Swedish · The Wonderful Adventures of Nils
Pojken
The Boy
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- 1
Once upon a time there was a boy.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of gångvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to gångenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of gånggångoncegång · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phraseenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of pojkepojkeboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of gång He was about fourteen years old, tall and gangly and flaxen-haired.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of varvarwasvara · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencesåaboutså · adverbmodifies vardärtheredär · adverbmodifies gammalenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of fjortonfjortonfourteenfjorton · numeral, nominativequantifies åråryearsår · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraloblique complement of gammalgammaloldgammal · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularadverbial clause on varlångtalllång · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with gammalochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationrangligganglyranglig · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with långochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationlinhårigflaxen-hairedlinhårig · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with gammalHe was not good for much: what he wanted most of all was to sleep and eat, and after that he liked to get up to mischief.
Intenotinte · particlemodifies stortstortmuchstor · adverbmodifies dugdeAdverbial use of stor ('big'); e.g. 'inte stort' = 'not much'.
dugdegood fordugd · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phrasehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of dugdetillfortill · prepositionpreposition marking lusthanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hadehadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to dugdemestmost of allmycket · adverbmodifies hadeavofav · prepositionpreposition marking lustalltallall · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of lustlustdesirelust · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of hadeatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of sovainfinitive marker before a verb.
sovasleepsova · verb, active, infinitiveclause modifying lustochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationätaeatäta · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with sovaochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdärnästafter thatdärnäs · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraloblique complement of tycktetycktethoughttycka · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with hadehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of tyckteomlikedom · prepositionintroduces the clause of ställaatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of ställainfinitive marker before a verb.
ställato get up toställa · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on tycktetillup totill · prepositionpreposition marking odygdodygdmischiefodygd · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of ställa- 2
Now it was a Sunday morning, and the boy's parents were getting themselves ready to go to church.
Nunownu · adverbmodifies varvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to söndagsmorgondetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of varenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of söndagsmorgonsöndagsmorgonSunday morningsöndagsmorgon · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phraseochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationpojkensboy'spojk · noun, genitive, common gender, singularpossessor of föräldrarföräldrarparentsförälder · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of höllohöllowere gettinghålloa · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with söndagsmorgonSurface 'höllo' is past plural of 'hålla' (to hold/keep); lemma is a spelling artifact.
pågettingpå · prepositionintroduces the clause of göraatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of görainfinitive marker before a verb.
göragetgöra · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on höllosigthemselvessig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of göraireadyi · prepositionmodifies göraordningreadyordning · noun, nominative, common gender, singularpart of the phrase iförin orderför · prepositionintroduces the clause of gåatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of gåinfinitive marker before a verb.
gågogå · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on göraitoi · prepositionpreposition marking kyrkankyrkanchurchkyrka · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of gå The boy himself sat in his shirtsleeves on the edge of the table, thinking how lucky it was that both father and mother were going off, so that he'd get to do as he pleased for a couple of hours.
Pojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sattsjälvhimselfsjälv · adjective, nominative, common gender, singulardepends on Pojkensattsatsitta · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceiini · prepositionpreposition marking skjortärmarnaskjortärmarnahis shirtsleevesskjortärmarna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of sattpåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking bordskantenbordskantentable edgebordskant · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of sattochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationtänktethoughttänka · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with sattpåaboutpå · prepositionintroduces the clause of lyckligthurhowhur · adverbmodifies lyckligtlyckligtluckylycklig · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularadverbial clause on tänktedetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularpart of the phrase lyckligtvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to lyckligtattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of gingobådebothbåde · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfarfatherfar · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of gingoochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationmormothermor · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with fargingowentgingo · verb, active, infinitivedepends on lyckligtOld plural past tense of 'gå' (to go/walk); mistagged as an infinitive.
sinawaysig · pronoun, common gender, singularpossessor of vägvägwayväg · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of gingosåsoså · adverbintroduces the clause of råattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionpart of the phrase såhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of råskullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of råfåget tofå · auxiliary verb, active, infinitiveauxiliary of rårådo as he pleasedrå · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on sattsighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of råsjälvhimselfsjälv · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularclause modifying sigunderforunder · prepositionpreposition marking timmarettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of parparcouplepar · noun, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies timmartimmarhourstimme · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of rå"Now I can take down father's gun and fire off a shot, without anyone needing to interfere," he said to himself.
Nunownu · adverbmodifies takancankunna · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of tajagIjag · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of tadåthendå · adverbmodifies tatato taketa · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencenerdownner · adverbdepends on tafarsfather'sfar · pronoun, neuter, singularpossessor of bössabössagunbössa · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of taochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationskjutafireskjuta · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with taavoffav · prepositiondepends on skjutaettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of skottskottshotskott · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of skjutautanwithoututan · prepositionintroduces the clause of läggaattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of lägganågonanyonenågon · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of läggabehöverneedbehöva · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of läggaläggato lay/putlägga · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with tasigthemselvessig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of läggaiinterferei · prepositionpreposition marking detdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularoblique complement of läggasadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to tahanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sadeförtoför · prepositionpreposition marking sigsighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativeoblique complement of sadesjälvhimselfsjälv · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularclause modifying sig- 3
But it was almost as if father had guessed the boy's thoughts, for just as he stood on the threshold, ready to leave, he stopped and turned toward him.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of stodvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to stodnästanalmostnästan · adverbmodifies stodsomas ifsom · pronounsubject of gissatThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
omifom · prepositionintroduces the clause of gissatfarfatherfar · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of gissatskullehadskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of gissathahaveha · auxiliary verb, active, infinitiveauxiliary of gissatgissatguessedgissa · verb, active, supinedepends on nästansighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of gissattillattill · prepositionpreposition marking tankarpojkensboy'spojk · noun, genitive, common gender, singularpossessor of tankartankarthoughtstanka · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of gissatförforför · prepositionpreposition marking somjustjustjust · adverbmodifies somsomassom · pronounoblique complement of stodThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of stodstodstoodstå · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencepåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking tröskelntröskelnthresholdtröskel · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of stodochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to färdigfärdigreadyfärdig · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with stodatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of gåinfinitive marker before a verb.
gågogå · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on färdigstannadestoppedstanna · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with stodhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of stannadeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationvändeturnedvändea · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with stannadesighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of vändemottowardmot · prepositionpreposition marking honomhonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularoblique complement of vände "Since you don't want to go to church with mother and me," he said, "I think you can at least read the sermon at home.
Eftersomsinceeftersom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of gåduyoudu · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of gåintenotinte · particlemodifies gåvillwant tovilja · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of gågågogå · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on sadeitoi · prepositionpreposition marking kyrkankyrkanchurchkyrka · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of gåmedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking mormormothermor · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of gåochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationmigmejag · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularcoordinated with morsadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activedepends on tyckerhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sadesåthenså · adverbadverbial clause on tyckertyckerthinktycka · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencejagIjag · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of tyckerattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of läsaduyoudu · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of läsaåtminstoneat leaståtminstone · adverbmodifies läsakancankunna · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of läsaläsato readläsa · verb, active, infinitiveclausal complement of tyckerpredikansermonpredika · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of läsahemmaat homehemma · adverbmodifies läsaWill you promise me you'll do that?"
VillwillVill · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of lovaduyoudu · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of lovalovato promiselova · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentenceattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of görduyoudu · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of görgördoesgöra · verb, present, indicative, activeclausal complement of lovadetitden · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of gör- 4
"Yes," said the boy, "I suppose I can do that."
Jayesja · interjectiondepends on sadesadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencepojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sadedetitden · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of görakancankunna · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of görajagIjag · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of göravälsupposeväl · adverbmodifies göragöradogöra · verb, active, infinitiveparallel clause to sade And of course he thought that he wouldn't read any more of it than he felt like.
Ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of tänktetänktethoughttänka · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceförståsof courseförstås · adverbmodifies tänkteattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of läsaintenotinte · particlemodifies läsaskullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of läsahanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of läsaläsato readläsa · verb, active, infinitiveclausal complement of tänktemerany moremycket · adverbmodifies läsaänthanän · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of hadehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hadehadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on tänktelustdesirelust · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of hadetillliketill · prepositionpreposition marking hade- 5
The boy thought he had never seen mother in such a hurry.
Pojkenthe boypojken · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of tycktetycktethoughttycka · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of setthanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of settaldrigneveraldrig · adverbmodifies setthadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of settsettseense · verb, active, supineclausal complement of tycktemormothermor · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of settsåsuchså · adverbmodifies fortfärdigfortfärdigin a hurryfortfärdig · adverbadverbial clause on settArchaic adjective meaning hurried or eager.
In an instant she was over at the wall-shelf, took down Luther's postil, and laid it on the table by the window with the day's sermon open.
Iini · prepositionpreposition marking varettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of varnunownu · adverbmodifies varvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeoblique complement of toghonshehon · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of varbortaover atborta · adverbmodifies varvidatvid · prepositionpreposition marking vägghyllanvägghyllanthe wall shelfvägghyllan · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of vartogtookta · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencenerdownner · adverbdepends on togLuthersLuther'sLuther · proper noun, genitivepossessor of postillapostillapostilpostilla · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of togA postil is a book of sermons or biblical commentary.
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationladelaidla · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with tog"lade han märke till" is the fixed idiom lägga märke till ("to notice"), not literal "laid".
denitden · pronoun, common gender, singulardirect object of ladepåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking bordetbordettablebord · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of ladeframmearrived, at the destinationframme · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of ladeFramme consistently conveys 'arrived at / at one's destination' (voro framme vid berget = 'were already at the mountain'; voro framme vid ... Lungersudden = 'arrived at'), not a bare locative 'there'.
vidbyvid · prepositionpreposition marking fönstretfönstretwindowfönstr · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of ladeArchaic/dialectal spelling of fönster.
medwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking predikandagensday'sdag · noun, genitive, common gender, singularpossessor of predikanpredikanthe sermonpredikan · noun, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies uppslagenuppslagenopenuppslag · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies fönstretShe also opened the book of Gospels and laid it beside the postil.
Honshehon · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of slogslogopenedslå · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceLight verb whose sense shifts with its particle (slog upp/ihop/omkull/sig ner).
ocksåalsoockså · adverbmodifies sloguppupupp · adverbdepends on slogiini · prepositionpreposition marking evangeliebokenevangeliebokenthe Gospel bookevangeliebok · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of slogochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationladelaidla · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with slog"lade han märke till" is the fixed idiom lägga märke till ("to notice"), not literal "laid".
deniten · pronoun, common gender, singulardirect object of ladebredvidnearbybredvid · adverbmodifies ladepostillanthe postilpostillan · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of ladeA postil is a book of sermons or biblical commentary.
Last of all she pulled up to the table the big armchair that had been bought at the auction at the Vemmenhög parsonage the year before, and which otherwise no one but father was allowed to sit in.
Sistlastsist · adverbadverbial clause on drogdrogpulleddra · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehonshehon · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of drogframforwardfram · adverbmodifies drogtilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking bordetbordettablebord · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of framdenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of länstolenstorabigstor · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies länstolenweak/definite form (stora), used with a singular definite noun, e.g. den stora länstolen.
länstolenthe armchairlänstol · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of drogsomthatsom · pronounsubject of köptThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
blevbecamebli · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activepassive auxiliary of köptköptboughtköpt · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularrelative clause on länstolenpåatpå · prepositionpreposition marking auktionenauktionenthe auctionauktion · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of köptiati · prepositionpreposition marking prästgårdVemmenhögsVemmenhög'sVemmenhögs · proper noun, nominativepossessor of prästgårdprästgårdparsonageprästgård · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies auktionenförrapreviousförra · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies åretåretyearår · noun, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies auktionenochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdärtheredär · adverbmodifies annaneljestotherwiseeljest · adverbmodifies annaningennoingen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of annanannanotherannan · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with köptänthanän · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of sittafarfatherfar · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sittafickwas allowed tofå · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of sittasittato sitsitta · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on annan- 6
The boy sat thinking that mother was going to far too much trouble with all that laying-out, for he didn't intend to read more than a page or two.
Pojkenthe boypojken · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sattsattsatsitta · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationtänktethoughttänka · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with sattattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of gjordemormothermor · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of gjordegjordedidgöra · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on sattsigherselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of gjordealltförtooalltför · adverbmodifies mycketmycketmuchmycket · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies besvärbesvärtroublebesvär · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of gjordemedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking dendenaen · determiner, common gender, singularclause modifying besvärdärtheredär · adverbmodifies uppdukningenuppdukningenthe laying-outuppdukning · noun, nominative, common gender, singularin apposition to denförforför · prepositionintroduces the clause of ämnadehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of ämnadeämnadeintendedämna · verb, past, indicative, activemodifies läsaintenotinte · particlemodifies läsaläsato readläsa · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of sattmermoremycket · adverbmodifies enänthanän · subordinating conjunctionpart of the phrase merenoneen · numeral, nominative, common gender, singulardeterminer of sidaelleroreller · conjunctionlinks the coordinationannanotherannan · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with ensidapagesida · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of satt But now, for the second time, it was exactly as if father could see straight through him.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationnunownu · adverbmodifies gångenvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to gångendetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with gångenförforför · prepositionpreposition marking gångenandrasecondtvå · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies gångengångentimegång · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phrasealldelesquitealldeles · adverbmodifies såsåasså · adverbmodifies gångensomas ifsom · pronounsubject of seThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
omifom · prepositionintroduces the clause of sefarfatherfar · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of seskullecouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of sehahaveha · auxiliary verb, active, infinitiveauxiliary of sekunnatbeen able tokunna · auxiliary verb, active, supineauxiliary of seseseese · verb, active, infinitivedepends on gångentvärsigenomstraight throughtvärsigenom · adverbdepends on sehonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of seHe went up to the boy and said in a stern voice, "Now remember to read it properly!
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of gickgickwentgå · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceframforwardfram · adverbdepends on gicktilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking pojkenpojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of gickochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with gickmedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking strängsträngsternsträng · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies rösttagged as a noun but every occurrence is the adjective 'sträng' (stern/strict/severe).
röstvoiceröst · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of sadeKomcomeKom · verb, imperative, activemain verb of the sentencenunownu · adverbmodifies Komihågto mind (remember)ihåg · adverbdepends on Komonly occurs in the fixed phrase komma ihåg 'to remember'.
attthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of läserduyoudu · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of läserläserreadsläsa · verb, present, indicative, activeadverbial clause on Komordentligtproperlyordentlig · adverbmodifies läserFor when we come back, I'll test you on every single page, and if you've skipped any, it won't go well for you."
Förforför · prepositionintroduces the clause of kommernärwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of kommerviwevi · pronoun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of kommerkommercomeskomma · verb, present, indicative, activeadverbial clause on förhöratillbakabacktillbaka · adverbdepends on kommerskawillskola · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of förhörajagIjag · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of förhöraförhörato questionförhöra · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on gårdigyoudu · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of förhörapåatpå · prepositionpreposition marking sidavarendaevery singlevarenda · determiner, singulardeterminer of sidasidapagesida · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of förhöraochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationharhasha · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of hoppatduyoudu · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hoppatdåthendå · adverbmodifies hoppathoppatskippedhoppa · verb, active, supinecoordinated with förhöraöveroveröver · prepositionpreposition marking någonnågonanynågon · pronoun, common gender, singularoblique complement of hoppatsåthenså · adverbadverbial clause on gårgårgoesgå · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with gårintenotinte · particlemodifies gårvälwellväl · adverbmodifies gårförforför · prepositionpreposition marking digdigyoudu · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularoblique complement of går- 7
"The sermon is fourteen and a half pages," said mother, as if to make matters worse.
Predikanthe sermonpredikan · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of fjortonärisvara · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activecopula linking to fjortonfjortonfourteenfjorton · numeral, nominativehead of the phraseochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of sidahalvhalfhalv · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularpart of the phrase ensidapagesida · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with fjortonsadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to fjortonmormothermor · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sadeliksomas ifliksom · prepositionintroduces the clause of rågaförin orderför · prepositionintroduces the clause of rågaattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionpart of the phrase förrågato make worseråga · noun, nominative, common gender, singularadverbial clause on sademåttetmattersmått · noun, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies rågaThe parser conflates the definite noun måttet in råga måttet with the past-tense verb mått.
"You'd better sit down and start reading at once, if you're going to get through it."
Duyoudu · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sättafårhad betterfå · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of sättanogbetternog · adverbmodifies sättasättato set/putsätta · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencedigyoudu · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of sättaatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of läsainfinitive marker before a verb.
läsato readläsa · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of sättagenastat oncegenast · adverbmodifies läsaomifom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of hinnaduyoudu · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hinnaskawillskola · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of hinnahinnato have time tohinna · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on sättaigenomthroughigenom · prepositiondepends on hinnadenitden · pronoun, common gender, singulardirect object of hinna- 8
With that they finally left, and as the boy stood in the doorway watching them go, he felt he had been caught in a trap.
Därmedwith thatdärmed · adverbmodifies gingogingowentgingo · adjective, nominative, singularhead of the phrasePast plural of 'gå' (to go/walk); mistagged as an adjective. Lemma should be 'gå'.
detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of gingoäntligenfinallyäntligen · adverbmodifies gingoochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdåasdå · subordinating conjunctionmodifies stodpojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of stodstodstoodstå · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on tyckteiini · prepositionpreposition marking dörrendörrendoordörr · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of stodochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsågsawsåg · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with stodpast tense of se, 'to see.'
efterafterefter · prepositionpreposition marking demdemthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluraloblique complement of sågtycktethoughttycka · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to gingohanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of tyckteattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of blivithanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of blivithadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of blivitblivitbecomebli · auxiliary verb, active, supineclausal complement of tycktefångadcaughtfångad · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of blivitiini · prepositionpreposition marking fällaenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of fällafällatrapfälla · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on blivitThe first example ('blivit fångad i en fälla' = 'caught in a trap') uses the unrelated noun 'fälla' (a trap), not the infinitive of the verb fälla ('to fell'); the other three examples are genuinely the verb. Flagged contextDependent since the single default gloss 'to fell' misrenders that example.
"Now they're probably off congratulating themselves on having thought up such a fine scheme, that I have to sit hunched over the sermon the whole time they're gone," he thought.
Nunownu · adverbmodifies gårgårgoesgå · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of gårnogprobablynog · adverbmodifies gårochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationlyckönskarcongratulatelyckönska · verb, present, indicative, activecoordinated with gårsigthemselvessig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of lyckönskartillontill · prepositionintroduces the clause of hittatatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of hittatinfinitive marker before a verb.
hahaveha · auxiliary verb, active, infinitiveauxiliary of hittathittatthought uphitta · verb, active, supineadverbial clause on lyckönskarpåuppå · prepositiondepends on hittatdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularpart of the phrase påsåsuchså · adverbmodifies brabrawellbra · adjective, nominativemodifies hittatattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of sittajagIjag · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sittamåstemustmåste · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of sittasittato sitsitta · verb, active, infinitiveclausal complement of hittatochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhängato hanghänga · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with sittaöveroveröver · prepositionpreposition marking predikanpredikansermonpredika · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of hängahelawholehel · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies tidentidentimetid · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of sittasomwhilesom · pronoundirect object of ärThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of ärärisvara · verb, present, indicative, activeadverbial clause on gårbortagoneborta · adverbmodifies ärtänktethoughttänka · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to gårhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of tänkte- 9
But father and mother certainly were not off congratulating themselves on anything; instead they were quite troubled.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfarfatherfar · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of gingoochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationmormothermor · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with fargingowentgingo · adjective, nominative, pluralhead of the phrasePast plural of gå (to go); mistagged as an adjective.
visstcertainlyviss · adverbmodifies gingosurface visst here is the adverb 'certainly/surely', not the adjective viss 'certain'.
intenotinte · particlemodifies gingoochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationlyckönskadecongratulatedlyckönska · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with gingosigthemselvessig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of lyckönskadetillontill · prepositionpreposition marking någotnågotanythingnågon · pronoun, neuter, singularoblique complement of lyckönskadeutanbut ratherutan · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfollows a negated clause, contrasting it with what actually happened.
iinsteadi · prepositionintroduces the clause of bedrövadeställetplaceställe · noun, nominative, neuter, singularpart of the phrase ivorowerevoro · adjective, nominative, singularpart of the phrase iPast plural of vara (to be); mistagged as an adjective.
detheyen · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of bedrövadesurfaces are actually the plural pronoun de, not a form of en.
ganskaquiteganska · adverbmodifies bedrövadebedrövadesorrowfulbedrövad · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with gingo They were poor cottar folk, and their place was not much bigger than a garden patch.
Detheyen · determiner, pluralsubject of voroSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
vorowerevoro · adjective, nominative, pluralhead of the phrasearchaic plural past tense of vara ('to be'), used alongside var; a historical form, not a true adjective.
ettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of husmansfolkfattigtpoorfattig · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies husmansfolkhusmansfolkcottar folkhusmansfolk · noun, nominative, neuter, singularsubject of voroochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationderastheirde · pronounpossessor of ställepossessive form deras of the plural pronoun de.
ställeplaceställe · noun, nominative, neuter, singularsubject of störrevarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to störreintenotinte · particlemodifies störremycketmuchmycket · adverbmodifies störrestörrebiggerstor · adjective, nominative, comparativecoordinated with voroänthanän · prepositionintroduces the clause of trädgårdstäppaenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of trädgårdstäppaträdgårdstäppagarden patchträdgårdstäppa · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of störreWhen they first moved there, the place could support no more than one pig and a couple of hens, but they were unusually hardworking and capable people, and now they had both cows and geese.
Dåwhendå · adverbintroduces the clause of flyttadedetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of flyttadeförstfirstförst · adverbmodifies flyttadeflyttademovedflytta · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on födasdittheredit · adverbmodifies flyttadekundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of födasdärtheredär · adverbmodifies födasintenotinte · particlemodifies födasfödasbe supportedföda · verb, passive, infinitivemain verb of the sentencemermoremycket · adverbmodifies enänthanän · subordinating conjunctionpart of the phrase merenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of grisgrispiggris · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of passive födasochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of parparcouplepar · noun, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies hönshönshenshöns · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralcoordinated with grismenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdetheyde · determiner, pluraldeterminer of strävsammaThis type's own examples show 'de' used as the plain personal pronoun "they" (de voro ovanligt strävsamma = "they were unusually...") as often as the determiner "the" (de andra = "the others"); a fixed gloss of "the" mis-renders every pronoun occurrence.
vorowerevoro · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies strävsammaarchaic plural past tense of vara ('to be'), used alongside var; a historical form, not a true adjective.
ovanligtunusualovanlig · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies strävsammasträvsammahardworkingsträvsamma · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with grisochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationduktigacapableduktig · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies människormänniskorpeoplemänniska · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with strävsammaochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationnunownu · adverbmodifies hadehadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with grisdetheyen · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of hadesurfaces are actually the plural pronoun de, not a form of en.
bådebothbåde · conjunctionlinks the coordinationkorcowskor · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with deochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationgässgeesegäss · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with degäss is the plural of gås ('goose'), despite the singular tag.
They had gotten on tremendously well, and they would have walked to church content and cheerful on that fine morning, if they hadn't had their son to worry about.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of gåtthadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of gåttgåttgotten ongå · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentenceofantligtimmenselyofantlig · adverbmodifies framåtframåtforwardframåt · adverbmodifies gåttförforför · prepositionpreposition marking demdemthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluraloblique complement of gåttochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of vandratskullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of vandrathahaveha · auxiliary verb, active, infinitiveauxiliary of vandratvandratwanderedvandra · verb, active, supinecoordinated with gåttnöjdacontentnöjd · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies vandratochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationgladagladglad · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with nöjdatilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking kyrkankyrkanchurchkyrka · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of gladadenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of morgonenvackrabeautifulvacker · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies morgonenmorgonenmorningmorgon · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of vandratomifom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of haftdetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of haftintenotinte · particlemodifies hafthadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of hafthafthadha · verb, active, supineadverbial clause on vandratsonensonson · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of haftatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of tänkainfinitive marker before a verb.
tänkato thinktänka · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on haftpåaboutpå · prepositiondepends on tänkaFather complained that he was slow and lazy: he had refused to learn anything at school, and he was so useless that he could barely be trusted to herd the geese.
Farfatherfar · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of klagadeklagadecomplainedklaga · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceöverthatöver · prepositionintroduces the clause of trögattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of tröghanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of trögvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to trögtrögslowtrög · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularadverbial clause on klagadeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationlatlazylat · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with trögingentingnothingingenting · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of velathadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of velathanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of velatvelatwantedvela · verb, active, supineparallel clause to klagadelemma should be vilja 'to want'; velat is its supine form.
läralearnlära · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of velatiati · prepositionpreposition marking skolanskolanschoolskola · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of läraochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of odugligvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to odugligsåsoså · adverbmodifies odugligodugliguselessoduglig · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with velatattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of sättamanoneman · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sättanättbarelynätt · adverbmodifies sättaochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationjämntbarelyjämn · adverbcoordinated with nättkundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of sättasättato set/putsätta · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on oduglighonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of sättatilltotill · prepositionintroduces the clause of vallaattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of vallavallato herdvalla · verb, active, infinitivemodifies gässgässgeesegäss · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of sättamistagged as neuter singular; 'gäss' is the plural of 'gås' (goose).
And mother did not deny that this was true, but what troubled her most was that he was wild and unkind, hard on animals and spiteful toward people.
Ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationmormothermor · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of nekadenekadedeniedneka · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceintenotinte · particlemodifies nekadetillthattill · prepositionintroduces the clause of santattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of santdettathisdenna · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of santvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to santsanttruesant · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularadverbial clause on nekademenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhonshehon · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of bedrövadvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to bedrövadmestmostmycket · adverbmodifies bedrövadbedrövaddistressedbedrövad · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with nekadeöverthatöver · prepositionintroduces the clause of vildattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of vildhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of vildvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to vildvildwildvild · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularadverbial clause on bedrövadochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationelakwickedelak · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with vildhårdhardhård · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with vildmotonmot · prepositionpreposition marking djurdjuranimalsdjur · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraloblique complement of hårdochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationillvilligspitefulillvillig · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with djurmottowardmot · prepositionpreposition marking människormänniskorpeoplemänniska · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralmodifies djur"May God break his wickedness and give him a different nature!" said mother.
MåttemayMåtte · proper noun, nominativemodifies GudNot a name; the optative modal 'måtte' expressing a wish (may/might).
