”,beantwoorddeansweredPuget,Puget“dethekoningking, kingsweetknowechterhoweverzeerverygoed,good, welldatthat; that (conjunction)hijhezeerverygemakkelijkeasy, easilybekwamecapablegeneraalsgeneralsvindenfindkancanonderamong a great number oftalamong a great number ofvanamong a great number ofuitmuntendeexcellentofficieren,officersdiewho (relative)hijhebijwithzijnhis; to betroepentroopsheeft;hasmaarbutertherezijnhis; to beininFrankrijkFrancenietnotvelemanyPugets.”Pugets
- som
- sum
- Frankrijk
- France
- gemakkelijk
- easy, easily
- zeer
- very
- van
- among a great number of (onder tal van)
Lesson 13: conversation
- 381
Who complained to the marquis de Louvois?
Wiewhobeklaagdecomplainedzichoneself, himself, themselvesbijwithdethemarkiesmarquisdetheLouvois?Louvois - 382
What did he complain about?
Waaroverabout whichbeklaagdecomplainedhijhezich?oneself, himself, themselves - 383
What did Louis the Fourteenth say to the minister, who had spoken to him about it?
Watwhatzeito sayLodewijkLodewijkXIVXIVtegenagainst; todetheminister,Ministerdiewho (relative)eroverabout itgesprokento speakhad?to have, to have had - 384
What did Louvois insist on?
Waaropon whichdrongto insistLouvoisLouvoisaan?on, at, to - 385
The famous sculptor Puget complained to the marquis de Louvois.
DetheberoemdecelebratedbeeldhouwersculptorPugetPugetbeklaagdecomplainedzichoneself, himself, themselvesbijwithdethemarkiesmarquisdetheLouvois.Louvois - 386
He complained that he was not content with the price the king had paid him for his statues.
Hijhebeklaagdecomplainedzichoneself, himself, themselveseroverabout itdatthat; that (conjunction)hijhenietnottevredencontentedwasto be (irregular)metwithdetheprijspricediewho (relative)dethekoningking, kingshemhimvoorforzijnhis; to bestandbeeldenstatuesbetaaldto payhad.to have, to have had - 387
He said to the minister: “Puget ought to explain himself more clearly and state precisely what he wants.”
Hijhezeisaidtegento (a person)detheminister:Minister“PugetPugetmoesthad tozichoneself, himself, themselvesookalso, likewiseduidelijkermore clearlyverklarento explainenandnauwkeurigexact(ly)opgevenenterwatwhathijhehebbenhavemoet.”must - 388
Louvois insisted that Puget state the exact price to him.
LouvoisLouvoisdrongto insisteropon itaanon, at, todatthat; that (conjunction)PugetPugethemhimdethejuisteexactlyprijspricezoushould, wouldopgeven.to declare
- 389
What did Puget ask?
Watwhatvroegto askPuget?Puget - 390
What did the minister reply?
Watwhathernamreturneddetheminister?Minister - 391
What was Puget's answer?
Hoehowluiddesounded(was)to be (irregular)hetit; theantwoordanswervanof, fromPuget?Puget - 392
Puget asked for a very considerable sum.
PugetPugetvroegto askeenazeerveryaanzienlijkedistinguishedsom.sum - 393
He replied: “But the king does not pay more than that to the generals of his armies.”
Hijhehernam:returned“Maarbutdethekoningking, kingsbetaaltpaysnietnotmeermoreaanon, at, todethegeneraalsgeneralsvanof, fromzijnhis; to belegers.”army - 394
Puget's answer was: “That may well be so; the king knows very well that he can easily find capable generals among the many excellent officers he has among his troops; but there are not many Pugets in France.”
Hetit; theantwoordanswervanof, fromPugetPugetluidde:sounded“Datthat; that (conjunction)kancanwelbutzoso, aswezen,bedethekoningking, kingsweetknowechterhoweverzeerverygoed,good, welldatthat; that (conjunction)hijhezeerverygemakkelijkeasy, easilybekwamecapablegeneraalsgeneralsvindenfindkancanonderamong a great number oftalamong a great number ofvanamong a great number ofuitmuntendeexcellentofficieren,officersdiewho (relative)hijhebijwithzijnhis; to betroepentroopsheeft;hasmaarbutertherezijnhis; to beininFrankrijkFrancenietnotvelemanyPugets.”Pugets
Lesson 13: exercise 26
- 395
poor
arm,poor, poorerarmer,poor, poorerarmstpoorest - 396
considerable
aanzienlijk,considerableaanzienlijker,more considerableaanzienlijkstmost considerable - 397
sad, grieved
bedroefd,sadbedroefder,sadderbedroefdstsaddest
- 398
beloved
bemind,lovedbeminder,more belovedbemindstmost beloved - 399
important
belangrijk,importantbelangrijker,importantbelangrijkstimportant - 400
dilapidated
bouwvallig,ramshacklebouwvalliger,more dilapidatedbouwvalligstramshackle
- 401
glad
blij,gladblijer,gladderblijstgladdest - 402
capable
bekwaam,capablebekwamer,more capablebekwaamstmost capable - 403
timid, shy
blode,timidbloder,more timidbloodstmost timid
- 404
clear
duidelijk,clear(ly)duidelijker,clear(ly)duidelijkstclearest - 405
wretched
ellendig,miserable, wretchedellendiger,miserable, wretchedellendigstmost wretched - 406
fresh
fris,more refreshingfrisser,fresherfristfreshest
- 407
good
goed,good, wellbeter,betterbestwell - 408
learned
geleerd,learnedgeleerder,more learnedgeleerdstmost learned - 409