GudGodGud · proper noun, nominativesubject of brytabrytabreakbryta · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencehanshishan · pronounpossessor of ondskaondskawickednessondska · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of brytaochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationgeto givege · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with brytahonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularindirect object of geettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of sinnelagannatotherannan · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies sinnelagsinnelagnaturesinnelag · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of gesadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencemormothermor · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sade"Otherwise he'll become a misfortune, both to himself and to us."
Annarsotherwiseannars · adverbmodifies blirblirbecomesbli · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of blirtillintotill · prepositionpreposition marking olyckaenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of olyckaolyckamisfortuneolycka · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of blirförforför · prepositionpreposition marking sigbådebothbåde · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativemodifies olyckasjälvhimselfsjälv · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularclause modifying sigochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationossusvi · pronoun, accusative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with sig- 10
The boy stood for a long while wondering whether he should read the sermon or not.
Pojkenthe boypojken · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of stodstodstoodstå · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of stundlånglonglång · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies stundstundwhilestund · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of stodochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfunderadeponderedfundera · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with stodomifom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of läsahanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of läsaskulleshouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of läsaläsato readläsa · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on funderadepredikanthe sermonpredika · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of läsaelleroreller · conjunctionlinks the coordinationintenotinte · particlecoordinated with predikan But then he decided that this time it was best to be obedient.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsåthenså · adverbmodifies komkomcamekomma · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of komöverensin agreementöverens · adverbdepends on kommedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking sigsighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativeoblique complement of komsjälvhimselfsjälv · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularclause modifying sigattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of bästdenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of gångenhärherehär · adverbpart of the phrase dengångentimegång · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of bästvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to bästdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with bästbästbestbra · adjective, nominative, superlativemodifies komatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of lydiginfinitive marker before a verb.
varabevara · auxiliary verb, active, infinitivecopula linking to lydiglydigobedientlydig · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularclause modifying bästHe sat down in the parsonage armchair and began to read.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sattesattesat downsatte · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencepast tense of sätta; here reflexive satte sig 'sat down'.
sighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of satteiini · prepositionpreposition marking prästgårdslänstolenprästgårdslänstolenthe parsonage armchairprästgårdslänstol · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraloblique complement of satteochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationbörjadebeganbörja · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with satteläsato readläsa · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of börjadeBut after he had been mumbling the words half aloud for a while, it was as if that muttering had lulled him to sleep, and he noticed himself nodding off.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdåafterdå · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of hållithanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hållithadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of hållithållitbeenhålla · verb, active, supinedepends on varSurface "hållit" spans several idioms in this book: literal "held" (hållit trogen vakt = kept faithful watch), "hållit ut" (held out/endured), "hållit på" (had been -ing, continuous aspect), and "hållit sig" (stayed/remained). A single fixed gloss of "held" misrenders the hållit på / hållit sig examples.
påcontinuedpå · prepositionpreposition marking stundenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of stundstundwhilestund · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of hållitmedwithmed · prepositionintroduces the clause of rabblaatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of rabblainfinitive marker before a verb.
rabblarattle offrabbla · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on hållituppupupp · adverbdepends on rabblaordenthe wordsord · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies halvhögtSurface orden is the definite plural of ord, despite the singular tag.
halvhögthalf aloudhalvhögt · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of rabblasåthenså · adverbadverbial clause on varvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularmodifies varsomas ifsom · pronounintroduces the clause of haThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
omifom · subordinating conjunctionpreposition marking detdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularoblique complement of hadärtheredär · adverbmodifies hamumlandetmurmuringmumlande · noun, nominative, neuter, singularsubject of haskullehadskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of hahato haveha · verb, active, infinitiveclausal complement of varsövtlulled to sleepsövt · noun, nominative, neuter, singularpossessor of honomhonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of haochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of märktemärktenoticedmärka · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with varattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of nickadehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of nickadenickadenoddednicka · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on märktetillofftill · prepositiondepends on nickade- 11
Outside it was the loveliest spring weather.
Uteoutsideute · adverbmodifies vårvädervarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to vårväderdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singulardeterminer of vårväderallraveryallra · adverbmodifies vackraste"Most of all" only fits "allra ondast" (angriest of all); in "allra vackraste," "allra tunnaste," and "allra förskräckligaste" allra intensifies the following superlative and renders as "very" (the very loveliest/thinnest/worst).
vackrastemost beautifulvackr · adjective, nominative, superlativemodifies vårvädervårväderspring weathervårväder · noun, nominative, neuter, singularhead of the phrase The year had gotten no further than the twentieth of March, but the boy lived in Västra Vemmenhög parish, far down in southern Skåne, and there spring was already in full swing.
Åretthe yearÅret · noun, nominative, neuter, singularsubject of kommetvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to kommetintenotinte · particlemodifies kommetlängrefurtherlänge · adverbmodifies kommetkommetcomekomme · noun, nominative, neuter, singularhead of the phraseänthanän · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of marstilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking marsdenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of tjugondetjugondetwentiethtjugonde · adjective, nominativemodifies marsmarsMarchmars · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies kommetmenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationpojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of boddeboddelivedbodde · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with marsiini · prepositionmodifies boddeVästrawesternVästra · adjective, nominative, singularpart of the phrase iused only as part of the place name Västra Vemmenhög.
VemmenhögsVemmenhög'sVemmenhögs · proper noun, nominativepossessor of sockensockenparishsocke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of boddelångtfarlångt · adverbmodifies nereneredownnere · adverbmodifies boddeiini · prepositionpreposition marking Skånesödrasouthernsödra · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies SkåneSkåneSkåneSkåne · proper noun, nominativeoblique complement of nereochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdärtheredär · adverbmodifies varvarwasvara · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with marsvårenspringvår · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of varredanalreadyredan · adverbmodifies gångiini · prepositionpreposition marking gångfullfullfull · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies gånggångfull swinggång · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of varIt was not green yet, but it was fresh and budding.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with gröntvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to gröntintenotinte · particlemodifies gröntgröntgreengrön · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularhead of the phraseänthanän · subordinating conjunctionquantifies gröntmenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of frisktvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to frisktfrisktfreshfrisk · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with gröntochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationknoppandebuddingknoppande · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with frisktThere was water in every ditch, and the coltsfoot stood in bloom along the ditch banks.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with fannsfannsthere wasfinnas · verb, past, indicativemain verb of the sentenceexistential verb; fanns = 'there was/were, existed.'
vattenwatervatten · noun, nominative, neuter, singularsubject of fannsiini · prepositionpreposition marking dikenallaallall · determiner, pluraldeterminer of dikendikenditchesdik · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralmodifies vattenochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhästhovsörtenthe coltsfoothästhovsört · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of stodstodstoodstå · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with fannsiini · prepositionpreposition marking blomblombloomblom · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of stodpåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking dikeskantendikeskantenthe ditch bankdikeskant · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of stodAll the brushwood growing on the stone wall had turned brown and glossy.
Alltallall · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of krattetdetaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of krattetkrattetthe brushwoodkratte · noun, nominative, neuter, singularhead of the phrasesomthatsom · pronounsubject of växteThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
växtegrewväxa · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on krattetpåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking stengärdsgårdenstengärdsgårdenstone wallstengärdsgård · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of växtehadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of blivitblivitbecomebli · verb, active, supinecoordinated with krattetbruntbrownbrun · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularcomplement of blivitochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationblanktglossyblanka · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with bruntThe beech forest far off stood as if swelling, growing denser by the moment.
Bokskogenthe beech forestbokskog · adverbsubject of stodlångtfarlångt · adverbmodifies bortabortafar offborta · adverbmodifies stodstodstoodstå · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationliksomas ifliksom · adverbintroduces the clause of svälldesvälldeswelledsvällde · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on stodochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationblevbecamebli · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with svälldetätaredensertät · adjective, nominative, comparativecomplement of blevförwith everyför · prepositionpreposition marking ögonblickvarjeeveryvarje · determiner, singulardeterminer of ögonblickögonblickmomentögonblick · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of blevThe sky was high and purely blue.
Himmelenskyhimmel · proper noun, nominativesubject of högvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to höghögtallhög · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phraseochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationrentpurelyren · adverbmodifies blåblåblueblå · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with högThe cottage door stood ajar, so that the trilling of the larks could be heard inside the room.
Stugdörrencottage doorstugdörre · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of stodstodstoodstå · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencepåajarpå · prepositionpreposition marking gläntgläntajarglänt · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of stodused in the fixed phrase 'på glänt' (ajar).
såsoså · adverbintroduces the clause of hördesattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionpart of the phrase sådetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of passive hördeshördescould be heardhöra · verb, past, indicative, passiveadverbial clause on stodininin · adverbdepends on hördesiintoi · prepositionpreposition marking rummetrummetroomrumm · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of hördesOlder double-m spelling of modern rum.
hurhowhur · adverbmodifies drilladelärkornalarkslärka · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of drilladedrilladetrilleddrilla · verb, past, indicative, activedepends on hördesThe hens and geese walked about the yard, and the cows, who could feel the spring air even in their stalls, now and then let out a low.
Hönsenthe hensHönsen · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of gingoochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationgässengeesegässe · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with Hönsengässen is the plural definite of gås 'goose'; lemma is a normalized plural stem.
gingowentgingo · adjective, nominative, singularhead of the phrasePast plural of 'gå' (to go/walk); mistagged as an adjective. Lemma should be 'gå'.
påinpå · prepositionpreposition marking gårdengårdenyardgård · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of gingoochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationkornathe cowskorna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with gingosomwhosom · pronounsubject of kändeThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
kändefeltkäna · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on kornavårluftenthe spring airvårluften · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of kändeändaevenända · adverbmodifies inininin · adverbmodifies kändeiintoi · prepositionpreposition marking båsenbåsenthe stallsbås · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of ingåvogavegåvo · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralmodifies gingoHistorical plural past-tense form of ge/giva ("to give"), not a noun.
iblandnow and thenibland · adverbmodifies gåvotillouttill · prepositionpreposition marking råmandeettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of råmanderåmandea lowråmande · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of gåvo- 12
The boy read and nodded and fought against sleep.
Pojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phrasehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of lästelästereadläsa · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on Pojkenochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationnickadenoddednicka · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with lästeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationstredfoughtstred · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with lästemotagainstmot · prepositionpreposition marking sömnensömnensleepsömn · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of stred "No, I don't want to fall asleep," he thought, "because then I won't get through this all morning."
Nejnonej · interjectionhead of the phrasejagIjag · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of somnavillwant tovilja · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of somnaintenotinte · particlemodifies somnasomnato fall asleepsomna · verb, active, infinitiveparallel clause to Nejtänktethoughttänka · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to somnahanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of tänkteförbecauseför · prepositionintroduces the clause of hinnerdåthendå · adverbmodifies hinnerhinnerget through in timehinna · verb, present, indicative, activeadverbial clause on somnajagIjag · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hinnerintenotinte · particlemodifies hinnerigenomthroughigenom · adverbdepends on hinnerdetaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of förmiddagenhärherehär · adverbpart of the phrase detpåall morningpå · prepositionpreposition marking förmiddagenhelawholehel · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies förmiddagenförmiddagenmorningförmiddag · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of hinner- 13
But however it happened, he fell asleep.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhurhowhur · adverbmodifies vardetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of varvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on somnadesåthenså · adverbadverbial clause on somnadesomnadefell asleepsomna · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of somnade - 14
He didn't know whether he had slept a little or a long while, but he woke because he heard a faint noise behind him.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of visstevissteknewvisste · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceintenotinte · particlemodifies vissteomifom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of hadehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hadehadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of sovitsovitsleptsovit · verb, active, supineclausal complement of vissteliteta littleliten · adverbmodifies sovitthis type bundles the positive and comparative degree forms (litet, mindre) under one entry.
elleroreller · conjunctionlinks the coordinationlängea long whilelänge · adverbcoordinated with litetmenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of vaknadevaknadewoke upvakna · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with sovitvidbecausevid · prepositionintroduces the clause of hördeattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of hördehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hördehördeheardhöra · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on vaknadeettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of bullerlättfaintlätt · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies bullerch01-p14 'ett lätt buller' renders as 'a faint noise' in the translation, a distinct sense from weight/air-lightness or ease.
bullernoisebuller · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of hördebakombehindbakom · prepositionpreposition marking sigsighimsig · pronoun, accusativeoblique complement of hörde - 15
On the very windowsill right in front of the boy stood a small mirror, and in it almost the whole room could be seen.
Påonpå · prepositionpreposition marking fönsterbrädetsjälvaverysjälv · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies fönsterbrädetSurface "själva" is the plural/emphatic form of själv and can mean "themselves" or intensify "the very."
fönsterbrädetwindowsillfönsterbräd · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of rätträttrighträtt · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardepends on stodframförin front offramför · prepositionpreposition marking pojkenpojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of stodstodstoodstå · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of spegellitensmallliten · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies spegelspegelmirrorspegel · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of stodochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationiini · prepositionpreposition marking dendenitden · determiner, common gender, singularoblique complement of syntessyntescould be seensyntes · verb, past, indicativecoordinated with stodnästanalmostnästan · adverbmodifies helahelawholehel · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies rummetrummetroomrumm · noun, nominative, neuter, singularsubject of syntesOlder double-m spelling of modern rum.
Just as the boy now lifted his head, he happened to glance in the mirror, and then he saw that the lid of mother's chest had been thrown open.
Iati · prepositionpreposition marking detsammadetsammathe samedensamma · pronoun, neuter, singularoblique complement of råkadesomassom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of lyftenunownu · adverbmodifies lyftepojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of lyftelyfteliftedlyfa · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on detsammahuvudetheadhuvud · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of lyfteråkadehappened toråka · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of råkadetittato looktitta · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of råkadeiini · prepositionpreposition marking spegelnspegelnmirrorspegel · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of tittaochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdåthendå · adverbmodifies sågsågsawsåg · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with råkadepast tense of se, 'to see.'
hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sågattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of blivitlocketlidlock · noun, nominative, neuter, singularsubject of blivittilloftill · prepositionpreposition marking kistamorsmother'smor · noun, genitive, common gender, singularpossessor of kistakistachestkista · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies lockethadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of blivitblivitbecomebli · verb, active, supinedepends on såguppslagetthrown openuppslag · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of blivit- 16
The fact was, mother owned a big, heavy, iron-bound oak chest that no one but she herself was allowed to open.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of varvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencesåsoså · adverbmodifies varattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of ägdemormothermor · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of ägdeägdeownedägde · verb, past, indicative, activedepends on varenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of storstorbigstor · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies ficktungheavytung · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with storjärnbeslageniron-boundjärnbeslag · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of fickekkistaoak chestekkista · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies järnbeslagensomthatsom · pronounsubject of annanThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
ingennoingen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of annanannanotherannan · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularrelative clause on järnbeslagenänthanän · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of honhonshehon · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularclause modifying annansjälvherselfsjälv · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularclause modifying honfickwas allowedfå · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to varöppnaopenöppen · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of fick In it mother kept everything she had inherited from her own mother, and which she was especially careful of.
Därtheredär · adverbmodifies förvaradeförvaradekeptförvara · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencemormothermor · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of förvaradealltall/everythingallt · determiner, neuter, singularintroduces the clause of ärvtdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularpart of the phrase alltsomthatsom · pronoundirect object of ärvtThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
honshehon · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of ärvthadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of ärvtärvtinheritedärv · verb, active, supineadverbial clause on förvaradeefterfromefter · prepositionpreposition marking morsinher ownsig · pronoun, common gender, singularpossessor of mormormothermor · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of ärvtochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsomwhichsom · pronounoblique complement of räddThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
honshehon · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of räddvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to räddsärskiltespeciallysärskilt · adverbmodifies räddräddcarefulrädd · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with förvaradeomofom · prepositionpreposition marking somIn it lay a couple of old-fashioned peasant women's costumes of red cloth, with a short bodice and pleated skirt and a pearl-trimmed bib.
Därtheredär · adverbmodifies lågolågolaylågo · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phrasePast plural of 'ligga' (to lie); mistagged as a noun. Lemma should be 'ligga'.
ettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of parparcouplepar · noun, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies bondkvinnedräktergammaldagsold-fashionedgammaldags · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies bondkvinnedräkterbondkvinnedräkterpeasant women's costumesbondkvinnedräkt · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of lågoavofav · prepositionpreposition marking kläderöttredrött · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies klädeklädeclothkläde · noun, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies bondkvinnedräktermedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking livkortshortkort · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies livlivbodiceliv · noun, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies bondkvinnedräkterochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationveckadpleatedvecka · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies kjolkjolskirtkjol · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with livochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationpärlbesattpearl-studdedpärlbesätta · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies bröstsmäckbröstsmäckbibbröstsmäck · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralcoordinated with bondkvinnedräkterThere were starched white headcloths, and heavy silver buckles and chains.
Därtheredär · adverbmodifies funnosfunnosthere werefunnos · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralhead of the phrasethis is the archaic plural past tense of finnas ('to exist'), not a noun.
stärktastarchedstärkt · adjective, nominative, pluralclause modifying funnosvitawhitevit · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with stärktahuvudklutarheadclothshuvudklut · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralmodifies funnosochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationtungaheavytung · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies silversöljorsilversöljorsilver bucklessilversölja · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with huvudklutarochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationkedjorchainskedja · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with huvudklutarPeople no longer wanted to wear such things nowadays, and mother had more than once thought of getting rid of the old things, but then she hadn't had the heart to.
Folkpeoplefolk · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralsubject of gåvillewanted tovilja · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of gåintenotinte · particlemodifies gågågogå · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencemedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking sådantsådantsuch a thingsån · pronoun, neuter, singularoblique complement of gånunownu · adverbmodifies gåförnowadaysför · prepositionpreposition marking tidentidentimetid · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of gåochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationmormothermor · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hadehadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with gåfleraseveralflera · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies gångergångertimesgång · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of hadetänktthoughttänka · verb, active, supineadverbial clause on gåpåofpå · prepositionintroduces the clause of göraatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of görainfinitive marker before a verb.
göragetgöra · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on tänktsigherselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of göraavridav · prepositiondepends on göramedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking sakernadetheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of sakernaSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
gamlaoldgammal · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies sakernasakernathingssak · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of göramenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsåthenså · adverbadverbial clause on hafthadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of hafthonshehon · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of haftintenotinte · particlemodifies hafthafthadha · verb, active, supinecoordinated with tänkthjärtahearthjärta · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of hafttilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking detdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularoblique complement of haft- 17
Now the boy saw quite clearly in the mirror that the lid of the chest stood open.
Nunownu · adverbmodifies sågsågsawsåg · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencepast tense of se, 'to see.'
pojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sågiini · prepositionpreposition marking spegelnspegelnmirrorspegel · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of sågalldelesquitealldeles · adverbmodifies tydligttydligtcleartydlig · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies sågattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of stodlocketlidlock · noun, nominative, neuter, singularsubject of stodtilloftill · prepositionpreposition marking kistankistanchestkista · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies locketstodstoodstå · verb, past, indicative, activeclausal complement of sågöppetopenöppen · adverbdirect object of stodThis is the neuter adjective form 'öppet' used predicatively/adverbially.
He could not understand how this had happened, for mother had closed the chest before she left.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of förståkundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of förståintenotinte · particlemodifies förståförståunderstandförstå · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencehurhowhur · adverbmodifies gåttdettathisdenna · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of gåtthadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of gåttgåtthappenedgå · verb, active, supineclausal complement of förståtillabouttill · prepositiondepends on gåttförforför · prepositionpreposition marking mormormothermor · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of gåtthadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencestängtshut/closedstäng · verb, active, supinemodifies kistankistanchestkista · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of hadeinnanbeforeinnan · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of gickhonshehon · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of gickgickwentgå · verb, past, indicative, activeclause modifying kistanIt surely would not have happened that mother had left that chest open while he was home alone.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of häntskullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of häntnogsurelynog · adverbmodifies häntintenotinte · particlemodifies hänthahaveha · auxiliary verb, active, infinitiveauxiliary of hänthänthappenedhända · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentencemormothermor · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of häntattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of lämnathonshehon · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of lämnathadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of lämnatlämnatleftlämna · verb, active, supineadverbial clause on häntdenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of kistankistanchestkista · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of lämnatöppenopenöppen · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of lämnatnärwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of ensamhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of ensamvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to ensamensamaloneensam · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularadverbial clause on öppenhemmaat homehemma · adverbmodifies ensam- 18
He grew truly uneasy at heart.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of blevblevbecamebli · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceriktigttrulyriktig · adverbmodifies hemskhemskuneasyhemsk · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of blevtillat hearttill · prepositionpreposition marking modsmodsat heartmods · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of hemskUsed in the fixed expression till mods, describing one's state of mind.
He was afraid that a thief had crept into the cottage.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of räddvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to räddräddafraidrädd · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phraseförofför · prepositionintroduces the clause of smugitattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of smugitenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of tjuvtjuvthieftjuv · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of smugithadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of smugitsmugitcreptsmu · verb, active, supineadverbial clause on räddLemma is truncated; the word is 'smyga' (to creep/sneak).
sighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of smugitininin · adverbdepends on smugitiintoi · prepositionpreposition marking stuganstugancottagestuga · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of smugitHe didn't dare move, but sat still and stared into the mirror.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of vågadevågadedaredvåga · verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of röraintenotinte · particlemodifies röraröramoveröra · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencesighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of rörautanbut ratherutan · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfollows a negated clause, contrasting it with what actually happened.
sattputsätta · verb, active, supinecoordinated with rörastillastillstilla · adverbdepends on sattochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationstirradestaredstirra · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with sattReally the past tense of the verb stirra ('to stare'), mistagged here as an adjective.
iintoi · prepositionpreposition marking spegelnspegelnmirrorspegel · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of satt- 19
While he sat waiting for the thief to show himself, he began to wonder what kind of black shadow was falling over the edge of the chest.
Medanwhilemedan · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of satthanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sattsattsatsitta · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on börjadesålike thatså · adverbmodifies sattochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationväntadewaitingvänta · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with sattattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of visatjuventhieftjuv · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of visaskullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of visavisato showvisa · verb, active, infinitiveclausal complement of sattsighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of visabörjadebeganbörja · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of börjadeundrato wonderundra · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of börjadevadwhatvad · pronoun, neuter, singulardeterminer of skuggadetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of skuggavarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to skuggaförkind offör · prepositionpreposition marking skuggaenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of skuggasvartblacksvart · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies skuggaskuggashadowskugga · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardepends on föllsomthatsom · pronounsubject of föllThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
föllfellföll · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to börjadeöveroveröver · prepositionpreposition marking kistkantenkistkantenedge of the chestkistkant · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of föll He looked and looked and would not believe his eyes.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sågsågsawsåg · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencepast tense of se, 'to see.'
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsågsawsåg · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with sågpast tense of se, 'to see.'
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationvillewanted tovilja · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of trointenotinte · particlemodifies trotrobelievetro · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with sågsinahissig · pronoun, pluralpossessor of ögonögoneyesögon · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraldirect object of troBut that which at first was shadow-like grew ever clearer, and soon he noticed that it was something real.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of blevdärtheredär · adverbmodifies skuggliktsomwhichsom · pronounsubject of skuggliktThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
tillattill · prepositionpreposition marking börjanenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of börjanbörjanbeginningbörjan · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of skuggliktvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to skuggliktskuggliktshadow-likeskugglikt · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularrelative clause on detblevbecamebli · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceallteverallt · adverbmodifies tydligaretydligareclearertydlig · adjective, nominative, comparativecomplement of blevochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsnartsoonsnart · adverbmodifies märktemärktenoticedmärka · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with blevhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of märkteattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of verkligtdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of verkligtvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to verkligtnågotsomethingnågon · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of verkligtverkligtrealverklig · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularcomplement of blevIt was nothing less than a tomte sitting astride the edge of the chest.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of bättrevarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to bättreintenotinte · particlemodifies bättrebättrebetterbra · adjective, nominative, comparativehead of the phrasedetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularadverbial clause on bättreänthanän · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of sattattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of sattenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of tomtetomtetomtetomte · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sattA tomte is a Swedish household guardian spirit or gnome; the studio translation renders it as 'tomte' or 'gnome'.
sattsatsitta · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on bättreochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationredrodered · proper noun, nominativecoordinated with sattPast tense of 'rida' (to ride), mistagged as a proper noun.
grensleastridegrensle · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of sattöverastrideöver · prepositionpreposition marking kistkantenkistkantenedge of the chestkistkant · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of satt- 20
The boy had certainly heard people talk about tomtar, but he had never imagined they could be so small.
Pojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of passive talashadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of talasnogcertainlynog · adverbmodifies talashörtheardhöra · verb, active, supinepart of the phrase nogtalasto be talked abouttala · verb, passive, infinitivemain verb of the sentenceIdiom hört talas om = 'heard tell of.'
omaboutom · prepositionpreposition marking tomtartomtargnomestomt · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of talasThis type merges two distinct words: tomte (gnome) and tomt (plot of land).
menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of tänkthadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of tänktaldrigneveraldrig · adverbmodifies tänkttänktthoughttänka · verb, active, supinecoordinated with talassighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativeindirect object of tänktattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of smådetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of småkundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of småvarabevara · auxiliary verb, active, infinitivecopula linking to småsåsoså · adverbmodifies småsmåsmallliten · adjective, nominative, pluraladverbial clause on tänkt He was no more than a hand's-breadth tall, the one sitting on the edge of the chest.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of högvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to högintenotinte · particlemodifies tvärhandmermoremycket · adverbmodifies enänthanän · subordinating conjunctionpart of the phrase merenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of tvärhandtvärhandhand's breadthtvärhand · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies höghögtallhög · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phrasehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singulardepends on högsomwhosom · pronounsubject of sattThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
sattsatsitta · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on hanpåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking kistkantenkistkantenedge of the chestkistkant · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of sattHe had an old, wrinkled, beardless face, and was dressed in a black frock coat, knee breeches, and a broad-brimmed black hat.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hadehadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of gammaltgammaltoldgammal · adjective, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of haderynkigtwrinkledrynkig · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with gammaltskägglöstbeardlessskägglös · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies ansikteansiktefaceansikte · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with gammaltochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to kläddklädddressedklädd · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with hadeiini · prepositionpreposition marking långrocksvartblacksvart · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies långrocklångrocklong coatlångrock · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of kläddknäbyxorknee breechesknäbyxor · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with kläddochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationbredskyggigbroad-brimmedbredskyggig · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with kläddsvartblacksvar · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies hattSurface 'svart' is the adjective svart (black); the lemma 'svar' (answer) is a backbone mistag.
hatthathatt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularin apposition to kläddHe was very neat and fine, with white lace at his neck and wrists, buckles on his shoes, and garters tied in bows.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of prydligvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to prydligmycketverymycket · adverbmodifies prydligprydligneatprydlig · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phraseochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfinfinefin · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with prydligmedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking spetsarvitawhitevit · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies spetsarspetsarlacespets · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of prydligkringaroundkring · prepositionpreposition marking halsenhalsenneckhalse · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies spetsarochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhandledernathe wristshandlederna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with halsenspännenbucklesspänne · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralcoordinated with prydligioni · prepositionpreposition marking skornaskornathe shoesskorna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralmodifies spännenochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationstrumpebandgarterstrumpeband · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with skornaknutnatiedknutna · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with prydligiini · prepositionpreposition marking rosetterrosetterbowsrosetter · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of knutnaHe had taken an embroidered bib out of the chest, and sat gazing at the old-fashioned needlework with such devotion that he did not notice the boy had woken.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of tagithadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of tagittagittakenta · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentenceuppupupp · adverbdepends on tagiturout ofur · prepositionpreposition marking kistankistanchestkista · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of tagitenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of smäckbroderadembroideredbroderad · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies smäcksmäckbibsmäck · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of tagitochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsattsatsitta · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with tagitochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsågsawsåg · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with sattpast tense of se, 'to see.'
påatpå · prepositionpreposition marking arbetetdetaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of arbetetgammaldagsold-fashionedgammaldags · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies arbetetarbetetworkarbete · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of tagitmedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking andaktsådansuchsån · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies andaktsån is a colloquial/older form of sådan, glossed to the modern sense.
andaktdevotionandakt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies arbetetattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of märktehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of märkteintenotinte · particlemodifies märktemärktenoticedmärka · verb, past, indicative, activeclausal complement of tagitattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of vaknatpojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of vaknathadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of vaknatvaknatwokenvakna · verb, active, supineclausal complement of märkte- 21
The boy was quite astonished to see the tomte, but on the other hand he wasn't especially afraid.
Pojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of blevblevbecamebli · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencebraquitebra · adverbmodifies förvånadförvånadastonishedförvånad · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of blevatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of seinfinitive marker before a verb.
fåget tofå · auxiliary verb, active, infinitiveauxiliary of seseseese · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on blevtomtentomte (gnome)tomt · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of sefalse friend: this is the household spirit 'tomte', not the unrelated noun tomt meaning 'plot of land'.
menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsåsoså · adverbmodifies särdelessärdelesespeciallysärdeles · adverbmodifies räddräddafraidrädd · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with blevblevbecamebli · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to blevhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of blevdäremoton the other handdäremot · adverbmodifies blevintenotinte · particlemodifies blev It was impossible to be afraid of someone so small.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with omöjligtvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to omöjligtomöjligtimpossibleomöjlig · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularhead of the phraseatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of bliinfinitive marker before a verb.
blibecomebli · verb, active, infinitivedepends on omöjligträddafraidrädd · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of bliförofför · prepositionpreposition marking enenoneen · numeral, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of blisomwhosom · pronounsubject of litenThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
varwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to litensåsoså · adverbmodifies litenlitensmallliten · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularrelative clause on enAnd since the tomte sat there so absorbed in his own affairs that he neither saw nor heard, the boy thought it would be amusing to play a trick on him: push him down into the chest and slam the lid shut over him, or something of the sort.
Ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationeftersomsinceeftersom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of satttomtentomte (gnome)tomt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sattfalse friend: this is the household spirit 'tomte', not the unrelated noun tomt meaning 'plot of land'.
sattsatsitta · verb, past, indicative, activedepends on upptagendärtheredär · adverbmodifies sattsåsoså · adverbmodifies upptagenupptagenabsorbedupptagen · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phraseavinav · prepositionpreposition marking sittsitthis ownsig · pronoun, neuter, singularagent of upptagenpossessive reflexive sitt, agreeing with a neuter noun.
attthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of såghanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sågvarkenneithervarken · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsågsawsåg · verb, past, indicative, activedepends on upptagenpast tense of se, 'to see.'
elleroreller · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhördeheardhöra · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with sågtänktethoughttänka · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with upptagenpojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of tänkteattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of lustigtdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with lustigtskullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of lustigtvarabevara · auxiliary verb, active, infinitivecopula linking to lustigtlustigtamusinglustig · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularclause modifying pojkenatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of spelainfinitive marker before a verb.
spelaplayspela · verb, active, infinitivedepends on lustigthonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularindirect object of spelaettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of sprattspratttrickspratt · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of spelaknuffato pushknuffa · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with upptagennerdownner · adverbdepends on knuffahonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of knuffaiintoi · prepositionpreposition marking kistankistanchestkista · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of knuffaochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationslåslamslå · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with knuffaigenagainigen · adverbdepends on slålocketlidlock · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of slåöveroveröver · prepositionpreposition marking honomhonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularoblique complement of slåelleroreller · conjunctionlinks the coordinationnågotsomethingnågon · pronoun, neuter, singularcoordinated with slåiofi · prepositionpreposition marking vägendenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of vägenvägenwayväg · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies något- 22
But the boy was still not brave enough to touch the tomte with his bare hands, so he looked around the cottage for something he could use to poke him.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationpojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of modigvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to modigändåstilländå · adverbmodifies modigintenotinte · particlemodifies modigsåsoså · adverbmodifies modigmodigbravemodig · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phraseattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of vågadehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of vågadevågadedaredvåga · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on modigröratouchröra · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of vågadevidagainstvid · prepositionpreposition marking tomtentomtentomte (gnome)tomt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of rörafalse friend: this is the household spirit 'tomte', not the unrelated noun tomt meaning 'plot of land'.
medwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking händernahändernathe handshänderna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of rörautanbut ratherutan · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfollows a negated clause, contrasting it with what actually happened.
hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sågsågsawsåg · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on modigpast tense of se, 'to see.'
sighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of sågomaroundom · prepositiondepends on sågiaroundi · prepositionpreposition marking stuganstugancottagestuga · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of sågefterforefter · prepositionpreposition marking någotnågotsomethingnågon · pronoun, neuter, singularoblique complement of sågsomthatsom · pronoundirect object of stötaThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of stötakundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of stötastötato pokestöta · verb, active, infinitiverelative clause on någottillattill · prepositionpreposition marking honomhonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularoblique complement of stötamedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking honom He let his eyes wander from the settle to the drop-leaf table, and from the table to the stove.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of lätlätletlät · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceblickarnahis eyesblickarna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of passive lät'blickarna' = the gazes/glances, used for 'his eyes'.
vandrawandervandra · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of lätfrånfromfrån · prepositionpreposition marking liggsoffanliggsoffanthe settleliggsoffa · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of vandratilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking slagbordetslagbordetdrop-leaf tableslagbord · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of vandraochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfrånfromfrån · prepositionpreposition marking slagbordetslagbordetdrop-leaf tableslagbord · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with vandratilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking spisenspisenstovespis · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies slagbordetHe looked at the pots and the coffee pot standing on a shelf beside the stove, at the water pail by the door, and at the ladles and knives and forks and dishes and plates visible through the half-open cupboard door.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sågsågsawsåg · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencepast tense of se, 'to see.'
påatpå · prepositionpreposition marking grytornagrytornathe potsgrytorna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of sågochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationkaffepannancoffee potkaffepanna · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with grytornasomthatsom · pronounsubject of stodoThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
stodostoodstodo · verb, present, indicativerelative clause on grytornaHistorical past-plural form of stå (cf. voro, gingo); despite the 'present' tag this is past tense.
påonpå · prepositionpreposition marking hyllaenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of hyllahyllashelfhylla · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of stodobredvidbesidebredvid · prepositionmodifies hyllaspisenstovespis · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of hyllapåatpå · prepositionpreposition marking vattenspannenvattenspannenthe water pailvattenspann · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of stodovidbyvid · prepositionpreposition marking dörrendörrendoordörr · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies vattenspannenochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationpåatpå · prepositionpreposition marking slevarslevarladlesslevar · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with dörrenochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationknivarknivesknivar · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with slevarochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationgafflarforksgaffl · verb, present, indicative, activecoordinated with vattenspannenochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfatdishfat · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with gafflarochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationtallrikarplatestallrik · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with vattenspannensomthatsom · pronounsubject of syntesThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
syntesvisiblesyntes · verb, past, indicativerelative clause on tallrikargenomthroughgenom · prepositionpreposition marking skåpdörrendenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of skåpdörrenhalvöppnahalf-openhalvöppna · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies skåpdörrenskåpdörrenthe cupboard doorskåpdörre · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of syntesHe looked up at father's gun, hanging on the wall beside the portraits of the Danish royals, and at the geraniums and fuchsias blooming in the window.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sågsågsawsåg · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencepast tense of se, 'to see.'
uppupupp · adverbdepends on sågtillattill · prepositionpreposition marking bössafarsfather'sfar · noun, genitive, common gender, singularpossessor of bössabössagunbössa · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of sågsomthatsom · pronounsubject of hängdeThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
hängdehunghänga · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on bössapåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking väggenväggenwallvägg · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of hängdebredvidbesidebredvid · prepositiondepends on hängdedetheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of kungligasSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
danskaDanishdansk · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies kungligaskungligasthe royals'kungligas · verb, present, indicative, passivedirect object of hängdeporträttportraitsporträtt · adverbmodifies hängdeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationpåatpå · prepositionpreposition marking pelargoniernapelargoniernathe geraniumspelargonierna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of sågochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfuksiornathe fuchsiasfuksiorna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with pelargoniernasomthatsom · pronounsubject of blommadeThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
blommadebloomedblomma · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on fuksiornaiini · prepositionpreposition marking fönstretfönstretwindowfönstr · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of blommadeArchaic/dialectal spelling of fönster.
Last of all his eyes fell on an old fly-net hanging on the window frame.
Allraof allAllra · adverbmodifies sistsistlastsist · adverbmodifies fölloföllofellföllo · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceArchaic plural past of falla.
hanshishan · pronounpossessor of blickarblickarglances/eyesblicka · verb, present, indicative, activedirect object of fölloEvery example shows 'blickar' as the plural noun (his/her glances/eyes), subject of 'föllo' — not the present-tense verb 'blickar' (glances/gazes). Morphology tag is mislabeled verb; the idiom is 'hans blickar föll på' = 'his eyes/glance fell on'.
påonpå · prepositionpreposition marking flughåvenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of flughåvgammaloldgammal · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies flughåvflughåvfly-netflughåv · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies blickarsomthatsom · pronounsubject of hängdeThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
hängdehunghänga · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on flughåvpåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking fönsterkarmenfönsterkarmenthe window framefönsterkarm · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of hängde- 23
Scarcely had he caught sight of the fly-net before he snatched it up, sprang forward, and swept it along the edge of the chest.
Knappasthardlyknappast · adverbmodifies fåtthadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of fåtthanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of fåttfåttcaughtfå · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentencesynsightsyn · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of fåttpåofpå · prepositionpreposition marking flughåvenflughåventhe fly-netflughåve · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of fåttförränbeforeförrän · adverbmodifies ryckteused with a preceding negative to mean 'no sooner than'.
hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of ryckterycktetuggedrycka · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on fåttdenitden · pronoun, common gender, singulardirect object of rycktetilluptill · prepositionpreposition marking sigsighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativeoblique complement of ryckteochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsprangransprangma · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with ryckteLemma is corrupted; surfaces are only "sprang" (past of springa, to run). Lemma should read springa, not sprangma.
uppupupp · adverbdepends on sprangochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsvängdeswungsvängde · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with rycktedenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardirect object of svängdeutmedalongutmed · prepositionpreposition marking kistkantenkistkantenedge of the chestkistkant · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of svängde And he himself was astonished at the luck he had.
Ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of blevblevbecamebli · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencesjälvhimselfsjälv · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies blevförvånadastonishedförvåna · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of blevöveratöver · prepositionpreposition marking turenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of tursådansuchsån · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies tursån is a colloquial/older form of sådan, glossed to the modern sense.
turlucktur · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of förvånadsomthatsom · pronoundirect object of hadeThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hadehadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on turHe could hardly understand how he'd managed it, but he had actually caught the tomte.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of förstodförstodunderstoodförstod · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencenästanalmostnästan · adverbmodifies förstodintenotinte · particlemodifies förstodhurhowhur · adverbmodifies burithanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of burithadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of buritburitmanagedburit · verb, active, supineclausal complement of förstodsighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of buritåtmanagedåt · adverbmodifies buritMostly the adverb åt with the senses listed, but example ch02-p31-s1 ('Hela tiden, som pojken åt...') is not this adverb at all — it is åt as the past tense of äta ('ate'). The gloss's senses list must cover this example or a downstream consumer will render 'ate' as a directional adverb.
menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hadehadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of fångatverkligenreallyverkligen · adverbmodifies fångatfångatcaughtfånga · verb, active, supineadverbial clause on förstodtomtentomte (gnome)tomt · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of fångatfalse friend: this is the household spirit 'tomte', not the unrelated noun tomt meaning 'plot of land'.
The poor fellow lay at the bottom of the long net with his head down, and couldn't climb back out of it.
Denaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of stackarenstackarenthe poor fellowstackar · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of låglåglayligga · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencepåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking bottnenbottnenbottombottn · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of lågavofav · prepositionpreposition marking håvendenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of håvenlångalonglång · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies håvenhåventhe nethåve · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies bottnenmedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking huvudethuvudetheadhuvud · noun, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies håvenneråtdownwardneråt · adverbmodifies bottnenochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationkundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of kommaintenotinte · particlemodifies kommakommacomekomma · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with låguppupupp · adverbdepends on kommaurout ofur · prepositionpreposition marking dendenitden · pronoun, common gender, singularoblique complement of komma- 24
In the first moment the boy had no idea what to do with his catch.
Iini · prepositionpreposition marking ögonblicketförstafirsten · adjective, nominativemodifies ögonblicketsurfaces are forms of första 'first', not the numeral en.
ögonblicketmomentögonblick · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of visstevissteknewvisste · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencepojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of vissteallsat allalls · adverbmodifies vissteintenotinte · particlemodifies visstevadwhatvad · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of tahanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of taskulleshouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of tatato taketa · verb, active, infinitiveclausal complement of visstesighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of tatilldotill · prepositiondepends on tamedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking fångstsinhissig · pronoun, common gender, singularpossessor of fångstfångstcatchfångst · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of ta He was only careful to keep swinging the net back and forth, so the tomte wouldn't get the chance to climb out.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of nogavarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to nogabarajustbara · adverbmodifies noganogacarefulnoga · adjective, nominativehead of the phrasemedwithmed · prepositionintroduces the clause of svängaatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of svängainfinitive marker before a verb.
svängato swingsvänga · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on nogahåventhe nethåve · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraldirect object of svängaframforwardfram · adverbmodifies svängaochandoch · conjunctionpart of the phrase framtillbakabacktillbaka · adverbpart of the phrase framförsoför · prepositionintroduces the clause of fåattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionpart of the phrase förintenotinte · particlemodifies fåtomtentomte (gnome)tomt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of fåfalse friend: this is the household spirit 'tomte', not the unrelated noun tomt meaning 'plot of land'.
skullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of fåfågetfå · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on svängarådrumthe chancerådrum · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of fåatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of klättrainfinitive marker before a verb.
klättrato climbklättra · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of fåuppupupp · adverbdepends on klättra- 25
The tomte began to speak, and begged so earnestly to be set free.
Tomtenthe tomteTomten · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of börjadeA tomte is a traditional Swedish household or farm spirit.
börjadebeganbörja · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencetalato speaktala · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of börjadeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationbadbeggedbe · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with talasåsoså · adverbmodifies innerligtinnerligtearnestlyinnerlig · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies badatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of bliinfinitive marker before a verb.
blibecomebli · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on badfrigivenset freefrigiven · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of bli He had done them good for many years, he said, and deserved better treatment.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of gjorthadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of gjortgjortdonegöra · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentencedemthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluraldirect object of gjortgottgoodgott · adverbmodifies gjortunderforunder · prepositionmodifies mångamångamanymånga · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies åråryearsår · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraldirect object of gjortsadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sadeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to värdvärddeserving ofvärd · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies medfartbättrebetterbra · adjective, nominative, comparativemodifies medfartmedfarttreatmentmedfart · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of sadeIf the boy would now let him loose, he would give him an old specie-daler, a silver spoon, and a gold coin as big as the case of his father's silver watch.
Omifom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of släpptenunownu · adverbmodifies släpptepojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of släpptesläpptereleasedsläppte · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on gelöslooselös · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies honomhonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of släpptesåthenså · adverbadverbial clause on geskullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of gehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of gegeto givege · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencehonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularindirect object of geenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of speciedalergammaloldgammal · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies speciedalerspeciedalerspecie-dalerspeciedal · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of geenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of silverskedsilverskedsilver spoonsilversked · noun, nominative, neuter, singularin apposition to speciedalerochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of guldpenningguldpenninggold coinguldpenning · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with silverskedsomthatsom · pronounsubject of storThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
varwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to storlikaequallylika · adverbmodifies storstorbigstor · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularrelative clause on guldpenningsomthatsom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of boettenboettenthe caseboette · noun, nominative, common gender, singularadverbial clause on storpåofpå · prepositionpreposition marking silverurhanshishan · pronounpossessor of silverurfarsfather'sfar · noun, genitive, common gender, singularmodifies silverursilverursilver watchsilverur · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralmodifies boetten- 26
The boy didn't think this was much of an offer, but it had happened that, once he had the tomte in his power, he had grown afraid of him.
Pojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of tycktetycktethoughttycka · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceintenotinte · particlemodifies tyckteattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of bjudetdettathisdenna · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of bjudetvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to bjudetmycketmuchmycket · adverbmodifies bjudetbjudetofferedbjude · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularclausal complement of tycktemenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of gåtthadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of gåttgåtthappenedgå · verb, active, supinecoordinated with tycktehonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of gåttsåsoså · adverbmodifies gåttattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of fåttsedansincesedan · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of fåtthanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of fåtthadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of fåttfåtthadfå · verb, active, supineclausal complement of gåtttomtentomte (gnome)tomt · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of fåttfalse friend: this is the household spirit 'tomte', not the unrelated noun tomt meaning 'plot of land'.
iini · prepositionpreposition marking våldsitthis ownsig · pronoun, neuter, singularpossessor of våldpossessive reflexive sitt, agreeing with a neuter noun.
våldpowervåld · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of fåtthadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of blivithanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of blivitblivitbecomebli · verb, active, supinecoordinated with tyckteräddafraidrädd · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of blivitförofför · prepositionpreposition marking honomhonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularoblique complement of rädd He realized he had gotten mixed up with something strange and uncanny that did not belong to his world, and he was simply glad to be rid of the creature.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of märktemärktenoticedmärka · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of getthanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of getthadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of gettgettgivenge · verb, active, supineclausal complement of märktesighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of gettimixed upi · prepositionpreposition marking laglagcompanylag · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of gettIn the idiom 'ge sig i lag med' (to keep company with).
medwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking någotnågotsomethingnågon · pronoun, neuter, singularoblique complement of gettsomthatsom · pronounsubject of gladThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
varwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to främmandefrämmandestrangefrämmande · adjective, nominativemodifies tillochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhemsktdreadfulhemskt · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with främmandeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationintenotinte · particlemodifies hördehördeheardhöra · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with främmandehanshishan · pronounpossessor of världvärldworldvärld · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of hördetilltotill · prepositionmodifies somochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of gladvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to gladbarajustbara · adverbmodifies gladgladgladglad · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularrelative clause on någotatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of bliinfinitive marker before a verb.
blibecomebli · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on gladavridav · prepositionpreposition marking blimedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking otygetotygetcreatureotyg · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of bli- 27
So he agreed to the bargain at once and held the net still, so the tomte could crawl out of it.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of gickgickwentgå · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedärförsodärför · adverbmodifies gickgenastat oncegenast · adverbmodifies gickininin · adverbdepends on gickpåtopå · prepositionpreposition marking köpetköpetbargainköp · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of gickMost examples use the fixed idiom till/på köpet, meaning "on top of that", rather than the literal "the deal".
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhöllheldhålla · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with gickhåventhe nethåve · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraldirect object of höllstillastillstilla · adverbmodifies höllförsoför · prepositionintroduces the clause of krypaattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionpart of the phrase förtomtentomte (gnome)tomt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of krypafalse friend: this is the household spirit 'tomte', not the unrelated noun tomt meaning 'plot of land'.
skullecouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of krypakunnacankunna · auxiliary verb, active, infinitiveauxiliary of krypakrypato creepkrypa · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on höllutoutut · adverbdepends on krypaurout ofur · prepositionpreposition marking dendenitden · pronoun, common gender, singularoblique complement of krypa But when the tomte was almost out of the net, it occurred to the boy that he ought to have bargained for great riches and all sorts of good things.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationnärwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of vartomtentomte (gnome)tomt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of varfalse friend: this is the household spirit 'tomte', not the unrelated noun tomt meaning 'plot of land'.
nästanalmostnästan · adverbmodifies varvarwasvara · verb, past, indicative, activemodifies Menuteoutsideute · adverbmodifies varurout ofur · prepositionpreposition marking håvenhåventhe nethåv · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of varkomcamekomma · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencepojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of komatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of tänkainfinitive marker before a verb.
tänkato thinktänka · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on kompåaboutpå · prepositionpreposition marking tänkaattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of hahanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of habordeought toböra · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of haBare borde is simple past modal ("ought to"/"should"); the perfect sense ("ought to have") only appears when borde is followed by ha + supine in the sentence, as in three of the four examples — the fourth ("borde släppa taget") has no ha and translates as plain "ought to."
hahaveha · auxiliary verb, active, infinitiveauxiliary of betingatbetingatbargained forbetinga · verb, active, supineadverbial clause on komsighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of betingatstorabigstor · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies ägodelarägodelarrichesägodeel · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of betingatochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationalltall/everythingallt · determiner, neuter, singularmodifies möjligtmöjligtall sorts ofmöjlig · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with betingathalf the examples (ch01-p27, ch04-p30) use the fixed idiom 'allt möjligt' = 'all sorts of/everything', not the literal 'possible' sense used in the other two.
gottgood thingsgod · adverbmodifies möjligtAt the very least he should have set the condition that the tomte should have conjured the sermon straight into his head.
Åtminstoneat leastÅtminstone · adverbmodifies ställtbordeought toböra · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of ställtBare borde is simple past modal ("ought to"/"should"); the perfect sense ("ought to have") only appears when borde is followed by ha + supine in the sentence, as in three of the four examples — the fourth ("borde släppa taget") has no ha and translates as plain "ought to."
hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of ställtdåthendå · adverbmodifies ställthahaveha · auxiliary verb, active, infinitiveauxiliary of ställtställtput/placedställa · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentenceuppupupp · adverbdepends on ställtdetaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of villkoretvillkoretconditionvillkor · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of ställtattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of trollattomtentomte (gnome)tomt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of trollatfalse friend: this is the household spirit 'tomte', not the unrelated noun tomt meaning 'plot of land'.
skulleshouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of trollathahaveha · auxiliary verb, active, infinitiveauxiliary of trollattrollatconjuredtrolla · verb, active, supineclause modifying villkoretpredikansermonpredika · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of trollatininin · adverbmodifies trollatiintoi · prepositionpreposition marking huvudethuvudetheadhuvud · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of inpåofpå · prepositionpreposition marking honomhonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularoblique complement of in"How stupid I was to let him go free!" he thought, and started shaking the net so the tomte would tumble down into it again.
Såhowså · adverbmodifies dumdumfoolishdum · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phrasejagIjag · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of dumvarwasvara · verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to dumsomtosom · pronounsubject of gavThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
gavlet goge · verb, past, indicative, activedepends on dumLight-verb idioms in the examples: "gav ... till ett klagoskrik" = let out a cry; "gav sig tid" = took the time — not literal "gave" in either case.
honomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of gavfrifreefri · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of gavtänktethoughttänka · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of tänkteochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationbörjadebeganbörja · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with tänkteskakashakingskaka · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of börjadehåventhe nethåv · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraldirect object of skakaförsoför · prepositionintroduces the clause of ramlaattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionpart of the phrase förtomtentomte (gnome)tomt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of ramlafalse friend: this is the household spirit 'tomte', not the unrelated noun tomt meaning 'plot of land'.
skullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of ramlaramlato tumbleramla · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on tänktenerdownner · adverbdepends on ramlaigenagainigen · adverbdepends on ramla- 28
But the very moment the boy did this, he got such a terrible slap that he thought his head would burst into pieces.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationiati · prepositionpreposition marking stundsammathe samesamma · determinerdeterminer of stundstundwhilestund · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of ficksomwhensom · pronoundirect object of gjordeThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
pojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of gjordegjordedidgöra · verb, past, indicative, activedepends on stunddettathisdenna · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of gjordefickgotfå · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of fickenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of örfilsåsuchså · adverbmodifies förfärligförfärligterribleförfärlig · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies örfilörfilslapörfil · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of fickattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of troddehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of troddetroddebelievedtro · verb, past, indicative, activeclause modifying örfilhuvudetheadhuvud · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of troddeskullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of springaspringaburstspringa · verb, active, infinitiveclausal complement of troddeOne cited example uses the homograph springa "slit/crack" (a different noun); this type is the infinitive verb "to run".
iintoi · prepositionpreposition marking bitarbitarpiecesbit · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of springaTwo examples ('biter') are actually the present tense of bita (to bite), mixed in under this noun key.
He flew first against one wall, then against the other; finally he sank down onto the floor, and there he lay unconscious.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of väggenforflewfor · prepositionpreposition marking väggenPast tense of fara (to travel/fly, here of tomte-Nils and geese in flight); mistagged as a preposition. Translation renders it "flew"/"passing over" far more often than "traveled".
förstfirstförst · adverbmodifies väggenmotagainstmot · prepositionpreposition marking väggenenaoneena · adjective, nominativemodifies väggenväggenwallvägg · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phrasesedanthensedan · adverbmodifies väggenmotagainstmot · prepositionpreposition marking andradenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of andraandraotherannan · adjective, nominative, singularoblique complement of väggentillfinallytill · prepositionmodifies sjönksistlastsist · adverbpart of the phrase tillsjönksanksjönk · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on väggenhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sjönknerdownner · adverbdepends on sjönkpåontopå · prepositionpreposition marking golvetgolvetfloorgolv · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of nerochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdärtheredär · adverbmodifies blevblevbecamebli · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of blevliggandelyingliggande · adjective, nominativemodifies sanslössanslösunconscioussanslös · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of blev- 29
When he woke up again, he was alone in the cottage.