easy
gemakkelijk,easy, easilygemakkelijker,easy, easilygemakkelijksteasiest - 410
high
hoog,high; (of age) great, oldhoger,high; (of age) great, oldhoogsthighest
- 411
handy
handig,deftlyhandiger,deftlyhandigsthandiest - 412
violent, intense
hevig,fierce, fiercelyheviger,more violenthevigstfierce, fiercely - 413
pleased
ingenomen,takeningenomener,more pleasedingenomenstmost pleased
- 414
young
jong,youngjonger,youngerjongstyoungest - 415
cool
koel,coolkoeler,coolerkoelstcoolest - 416
small
klein,smallkleiner,smallerkleinstsmall
- 417
dear, lovely
lief,dearliever,ratherliefstpreferably - 418
old
oud,oldouder,elderoudstoldest - 419
unhappy
ongelukkig,happy, unhappyongelukkiger,happy, unhappyongelukkigsthappy, unhappy
- 420
unwell, indisposed
ongesteld,unwellongestelder,more unwellongesteldstmost unwell - 421
proud
trots,haughtytrotser,trotsertrotstproudest - 422
sad
treurig,mournfullytreuriger,sorrowfultreurigstsaddest
- 423
contented
tevreden,contentedtevredener,more contentedtevredenstmost contented - 424
outstanding
uitstekend,eminentuitstekender,more outstandinguitstekendstmost outstanding - 425
diligent
vlijtig,diligentvlijtiger,more diligentvlijtigstmost diligent
- 426
satisfied
vergenoegd,contentedvergenoegder,more satisfiedvergenoegdstmost satisfied - 427
much, many
veel,muchmeer,moremeestmost - 428
friendly
vriendelijk,friendly, kindvriendelijker,friendly, kindvriendelijkstfriendliest
Lesson 13: exercise 27
- 435
His sister is a tall and beautiful lady.
Zijnhis; to bezustersisteristo be (irregular)eenagrotebig, greatenandmooiebeautifuldame.lady - 436
Tell was no bad sportsman.
TellTellwasto be (irregular)geenno, not aslechtebadjager.hunter - 437
The king is a good father.
Dethekoningking, kingsisto be (irregular)eenagoedethe good fathervader.the good father - 438
We go to London with the Flushing (Vlissingen - Vlissinger) boat.
Wijwegaanto gonaarto, towardsLondenLondenmetwithdetheVlissingseFlushingboot.boat
- 439
Do you go with the Amsterdam boat?
Gaatgoesuyou (polite)metwithdetheAmsterdamseAmsterdamboot?boat - 440
My most beloved friend goes with me.
Mijnmymeestmostgeliefdebelovedvriendfriendgaatto gometwithmijmemee.along, with - 441
In the wood we enjoyed the greatest rest.
Ininhetit; thebosbunchgenotenenjoyedwijwedethevolmaaktsteperfectrust.rest - 442
The upper part of the house is decayed.
Hetit; thebovengedeelteupper partvanof, fromhetit; thehuishouseisto be (irregular)bouwvallig.ramshackle - 443
The younger of these two boys is ill (ziek).
Dethejongsteyoungestvanof, fromdezethe latter (the most recently mentioned)tweetwojongensboysisto be (irregular)ziek.ill
- 444
This fact (feit) is of the utmost importance.
Ditthisfeitdeedisto be (irregular)allerbelangrijkst.of the utmost importance - 445
He goes with a Rotterdam boat to New-York.
Hijhegaatto gometwitheenaRotterdamseRotterdambootboatnaarto, towardsNewNewYork.York - 446
We have seen the House of Commons and the House of Lords.
Wijwehebbento have, to have hadhetit; theLagerhuisLagerhuisenandhetit; theHogerhuisHogerhuisgezien.to see
- 447
That village is most lovely.
Datthat; that (conjunction)dorpvillageisto be (irregular)zeerverymooi.beautiful - 448
Are you as tall as your brother?
Bentareuyou (polite)zoso, asgrootgreatalsifuwyour (polite)broer?brother - 449
No, I am much taller than he.
Nee,noikIbento be (irregular)veelmuchgrotergreatdanthenhij.he - 450
That man is more clever than learned.
Diewho (relative)manman; husbandisto be (irregular)meermorehandigdeftlydanthengeleerd.learned - 451
Schoolbooks (Schoolboeken) are cheaper than novels (romans).
Schoolboekenschoolbookszijnto be (irregular)goedkopercheaperdanthenromans.novels - 452
This room is extremely large.
Dezethe latter (the most recently mentioned)kamerroomisto be (irregular)buitengewoonuncommonlygroot.great
- 453
Where is the (river) Thames (Theems) broadest?
Waarwhere; trueisto be (irregular)detheTheemsTheemshetit; thebreedst?broad - 454
The miser was less happy than rich.
Dethevrekmiserwasto be (irregular)minderlessgelukkighappy, unhappydanthenrijk.rich, richer - 455
Be contented and you will be happier than the richest (man).
Weesbe (imperative)tevredencontentedenanduyou (polite)zultshall, willgelukkigerhappierdanthendetherijksterich, richerzijn.to be (irregular)
The particulars
- The course
- Valette, Dutch Conversation-Grammar (1913) and its Key (1893); Defense Language Institute, Dutch Refresher Course, Books I to III (1961). Public domain. The teaching pages, the readings' English, the answers to the conversations and the narration are ours.
- Reading aloud
- Digital narration, directed by 1732 Studios.
- The book
- Max Havelaar, the work this course leads to, free to read here.
- Data
- JSON · Markdown · A guide for agents