Dåwhendå · adverbintroduces the clause of vaknadehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of vaknadevaknadewoke upvakna · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceuppupupp · adverbdepends on vaknadeigenagainigen · adverbmodifies vaknadevarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to ensamhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of ensamensamaloneensam · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularparallel clause to vaknadeiini · prepositionpreposition marking stuganstugancottagestuga · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of ensam He saw no trace of the tomte.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sågsågsawse · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceintenotinte · particlemodifies sågtilloftill · prepositiondepends on sågettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of spårspårtrack/tracespår · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of sågefterofefter · prepositionpreposition marking tomtentomtentomte (gnome)tomt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of sågfalse friend: this is the household spirit 'tomte', not the unrelated noun tomt meaning 'plot of land'.
The lid of the chest was closed, and the fly-net hung in its usual place at the window.
Kistlocketthe chest lidKistlocket · noun, nominative, neuter, singularsubject of stängtvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to stängtstängtclosedstäng · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularhead of the phraseochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationflughåventhe fly-netflughåve · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralsubject of hängdehängdehunghängde · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with stängtpåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking platssinitssig · pronoun, common gender, singularpossessor of platsvanligausualvanlig · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies platsplatsplaceplats · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of hängdeiati · prepositionpreposition marking fönstretfönstretwindowfönstr · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of hängdeArchaic/dialectal spelling of fönster.
If he hadn't felt his right cheek burning from the slap, he would have been tempted to think the whole thing had been a dream.
Omifom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of känthanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of käntintenotinte · particlemodifies känthadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of käntkäntfeltkänd · verb, active, supineadverbial clause on brändehurhowhur · adverbmodifies högrahögrarighthögra · verb, active, infinitivemodifies kindenkindenthe cheekkind · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of brändebrändeburnedbrän · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on frestadefterfromefter · prepositionpreposition marking örfilenörfilenslapörfil · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of brändeskullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of frestadhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of frestadhahaveha · auxiliary verb, active, infinitiveauxiliary of frestadvaritbeenvara · auxiliary verb, active, supinecopula linking to frestadfrestadtemptedfrestad · verb, past, participle, common gender, singular, nominativemain verb of the sentenceatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of troinfinitive marker before a verb.
trobelievetro · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on frestadattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of drömdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of drömhadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of drömvaritbeenvara · auxiliary verb, active, supinecopula linking to drömenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of drömdrömdreamdröm · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of alltsammansalltsammansall of italltsammans · noun, nominative, common gender, singularclausal complement of tro"Anyway, father and mother will probably claim it was nothing else," he thought.
Hurhowhur · adverbmodifies såsomassom · conjunctionpart of the phrase Hurhelstanywaygärna · adverbpart of the phrase HurType lumps together gärna (gladly) and its suppletive superlative helst (rather/most).
såthenså · adverbmodifies farlärwill probablylära · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of farvälprobablyväl · adverbmodifies farfarfatherfar · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phraseochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationmormothermor · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with farpåståclaimpåstå · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with farattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of annatdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with annatintenotinte · particlemodifies annatharhasha · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of annatvaritbeenvara · auxiliary verb, active, supinecopula linking to annatannatotherannan · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularadverbial clause on fartänktethoughttänka · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to farhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of tänkte"They certainly won't give me any allowance in the sermon on the tomte's account.
Detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of görakommerwillkomma · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of göranogcertainlynog · adverbmodifies göraintenotinte · particlemodifies nogatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of görainfinitive marker before a verb.
göragivegöra · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencenågotanynågon · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of avdragavdragshorteningavdrag · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of göraifromi · prepositionpreposition marking predikanpredikansermonpredika · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies avdragförforför · prepositionpreposition marking tomtenstomtensgnome'stomt · noun, genitive, common gender, singularpossessor of skullGenitive of 'tomte', the household spirit, not 'tomt' (a plot of land).
skullsakeskull · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of göraonly occurs in the fixed phrase för ... skull 'for the sake of'.
I'd better sit down and read again."
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with sätterärisvara · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activecopula linking to bästbästbestbra · adjective, nominative, superlativemodifies sätterjagIjag · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sättersättersit downsätta · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencemigmejag · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of sätteratttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of läsainfinitive marker before a verb.
läsato readläsa · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of sätterigenagainigen · adverbdepends on läsa- 30
But when he now walked toward the table, he noticed something strange.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationnärwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of gickhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of gicknunownu · adverbmodifies gickgickwentgå · verb, past, indicative, activedepends on ladeframforwardfram · adverbdepends on gickmottowardmot · prepositionpreposition marking bordetbordettablebord · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of gicksåthenså · adverbadverbial clause on ladeladenoticedla · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentence"lade han märke till" is the fixed idiom lägga märke till ("to notice"), not literal "laid".
hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of lademärkenoticemärke · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of ladeBoth attested examples are the idiom 'lägga märke till' = 'to notice', not the bare noun 'mark'; flag as context-dependent so the idiomatic sense isn't lost.
tilloftill · prepositionpreposition marking underligtnågotsomethingnågon · determiner, neuter, singularmodifies underligtunderligtstrangeunderlig · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularcomplement of lade Surely it couldn't be that the cottage had grown.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with såkundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of såjusurelyju · adverbmodifies såintenotinte · particlemodifies såvarabevara · auxiliary verb, active, infinitivecopula linking to såsåsoså · adverbhead of the phraseattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of vuxitstugancottagestuga · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of vuxithadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of vuxitvuxitgrownvuxia · verb, active, supinedepends on såBut then how was it that he had to take so many more steps than usual to reach the table?
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationvaravhowvarav · adverbmodifies komkomcamekomma · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with komsigitselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of komdåthendå · adverbmodifies komattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of gåhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of gåmåstemustmåste · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of gågågogå · verb, active, infinitiveclausal complement of komsåsoså · adverbmodifies mångamångamanymånga · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies flerflermorefler · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies stegstegstepssteg · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraldirect object of gåänthanän · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of brukadehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of brukadebrukadeused tobruka · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on gåförin orderför · prepositionintroduces the clause of kommaatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of kommainfinitive marker before a verb.
kommacomekomma · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on gåframforwardfram · adverbdepends on kommatilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking bordetbordettablebord · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of framAnd what was wrong with the chair?
Ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationvadwhatvad · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of gickgickwentgå · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with gickåtwithåt · prepositionpreposition marking stolenstolenchairstol · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of gickIt didn't look any bigger now than it had a moment before, yet he first had to step up onto the rung between the chair legs and then climb to reach the seat.
Denitden · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of sågsågsawsåg · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencepast tense of se, 'to see.'
intenotinte · particlemodifies sågutlookut · adverbdepends on sågatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of störreinfinitive marker before a verb.
varabevara · auxiliary verb, active, infinitivecopula linking to störrestörrebiggerstor · adjective, nominative, comparativeadverbial clause on sågnunownu · adverbmodifies störreänthanän · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of nyssnyssjust nownyss · adverbmodifies förutförutbeforeförut · adverbmodifies störremenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of stigamåstemustmåste · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of stigaförstfirstförst · adverbmodifies stigastigato risestiga · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with såguppupupp · adverbdepends on stigapåontopå · prepositionpreposition marking slånslånthe rungslån · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of stigamellanbetweenmellan · prepositionpreposition marking stolbenenstolbenenthe chair legsstolben · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies slånochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsedanthensedan · adverbmodifies klättraklättrato climbklättra · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with stigaförin orderför · prepositionintroduces the clause of nåatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of nåinfinitive marker before a verb.
nåto reachnå · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on klättratilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking sitsensitsenthe seatsits · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of nåAnd it was the same with the table.
Ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationpåinpå · prepositionpreposition marking sättsammathe samesamma · determinerdeterminer of sättsättwaysätt · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of varvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedetitden · pronoun, neuter, singulardepends on varmedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking bordetbordettablebord · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of varHe couldn't see over the tabletop without climbing up onto the armrest.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sekundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of seintenotinte · particlemodifies seseseese · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentenceöveroveröver · prepositiondepends on sebordskivanthe tabletopbordskivan · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of seutanwithoututan · prepositionintroduces the clause of klivaatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of klivainfinitive marker before a verb.
klivaclimbing upkliva · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on seuppupupp · adverbdepends on klivapåontopå · prepositionpreposition marking armstödetarmstödetthe armrestarmstöd · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of kliva- 31
"What in the world is this?" said the boy.
Vadwhatvad · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of »iini · prepositionintroduces the clause of dettaallallall · determiner, common gender, singularpart of the phrase ivärldenworldvärld · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of dettaärisvara · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activecopula linking to dettadettathisdenna · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of Vadsadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencepojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sade "I do believe the tomte has bewitched the armchair and the table and the whole cottage."
JagIjag · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of menarmenarbelievemena · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencetomtentomte (gnome)tomt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of förgjortfalse friend: this is the household spirit 'tomte', not the unrelated noun tomt meaning 'plot of land'.
harhasha · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of förgjortförgjortbewitchedförgöra · verb, active, supineclausal complement of menarbådebothbåde · conjunctionlinks the coordinationlänstolenthe armchairlänstol · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of förgjortochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationbordettablebord · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with länstolenochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhelawholehel · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies stuganstugancottagestuga · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with bordet- 32
The postil lay on the table, and it looked, to all appearances, just as it always did, but there must have been something wrong with it too, for he couldn't manage to read a single word in it without actually standing on the book itself.
Postillanthe postilpostillan · adverbsubject of lågA postil is a book of sermons or biblical commentary.
låglayligga · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencepåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking bordetbordettablebord · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of lågochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsynbarligento all appearancessynbarlig · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies likvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to likdeniten · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of varsigitselfsig · pronoun, accusativepart of the phrase varlikunchangedlik · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with lågmenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singulardeterminer of hamåttemustmåtte · adverbpart of the phrase detModal verb (cognate of måste), mistagged as adverb. Bare måtte means "must"; the perfect sense ("must have") comes only from an adjacent ha + supine, as in the måtte komma sig example, which translates as plain "must."
hahaveha · auxiliary verb, active, infinitiveauxiliary of galetvaritbeenvara · auxiliary verb, active, supinecopula linking to galetnågotsomethingnågon · determiner, neuter, singularmodifies galetgaletwronggale · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with lågmedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking dendeniten · pronoun, common gender, singularmodifies galetocksåalsoockså · adverbmodifies galetförforför · prepositionintroduces the clause of kommahanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of kommakundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of kommaintenotinte · particlemodifies kommakommacomekomma · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on galetåtmanageåt · adverbdepends on kommaMostly the adverb åt with the senses listed, but example ch02-p31-s1 ('Hela tiden, som pojken åt...') is not this adverb at all — it is åt as the past tense of äta ('ate'). The gloss's senses list must cover this example or a downstream consumer will render 'ate' as a directional adverb.
atttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of läsainfinitive marker before a verb.
läsato readläsa · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on kommaettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of ordordwordord · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of läsaiini · prepositionpreposition marking dendenitden · pronoun, common gender, singularoblique complement of läsautanwithoututan · prepositionintroduces the clause of ställaatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of ställainfinitive marker before a verb.
rentpurelyren · adverbmodifies ställaavactuallyav · prepositionpart of the phrase rentställato standställa · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on läsasighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of ställaioni · prepositionpreposition marking bokensjälvaitselfsjälv · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies bokenSurface "själva" is the plural/emphatic form of själv and can mean "themselves" or intensify "the very."
bokenbookbok · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of ställa - 33
He read a couple of lines, but then happened to glance up.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of lästelästereadläsa · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of parparcouplepar · noun, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies raderraderlinesrad · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of lästemenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsåthenså · adverbmodifies råkaderåkadehappened toråka · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with lästehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of råkadeatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of seinfinitive marker before a verb.
seseese · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on råkadeuppupupp · adverbdepends on se Just then his eyes fell on the mirror, and he cried out loud, "Look, there's another one!"
Därvidjust thendärvid · adverbmodifies fölloföllofellfölloma · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehanshishan · pronounpossessor of blickarblickarglances/eyesblicka · verb, present, indicative, activesubject of fölloEvery example shows 'blickar' as the plural noun (his/her glances/eyes), subject of 'föllo' — not the present-tense verb 'blickar' (glances/gazes). Morphology tag is mislabeled verb; the idiom is 'hans blickar föll på' = 'his eyes/glance fell on'.
ioni · prepositionpreposition marking spegelnspegelnmirrorspegel · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies blickarochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdåthendå · adverbmodifies ropaderopadecalled outropa · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with föllohanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of ropadeheltquitehelt · adverbmodifies högthögthighhög · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies ropadeSelookse · verb, imperative, activemain verb of the sentencedärtheredär · adverbmodifies enärisvara · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activecopula linking to enjuwhyju · adverbmodifies enenoneen · numeral, nominative, common gender, singularrelative clause on Setillanothertill · prepositiondepends on en- 34
For in the mirror he clearly saw a tiny, tiny little fellow dressed in a pointed cap and leather breeches.
Förforför · adverbpreposition marking spegelniini · prepositionpreposition marking spegelnspegelnmirrorspegel · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of sågsågsawsåg · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencepast tense of se, 'to see.'
hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sågtydligtclearlytydlig · adverbmodifies sågenaen · determiner, common gender, singularquantifies litenlitensmallliten · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of såglitensmallliten · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies parvelparvellittle fellowparvel · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with litensomwhosom · pronounsubject of kläddThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
varwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to kläddklädddressedklädd · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularrelative clause on parveliini · prepositionpreposition marking toppluvatoppluvapointed captoppluva · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of kläddochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationskinnbyxorleather breechesskinnbyxor · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralcoordinated with toppluva - 35
"Why, that one's dressed exactly like me," said the boy, and clapped his hands together in astonishment.
Denitden · pronoun, common gender, singularhead of the phrasedärtheredär · adverbmodifies kläddärisvara · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activecopula linking to kläddjuwhyju · adverbmodifies kläddklädddressedklädd · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularrelative clause on Denalldelesquitealldeles · adverbmodifies jagsomlikesom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of jagjagIjag · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularadverbial clause on kläddsadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to kläddpojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sadeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationslogclappedslå · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with sadeLight verb whose sense shifts with its particle (slog upp/ihop/omkull/sig ner).
ihoptogetherihop · adverbdepends on sloghändernathe handshänderna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of slogavinav · prepositionpreposition marking förvåningförvåningastonishmentförvåning · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies händerna But then he saw that the little fellow in the mirror did the same thing.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdåthendå · adverbmodifies sågsågsawsåg · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencepast tense of se, 'to see.'
hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sågattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of gjordeparvelnlittle fellowparvel · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of gjordeiini · prepositionpreposition marking spegelnspegelnmirrorspegel · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies parvelngjordedidgöra · verb, past, indicative, activeclausal complement of sågdetsammathe samedensamma · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of gjorde- 36
Then he began to pull his own hair and pinch his own arms and spin himself around, and instantly the one in the mirror imitated him.
Dåthendå · adverbmodifies börjadebörjadebeganbörja · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of börjadeatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of drainfinitive marker before a verb.
drato pulldra · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of börjadesighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of draiati · prepositionpreposition marking hårethårethairhår · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of draochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationnypapinchnypa · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with drasighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of nypaioni · prepositionpreposition marking armarnaarmarnathe armsarmarna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of nypaochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsvängato swingsvänga · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with drasighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of svängaruntaroundrunt · adverbmodifies svängaochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationögonblickligeninstantlyögonblickligen · adverbmodifies gjordegjordedidgöra · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with börjadehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of gjordeefterin imitationefter · prepositionpreposition marking detdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularoblique complement of gjordehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of gjordesomwhosom · pronounsubject of syntesThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
synteswas visiblesyntes · verb, past, indicativerelative clause on haniini · prepositionpreposition marking spegelnspegelnmirrorspegel · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of syntes - 37
The boy ran around the mirror a couple of times to see whether some little fellow was hiding behind it.
Pojkenthe boypojken · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sprangsprangransprangma · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceLemma is corrupted; surfaces are only "sprang" (past of springa, to run). Lemma should read springa, not sprangma.
omkringaroundomkring · prepositionpreposition marking spegelnspegelnmirrorspegel · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of sprangettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of parparcouplepar · noun, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies gångergångertimesgång · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of sprangförin orderför · prepositionintroduces the clause of seatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of seinfinitive marker before a verb.
seseese · verb, active, infinitiveclause modifying gångereftercheckefter · prepositiondepends on seomifom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of stoddetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with stodstodstoodstå · verb, past, indicative, activeclausal complement of senågonsomenågon · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of karllitensmallliten · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies karlkarlmankarl · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of stodgömdhiddengömd · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of sebakombehindbakom · prepositionpreposition marking dendenitden · pronoun, common gender, singularoblique complement of gömd But he found no one there, and then he began to tremble with fear.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of fannfannfoundfinna · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceingenno oneingen · pronoun, common gender, singulardirect object of fanndärtheredär · adverbmodifies fannochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdåthendå · adverbmodifies börjadebörjadebeganbörja · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with fannhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of börjadeskälvatrembleskälva · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcomplement of börjadeInfinitive 'to tremble', despite the noun tag.
avwithav · prepositionpreposition marking skräckskräckterrorskräck · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of börjadeFor now he understood that the tomte had bewitched him, and that the little fellow whose reflection he saw in the mirror was himself.
Tyforty · conjunctionlinks the coordinationArchaic causal conjunction, equivalent to 'because/for'.
nunownu · adverbmodifies förstodförstodunderstoodförstå · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of förstodattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of förtrollattomtentomte (gnome)tomt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of förtrollatfalse friend: this is the household spirit 'tomte', not the unrelated noun tomt meaning 'plot of land'.
hadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of förtrollatförtrollatbewitchedförtrolla · verb, active, supineclausal complement of förstodhonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of förtrollatochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of .denaen · determiner, common gender, singularpart of the phrase attdärtheredär · adverbmodifies parvelnparvelnlittle fellowparvel · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with densomwhosesom · pronounoblique complement of sågThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sågsågsawsåg · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on parvelnpast tense of se, 'to see.'
bildenthe imagebild · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of sågavofav · prepositionpreposition marking spegelniini · prepositionpreposition marking spegelnspegelnmirrorspegel · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies bildendetitden · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of varvarwasvara · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to denhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of varsjälvhimselfsjälv · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies var- 38
THE WILD GEESE.
VILDGÄSSENTHE WILD GEESEVILDGÄSSEN · proper noun, nominativehead of the phrase - 39
The boy simply could not bring himself to believe that he had been turned into a tomte.
Pojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of kundekundecouldkunna · verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of förmåraktsimplyrak · adverbmodifies förmåintenotinte · particlepart of the phrase raktförmåbring himself toförmå · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencesighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of förmåatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of troinfinitive marker before a verb.
trobelievetro · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on förmåattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of blivithanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of blivithadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of blivitblivitbecomebli · verb, active, supineclausal complement of troförvandladtransformedförvandla · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of blivitBackbone mistags this as an adjective; the surface (förvandlad) is the past participle of förvandla, 'to turn into'.
tillintotill · prepositionpreposition marking tomtetomtetomtetomte · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of förvandladA tomte is a Swedish household guardian spirit or gnome; the studio translation renders it as 'tomte' or 'gnome'.
"It's probably just a dream and my imagination," he thought.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of drömärisvara · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activecopula linking to drömvälprobablyväl · adverbmodifies ärbarajustbara · adverbmodifies drömenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of drömdrömdreamdröm · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phraseochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of inbillninginbillningfancyinbillning · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with drömtänktethoughttänka · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to drömhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of tänkte"If I wait a few moments, I'll surely be human again."
Omifom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of väntarjagIjag · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of väntarväntarwaitvänta · verb, present, indicative, activedepends on blirettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of parparcouplepar · noun, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies ögonblickögonblickmomentsögonblick · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraldirect object of väntarsåthenså · adverbadverbial clause on blirblirbecomesbli · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencejagIjag · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of blirnogsurelynog · adverbmodifies blirmänniskahuman beingmänniska · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of blirigenagainigen · adverbmodifies blir- 40
He stood in front of the mirror and closed his eyes.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of ställdeställdestoodställa · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencesighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of ställdeframförin front offramför · prepositionpreposition marking spegelnspegelnmirrorspegel · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of ställdeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationslötclosedslöt · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with ställdeögonenthe eyesögonen · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraldirect object of slöt He didn't open them again until a couple of minutes had passed, expecting it to have gone away by then.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of öppnadeöppnadeopenedöppna · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedemthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluraldirect object of öppnadeförstfirstförst · adverbmodifies minuterefteruntilefter · prepositionpreposition marking minuterettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of parparcouplepar · noun, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies minuterminuterminutesminut · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of öppnadeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationväntadeexpectingvänta · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with öppnadedåby thendå · adverbmodifies väntadeattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of gåttdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of gåttskullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of gåtthahaveha · auxiliary verb, active, infinitiveauxiliary of gåttgåttgone awaygå · verb, active, supineadverbial clause on öppnadeöverawayöver · prepositiondepends on gåttBut it hadn't, and he remained just as small as before.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with hadehadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of hadeintenotinte · particlemodifies hadeutanbut ratherutan · conjunctionintroduces the clause of varfollows a negated clause, contrasting it with what actually happened.
hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of varvarwasvara · pronoun, common gender, singulardepends on förblevthe surface var here is the past tense of vara 'to be', not the pronoun.
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationförblevremainedförbleva · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with hadelikaequallylika · adverbmodifies litenlitensmallliten · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of förblevOtherwise he was exactly as he had been before.
Eljestotherwiseeljest · proper noun, nominativesubject of sådanLiterary or archaic adverb meaning ‘otherwise’.
varwasvara · verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to sådanhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sådanalldelesquitealldeles · adverbmodifies sådansådansuchsån · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phrasesån is a colloquial/older form of sådan, glossed to the modern sense.
somassom · pronounoblique complement of förutThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of föruthadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of förutvaritbeenvara · auxiliary verb, active, supinecopula linking to förutförutbeforeförut · adverbadverbial clause on sådanThe white flaxen hair, the freckles across his nose, the patches on his leather breeches, and the darn in his stocking — all of it was just the same, except that it had been shrunk down.
Detaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of linhåretvitawhitevit · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies linhåretlinhåretthe flaxen hairlinhår · noun, nominative, neuter, singularhead of the phraseochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfräknarnathe frecklesfräknarna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with linhåretöveracrossöver · prepositionpreposition marking näsannäsannosenäsa · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies fräknarnaochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationlapparnaLappslapp · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with näsanPeriod term for the Sami people; preserved as in the historical source text.
påinpå · prepositionpreposition marking skinnbyxornaskinnbyxornathe leather breechesskinnbyxorna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralmodifies fräknarnaochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationstoppenthe darnstopp · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with skinnbyxornapåinpå · prepositionmodifies linhåretstrumpanthe stockingstrumpan · noun, nominative, common gender, singularpart of the phrase påalltsammansall of italltsammans · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of liktvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to liktsigitselfsig · pronoun, accusativepart of the phrase varliktthe samelikt · adverbcoordinated with linhåretmedwithmed · prepositionintroduces the clause of förminskatundantagexceptionundantag · noun, nominative, neuter, singularpart of the phrase medavexceptav · prepositionpart of the phrase medattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of förminskatdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of förminskathadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of förminskatblivitbecomebli · auxiliary verb, active, supinepassive auxiliary of förminskatförminskatshrunk downförminska · verb, active, supineadverbial clause on likt- 41
No, standing still and waiting did no good, he realized.
Nejnonej · interjectionhead of the phrasedetaen · determiner, neuter, singularexpletive with tjänadetjänadewas usefultjäna · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to Nejingentingnothingingenting · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of tjänadetillfortill · prepositionintroduces the clause of ståatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of ståinfinitive marker before a verb.
ståstandstå · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on tjänadestillastillstilla · adverbmodifies ståochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationväntato waitvänta · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with stilladetitden · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of märktemärktenoticedmärka · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to Nejhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of märkte He would have to try something else.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of fickfickhad tofå · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencelovhave tolov · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of fickatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of försökainfinitive marker before a verb.
försökato tryförsöka · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on fickmedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking annatnågotsomethingnågon · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of annatannatotherannan · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of försökaAnd the wisest thing he could do, he thought, would be to find the tomte and make peace with him.
Ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdetaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of klokasteklokastewisestklok · adjective, nominative, superlativeadverbial clause on letahanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of företakundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of företaföretato undertakeföreta · verb, active, infinitiveparallel clause to klokastesighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of företatycktethoughttyckte · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on letahanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of tyckteskullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of letavarabevara · auxiliary verb, active, infinitivecopula linking to letaatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of letainfinitive marker before a verb.
letato searchleta · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentenceredafind outreda · adverbdepends on letapart of the fixed expression leta/taga/söka reda på, 'find out'; all four attested examples mean find/know, not organize/sort.
påoutpå · prepositionpreposition marking tomtentomtentomte (gnome)tomt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of letafalse friend: this is the household spirit 'tomte', not the unrelated noun tomt meaning 'plot of land'.
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationförsonamake peaceförsona · verb, imperative, activecoordinated with tomtensighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of tomtenmedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking honomhonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularmodifies tomten- 42
He jumped down onto the floor and began to search.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hoppadehoppadejumpedhoppa · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencenerdownner · adverbdepends on hoppadepåontopå · prepositionpreposition marking golvetgolvetfloorgolv · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of hoppadeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationbörjadebeganbörja · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with hoppadesökasearchsöka · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of började He looked behind chairs and cupboards, and under the settle, and in the baking oven.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of tittadetittadelookedtitta · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencebakombehindbakom · prepositionpreposition marking stolarstolarchairsstol · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of tittadeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationskåpcupboardsskåp · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralcoordinated with stolarochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationunderunderunder · prepositionpreposition marking liggsoffanliggsoffanthe settleliggsoffa · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with stolarochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationiini · prepositionpreposition marking bakugnenbakugnenthe baking ovenbakugn · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with stolarHe even crawled down into a couple of rat holes, but he was unable to find the tomte.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of kröpkröpcreptkröp · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencetilleventill · prepositiondepends on kröpochandoch · conjunctionpart of the phrase tillmedwithmed · prepositionpart of the phrase tillnerdownner · adverbmodifies kröpiintoi · prepositionpreposition marking parettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of parparcouplepar · noun, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies råtthålråtthålrat holesråtthål · verb, present, indicative, activeoblique complement of kröpmenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of ivarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to iintenotinte · particlemodifies variini · prepositionmodifies kröpståndablestånd · noun, nominative, neuter, singularpart of the phrase iatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of finnainfinitive marker before a verb.
finnafindfinna · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on kröptomtentomte (gnome)tomt · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of finnafalse friend: this is the household spirit 'tomte', not the unrelated noun tomt meaning 'plot of land'.
- 43
While he searched, he wept and pleaded and promised every imaginable thing.
Medanwhilemedan · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of söktehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of söktesöktesearchedsöka · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on grätgrätweptgrät · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of grätochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationbadpleadedbe · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with grätochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationlovadepromisedlova · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with grätalltevery imaginable thingallt · adverbmodifies tänkbarttänkbartimaginabletänkbar · adjective, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of lovade Never again would he break his word to anyone; never again would he be unkind; never again would he fall asleep and neglect the sermon.
AldrigneverAldrig · adverbmodifies mermeragainmycket · adverbmodifies svikaskullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of svikahanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of svikasvikabreak his wordsvika · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on somnasitthis ownsig · pronoun, neuter, singularpossessor of ordpossessive reflexive sitt, agreeing with a neuter noun.
ordwordord · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of svikatilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking någonnågonanyonenågon · pronoun, common gender, singularoblique complement of svikaaldrigneveraldrig · adverbmodifies mermeragainmycket · adverbmodifies elakskullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of elakhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of elakvarabevara · auxiliary verb, active, infinitivecopula linking to elakelakwickedelak · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with svikaaldrigneveraldrig · adverbmodifies mermeragainmycket · adverbmodifies skulleskullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of somnahanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of somnasomnato fall asleepsomna · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentenceifrånfromifrån · prepositiondepends on somnapredikansermonpredika · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of somnaIf only he could become human again, he would turn into such a fine, kind, and obedient boy.
Omifom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of fingehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of fingebarajustbara · adverbmodifies fingefingemight get tofinge · verb, past, subjunctive, activeadverbial clause on bliArchaic past subjunctive of få ("to get/be allowed").
blito becomebli · auxiliary verb, active, infinitivedepends on blimänniskahuman beingmänniska · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of bliigenagainigen · adverbmodifies människasåthenså · adverbadverbial clause on bliskullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of blidetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with bliblibecomebli · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentenceenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardepends on blisåsuchså · adverbmodifies präktigpräktigsplendidpräktig · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of bliochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsnällkindsnäll · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with präktigochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationlydigobedientlydig · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with snällgosseboygosse · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of präktigavintoav · prepositionpreposition marking honomhonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularoblique complement of präktigBut whatever he promised, it didn't help in the least.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationvadwhatvad · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of lovadehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of lovadeänwhateverän · adverbmodifies lovadelovadepromisedlova · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on hjälptesåthenså · adverbadverbial clause on hjälptehjälptehelpedhjälpa · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with hjälpteintenotinte · particlemodifies hjälptedetaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of minstaminstaleastliten · adjective, nominative, superlativesubject of hjälpte- 44
All at once he remembered having heard mother say that the little folk usually lived in the cow shed, and he decided at once to go there and see whether he could find the tomte.
Medwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking ensensat onceens · adverboblique complement of komUsed in the fixed idiom med ens 'all at once/suddenly.'
komcamekomma · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of komihågto mind (remember)ihåg · adverbdepends on komonly occurs in the fixed phrase komma ihåg 'to remember'.
attthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of hörthanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hörthadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of hörthörtheardhöra · verb, active, supineadverbial clause on kommormothermor · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of hörtsägato saysäga · verb, active, infinitivemodifies hörtattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of brukadesmåfolketthe little folksmåfolken · noun, nominative, neuter, singularsubject of brukadebrukadeused tobruka · verb, past, indicative, activeclausal complement of komboto livebo · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of brukade"To dwell/live"; not to be confused with bo, "nest".
iini · prepositionpreposition marking kostalletkostalletcow shedkostall · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of boochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of beslötbeslötdecidedbeslöt · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with komgenastat oncegenast · adverbmodifies beslötatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of gåinfinitive marker before a verb.
gågogå · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on beslötdittheredit · adverbmodifies gåochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationseseese · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with gåomifom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of finnahanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of finnakundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of finnafinnafindfinna · verb, active, infinitiveclausal complement of setomtentomte (gnome)tomt · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of finnafalse friend: this is the household spirit 'tomte', not the unrelated noun tomt meaning 'plot of land'.
It was lucky that the cottage door stood ajar, for he wouldn't have been able to reach the latch and open it, but now he slipped through without any trouble.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of lyckavarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to lyckaenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of lyckalyckaluckylycka · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phraseattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of stodstugdörrenthe cottage doorstugdörr · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of stodstodstoodstå · verb, past, indicative, activedepends on lyckapåajarpå · prepositionpreposition marking gläntgläntajarglänt · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of stodused in the fixed phrase 'på glänt' (ajar).
förforför · prepositionintroduces the clause of nåhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of nåskullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of nåintenotinte · particlemodifies nåhahaveha · auxiliary verb, active, infinitiveauxiliary of nåkunnatbeen able tokunna · auxiliary verb, active, supineauxiliary of nånåto reachnå · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with stoduppupupp · adverbdepends on nåtilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking låsetlåsetlocklås · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of nåochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationöppnaopenöppen · adjective, nominative, singularcoordinated with nådenitden · pronoun, common gender, singulardirect object of nåmenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationnunownu · adverbmodifies slappslappgot throughslapp · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with stodhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of slappigenomthroughigenom · prepositionadverbial clause on slapputanwithoututan · prepositionpreposition marking hinderhindertroublehinder · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of slapp- 45
When he came out into the entryway, he looked around for his clogs, for indoors he had of course been walking in his stocking feet.
Dåwhendå · adverbintroduces the clause of komhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of komkomcamekomma · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on sågutoutut · adverbdepends on komiintoi · prepositionpreposition marking förstunförstunthe entrywayförstu · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraloblique complement of utsågsawsåga · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on gåttMislemmatized: surface is 'såg', the past tense of se ('to see'/'looked'), in both examples ('såg han sig om' = 'looked around'), not a form of såga ('to saw'). Gloss corrected to 'saw' (as in 'he saw/looked').
hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sågsighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of sågomaroundom · prepositionpreposition marking sågefterforefter · prepositionpreposition marking träskorsinahissig · pronoun, pluralpossessor of träskorträskorclogsträska · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of sågförforför · prepositionpreposition marking inneinneindoorsinne · adverbmodifies sågiini · prepositionpreposition marking rummetrummetroomrumm · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of inneOlder double-m spelling of modern rum.
hadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of gåtthanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of gåttförståsof courseförstås · adverbmodifies gåttgåttbeen walkinggå · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentenceiini · prepositionpreposition marking strumpsockornastrumpsockornahis stockinged feetstrumpsockorna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of gått He wondered how he'd manage with the big, clumsy clogs, but just then he saw a pair of small shoes standing on the threshold.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of undradeundradewonderedundra · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehurhowhur · adverbmodifies skullehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of skulleskullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on undraderedamanagereda · verb, active, infinitivedepends on skulleReflexive 'reda sig' = manage, get by.
sighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of skullemedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking träskornadetheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of storaSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
storabigstor · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies träskornaklumpigaclumsyklumpig · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with storaträskornaclogsträska · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of skullemenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationiati · prepositionpreposition marking detsammadetsammathe samedensamma · pronoun, neuter, singularoblique complement of sågsågsawsåg · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with undradepast tense of se, 'to see.'
hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sågettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of parparcouplepar · noun, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies skorsmåsmallliten · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies skorskorshoessko · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of sågståstandstå · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of sågpåatpå · prepositionpreposition marking tröskelntröskelnthresholdtröskel · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of ståWhen he realized that the tomte had been so thoughtful as to transform the clogs too, he grew even more anxious.
Närwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of märktehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of märktemärktenoticedmärka · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on blevattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of omtänksamtomtentomte (gnome)tomt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of omtänksamfalse friend: this is the household spirit 'tomte', not the unrelated noun tomt meaning 'plot of land'.
hadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of omtänksamvaritbeenvara · auxiliary verb, active, supinecopula linking to omtänksamsåsoså · adverbmodifies omtänksamomtänksamthoughtfulomtänksam · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularclausal complement of märkteattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of förvandlathanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of förvandlatocksåalsoockså · adverbmodifies förvandlathadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of förvandlatförvandlattransformedförvandla · verb, active, supinecoordinated with omtänksamträskornaclogsträska · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of förvandlatblevbecamebli · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of blevännuevenännu · adverbmodifies mermermoremycket · adverbmodifies ängsligängsliganxiousängslig · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of blevIt seemed as though this misery was meant to last a long time.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of tycktestycktesseemedtycktes · verb, past, indicativemain verb of the sentencesomas thoughsom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of meningenomifom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of meningendetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with meningenvorewould bevara · auxiliary verb, past, subjunctive, activecopula linking to meningenmeningenmeantmening · noun, nominative, common gender, singularadverbial clause on tycktesattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of räckadenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of räckahärherehär · adverbpart of the phrase denbedrövelsengriefbedrövelse · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of räckaskullewas meant toskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of räckaräckalasträcka · verb, active, infinitiveclause modifying meningenlängea long timelänge · adverbmodifies räcka- 46
On the old oak plank lying in front of the entryway door, a house sparrow was hopping about.
Påonpå · prepositionpreposition marking ekbrädandenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of ekbrädangamlaoldgammal · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies ekbrädanekbrädanthe oak plankekbräda · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of hoppadesomthatsom · pronounsubject of lågThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
låglayligga · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on ekbrädanframförin front offramför · prepositionpreposition marking förstudörrenförstudörrenfront doorförstudörr · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of låghoppadejumpedhoppa · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of gråsparvgråsparvhouse sparrowgråsparv · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hoppade No sooner had he set eyes on the boy than he cried out, "Tee-hee! Tee-hee! Look at Nils the goose boy! Look at Thumbietot! Look at Nils Holgersson Thumbietot!"
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of fåtthadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of fåttintenotinte · particlemodifies fåttvälno soonerväl · adverbmodifies fåttfåttsetfå · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentenceögonenthe eyesögonen · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraldirect object of fåttpåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking pojkenpojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of fåttförränbeforeförrän · adverbmodifies ropadeused with a preceding negative to mean 'no sooner than'.
hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of ropaderopadecalled outropa · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on fåttTititttee-heeTititt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phraseTititttee-heetititt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularin apposition to TitittSelookse · verb, imperative, activemain verb of the sentencepåatpå · prepositionpreposition marking gåsapågNilsNilsNils · proper noun, nominativepossessor of gåsapåggåsapåggoose boygåsapåg · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of SeDialectal compound, 'goose boy' (the boy who herds/rides geese), used as Nils's nickname.
Selookse · verb, imperative, activemain verb of the sentencepåatpå · prepositionpreposition marking TummetottTummetottThumbietottummetott · proper noun, nominativeoblique complement of Sethe boy's nickname once shrunk; kept as the studio translation's name.
Selookse · verb, imperative, activemain verb of the sentencepåatpå · prepositionpreposition marking TummetottNilsNilsNils · proper noun, nominativemodifies TummetottHolgerssonHolgerssonHolgersson · proper noun, nominativedepends on NilsTummetottThumbietotTummetott · proper noun, nominativeoblique complement of Sethe boy's nickname after being shrunk; kept as the studio translation's rendering.
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At once both the geese and the hens turned their eyes toward the boy, and there arose a terrible cackling.
Genastat onceGenast · adverbmodifies vändevändeturnedväna · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencePast tense of vända (to turn); lemma should read vända.
bådebothbåde · conjunctionlinks the coordinationgässengeesegässe · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of vändegässen is the plural definite of gås 'goose'; lemma is a normalized plural stem.
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhönsenhenshönse · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with gässenlemma is the defined plural form 'hönsen' (the hens).
sinatheirsig · pronoun, pluralpossessor of blickarblickarglances/eyesblicka · verb, present, indicative, activecoordinated with vändeEvery example shows 'blickar' as the plural noun (his/her glances/eyes), subject of 'föllo' — not the present-tense verb 'blickar' (glances/gazes). Morphology tag is mislabeled verb; the idiom is 'hans blickar föll på' = 'his eyes/glance fell on'.
mottowardmot · prepositionpreposition marking pojkenpojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of blickarochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of blevblevbecamebli · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with vändeettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of kacklandeförfärligtterribleförfärlig · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies kacklandekacklandecacklingkacklande · adjective, nominativecomplement of blevmistagged as an adjective; used here as the noun 'a cackling'.
"Cock-a-doodle-doo," crowed the rooster, "it serves him right.
Kukelikucock-a-doodle-dooKukeliku · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of rättRooster's crow, an interjection.
golcrowedgol · adverbdepends on Kukelikutuppenroostertupp · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with Kukelikudetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of rättvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to rätträttrighträtt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phraseåtforåt · prepositionpreposition marking honomhonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularoblique complement of rättCock-a-doodle-doo, he's pulled my comb."
Kukelikucock-a-doodle-dooKukeliku · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phraseRooster's crow, an interjection.
hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of rycktharhasha · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of rycktrycktpulledrycka · verb, active, supineparallel clause to Kukelikumigmejag · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of rycktibyi · prepositionpreposition marking kammenkammenmy combkamm · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of ryckt"Cluck, cluck, cluck, it serves him right," cried the hens, and they kept this up endlessly.
KacluckKa · proper noun, nominativehead of the phraseHen's clucking sound, an interjection; mistagged as proper noun.
kacluckka · prepositionmodifies Kakacluckka · interjectioncoordinated with Kaan onomatopoeic hen sound, not the modern casual interjection 'ka'.
detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of rättvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to rätträttrighträtt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularparallel clause to Kaåtforåt · prepositionpreposition marking honomhonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularmodifies rättropadecalled outropa · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with Kahönornathe henshönorna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of ropadeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhärmedwith thishärmed · adverbmodifies hölloNarrative connective ('Härmed lyfte hon vingarna' = 'With this she lifted her wings'); 'hereby' is too formal/legalistic a register for this usage.
höllokept uphöllo · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with Kadetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluraldirect object of höllopåonpå · prepositiondepends on hölloifori · prepositionpreposition marking oändlighetoändlighetendlesslyoändlighet · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of hölloThe geese crowded together into a tight cluster, stuck their heads together, and asked, "Who could have done this?
Gässenthe geeseGässen · proper noun, nominativehead of the phraseforowentforo · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with GässenMistagged as a noun; foro is the plural past tense of fara ("went/traveled").
ihoptogetherihop · adverbcoordinated with Gässeniintoi · prepositionpreposition marking klungaenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of klungatätthicktät · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies klungaklungaclusterklunga · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with Gässenstuckostuckstucko · adverbmodifies huvudenaTagged as an adverb but is 'stucko', past tense plural of 'sticka', stuck out.
huvudenaheadshuvude · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralcoordinated with Gässentillsammanstogethertillsammans · adverbmodifies huvudenaochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfrågadeaskedfråga · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with huvudenaVemwhovem · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of gjortkancankunna · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of gjorthahaveha · auxiliary verb, active, infinitiveauxiliary of gjortgjortdonegöra · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentencedetitden · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of gjortWho could have done this?"
Vemwhovem · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of gjortkancankunna · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of gjorthahaveha · auxiliary verb, active, infinitiveauxiliary of gjortgjortdonegöra · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentencedetitden · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of gjort- 48
But the strangest thing about all this was that the boy understood what they said.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdettheden · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of märkvärdigastemärkvärdigastemost remarkablemärkvärdig · adjective, nominative, superlativehead of the phrasehärvidat thishärvid · adverbmodifies märkvärdigastemeans 'in connection with this' or 'at this point'.
varwasvara · pronoun, common gender, singularmodifies märkvärdigastethe surface var here is the past tense of vara 'to be', not the pronoun.
attthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of förstodpojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of förstodförstodunderstoodförstod · verb, past, indicative, activeclausal complement of märkvärdigastevadwhatvad · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of sadedetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of sadesadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activeclausal complement of förstod He was so astonished that he stood stock-still on the doorstep, listening.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of förvånadvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to förvånadsåsoså · adverbmodifies förvånadförvånadastonishedförvånad · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phraseattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of blevhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of blevblevbecamebli · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on förvånadståendestandingstående · adjective, nominativecomplement of blevstillastillstilla · adverbcomplement of blevpåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking trappstegettrappstegetsteptrappsteg · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of stillaochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationlyssnadelistenedlyssnad · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with stillaPast tense of lyssna ("to listen"), not an adjective.
"It must come from my having been turned into a tomte," he said.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of kommamåttemustmåtte · adverbmodifies kommaModal verb (cognate of måste), mistagged as adverb. Bare måtte means "must"; the perfect sense ("must have") comes only from an adjacent ha + supine, as in the måtte komma sig example, which translates as plain "must."
kommacomekomma · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencesigitselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of kommadäravfromdärav · adverbmodifies kommaattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of förvandladjagIjag · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of förvandladärisvara · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activecopula linking to förvandladförvandladtransformedförvandla · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularadverbial clause on kommaBackbone mistags this as an adjective; the surface (förvandlad) is the past participle of förvandla, 'to turn into'.
tillintotill · prepositionpreposition marking tomtetomtetomtetomte · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of förvandladA tomte is a Swedish household guardian spirit or gnome; the studio translation renders it as 'tomte' or 'gnome'.
sadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with förvandladhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sade"That's surely why I understand bird speech."
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with därförärisvara · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activecopula linking to därförnogsurelynog · adverbmodifies därfördärförwhydärför · adverbhead of the phrasesomthatsom · pronoundirect object of förstårThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
jagIjag · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of förstårförstårunderstand(s)förstå · verb, present, indicative, activedepends on därförfåglalåtbird speechfåglalåt · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of förstårDialectal compound meaning birdsong or the speech of birds.
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He thought it unbearable that the hens wouldn't stop saying it served him right.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of tycktetycktethoughttycka · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of odrägligtdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with odrägligtvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to odrägligtodrägligtunbearableodräglig · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularclausal complement of tyckteattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of slutahönsenthe henshöns · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of slutaintenotinte · particlemodifies slutavillewanted tovilja · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of slutaslutastopsluta · verb, active, infinitivedepends on odrägligtuppupupp · adverbdepends on slutaatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of sägainfinitive marker before a verb.
sägato saysäga · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on slutaattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of rättdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of rättvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to rätträttrighträtt · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardepends on odrägligtåtforåt · prepositionpreposition marking honomhonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularoblique complement of rätt He threw a stone at them and shouted, "Shut up, you rabble!"
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of kastadekastadethrewkasta · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of stenstenstonesten · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of kastademotatmot · prepositionpreposition marking demdemthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluraloblique complement of kastadeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationropadecalled outropa · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with kastadeTigbe quietTig · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularhead of the phrasemedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking ereryouni · pronoun, accusative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of Tigertyourert · pronoun, neuter, singularpossessor of packpackrabblepack · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with er- 50
But he hadn't considered that he was no longer the sort the hens needed to be afraid of.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of tänkthadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of tänktintenotinte · particlemodifies tänkttänktthoughttänka · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentencepåaboutpå · prepositionintroduces the clause of sådanattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of sådanhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sådanintenotinte · particlemodifies sådanmerlongermycket · adverbmodifies sådanvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to sådansådansuchsån · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularadverbial clause on tänktsån is a colloquial/older form of sådan, glossed to the modern sense.
attthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of räddahönsenthe henshöns · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of räddabehövdeneeded tobehöva · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of räddavarabevara · auxiliary verb, active, infinitivecopula linking to räddaräddaafraidrädd · adjective, nominative, pluraladverbial clause on sådanförofför · prepositionpreposition marking honomhonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularoblique complement of rädda The whole flock of hens rushed at him, gathered around him, and shrieked, "Cluck, cluck, cluck, it serves you right.
Helawholehel · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies hönshopenhönshopenthe flock of henshönshop · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of rusaderusaderushedrusa · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceemotatemot · prepositiondepends on rusadehonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of rusadeställdegatheredställa · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with rusadesigthemselvessig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of ställderuntaroundrunt · adverbmodifies ställdeomkringaroundomkring · prepositionpreposition marking honomhonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularoblique complement of ställdeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationskrekshriekedskrek · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with ställdeKacluckKa · verb, imperative, activemain verb of the sentencekacluckka · prepositionmodifies Kakacluckka · interjectionmodifies Kaan onomatopoeic hen sound, not the modern casual interjection 'ka'.
detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of rättvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to rätträttrighträtt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularparallel clause to Kaåtforåt · prepositionpreposition marking digdigyoudu · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularmodifies rättCluck, cluck, cluck, it serves you right."
KacluckKa · proper noun, nominativehead of the phraseHen's clucking sound, an interjection; mistagged as proper noun.
kacluckka · interjectionmodifies Kaan onomatopoeic hen sound, not the modern casual interjection 'ka'.
kacluckka · interjectioncoordinated with Kaan onomatopoeic hen sound, not the modern casual interjection 'ka'.
detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of rättvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to rätträttrighträtt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularparallel clause to Kaåtforåt · prepositionpreposition marking digdigyoudu · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularmodifies rätt- 51
The boy tried to get away from them, but the hens ran after him, shrieking so that he nearly lost his hearing.
Pojkenthe boypojken · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of försökteförsöktetriedförsöka · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencekommacomekomma · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of försökteundanawayundan · adverbdepends on kommademthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluraldirect object of kommamenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhönsenhenshönse · noun, nominative, common gender, singularpart of the phrase menlemma is the defined plural form 'hönsen' (the hens).
sprungoransprungo · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phraseTagged as a noun but is the historical past-plural of springa, 'to run' (cf. voro, gingo).
efterafterefter · prepositionmodifies sprungoochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationskrekoshriekedskreko · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with efterBackbone mistags this as a noun; skreko is the archaic plural past tense of skrika, 'to shriek/screech'.
såsoså · adverbintroduces the clause of höllattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionpart of the phrase såhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of höllhöllnearlyhålla · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on sprungopånearlypå · prepositiondepends on höllattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of mistamistato losemista · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on höllhörselnhis hearinghörsel · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of mista He would probably never have escaped them, if the house cat hadn't come strolling along.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sluppithadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of sluppitvälprobablyväl · adverbmodifies sluppitaldrigneveraldrig · adverbmodifies sluppitsluppitescapedsluppi · verb, supinemain verb of the sentenceifrånfromifrån · prepositionpreposition marking demdemthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluraloblique complement of sluppitomifom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of kommitintenotinte · particlemodifies kommitstugkattenthe house catstugkatt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of kommithadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of kommitkommitcomekomma · verb, active, supineadverbial clause on sluppitgåendewalkinggåe · adjective, nominativedirect object of kommitPresent participle 'gående' of 'gå' (to walk), used adjectivally/adverbially; mistagged as a plain adjective lemma.
As soon as the hens saw the cat, they fell silent and pretended to think of nothing but scratching in the dirt for worms.
Såasså · adverbmodifies hönsensnartsoonsnart · adverbpart of the phrase Såhönsenthe henshöns · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of sågosågosawsågo · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencemistagged as present tense; this is the archaic plural past tense of se 'to see' (they saw).
kattencatkatt · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of sågotystnadefell silenttystna · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with sågodetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of tystnadeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationlåtsadepretendedlåtsa · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with tystnadeintenotinte · particlemodifies låtsadetänkato thinktänka · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of låtsadepåofpå · prepositiondepends on tänkaannatanything elseannan · pronoun, neuter, singularpart of the phrase påänthanän · subordinating conjunctionpart of the phrase annatattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of krafsakrafsascratchkrafsa · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralcomplement of tystnadeiini · prepositionpreposition marking jordenjordenearthjord · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies krafsaefterforefter · prepositionpreposition marking maskmaskwormsmask · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of krafsa- 52
The boy ran straight up to the cat.
Pojkenthe boypojken · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sprangsprangransprangma · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceLemma is corrupted; surfaces are only "sprang" (past of springa, to run). Lemma should read springa, not sprangma.
genastat oncegenast · adverbmodifies sprangframforwardfram · adverbmodifies sprangtilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking kattenkattencatkatt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of sprang "Dear Puss," he said, "you must know every nook and hiding place on this farm?
Käradearkära · verb, imperative, activemain verb of the sentenceArchaic vocative imperative of kära, used as an endearment ("dear ___") when addressing someone.
duyoudu · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of KäraMissePussMisse · proper noun, nominativedirect object of Kärasadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to Kärahanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sadeduyoudu · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of kännerkännerfeelskänna · verb, present, indicative, activeparallel clause to sadevälmustväl · adverbmodifies kännertillabouttill · prepositionpreposition marking vrårallaallall · determiner, pluraldeterminer of vrårvrårnooksvrå · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of kännerochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsmyghålhiding placesmyghål · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with vrårhärherehär · adverbmodifies smyghålpåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking gårdengårdenfarmgård · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of kännerPlease be kind and tell me where I can find the tomte."
Duyoudu · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of snällfårpleasefå · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of snällvarabevara · auxiliary verb, active, infinitivecopula linking to snällsnällkindsnäll · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phraseochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationtalato speaktala · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with snällomtellom · prepositionpreposition marking talaförtoför · prepositionpreposition marking migmigmejag · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularoblique complement of snällvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activemodifies finnajagIjag · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of finnakancankunna · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of finnafinnafindfinna · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on snälltomtentomte (gnome)tomt · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of finnafalse friend: this is the household spirit 'tomte', not the unrelated noun tomt meaning 'plot of land'.
- 53
The cat didn't answer right away.
Kattencatkatt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of svaradesvaradeansweredsvara · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceintenotinte · particlemodifies svaradegenastat oncegenast · adverbmodifies svarade He sat down, curled his tail neatly around in front of his paws, and stared at the boy.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sattesattesat downsatte · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencepast tense of sätta; here reflexive satte sig 'sat down'.
sighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of sattenerdownner · adverbmodifies satteladecurledla · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with satte"lade han märke till" is the fixed idiom lägga märke till ("to notice"), not literal "laid".
svansentailsvans · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of ladeprydligtneatlyprydlig · adverbmodifies ladeiini · prepositionpreposition marking ringringringring · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of ladeframförin front offramför · prepositionpreposition marking benenbenenlegsben · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of ladeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationstirradestaredstirra · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with benenReally the past tense of the verb stirra ('to stare'), mistagged here as an adjective.
påatpå · prepositionpreposition marking pojkenpojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies benenHe was a big, black cat with a white patch on his chest.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of storvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to storenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of storstorbigstor · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phrasesvartblacksvar · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies kattSurface 'svart' is the adjective svart (black); the lemma 'svar' (answer) is a backbone mistag.
kattcatkatt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with stormedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking fläckenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of fläckvitwhitevit · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies fläckfläckspotfläck · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies kattioni · prepositionpreposition marking bringanbringanchestbringa · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies fläckHis fur lay sleek and shone in the sunlight.
Håretthe furHår · noun, nominative, neuter, singularsubject of låglåglaylåg · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceslättsleekslätt · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcomplement of lågochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationblänktegleamedblänkte · verb, imperative, activecoordinated with slättActually the past tense of blänka "to gleam", mislabeled as imperative.
iini · prepositionpreposition marking solskenetsolskenetthe sunshinesolsken · noun, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies blänkteHis claws were drawn in, and his eyes were an even gray with only a thin little slit down the middle.
Klornathe clawsKlorna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of springavorowerevoro · adjective, nominative, pluraldepends on indragnaarchaic plural past tense of vara ('to be'), used alongside var; a historical form, not a true adjective.
indragnadrawn inindragen · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with Klornaochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationögonenthe eyesögonen · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralcoordinated with Klornavorowerevoro · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with KlornaArchaic plural past tense of vara ("to be").
jämngråaeven grayjämngråa · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies Klornamedwithmed · prepositionintroduces the clause of springabarajustbara · adverbmodifies springaenoneen · numeral, nominative, common gender, singulardeterminer of springalitensmallliten · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies springasmalnarrowsmal · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with litenspringaslitspringa · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentenceOne cited example uses the homograph springa "slit/crack" (a different noun); this type is the infinitive verb "to run".
mittpåin the middlemittpå · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of springaThe cat looked thoroughly good-natured.
Kattencatkatt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sågsågsawse · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencegenombeskedligthoroughly good-naturedgenombeskedlig · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of sågutlookut · adverbdepends on genombeskedlig- 54
"I certainly know where the tomte lives," he said in a smooth voice, "but it isn't said that I'm willing to tell you."
Nogcertainlynog · adverbmodifies vetvetknowsveta · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencejagIjag · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of vetvarwherevara · verb, past, indicative, activeintroduces the clause of bortomtentomte (gnome)tomt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of borfalse friend: this is the household spirit 'tomte', not the unrelated noun tomt meaning 'plot of land'.
borlivesbo · verb, present, indicative, activeclausal complement of vetsadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to vethanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sademedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking lenlensmoothlen · pronoun, common gender, singularpossessor of röströstvoiceröst · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of sademenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationintenotinte · particlemodifies sagtärisvara · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activecopula linking to sagtdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with sagtsagtsaidsäga · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with sadeReally the supine 'sagt' of the verb säga ('to say'), mistagged here as an adjective.
attthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of talajagIjag · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of talavillwant tovilja · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of talatalato speaktala · verb, active, infinitiveclausal complement of sagtomtellom · prepositionpreposition marking detdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularoblique complement of talaförtoför · prepositionpreposition marking digdigyoudu · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularoblique complement of tala - 55
"Dear Puss, you must help me," said the boy.
Käradearkära · verb, imperative, activemain verb of the sentenceArchaic vocative imperative of kära, used as an endearment ("dear ___") when addressing someone.
MissePussMisse · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of Käraduyoudu · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of fårfårmustfå · verb, present, indicative, activeparallel clause to Käralovmustlov · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of fåratttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of hjälpainfinitive marker before a verb.
hjälpahelphjälpa · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on fårmigmejag · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of hjälpasadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to Kärapojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sade "Can't you see how he has bewitched me?"
SerseeSer · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencePresent tense of se ('to see'); capitalized here as sentence-initial.
duyoudu · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of Serintenotinte · particlemodifies Serhurhowhur · adverbmodifies förtrollathanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of förtrollatharhasha · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of förtrollatförtrollatbewitchedförtrolla · verb, active, supineclausal complement of Sermigmejag · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of förtrollat- 56
The cat opened his eyes a little, so that a green malice began to shine through.
Kattencatkatt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of öppnadeöppnadeopenedöppna · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceliteta littlelitet · adverbmodifies öppnadepåopenpå · prepositionpreposition marking ögonenögonenthe eyesögonen · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraloblique complement of öppnadesåsoså · adverbintroduces the clause of börjadeattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionpart of the phrase sådenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of elakhetengrönagreengrön · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies elakhetenelakhetenmaliceelakhet · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of börjadebörjadebeganbörja · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on öppnadelysato shinelysa · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of börjadeframforwardfram · adverbdepends on lysa He purred and buzzed with satisfaction before he answered.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of spannspannpurredspann · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralhead of the phraseochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsurradebuzzedsurra · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with spannavwithav · prepositionpreposition marking belåtenhetbelåtenhetsatisfactionbelåtenhet · noun, nominative, common gender, singularagent of surradeinnanbeforeinnan · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of svaradehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of svaradesvaradeansweredsvara · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on spann"Should I perhaps help you, seeing as how you've so often pulled my tail?" he said at last.
Skawillskola · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of hjälpajagIjag · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hjälpakanskeperhapskanske · adverbmodifies hjälpahjälpahelphjälpa · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencedigyoudu · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of hjälpaförbecauseför · prepositionintroduces the clause of rycktdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularpart of the phrase förattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of rycktduyoudu · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of rycktsåsoså · adverbmodifies rycktoftaoftenofta · adverbmodifies rycktharhasha · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of rycktrycktpulledrycka · verb, active, supineadverbial clause on hjälpamigmejag · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of rycktibyi · prepositionpreposition marking svansensvansentailsvans · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of rycktsadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sadetillat lasttill · prepositionmodifies sadesistlastsist · adverbpart of the phrase till- 57
Then the boy grew angry and completely forgot how small and powerless he now was.
Dåthendå · adverbmodifies blevblevbecamebli · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencepojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of blevondangryond · numeral, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of blevthis is the adjective ond meaning 'angry' in this idiom (bli ond), not a numeral.
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationglömdeforgotglömde · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with blevalldelesquitealldeles · adverbmodifies litenhurhowhur · adverbmodifies litenlitensmallliten · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies hanochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationmaktlöspowerlessmaktlös · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with litenhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of blevnunownu · adverbmodifies blevvarwasvara · pronoun, common gender, singularmodifies blevthe surface var here is the past tense of vara 'to be', not the pronoun.
"I can still pull your tail one more time, I can," he said, and ran at the cat.
JagIjag · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of ryckakancankunna · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of ryckaalltstillallt · adverbmodifies ryckaryckapull/snatchrycka · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencedigyoudu · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of ryckaibyi · prepositionpreposition marking svansensvansentailsvans · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of ryckaänthanän · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of gångenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of gånggångtimegång · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of ryckajagIjag · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sadesadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with ryckahanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sadeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsprangransprangma · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with sadeLemma is corrupted; surfaces are only "sprang" (past of springa, to run). Lemma should read springa, not sprangma.
emotatemot · prepositiondepends on sprangkattencatkatt · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of sprang- 58
In the next instant the cat had changed so much that the boy could hardly believe it was the same animal.
Iini · prepositionpreposition marking ögonblicknästanextnästa · adjective, nominativemodifies ögonblickögonblickmomentögonblick · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of förändradvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to förändradkattencatkatt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of förändradsåsoså · adverbmodifies förändradförändradchangedförändra · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phraseattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of tropojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of troknappthardlyknappt · adverbmodifies trokundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of trotrobelievetro · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on förändradattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of djurdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of djurvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to djursammathe samesamma · determinerdeterminer of djurdjuranimaldjur · noun, nominative, neuter, singularclausal complement of tro Every single hair on his body stood on end.
Vartendaevery singlevartenda · pronoun, nominative, common gender, pluralmodifies hårhårhairhår · noun, nominative, neuter, singularsubject of stodpåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking kropphanshishan · pronounpossessor of kroppkroppbodykropp · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies hårstodstoodstå · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencepåuppå · prepositiondepends on stodändaon endända · adverbpart of the phrase påHis back had arched, his legs had lengthened, his claws scraped the ground, his tail had become short and thick, his ears lay back, his mouth hissed, and his eyes stood wide open, glowing with red fire.
Ryggenbackrygg · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of krökthadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of kröktkröktbendskröka · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencesigitselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of kröktbenenlegsben · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hadehadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with kröktlängtlengthenedläng · adverbmodifies hadesigthemselvessig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of hadeklornathe clawsklorna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of skrapadeskrapadescrapedskrapa · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with kröktiagainsti · prepositionpreposition marking markenmarkengroundmark · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies skrapadesvansentailsvans · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of blivithadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of blivitblivitbecomebli · verb, active, supinecoordinated with kröktkortshortkort · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of blivitochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationtjockthicktjock · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with kortöronenearsöron · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of ladeladelayla · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on blivit"lade han märke till" is the fixed idiom lägga märke till ("to notice"), not literal "laid".
sigthemselvessig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of ladebakåtbackwardbakåt · adverbmodifies lademunnenmouthmunn · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with blivitfrästehissedfräste · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies munnenActually the past tense of fräsa "to hiss", mislabeled as an adjective.
ögonenthe eyesögonen · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralcoordinated with kröktstodostoodstodo · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with kröktvidöppnawide openvidöppna · adjective, nominative, pluralcomplement of stodoochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationlysteshonelyste · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with stodoTagged as an adjective but is the past tense of lysa, 'to shine'.
avwithav · prepositionpreposition marking eldrödredröd · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies eldeldfireeld · noun, nominative, common gender, singularagent of lyste- 59
The boy refused to let himself be frightened by a cat, and took yet another step forward.
Pojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of låtavillewanted tovilja · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of låtaintenotinte · particlemodifies låtalåtato letlåta · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentenceskrämmato frightenskrämma · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of låtasighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of skrämmaavbyav · prepositionpreposition marking kattenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of kattkattcatkatt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of skrämmautanbut ratherutan · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfollows a negated clause, contrasting it with what actually happened.
togtookta · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with låtaänthanän · subordinating conjunctionmodifies togettaen · determiner, neuter, singularquantifies stegstegstepsteg · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of togframåtforwardframåt · adverbmodifies tog But then the cat made a leap, came down right on top of the boy, knocked him over, and stood over him with his forepaws on his chest and his jaws open above his throat.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdåthendå · adverbmodifies gjordegjordedidgöra · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencekattencatkatt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of gjordeettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of språngsprångleapsprång · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of gjordekomcamekomma · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with gjordenerdownner · adverbdepends on komrättrighträtt · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of kompåon top ofpå · prepositionpreposition marking pojkenpojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of komslogknocked overslå · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceLight verb whose sense shifts with its particle (slog upp/ihop/omkull/sig ner).
omkulloveromkull · adverbdepends on slogUsed with verbs of falling/knocking, e.g. 'slog omkull' = 'knocked over'.
honomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of slogochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationställdestoodställa · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with slogsighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of ställdeöveroveröver · prepositionpreposition marking honomhonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularoblique complement of ställdemedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking framfötternaframfötternathe front pawsframfötterna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of ställdepåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking brösthanshishan · pronounpossessor of bröstbröstchestbröst · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraloblique complement of ställdeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationgapetjawsgap · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with bröstöppetopenöppen · adverbmodifies gapetThis is the neuter adjective form 'öppet' used predicatively/adverbially.
överoveröver · prepositionpreposition marking strupehanshishan · pronounpossessor of strupestrupethroatstrupe · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of ställde- 60
The boy felt the claws pressing through his vest and shirt into his skin, and the sharp canine teeth tickling his throat.
Pojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of kändekändefeltkäna · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehurhowhur · adverbmodifies trängdeklornaclawskla · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of trängdeModern headword is 'klo'; lemma appears truncated as 'kla'.
trängdepressed throughträngdema · verb, past, indicative, activeclausal complement of kändegenomthroughgenom · prepositionpreposition marking västenvästenwaistcoatväst · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of trängdeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationskjortanthe shirtskjorta · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with västenininin · adverbmodifies trängdeiintoi · prepositionpreposition marking skinnetskinnetskinskinn · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of inochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhurhowhur · adverbmodifies kittladedetheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of hörntändernaSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
vassasharpvass · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies hörntändernahörntändernafangshörntänd · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of kittladekittladetickledkittla · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies strupenstrupenthroatstrup · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with trängde He screamed for help with all his might.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of skrekskrekshriekedskrek · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencepåforpå · prepositionpreposition marking hjälphjälphelphjälp · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of skrekalltallall · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of vadvadwhatvad · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of förmåddehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of förmåddeförmåddewith all his mightförmådde · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on skrek- 61
But no one came, and he was quite certain that his last moment had arrived.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationingenno oneingen · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of komkomcamekomma · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of troddetroddebelievedtro · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with komförvissocertainlyförvisso · adverbmodifies troddeattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of varhanshishan · pronounpossessor of stundsistalastsista · adjective, nominative, superlativemodifies stundstundwhilestund · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of varvarwasvara · verb, past, indicative, activeclausal complement of troddeinnehad arrivedinne · adverbmodifies var Then he felt the cat draw in its claws and release its hold on his throat.
Dåthendå · adverbmodifies kändekändefeltkäna · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of kändeattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of drogkattencatkatt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of drogdrogdrewdrog · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on kändeininin · adverbdepends on drogklornathe clawsklorna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of drogochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsläpptereleasedsläppte · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with drogtagetholdtagen · adjective, nominative, neuter, singulardepends on släppteomofom · prepositionpreposition marking strupenstrupenthroatstrup · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of släppte- 62
"There now," he said, "that's enough.
Såthereså · adverbadverbial clause on sadedärtheredär · adverbmodifies Såsadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sadenunownu · adverbmodifies nogkancankunna · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of nogdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of nogvarabevara · auxiliary verb, active, infinitivecopula linking to nognogenoughnog · adverbmodifies sade I'll let you off this time, for the mistress's sake.
JagIjag · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of låtaskawillskola · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of låtalåtato letlåta · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencedigyoudu · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of låtaslippabe spared/avoidslippa · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of låtaundanoffundan · adverbdepends on slippadenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of gångenhärherehär · adverbpart of the phrase dengångentimegång · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of slippaförforför · prepositionmodifies slippamatmorsthe mistress'smatmor · pronoun, neuter, singularpart of the phrase förskullsakeskull · noun, nominative, common gender, singularpart of the phrase föronly occurs in the fixed phrase för ... skull 'for the sake of'.
I only wanted you to know which of the two of us has the power now."
JagIjag · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of villevillewantedvilja · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencebarajustbara · adverbmodifies villeattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of vetaduyoudu · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of vetaskulleshouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of vetavetato knowveta · verb, active, infinitiveclausal complement of villevemwhovem · pronoun, common gender, singulardirect object of haravofav · prepositionpreposition marking ossossusvi · pronoun, accusative, common gender, pluralmodifies vemtvåtwotvå · numeral, nominativequantifies detdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of harärisvara · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activecopula linking to harsomwhichsom · pronounsubject of harThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
nunownu · adverbmodifies harharhasha · verb, present, indicative, activeclausal complement of vetamaktenpowermakt · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of har- 63
With that the cat went on his way, looking just as sleek and gentle as he had when he came.
Därmedwith thatdärmed · adverbmodifies gickgickwentgå · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencekattencatkatt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of gicksinawaysig · pronoun, common gender, singularpossessor of vägvägwayväg · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of gickochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsågsawsåg · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with gickpast tense of se, 'to see.'
likaequallylika · adverbmodifies slätslätsmoothslät · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of sågochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfromgentlefrom · proper noun, nominativecoordinated with slätutlookut · adverbdepends on sågsomassom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of nyssnyssjust nownyss · adverbadverbial clause on sågnärwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of komhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of komkomcamekomma · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on gick The boy was so ashamed that he didn't say a word, but simply hurried off to the cow shed to search for the tomte.
Pojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of skamsenvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to skamsensåsoså · adverbmodifies skamsenskamsenashamedskams · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phraseAdjective 'skamsen' (ashamed); mistagged as a noun by the parser.
attthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of sadehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sadeintenotinte · particlemodifies sadesadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on skamsenettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of ordordwordord · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of sadeutanbut ratherutan · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfollows a negated clause, contrasting it with what actually happened.
barajustbara · adverbmodifies skyndadeskyndadehurriedskynda · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with skamsentilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking kostalletkostalletcow shedkostall · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of skyndadeförin orderför · prepositionintroduces the clause of sökaatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of sökainfinitive marker before a verb.
sökasearchsöka · verb, active, infinitiveclause modifying kostalletefterforefter · prepositionpreposition marking tomtentomtentomte (gnome)tomt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of sökafalse friend: this is the household spirit 'tomte', not the unrelated noun tomt meaning 'plot of land'.
- 64
There were no more than three cows in there.
Därtheredär · adverbmodifies funnosfunnosthere werefunnos · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralhead of the phrasethis is the archaic plural past tense of finnas ('to exist'), not a noun.
intenotinte · particlemodifies flerflermorefler · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies funnosänthanän · subordinating conjunctionpart of the phrase flertrethreetre · numeral, nominativequantifies kor.kor.cowskor. · noundepends on funnos But when the boy came in, there arose such a bellowing and commotion that one might easily have thought there were at least thirty of them.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationnärwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of kompojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of komkomcamekomma · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on blevininin · adverbdepends on komblevbecamebli · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of blevettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of bölandebölandebellowingbölande · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcomplement of blevochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of oväsenoväsencommotionoväsen · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with bölandesåsoså · adverbintroduces the clause of troattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionpart of the phrase såmanoneman · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of trogotteasilygott · adverbmodifies trokundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of trotrobelievetro · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on blevattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of trettiodetheyde · determiner, pluraldeterminer of voroThis type's own examples show 'de' used as the plain personal pronoun "they" (de voro ovanligt strävsamma = "they were unusually...") as often as the determiner "the" (de andra = "the others"); a fixed gloss of "the" mis-renders every pronoun occurrence.
vorowerevoro · adjective, nominative, pluralsubject of trettioarchaic plural past tense of vara ('to be'), used alongside var; a historical form, not a true adjective.
åtminstoneat leaståtminstone · adverbmodifies trettiotrettiothirtytrettio · numeral, nominativedepends on tro- 65
"Moo, moo, moo," lowed Majros.
MumooMu · proper noun, nominativesubject of råmademumoomu · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with Mumumoomu · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with Muråmadelowedråma · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceMajrosMajrosMajros · proper noun, nominativedirect object of råmadeName of a cow.
"It's a good thing there's justice in the world after all."
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with gottärisvara · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activecopula linking to gottdåafter alldå · adverbmodifies gottgottgoodgod · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularhead of the phraseattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of finnsdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with finnsfinnsthere isfinnas · verb, present, indicativedepends on gotträttvisajusticerättvisa · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of finnstillin existencetill · prepositiondepends on finnsiini · prepositionpreposition marking världenvärldenworldvärld · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of finns- 66
"Moo, moo, moo," all three struck up together.
MumooMu · proper noun, nominativesubject of »mumoomu · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with Mumumoomu · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with Mustämdestruck upstämde · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to »detheyen · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of stämdesurfaces are actually the plural pronoun de, not a form of en.
uppupupp · adverbdepends on deallaallall · determiner, pluraldeterminer of tretrethreetre · numeral, nominativequantifies stämde He couldn't make out what they were saying, they bellowed so over one another.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hörakundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of höraintenotinte · particlemodifies hörahörato hearhöra · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencevadwhatvad · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of sadedetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of sadesadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activeclausal complement of hörasåsoså · adverbmodifies skrekoskrekoshriekedskreko · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of sadeBackbone mistags this as a noun; skreko is the archaic plural past tense of skrika, 'to shriek/screech'.
detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of skrekoöveroveröver · prepositionpreposition marking varandravarandraeach othervarandra · pronoun, accusative, pluraloblique complement of skreko- 67
The boy wanted to ask about the tomte, but he couldn't make himself heard, because the cows were in complete uproar.
Pojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of frågavillewanted tovilja · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of frågafrågaquestionfråga · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phraseefteraboutefter · prepositionpreposition marking tomtentomtentomte (gnome)tomt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of frågafalse friend: this is the household spirit 'tomte', not the unrelated noun tomt meaning 'plot of land'.
menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of görakundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of göraintenotinte · particlemodifies göragöramakegöra · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with frågasighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of görahördheardhörd · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of göradärförbecausedärför · adverbintroduces the clause of voroattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionpart of the phrase därförkornathe cowskorna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of vorovorowerevoro · pronoun, pluraladverbial clause on göramistagged as a pronoun; this is the archaic plural past tense of vara 'to be'.
iini · prepositionpreposition marking upprorfulltfullfull · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies upprorupproruproaruppra · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of voro They were behaving just as they usually did when he let a strange dog in among them.
Detheyen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of buroSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
buroworeburo · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies sigArchaic plural past tense of 'bära' (to wear/carry/bear), mislabeled as an adjective.
sigthemselvessig · pronoun, accusativehead of the phraseåtin that wayåt · prepositionhead of the phrasesåasså · adverbpart of the phrase åtsomassom · pronounintroduces the clause of brukadeThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of brukadebrukadeusually didbruka · adjective, nominative, pluralhead of the phraseBackbone tags this as an adjective, but the surface (brukade) is the past tense of bruka, 'to usually do'.
närwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of släpptehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of släpptesläpptereleasedsläppte · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on brukadeenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of hundfrämmandestrangefrämmande · adjective, nominativemodifies hundhunddoghund · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of släppteininin · adverbdepends on släpptetillamongtill · prepositionpreposition marking demdemthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluraloblique complement of inThey kicked with their hind legs, rattled their neck chains, turned their heads outward, and aimed with their horns.
Detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of sparkadesparkadekickedsparka · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencemedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking bakbenenbakbenenhind legsbakben · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of sparkadeskakadeshookskaka · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with sparkadeirattlei · prepositionpreposition marking halslänkarsinatheirsig · pronoun, pluralpossessor of halslänkarhalslänkarneck chainshalslänk · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of skakadevändeturnedväna · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with sparkadePast tense of vända (to turn); lemma should read vända.
huvudenaheadshuvude · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraldirect object of vändeutåtoutwardutåt · adverbmodifies huvudenaochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationmåttadeaimedmåtta · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with utåtmedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking hornenhornenhornshorn · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraloblique complement of vände- 68
"Just you come here," said Majros, "and you'll get a kick you won't forget for a long time!"
KomcomeKom · verb, imperative, activemain verb of the sentencehitherehit · adverbmodifies Komduyoudu · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of Kombarajustbara · adverbmodifies Komsadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to KomMajrosMajrosMajros · proper noun, nominativesubject of sadeName of a cow.
såandså · adverbadverbial clause on fåskawillskola · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of fåduyoudu · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of fåfågetfå · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencedigyoudu · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularindirect object of fåenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of sparksparkkickspark · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of fåsomthatsom · pronoundirect object of glömmaThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
duyoudu · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of glömmaintenotinte · particlemodifies glömmaskawillskola · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of glömmaglömmato forgetglömma · verb, active, infinitiverelative clause on sparkpåfor a long timepå · prepositionpreposition marking längelängefor a long timelänge · adverbmodifies glömma - 69
"Come here," said Gull-Lilja, "and you'll get to dance on my horns!"
KomcomeKom · verb, imperative, activemain verb of the sentencehitherehit · adverbmodifies Komsadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to KomGull-LiljaGull-LiljaGull-Lilja · proper noun, nominativesubject of sadeProper name of a goat.
såandså · adverbadverbial clause on dansaskawillskola · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of dansaduyoudu · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of dansafåget tofå · auxiliary verb, active, infinitiveauxiliary of dansadansadancedansa · verb, active, infinitiveparallel clause to Kompåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking hornminamyjag · pronoun, pluralpossessor of hornThis entry is really the possessive "mina" (plural agreement), mistagged under the lemma jag.
hornhornshorn · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraloblique complement of dansa - 70
"Come here, and you'll get to feel what it was like when you threw your clog at me, the way you used to do last summer!" bellowed Stjärna.
KomcomeKom · verb, imperative, activedepends on kännahitherehit · adverbmodifies Komsåandså · adverbadverbial clause on kännaskawillskola · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of kännaduyoudu · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of kännafåget tofå · auxiliary verb, active, infinitiveauxiliary of kännakännato feelkänna · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencepåwhat it was likepå · prepositiondepends on kännahurhowhur · adverbmodifies smakadedetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of smakadesmakadewas likesmaka · verb, past, indicative, activeclausal complement of kännanärwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of slängdeduyoudu · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of slängdeslängdethrewslänga · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on smakadepåatpå · prepositionpreposition marking träskonmigmejag · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularpossessor of träskonträskonthe clogträskon · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraloblique complement of slängdeThis is the definite singular of träsko (wooden clog), not a plural.
somassom · pronounoblique complement of brukadeThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
duyoudu · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of brukadebrukadeused tobruka · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with kännagöradogöra · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of brukadeiini · prepositiondepends on görasomraslast summersomras · nounpart of the phrase irötroaredröt · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralhead of the phrasePast tense of the verb 'ryta' (to roar/bellow), mistagged here as a noun.
StjärnaStjärnaStjärna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralhead of the phrase - 71
"Come here, and you'll get paid back for the wasp you let loose in my ear!" roared Gull-Lilja.
KomcomeKom · verb, imperative, activedepends on fåhitherehit · adverbmodifies Komsåandså · adverbadverbial clause on fåskawillskola · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of fåduyoudu · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of fåfågetfå · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencebetaltpaidbetala · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularcomplement of fåSupine 'betalt' (paid), mistagged as an adjective.
förforför · prepositionpreposition marking getingengetingenthe waspgeting · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of fåsomthatsom · pronounoblique complement of släppteThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
duyoudu · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of släpptesläpptelet loosesläppa · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on getingenininin · adverbdepends on släppteiintoi · prepositionpreposition marking öratöratearöra · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of släpptepåmypå · prepositionpreposition marking migmigmejag · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularoblique complement of släpptevråladeroaredvråla · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to fåGull-LiljaGull-LiljaGull-Lilja · proper noun, nominativedirect object of vråladeProper name of a goat.
- 72
Majros was the oldest and wisest of them, and she was angriest of all.
MajrosMajrosmajros · proper noun, nominativesubject of varvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of demäldstaoldestgammal · adjective, nominative, superlativemodifies demochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationklokastewisestklok · adjective, nominative, superlativecoordinated with äldstaavofav · prepositionpreposition marking demdemthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluraloblique complement of varochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhonshehon · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of ondastvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to ondastallraof allallra · adverbmodifies ondast"Most of all" only fits "allra ondast" (angriest of all); in "allra vackraste," "allra tunnaste," and "allra förskräckligaste" allra intensifies the following superlative and renders as "very" (the very loveliest/thinnest/worst).
ondastangriestondast · adverbcoordinated with var "Come here," she said, "so I can pay you back for every time you've pulled the milking stool out from under your mother, and for every time you've tripped her up when she came carrying the milk pail, and for all the tears she has stood here and wept over you!"
KomcomeKom · verb, imperative, activemain verb of the sentencehitherehit · adverbmodifies Komsadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to Komhonshehon · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sadesåsoså · adverbintroduces the clause of geattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionpart of the phrase såjagIjag · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of gefårcanfå · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of gegeto givege · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on sadedigyoudu · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularindirect object of gebetaltpaidbetala · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularcomplement of geSupine 'betalt' (paid), mistagged as an adjective.
förforför · prepositionpreposition marking gångerallaallall · determiner, pluraldeterminer of gångerdetheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of gångerSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
gångertimesgång · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of gesomthatsom · pronounoblique complement of rycktThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
duyoudu · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of rycktharhasha · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of rycktrycktpulledrycka · verb, active, supinerelative clause on gångermjölkpallenmilking stoolmjölkpall · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraldirect object of rycktundanout from underundan · adverbpreposition marking mormormothermor · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of rycktdinyourdu · pronoun, common gender, singulardepends on gångerochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationförforför · prepositionpreposition marking krokbenallaallall · determiner, pluraldeterminer of krokbendetheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of krokbenSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
krokbentripskrokben · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with gesomthatsom · pronoundirect object of sattThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
duyoudu · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sattharhasha · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of sattsattsatsitta · verb, active, supinerelative clause on krokbenförforför · prepositionpreposition marking hennehenneherhenne · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularoblique complement of sattnärwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of kommithonshehon · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of kommitharhasha · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of kommitkommitcomekomma · verb, active, supineadverbial clause on sadebärandecarryingbärande · adjective, nominativedirect object of kommitmedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking mjölkspannenmjölkspannenmilk pailmjölkspan · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of kommitochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationförforför · prepositionintroduces the clause of tårarallaallall · determiner, pluralpart of the phrase fördetheen · determiner, pluralsubject of tårarSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
tårartearståer · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with kommitsomthatsom · pronoundirect object of ståttThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
honshehon · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of ståttharhasha · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of ståttståttstoodstå · verb, active, supinerelative clause on tårarhärherehär · adverbdepends on ståttochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationgråtitweptgråta · verb, active, supinecoordinated with ståttöveroveröver · prepositionpreposition marking digdigyoudu · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularoblique complement of gråtit- 73
The boy wanted to tell them that he was sorry for having been unkind to them, and that he would never be anything but kind from now on, if they would only tell him where the tomte was.
Pojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sägavillewanted tovilja · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of sägasägato saysäga · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencedemthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluraldirect object of sägaattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of ångradehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of ångradeångraderegrettedångra · verb, past, indicative, activeclause modifying demattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of stygghanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of stygghadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of styggvaritbeenvara · auxiliary verb, active, supinecopula linking to styggstyggunkindstygg · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularclause modifying demmottomot · prepositionpreposition marking demdemthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluraloblique complement of styggochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of blihanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of blialdrigneveraldrig · adverbmodifies bliskullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of bliblibecomebli · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with styggannatotherannan · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies bliänthanän · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of snällsnällkindsnäll · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of bliomifom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of sadedetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of sadebarajustbara · adverbmodifies sadesadesaidsa · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with blihonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularsubject of sadevarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeintroduces the clause of fannstomtentomte (gnome)tomt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of fannsfalse friend: this is the household spirit 'tomte', not the unrelated noun tomt meaning 'plot of land'.
fannsthere wasfinnas · verb, past, indicativeclausal complement of sägaexistential verb; fanns = 'there was/were, existed.'
But the cows did not listen to him.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationkornathe cowska · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of lyssnadelyssnadelistenedlyssna · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceintenotinte · particlemodifies lyssnadetilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking honomhonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularoblique complement of lyssnadeThey carried on so that he grew afraid one of them might manage to tear herself loose, and he decided it was best to slip quietly out of the cow shed.
Detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of bråkadebråkadecarried onbråka · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencesåsoså · adverbmodifies bråkadeattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of blevhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of blevblevbecamebli · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on bråkaderäddafraidrädd · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of blevförofför · prepositionintroduces the clause of lyckasattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of lyckasnågononenågon · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of passive lyckasavofav · prepositionpreposition marking demdemthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluralmodifies någonskullemightskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of lyckaslyckassucceedlycka · verb, passive, infinitiveadverbial clause on blevslitato tearslita · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of lyckassigherselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of slitalöslooselös · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of slitaochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of tycktetycktethoughttycka · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with blevattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of bästdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with bästvarwasvara · verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to bästbästbestbra · adjective, nominative, superlativeclausal complement of tyckteatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of smygainfinitive marker before a verb.
smygato sneaksmyga · verb, active, infinitivedepends on bästsighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of smygabortawaybort · adverbmodifies smygaurout ofur · prepositionpreposition marking kostalletkostalletcow shedkostall · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of smyga- 74
When he came out again, he was quite discouraged.
Dåwhendå · adverbintroduces the clause of komhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of komkomcamekomma · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on modlösutoutut · adverbdepends on komigenagainigen · adverbmodifies komvarwasvara · verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to modlöshanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of modlösrättquiterätt · adverbmodifies modlösmodlösdownheartedmodlös · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phrase He could understand that no one on the farm was willing to help him find the tomte.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of förståkundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of förståförståunderstandförstå · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentenceattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of hjälpaingenno oneingen · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of hjälpapåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking gårdengårdenfarmgård · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies ingenvillewanted tovilja · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of hjälpahjälpahelphjälpa · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on förståhonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of hjälpaatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of finnainfinitive marker before a verb.
finnafindfinna · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on hjälpatomtentomte (gnome)tomt · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of finnafalse friend: this is the household spirit 'tomte', not the unrelated noun tomt meaning 'plot of land'.
And it would probably do little good even if he did find him.
Ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationlitetlittleliten · adverbmodifies båtathis type bundles the positive and comparative degree forms (litet, mindre) under one entry.
skullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of båtadetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of båtavälprobablyväl · adverbmodifies detocksåalsoockså · adverbmodifies båtabåtado any goodbåta · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentenceomifom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of funnehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of funnefunnemight findfunne · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on båtaFunne is a past subjunctive form of finna.
honomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of funne- 75
He crawled up onto the broad stone wall that ran around the cottage and was overgrown with thorn and blackberry vines.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of kröpkröpcreptkröp · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceuppupupp · adverbdepends on kröppåontopå · prepositionpreposition marking stengärdsgårdendenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of stengärdsgårdenbredabroadbred · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies stengärdsgårdenstengärdsgårdenstone wallstengärdsgård · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of kröpsomthatsom · pronounsubject of gickThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
gickwentgå · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on stengärdsgårdenruntaroundrunt · adverbmodifies gickomkringaroundomkring · adverbpreposition marking torpettorpetcottagetorp · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of gicksmall tenant farm/croft.
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to övervuxenövervuxenovergrownövervuxen · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with gickmedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking törnetörnethorntörne · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of övervuxenochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationbjörnbärsrankorblackberry vinesbjörnbärsrankor · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with törne There he settled down to think about what would happen if he did not become human again.
Därtheredär · adverbmodifies slogslogsettled downslå · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceLight verb whose sense shifts with its particle (slog upp/ihop/omkull/sig ner).
hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of slogsighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of slognerdownner · adverbmodifies slogförin orderför · prepositionintroduces the clause of tänkaatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of tänkainfinitive marker before a verb.
tänkato thinktänka · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on slogpåaboutpå · prepositionintroduces the clause of gåhurhowhur · adverbmodifies gådetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of gåskullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of gågågogå · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on tänkaomifom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of blevehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of bleveintenotinte · particlemodifies bleveblevebecomebleve · noun, nominative, neuter, singularadverbial clause on slogmänniskahuman beingmänniska · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of bleveigenagainigen · adverbmodifies människaWhen father and mother came home from church now, there would surely be some wondering.
Närwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of kommenunownu · adverbmodifies Närfarfatherfar · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of kommeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationmormothermor · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with farkommewould comekomme · verb, present, indicative, activeadverbial clause on bliarchaic subjunctive/conditional form of komma.
hemhomehem · adverbmodifies kommeifrånfromifrån · prepositionpreposition marking kyrkankyrkanchurchkyrka · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of kommeskullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of blidetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with blivälsurelyväl · adverbmodifies bliblibecomebli · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentenceettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of undrandeundrandewonderingundrande · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcomplement of bliYes, there would be wondering all over the countryside, and people would come both from Östra Vemmenhög and from Torp and from Skurup; from all of Vemmenhög district folk would come to gawk at him.
Jayesja · interjectiondepends on bliettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of undrandeundrandewonderingundra · adjective, nominativeadverbial clause on bliskullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of blidetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of bliblibecomebli · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentenceöveroveröver · prepositionpreposition marking landethelawholehel · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies landetlandetlandland · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of bliochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfolkpeoplefolk · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralsubject of kommaskullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of kommakommacomekomma · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with blibådebothbåde · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfrånfromfrån · prepositionpreposition marking VemmenhögÖstraEasternÖstra · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies VemmenhögVemmenhögVemmenhögVemmenhög · proper noun, nominativeoblique complement of kommaochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfrånfromfrån · prepositionpreposition marking TorpTorpTorpTorp · proper noun, nominativecoordinated with Vemmenhögochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfrånfromfrån · prepositionpreposition marking SkurupSkurupSkurupSkurup · proper noun, nominativecoordinated with Vemmenhögfrånfromfrån · prepositionpreposition marking Vemmenhögshelawholehel · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies VemmenhögsVemmenhögsVemmenhög'sVemmenhögs · nounoblique complement of kommahäraddistricthärad · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralmodifies Vemmenhögsskullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of kommamanfolkman · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of kommakommacomekomma · verb, active, infinitiveparallel clause to kommaförin orderför · prepositionintroduces the clause of tittaatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of tittainfinitive marker before a verb.
tittato looktitta · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on kommapåatpå · prepositionpreposition marking honomhonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularoblique complement of tittaAnd perhaps father and mother would take him along and show him off at the Kivik market.
Ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationkanskeperhapskanske · adverbmodifies farfarfatherfar · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of taochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationmormothermor · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with farskullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of tatato taketa · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencehonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of tamedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking sigsigthemsig · pronoun, accusativeoblique complement of taochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationvisato showvisa · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with tahonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of visapåatpå · prepositionpreposition marking marknadKiviksKivik'sKivik · proper noun, genitivepossessor of marknadmarknadmarketmarknad · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of visa- 76
No, it was dreadful to think about.
Nejnonej · interjectionhead of the phrasedetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with förskräckligtvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to förskräckligtförskräckligtdreadfulförskräcklig · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularparallel clause to Nejatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of tänkainfinitive marker before a verb.
tänkato thinktänka · verb, active, infinitivedepends on förskräckligtpåaboutpå · prepositionpreposition marking tänka What he wanted most was that no human being should ever see him again.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of villevillewantedvilja · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehelstmostgärna · adverbmodifies villeType lumps together gärna (gladly) and its suppletive superlative helst (rather/most).
attthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of sealdrigneveraldrig · adverbmodifies mermeragainmycket · adverbmodifies senågonnonågon · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of människamänniskahuman beingmänniska · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of seskulleshouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of sefåget tofå · auxiliary verb, active, infinitiveauxiliary of seseseese · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on villehonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of se- 77
It was terrible how unhappy he was.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with förfärligtvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to förfärligtförfärligtterribleförfärlig · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularhead of the phrasevadwhatvad · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of olycklighanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of olyckligvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to olyckligolyckligunhappyolycklig · adjective, nominative, common gender, singulardepends on förfärligt No one in the whole world was as unhappy as he.
Ingenno oneingen · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of olyckligiini · prepositionpreposition marking världenhelawholehel · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies världenvärldenworldvärld · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies Ingenvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to olyckligsåasså · adverbmodifies olyckligolyckligunhappyolycklig · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phrasesomassom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of hanhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularadverbial clause on olyckligHe was no longer a human being, but a monster.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of människavarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to människaintenotinte · particlemodifies varenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of människamänniskahuman beingmänniska · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phrasemerlongermycket · adverbmodifies människautanbut ratherutan · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfollows a negated clause, contrasting it with what actually happened.
ettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of vidundervidundera monstervidunder · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with människa- 78
He began to gradually understand what it meant that he was no longer a human being.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of börjadebörjadebeganbörja · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencesågraduallyså · adverbmodifies begripasmåningomgraduallysmåningom · adverbpart of the phrase såUsed in the fixed phrase så småningom 'little by little.'
begripaunderstandbegripa · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on börjadevadwhatvad · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of betydadetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of betydahadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of betydaatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of betydainfinitive marker before a verb.
betydato meanbetyda · verb, active, infinitiveclausal complement of begripaattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of varhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of varintenotinte · particlemodifies varmerlongermycket · adverbmodifies varvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to människanågonnonågon · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of människamänniskahuman beingmänniska · noun, nominative, common gender, singularparallel clause to betyda He was cut off from everything now: he could not play with other boys, he could not take over the cottage from his parents, and he certainly could not get any girl to marry him.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of skildvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to skildskildseparatedskild · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phrasefrånfromfrån · prepositionpreposition marking alltingalltingeverythingallting · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of skildnunownu · adverbmodifies skildintenotinte · particlemodifies lekakundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of lekahanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of lekalekato playleka · verb, active, infinitiveparallel clause to skildmedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking pojkarandraotherannan · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies pojkarpojkarboyspojke · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of lekaintenotinte · particlemodifies övertakundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of övertahanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of övertaövertatake overöverta · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with lekatorpetcottagetorp · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of övertasmall tenant farm/croft.
efterfromefter · prepositionpreposition marking föräldrarnaföräldrarnaparentsförälder · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of övertaochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationraktcertainlyrak · adverbmodifies fåintenotinte · particlemodifies fåkundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of fåhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of fåfågetfå · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with lekanågonanynågon · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of töstösgirltös · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of fåatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of giftainfinitive marker before a verb.
giftato marrygifta · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on fåsigherselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of giftamedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking gifta- 79
He sat and looked at his home.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sattsattsatsitta · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsågsawsåg · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with sattpast tense of se, 'to see.'
påatpå · prepositionpreposition marking hemsitthis ownsig · pronoun, neuter, singularpossessor of hempossessive reflexive sitt, agreeing with a neuter noun.
hemhomehem · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of såg It was a small, whitewashed timber-framed house, seemingly pressed down into the ground beneath its tall, steep thatched roof.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of korsvirkeshusvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to korsvirkeshusettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of korsvirkeshuslitetlittleliten · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies korsvirkeshusvitmenatwhitewashedvitmena · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with litetkorsvirkeshushalf-timbered housekorsvirkeshus · noun, nominative, neuter, singularhead of the phraseochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationlåglayligga · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with korsvirkeshusmistagged as adjective; the surface 'låg' here is the past tense of ligga 'to lie', not the unrelated adjective låg 'low'.
somas ifsom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of nertrycktnertrycktpressed downnertryck · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularadverbial clause on lågiintoi · prepositionpreposition marking markenmarkengroundmark · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of nertrycktunderbeneathunder · prepositionpreposition marking halmtaketdetaen · determiner, neuter, singularpart of the phrase underhögahighhög · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies halmtaketbrantasteepbrant · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with högahalmtaketthe thatched roofhalmtaket · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraloblique complement of nertrycktThe outbuildings were small too, and the little fields were so narrow that a horse could hardly turn around on them.
Uthusenthe outbuildingsUthusen · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of smalavorowerevoro · particledepends on UthusenArchaic plural preterite of vara 'to be'; mistagged as particle.
ocksåalsoockså · adverbmodifies småsmåsmallliten · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with Uthusenochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationåkerlapparnathe little fieldsåkerlapp · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with ,vorowerevoro · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with Uthusensåsoså · adverbmodifies smalasmalanarrowsmal · adjective, nominative, pluralhead of the phraseattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of vändaenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of hästhästhorsehäst · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of vändaknappasthardlyknappast · adverbmodifies vändakundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of vändavändato turnvända · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on smalasigitselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of vändapåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking demdemthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluraloblique complement of vändaBut small and poor as the place was, it was now much too good for him.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsåasså · adverbmodifies litetlitetsmallliten · adverbmodifies såthis type bundles the positive and comparative degree forms (litet, mindre) under one entry.
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfattigtpoorfattig · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with litetsomassom · pronounintroduces the clause of varThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
ställetplaceställe · noun, nominative, neuter, singularsubject of varvarwasvara · pronoun, common gender, singularadverbial clause on litetthe surface var here is the past tense of vara 'to be', not the pronoun.
såthenså · adverbhead of the phrasevarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to sådetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with honomnunownu · adverbmodifies honomalldelesquitealldeles · adverbmodifies förförtooför · adverbmodifies förgottgoodgod · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularpart of the phrase förförtooför · prepositionpreposition marking honomhonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularparallel clause to såHe could ask for no better dwelling now than a hole under the stable floor.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of begärakundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of begäraintenotinte · particlemodifies begärabegäraask for/demandbegära · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencebättrebetterbra · adjective, nominative, comparativemodifies bostadbostaddwellingbostad · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of begäraänthanän · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of hålaenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of hålahålaholehåla · noun, nominative, common gender, singularadverbial clause on begäraunderunderunder · prepositionpreposition marking stallgolvetstallgolvetthe stable floorstallgolv · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of håla- 80
It was wonderfully beautiful weather.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of förunderligtvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to förunderligtförunderligtwonderfullyförunderlig · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularhead of the phrasevackertbeautifulvacker · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies väderväderweatherväder · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of förunderligt There was murmuring, and budding, and chirping all around him.
Detaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of porladeporlademurmuredporla · adjective, nominative, singularhead of the phraseochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of passive knoppadesknoppadesbuddedknoppades · verb, past, indicative, passivecoordinated with porladeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdetaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of kvittradekvittradechirpedkvittra · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with porladeruntaroundrunt · adverbpreposition marking honomomkringaroundomkring · prepositionpreposition marking honomhonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularoblique complement of kvittradeBut he sat in such heavy grief.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sattsattsatsitta · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceiini · prepositiondepends on sattsåsuchså · adverbmodifies tungtungheavytung · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies sorgsorgsorrowsorg · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of sattHe would never again be glad of anything.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of bliskullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of blialdrigneveraldrig · adverbmodifies blimeragainmycket · adverbmodifies bliblibecomebli · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencegladgladglad · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of bliåtofåt · prepositionpreposition marking någotnågotanythingnågon · pronoun, neuter, singularoblique complement of bli- 81
He had never seen the sky so blue as today.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of setthadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of settaldrigneveraldrig · adverbmodifies settsettseense · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentencehimmelenskyhimmel · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of settsåasså · adverbmodifies blåblåblueblå · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies settsomassom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of iiini · prepositionadverbial clause on settdagdaydag · noun, nominative, common gender, singularpart of the phrase i And migrating birds came flying by.
Ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationflyttfåglarmigratory birdsflyttfågl · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of komkomcamekomma · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedetthereden · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of farandefarandeflying/travelingfarande · adjective, nominativedirect object of komThey came from abroad and had traveled across the Baltic Sea, heading straight for Smygehuk, and now they were on their way north.
Detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of kommokommocamekommo · adjective, nominativehead of the phraseHistorical plural past tense of komma ("to come"), not an adjective.
frånfromfrån · prepositionpreposition marking utlandetutlandetabroadutland · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of kommoochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of restresttraveledrest · verb, active, supinecoordinated with kommoöveracrossöver · prepositionpreposition marking ÖstersjönÖstersjönthe Baltic SeaÖstersjön · proper noun, nominativeoblique complement of reststyrandeheadingstyra · adjective, nominativemodifies rätträttrighträtt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of restmotformot · prepositionpreposition marking SmygehukSmygehukSmygehukSmygehuk · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies rättochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationnunownu · adverbmodifies vorovorowerevoro · adjective, nominative, singularcoordinated with kommoPast plural of vara (to be); mistagged as an adjective.
detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of voropåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking devägwayväg · noun, nominative, common gender, singularpart of the phrase pånorrutnorthwardnorrut · adverbpart of the phrase påThey were certainly of many different kinds, but he recognized none but the wild geese, which came flying in two long lines meeting at an angle.
Detheyen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of voroSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
vorowerevoro · adjective, nominative, pluraldepends on visstarchaic plural past tense of vara ('to be'), used alongside var; a historical form, not a true adjective.
visstcertainlyviss · adverbhead of the phrasesurface visst here is the adverb 'certainly/surely', not the adjective viss 'certain'.
avofav · prepositionpreposition marking slagmångamanymånga · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies slagolikadifferentolik · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies slagslagkindsslag · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralmodifies visstmenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of kändekändefeltkäna · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with visstintenotinte · particlemodifies kändeigenagainigen · adverbdepends on kändenågrasomenågon · determiner, pluraldeterminer of andraandraothersannan · pronoun, pluraldirect object of kändeänthanän · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of vildgässenvildgässenthe wild geesevildgässe · noun, nominative, common gender, singularclause modifying andraattested only in the plural surface vildgässen; the collective noun for the wild-goose flock.
somwhichsom · pronounsubject of kommoThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
kommocamekommo · verb, active, infinitiverelative clause on vildgässenkommo is the archaic plural past tense of komma 'to come', not an infinitive despite the tag.
flygandeflyingflyga · adjective, nominativedirect object of kommoiini · prepositionpreposition marking radertvåtwotvå · numeral, nominativequantifies raderlångalonglång · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies raderraderlinesrad · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of kommosomthatsom · pronounsubject of möttesThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
möttesmetmöttes · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on raderiati · prepositionpreposition marking vinkelenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of vinkelvinkelanglevinkel · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of möttes- 82
Several flocks of wild geese had already passed by.
Fleraseveralflera · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies vildgåsflockarvildgåsflockarwild-goose flocksvildgåsflock · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of farithadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of faritredanalreadyredan · adverbmodifies faritfarittraveledfara · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentenceförbipastförbi · adverbdepends on farit They flew high up, but he could still hear them crying, "Now off to the mountains.
Detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of flögoflögoflewflögo · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencePast plural of flyga; mistagged as present tense.
högthighhög · adverbmodifies flögothis type bundles the positive, comparative, and superlative degree forms (högt, högre, högst) under one entry.
uppeup highuppe · adverbmodifies flögomenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hördehördeheardhöra · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with flögoändåstilländå · adverbmodifies hördehurhowhur · adverbmodifies hördedetheyen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of skrekoSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
skrekocried outskreko · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraldirect object of hördeTagged as a noun but is the past plural of skrika, 'to cry/shout' (kommo, gingo-style historical plural).
Nunownu · adverbmodifies bärbäroffbär · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of bärtilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking fjällsfjällsto the mountainsfjälls · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of bärFixed idiom 'bär det till fjälls' = 'off to the mountains'.
Now off to the mountains."
Nunownu · adverbmodifies bärbäroffbä · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencelemma is really bära ('to carry'); surface bär.
detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of bärtilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking fjällsfjällsto the mountainsfjälls · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of bärFixed idiom 'bär det till fjälls' = 'off to the mountains'.
- 83
When the wild geese saw the tame geese walking about the yard, they swooped down toward the ground and called, "Come with us!
Dåwhendå · subordinating conjunctionmodifies sågovildgässenthe wild geesevildgässe · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sågoattested only in the plural surface vildgässen; the collective noun for the wild-goose flock.
sågosawsågo · verb, present, indicative, activeadverbial clause on sänktemistagged as present tense; this is the archaic plural past tense of se 'to see' (they saw).
tamgässentame geesetamgäss · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of sågosomthatsom · pronounsubject of gingoThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
gingowentgingo · verb, active, infinitiverelative clause on tamgässenOld plural past tense of 'gå' (to go/walk); mistagged as an infinitive.
påinpå · prepositionpreposition marking gårdengårdenyardgård · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of gingosänkteloweredsänka · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of sänktesigthemselvessig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of sänktemottowardmot · prepositionpreposition marking jordenjordenearthjord · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of sänkteochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationropadecalled outropa · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with sänkteKomcomeKom · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularhead of the phrasemedwithmed · prepositiondepends on Kom Come with us!
KomcomeKom · verb, imperative, activemain verb of the sentencemedwithmed · prepositiondepends on KomNow off to the mountains."
Nunownu · adverbmodifies bärbäroffbä · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencelemma is really bära ('to carry'); surface bär.
detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of bärtilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking fjällsfjällsto the mountainsfjälls · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of bärFixed idiom 'bär det till fjälls' = 'off to the mountains'.
- 84
The tame geese couldn't help stretching up their necks and listening.
Tamgässenthe tame geeseTamgässen · proper noun, nominativesubject of låtakundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of låtaintenotinte · particlemodifies låtalåtato letlåta · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentenceblibecomebli · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of låtaatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of sträckainfinitive marker before a verb.
sträckato stretch upsträcka · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on blich05-p4-s3 ('Ingen den minsta sträcka land...') uses 'sträcka' as the noun (a strip/stretch of land, translated 'strip of land'), not the infinitive verb — a mistagged example under this verb key. The other three examples (stretch up necks / reach out a hand / fly back and forth) do belong to the verb and are covered by the listed senses.
uppupupp · adverbdepends on sträckahuvudenaheadshuvude · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraldirect object of sträckaochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationlyssnato listenlyssna · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with huvudena But they answered quite sensibly, "We're doing fine as we are.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of svaradesvaradeansweredsvara · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceheltquitehelt · adverbmodifies förståndigtförståndigtsensiblyförståndig · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies svaradeViwevi · pronoun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of harharhasha · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedetitden · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of harbrafinebra · adjective, nominativemodifies harsomassom · pronoundirect object of harThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
viwevi · pronoun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of harharhasha · verb, present, indicative, activeadverbial clause on hardetitden · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of harWe're doing fine as we are."
Viwevi · pronoun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of harharhasha · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedetitden · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of harbrafinebra · adjective, nominativemodifies harsomassom · pronoundirect object of harThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
viwevi · pronoun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of harharhasha · verb, present, indicative, activeadverbial clause on hardetitden · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of har- 85
It was, as I said, an immensely beautiful day, with air that must have been a true joy to fly in, so fresh and so light.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of sagtvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to sagtsomassom · pronounsubject of sagtThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
sagtsaidsäga · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentenceenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of dagofantligtimmenselyofantlig · adverbmodifies vackervackerbeautifulvacker · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies dagdagdaydag · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of sagtmedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking luftenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of luftluftairluft · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of sagtsomthatsom · pronounsubject of glädjeThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with glädjemåttemustmåtte · adverbmodifies glädjeModal verb (cognate of måste), mistagged as adverb. Bare måtte means "must"; the perfect sense ("must have") comes only from an adjacent ha + supine, as in the måtte komma sig example, which translates as plain "must."
hahaveha · auxiliary verb, active, infinitiveauxiliary of glädjevaritbeenvara · auxiliary verb, active, supinecopula linking to glädjeenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of glädjesanntruesann · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies glädjeglädjejoyglädje · noun, nominative, common gender, singularrelative clause on luftatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of flygainfinitive marker before a verb.
flygaflyflyga · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on glädjeiini · prepositiondepends on flygasåsoså · adverbmodifies friskfriskfreshfrisk · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularparallel clause to sagtochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsåsoså · adverbmodifies lättlättlightlätt · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with friskch01-p14 'ett lätt buller' renders as 'a faint noise' in the translation, a distinct sense from weight/air-lightness or ease.
And with every new flock of wild geese that flew past, the tame geese grew more and more restless.
Ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationförwithför · prepositionpreposition marking vildgåsflockvarjeeveryvarje · determiner, singulardeterminer of vildgåsflocknynewny · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies vildgåsflockvildgåsflockflock of wild geesevildgåsflock · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of oroligasomthatsom · pronounsubject of flögThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
flögflewflög · verb, present, indicative, activerelative clause on vildgåsflockActually the past tense of flyga ('to fly'), mistagged here as present.
förbipastförbi · adverbdepends on flögblevogrewblevo · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to oroligaArchaic plural past tense of bli/varda.
tamgässentame geesetamgäss · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of oroligaalltmermore and morealltmer · adverbmodifies oroligaoroligauneasyorolig · adjective, nominative, pluralhead of the phraseA couple of times they flapped their wings, as if they had a mind to go along.
Ettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of parparcouplepar · noun, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies gångergångertimesgång · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of flaxadeflaxadeflappedflaxa · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of flaxademedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking vingarnavingarnathe wingsvingarna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of flaxadelemma should be vinge 'wing'.
somas ifsom · pronounsubject of haftThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
omifom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of haftdetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of haftskullehadskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of hafthahaveha · auxiliary verb, active, infinitiveauxiliary of hafthafthadha · verb, active, supineadverbial clause on flaxadelustdesirelust · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of haftatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of följainfinitive marker before a verb.
följato followfölja · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on haftmedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking följaBut then an old goose-mother would always say, "Now don't be foolish!
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdåthendå · adverbmodifies sadesadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencealltidalwaysalltid · adverbmodifies sadeenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of gåsamorgammaloldgammal · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies gåsamorgåsamorgoose-mothergåsamor · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of sadeVarbevar · subordinating conjunctionsubject of galnanunownu · adverbmodifies galnaintenotinte · particlemodifies galnagalnafoolishgaln · adjective, nominative, pluralhead of the phraseThose ones get to go hungry and freeze."
Detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralhead of the phrasedärtheredär · adverbmodifies fårfårget tofå · verb, present, indicative, activerelative clause on Debådebothbåde · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhungrato go hungryhungra · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with fårochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfrysafreezefrysa · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with får- 86
There was a young gander who had been given a real urge to travel by the cries of the wild geese.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of gåskarlvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to gåskarlenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of gåskarlungyoungung · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies gåskarlgåskarlgandergåskarl · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phrasesomwhosom · pronounsubject of gettThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
vildgässenswild geese'svildgäss · noun, genitive, common gender, singularpossessor of ropsurface 'vildgässens' is plural genitive (of the wild geese) despite the singular tag.
ropcryrop · noun, nominative, neuter, singularsubject of getthadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of gettgettgivenge · verb, active, supinedepends on gåskarlenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of reslustriktigrealriktig · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies reslustreslusturge to travelreslust · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of gett "If one more flock comes, I'm going along," he said.
KommercomesKomma · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of flockBase sense is 'comes', but ch01-p86-s2 example uses the idiom 'komma ihåg' (to remember), where the translation is 'do you remember', not 'comes'.
detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of flockenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of flockflockflockflock · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardepends on följertillanothertill · prepositiondepends on flocksåthenså · adverbadverbial clause on följerföljerfollowsfölja · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencejagIjag · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of följermedwithmed · prepositiondepends on följersadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to följerhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sade- 87
Then a new flock came along and cried out like the others.
Såthenså · adverbmodifies komkomcamekomma · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of flocknynewny · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies flockflockflockflock · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of komochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationskrekshriekedskrek · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with komsomlikesom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of andradethede · determiner, pluraldeterminer of andraThis type's own examples show 'de' used as the plain personal pronoun "they" (de voro ovanligt strävsamma = "they were unusually...") as often as the determiner "the" (de andra = "the others"); a fixed gloss of "the" mis-renders every pronoun occurrence.
andraothersannan · pronoun, pluralcomplement of skrek Then the young gander answered, "Wait!
Dåthendå · adverbmodifies svaradesvaradeansweredsvara · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of gåskarlenungayoungung · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies gåskarlengåskarlengandergåskarl · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralsubject of svarademorphology tag says plural but the surfaces are the singular definite/indefinite forms of gåskarl.
VäntaWait!vänta · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phraseParsed as a noun but functions as the imperative 'wait!' of the verb vänta in all examples.
Wait!
VäntaWait!vänta · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phraseParsed as a noun but functions as the imperative 'wait!' of the verb vänta in all examples.
I'm coming."
JagIjag · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of kommerkommercomeskomma · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentence- 88
He spread his wings and rose into the air, but he was so unaccustomed to flying that he fell back down to the ground again.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of breddebreddespreadbreda · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceutspreadut · adverbdepends on breddevingarnathe wingsvingarna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of breddelemma should be vinge 'wing'.
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhöjderosehöjde · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with breddealmost always reflexive höjde sig, 'rose (into the air)'.
sighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of höjdeiintoi · prepositionpreposition marking luftenluftenairluft · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of höjdemenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of ovanvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to ovansåsoså · adverbmodifies ovanovanunaccustomed toovan · adverbmodifies breddeAlso occurs meaning 'unaccustomed' (ovan att flyga = unused to flying), a distinct sense from locative 'above'.
atttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of flygainfinitive marker before a verb.
flygaflyflyga · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on ovanattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of föllhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of föllföllfellföll · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on breddenerdownner · adverbdepends on fölltilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking markenmarkengroundmark · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of fölligenagainigen · adverbmodifies föll - 89
The wild geese must have heard his cry all the same.
Vildgässenthe wild geesevildgässen · proper noun, nominativesubject of hörtmåttemustmåtte · adverbmodifies VildgässenModal verb (cognate of måste), mistagged as adverb. Bare måtte means "must"; the perfect sense ("must have") comes only from an adjacent ha + supine, as in the måtte komma sig example, which translates as plain "must."
ianywayi · prepositionpreposition marking fallallaallall · determiner, pluraldeterminer of fallfallcasesfall · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralmodifies Vildgässenhahaveha · auxiliary verb, active, infinitiveauxiliary of hörthörtheardhöra · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentencehanshishan · pronounpossessor of ropropcryrop · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of hört They turned around and flew slowly back to see whether he would come.
Detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of vändevändeturnedväna · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencePast tense of vända (to turn); lemma should read vända.
ombackom · prepositiondepends on vändeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationflögoflewflögo · verb, present, indicative, activecoordinated with vändePast plural of flyga; mistagged as present tense.
saktaslowlysakta · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of flögosakta doubles as the adverb 'slowly' (flög sakta) and the verb 'to slacken' (sakta farten).
tillbakabacktillbaka · adverbmodifies saktaförin orderför · prepositionintroduces the clause of seatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of seinfinitive marker before a verb.
seseese · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on flögoomifom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of kommahanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of kommaskullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of kommakommacomekomma · verb, active, infinitiveclausal complement of se- 90
"Wait!
VäntaWait!vänta · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phraseParsed as a noun but functions as the imperative 'wait!' of the verb vänta in all examples.
Wait!" he cried, and made a new attempt.
VäntaWait!vänta · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phraseParsed as a noun but functions as the imperative 'wait!' of the verb vänta in all examples.
ropadecalled outropa · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of ropadeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationgjordedidgöra · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with ropadeettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of försöknyttnewny · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies försökförsökattemptförsök · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of gjorde- 91
The boy heard all this, lying there on the stone wall.
Alltallall · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of dettadettathisdenna · pronoun, neuter, singularoblique complement of hördehördeheardhöra · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencepojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hördedärtheredär · adverbmodifies låghanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of låglåglayligga · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on pojkenpåatpå · prepositionpreposition marking gärdsgårdengärdsgårdenfencegärdsgård · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of låg "That would be a great shame," he thought, "if the big gander were to go away.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of skadavorewould bevara · auxiliary verb, past, subjunctive, activecopula linking to skadabraverybra · adverbmodifies storstorbigstor · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies skadaskadashameskada · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phrasetänktethoughttänka · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to skadahanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of tänkteomifom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of faradenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of gåskarlenstorabigstor · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies gåskarlenweak/definite form (stora), used with a singular definite noun, e.g. den stora länstolen.
gåskarlengandergåskarl · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralsubject of faramorphology tag says plural but the surfaces are the singular definite/indefinite forms of gåskarl.
skullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of farafaragofara · noun, nominative, common gender, singularclausal complement of tänktesome listed surfaces (fara, far) are actually forms of the unrelated verb fara 'to travel/go'; gloss the noun sense danger for the noun-tagged type.
sinawaysig · pronoun, common gender, singularpossessor of vägvägwayväg · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with faraIt would be a sorrow for father and mother if he were gone when they come home from church."
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with bliskullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of bliblibecomebli · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentenceenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of sorgsorgsorrowsorg · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of bliförforför · prepositionpreposition marking farfarfatherfar · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies sorgochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationmormothermor · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with faromifom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of vorehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of vorevorebeenvara · verb, active, supineadverbial clause on blibortagoneborta · adverbmodifies vorenärwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of kommerdetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of kommerkommercomeskomma · verb, present, indicative, activeadverbial clause on blihemhomehem · adverbmodifies kommerfrånfromfrån · prepositionpreposition marking kyrkankyrkanchurchkyrka · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of kommer- 92
As he thought about this, he again completely forgot that he was small and powerless.
Dåasdå · adverbintroduces the clause of tänktehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of tänktetänktethoughttänka · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on glömdepåaboutpå · prepositionpreposition marking dettadettathisdenna · pronoun, neuter, singularoblique complement of tänkteglömdeforgotglömde · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of glömdeåteragainåter · prepositionmodifies glömdealldelesquitealldeles · adverbmodifies glömdeattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of litenhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of litenvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to litenlitensmallliten · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularclausal complement of glömdeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationvanmäktigpowerlessvanmäktig · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with liten He took a leap straight down into the flock of geese and threw his arms around the gander's neck.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of togtogtookta · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of språngsprångleapsprång · noun, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies rätträttrighträtt · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of tognerdownner · adverbmodifies togiintoi · prepositionpreposition marking gåsflockengåsflockenflock of geesegåsflock · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of nerochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationslogthrewslå · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with togLight verb whose sense shifts with its particle (slog upp/ihop/omkull/sig ner).
armarnahis armsarem · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of slogomaroundom · prepositionpreposition marking halsenhalsenneckhalse · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of slogpåthe gander'spå · prepositionpreposition marking gåskarlengåskarlengandergåskarl · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies halsen"You just leave off flying away, you," he cried.
Duyoudu · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of låterlåterleave offlåta · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencealltjustallt · adverbdirect object of låterblibecomebli · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of låteratttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of flygainfinitive marker before a verb.
flygaflyflyga · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on låterdinyourdu · pronoun, common gender, singularpossessor of vägvägwayväg · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of flygaduyoudu · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of låterropadecalled outropa · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to låterhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of ropade- 93
But just at that moment the gander had figured out how to manage lifting himself off the ground.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationjustjustjust · adverbmodifies detsammaiati · prepositionpreposition marking detsammadetsammathe samedensamma · pronoun, neuter, singularoblique complement of hadehadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of kommitgåskarlengandergåskarl · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralsubject of kommitmorphology tag says plural but the surfaces are the singular definite/indefinite forms of gåskarl.
kommitcomekomma · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentenceunderfundfigured outunderfund · adverbdepends on kommitonly used in the fixed phrase 'komma underfund med' (to find out/figure out).
medwithmed · prepositionintroduces the clause of bärahurhowhur · adverbmodifies bärahanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of bäraskulleshouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of bärabärato carrybära · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on kommitsighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of bäraåtto manageåt · prepositiondepends on bäraförin orderför · prepositionintroduces the clause of höjaatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of höjainfinitive marker before a verb.
höjato raisehöja · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on bärasighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of höjafrånfromfrån · prepositionpreposition marking markenmarkengroundmark · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of höja He couldn't stop himself to shake the boy off, so the boy was carried along up into the air.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hejdakundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of hejdaintenotinte · particlemodifies hejdahejdato stophejda · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencesighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of hejdaförfromför · prepositionintroduces the clause of skakaatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of skakainfinitive marker before a verb.
skakashake offskaka · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on hejdaavoffav · prepositionpreposition marking pojkenpojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of skakautanbut ratherutan · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfollows a negated clause, contrasting it with what actually happened.
dennehedenna · pronoun, masculine, singularsubject of fickArchaic masculine demonstrative "denne" used anaphorically for a previously named male person.
fickwas carriedfå · verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of följaföljato followfölja · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with hejdamedwithmed · prepositionmodifies följauppupupp · adverbmodifies följaiintoi · prepositionpreposition marking luftenluftenairluft · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of upp- 94
They shot upward so fast that the boy grew dizzy.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of barbarshotbara · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceLemma tag is odd; surface 'bar' is the past tense of bära, 'to carry', also used idiomatically in 'det bar av' = 'off they went'.
avoffav · prepositionpreposition marking höjdenmotupwardmot · prepositionpreposition marking höjdenhöjdenheighthöjd · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of barsåsoså · adverbmodifies barfortfastfort · adverbpart of the phrase såattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of hisnadepojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hisnadehisnadegrew dizzyhisna · verb, past, indicative, activeclausal complement of bar Before it occurred to him that he ought to let go of the gander's neck, he was already so high up that he would have killed himself if he had fallen to the ground.
Innanbeforeinnan · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of tänkahanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of tänkakomoccurredkomma · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of tänkaatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of tänkainfinitive marker before a verb.
tänkato thinktänka · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencepåaboutpå · prepositionintroduces the clause of släppaattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of släppahanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of släppabordeought toböra · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of släppaBare borde is simple past modal ("ought to"/"should"); the perfect sense ("ought to have") only appears when borde is followed by ha + supine in the sentence, as in three of the four examples — the fourth ("borde släppa taget") has no ha and translates as plain "ought to."
släppato let go ofsläppa · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on tänkatagetholdtagen · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of släppaomofom · prepositionpreposition marking halsgåskarlensthe gander'sgåskarlens · noun, genitive, common gender, singularpossessor of halshalsneckhals · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of släppavarwasvara · verb, past, indicative, activelinks the coordinationhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularpart of the phrase varsåsoså · adverbmodifies högthögthighhög · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies varuppeup highuppe · adverbmodifies varattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of slagithanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of slagitskullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of slagithahaveha · auxiliary verb, active, infinitiveauxiliary of slagitslagitkilledslå · verb, active, supineclausal complement of varihjälto deathihjäl · verb, active, supinedepends on slagitsighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of ihjälomifom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of fallithanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of fallithadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of fallitfallitfallenfalla · verb, active, supineclausal complement of tänkatilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking markenmarkengroundmark · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of fallit- 95
The only thing he could do to improve his situation was to try to climb up onto the goose's back.
Detaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of endaendaonlyenda · adjective, nominativedirect object of görahanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of görakundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of göragöradogöra · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentenceförin orderför · prepositionintroduces the clause of fåatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of fåinfinitive marker before a verb.
fågetfå · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on göradetitden · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of fånågotsomewhatnågon · adverbmodifies bättrebättrebetterbra · adverbmodifies fåvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeintroduces the clause of försökaatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of försökainfinitive marker before a verb.
försökato tryförsöka · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on görakommacomekomma · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of försökauppupupp · adverbdepends on kommapåontopå · prepositionpreposition marking gåsryggengåsryggengoose's backgåsrygg · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of komma And he did manage to work his way up there, though not without great effort.
Ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdittheredit · adverbmodifies krångladekrångladeworked his waykrångla · adjective, nominative, pluralhead of the phrasehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of krångladesighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of krångladeocksåalsoockså · adverbmodifies krångladefastthoughfast · adverbmodifies krångladeintenotinte · particlemodifies fastutanwithoututan · prepositionpreposition marking mödastorbigstor · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies mödamödaeffortmöda · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of krångladeNor was it an easy thing to stay put on the slippery back between the two swinging wings.
Ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationintenotinte · particlemodifies sakvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to sakdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of sakenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of saklätteasylätt · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies saksakthingsak · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phrasehellereitherheller · adverbintroduces the clause of hållaatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of hållainfinitive marker before a verb.
hållato stay puthålla · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on saksighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of hållakvarstill therekvar · adverbdepends on hållapåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking ryggendenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of ryggenglattasmoothglatta · adjective, nominativemodifies ryggenryggenbackrygg · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of hållamellanbetweenmellan · prepositionpreposition marking vingarnadetheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of vingarnaSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
tvåtwotvå · numeral, nominativequantifies vingarnasvängandeswingingsvängande · adjective, nominativemodifies vingarnavingarnathe wingsvingarna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of hållalemma should be vinge 'wing'.
He had to grip deep into feathers and down with both hands so as not to tumble to the ground.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of fickfickhad tofå · verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of gripagripaseizegripa · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencedjuptdeeplydjup · adverbmodifies gripanerdownner · adverbmodifies gripaiintoi · prepositionpreposition marking fjäderfjäderfeathersfjäder · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of nerochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdundowndun · adverbcoordinated with gripamedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking händernabådabothbåda · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies händernahändernathe handshänderna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of gripaförsoför · prepositionintroduces the clause of ramlaatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of ramlainfinitive marker before a verb.
intenotinte · particlemodifies ramlaramlato tumbleramla · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on gripaiontoi · prepositionpreposition marking backenbackengroundbacke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of ramla- 96
THE CHECKERED CLOTH.
DETTHEET · pronoun, neuter, singularhead of the phraseRUTIGAcheckeredrutig · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies TYGSTYCKETTYGSTYCKETthe piece of clothtYGSTYCKET · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phrase - 97
The boy grew so dizzy that he didn't know what was happening to him for a long while.
Pojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of blevblevbecamebli · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencesåsoså · adverbmodifies blevhuvudyrdizzyhuvudyr · adverbcomplement of blevattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of visstehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of vissteintenotinte · particlemodifies visstevissteknewvisste · verb, past, indicative, activeclausal complement of blevtillhappening to himtill · prepositionpreposition marking sigsighimsig · pronoun, accusativeoblique complement of visstepåfor a long timepå · prepositionpreposition marking stundenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of stundlånglonglång · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies stundstundwhilestund · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of visste The air whined and hissed against him, the wings swung, and it roared in the feathers like a whole storm.
Luftenairluft · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies venvenhowled/whinedven · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phrasePast tense of the verb 'vina' (to howl, of wind), mistagged as a noun.
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationvästehissedväste · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with venthis is the past tense of the verb väsa ('to hiss'), not an adjective.
emotagainstemot · prepositioncoordinated with venhonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularcoordinated with venvingarnathe wingsvingarna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of svingadelemma should be vinge 'wing'.
svingadeswungsvinga · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with venochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of brusadebrusaderoaredbrusa · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with veniini · prepositionpreposition marking fjädrarnafjädrarnafeathersfjädr · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of brusadesomlikesom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of stormenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of stormhelwholehel · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies stormstormstormstorm · noun, nominative, common gender, singularclause modifying fjädrarnaThirteen geese flew around him.
TrettonthirteenTretton · numeral, nominativequantifies gässgässgeesegäss · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralsubject of flögoflögoflewflögo · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencePast plural of flyga; mistagged as present tense.
omkringaroundomkring · prepositionpreposition marking honomhonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularoblique complement of flögoAll of them flapped and cackled.
Allaallall · pronoun, pluraldeterminer of flaxadeflaxadeflappedflaxa · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationkackladecackledkacklad · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with flaxadeEverything danced before his eyes, and everything roared in his ears.
Detaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of dansadedansadedanceddansa · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceförbeforeför · prepositionpreposition marking ögonhanshishan · pronounpossessor of ögonögoneyesögon · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraloblique complement of dansadeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of susadesusaderoaredsusa · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with dansadeförinför · prepositionpreposition marking öronhanshishan · pronounpossessor of öronöronearsöron · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of susadeHe didn't know whether they flew high or low, or where they were headed.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of visstevissteknewvisste · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceintenotinte · particlemodifies vissteomifom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of flögodetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of flögoflögoflewflögoa · verb, present, indicative, activeadverbial clause on vissteArchaic plural past tense of flyga "to fly"; mislabeled as present tense.
högthighhög · adverbmodifies flögothis type bundles the positive, comparative, and superlative degree forms (högt, högre, högst) under one entry.
elleroreller · conjunctionlinks the coordinationlågtlowlåg · adverbcoordinated with högtelleroreller · conjunctionlinks the coordinationvartwherevart · adverbmodifies demdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of barbarwere headedbara · verb, present, indicative, activepart of the phrase vartLemma tag is odd; surface 'bar' is the past tense of bära, 'to carry', also used idiomatically in 'det bar av' = 'off they went'.
avoffav · prepositionpart of the phrase vartmedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking demdemthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluraloblique complement of visste- 98
At last he came enough to his senses to understand that he ought to find out where the geese were carrying him.
Äntligenat lastÄntligen · adverbmodifies komkomcamekomma · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of komsåenoughså · adverbmodifies mycketmycketenoughmycket · adverbmodifies komtilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking sanssanstheir sensessa · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of komattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of förstodhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of förstodförstodunderstoodförstod · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on komattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of tagahanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of tagabordeought toböra · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of tagaBare borde is simple past modal ("ought to"/"should"); the perfect sense ("ought to have") only appears when borde is followed by ha + supine in the sentence, as in three of the four examples — the fourth ("borde släppa taget") has no ha and translates as plain "ought to."
tagataketaga · verb, active, infinitiveclausal complement of förstodOlder spelling of 'ta' (to take).
redafind outreda · adverbdepends on tagapart of the fixed expression leta/taga/söka reda på, 'find out'; all four attested examples mean find/know, not organize/sort.
påoutpå · prepositionintroduces the clause of fördevartwherevar · adverbmodifies fördegässengeesegässe · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of fördegässen is the plural definite of gås 'goose'; lemma is a normalized plural stem.
fördecarryingförde · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on tagahonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of förde But this wasn't so easy, for he didn't know how he'd find the courage to look down.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdettathisdenna · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of lättvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to lättintenotinte · particlemodifies lättsåsoså · adverbmodifies lättlätteasylätt · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularhead of the phrasech01-p14 'ett lätt buller' renders as 'a faint noise' in the translation, a distinct sense from weight/air-lightness or ease.
förforför · prepositionintroduces the clause of visstehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of visstevissteknewvisste · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on lättintenotinte · particlemodifies fåhurhowhur · adverbmodifies fåhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of fåskullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of fåfågetfå · verb, active, infinitiveclausal complement of visstemodcouragemod · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of fåatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of seinfinitive marker before a verb.
seseese · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of fånerdownner · adverbdepends on seHe was quite certain he would get dizzy if he tried.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of säkervarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to säkeralldelesquitealldeles · adverbmodifies säkersäkercertainsäker · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phrasepåofpå · prepositionintroduces the clause of fåattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of fåhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of fåskullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of fåfågetfå · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on säkersvindeldizzinesssvindel · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of fåomifom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of försöktehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of försökteförsöktetriedförsöka · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on få- 99
The wild geese did not fly especially high, because their newly arrived travel companion couldn't breathe in the very thinnest air.
Vildgässenthe wild geesevildgässe · proper noun, nominativepossessor of foroforotraveledforo · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of särdelesArchaic past plural of fara ('to travel/fly'); lemma tagged as noun but is a verb form.
intenotinte · particlemodifies särdelessåsoså · adverbmodifies särdelessärdelesespeciallysärdela · adverbhead of the phraseOld spelling of särdeles.
högthighhög · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies särdelesdärförbecausedärför · adverbintroduces the clause of andasattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionpart of the phrase därfördenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of reskamratennykomnanewly arrivednykomna · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies reskamratenreskamratentraveling companionreskamrat · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of passive andasintenotinte · particlemodifies andaskundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of andasandasto breatheanda · verb, passive, infinitiveadverbial clause on särdelesiini · prepositionpreposition marking luftendenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of luftenallraveryallra · adverbmodifies tunnaste"Most of all" only fits "allra ondast" (angriest of all); in "allra vackraste," "allra tunnaste," and "allra förskräckligaste" allra intensifies the following superlative and renders as "very" (the very loveliest/thinnest/worst).
tunnastethinnesttunnaste · adjective, nominative, superlativemodifies luftenluftenairluft · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of andas For his sake they also flew a little more slowly than usual.
Förforför · prepositionpreposition marking hanshanshishan · pronounoblique complement of flögoskullsakeskull · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardepends on hansonly occurs in the fixed phrase för ... skull 'for the sake of'.
flögoflewflögo · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencePast plural of flyga; mistagged as present tense.
detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of flögoocksåalsoockså · adverbmodifies flögoliteta littlelitet · adverbmodifies långsammarelångsammaremore slowlylångsamm · adverbmodifies flögoänthanän · prepositionintroduces the clause of vanligtvanligtusualvanlig · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularadverbial clause on flögo- 100
At last the boy nonetheless forced himself to cast a glance down at the earth.
Tillat lasttill · prepositionpreposition marking tvangsistlastsist · adverbmodifies tvangtvangforcedtvang · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of sigMistagged as a noun; this is tvang, the past tense of tvinga ("to force").
pojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies sigsighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativehead of the phraseändånonethelessändå · adverbmodifies sigatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of kastainfinitive marker before a verb.
kastato throwkasta · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentenceenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of blickblickglanceblick · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of kastaåtatåt · prepositionpreposition marking jordenjordenearthjord · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies blicktilldowntill · prepositiondepends on kasta Then he thought that spread out beneath him lay a great cloth, divided into an incredible number of small and large squares.
Dåthendå · adverbmodifies tycktetycktethoughttycka · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of tyckteatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of låginfinitive marker before a verb.
underbeneathunder · prepositionpreposition marking honomhonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularoblique complement of låglåglowlåg · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularadverbial clause on tyckteutbreddspread oututbredd · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularadverbial clause on lågenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of dukstorbigstor · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies dukdukclothduk · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of lågsomthatsom · pronounsubject of indeladThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
varwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to indeladindeladdividedindela · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularrelative clause on lågiintoi · prepositionpreposition marking småenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of massaotroligincredibleotrolig · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies massamassaa mass ofmassa · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies småsmåsmallliten · adjective, nominative, pluraloblique complement of indeladochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationstorabigstor · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies rutorrutorsquaresrutor · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with små- 101
"Wherever in the world have I gotten to?" he wondered.
Vartwherevart · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of kommeniini · prepositionpreposition marking världenallallall · determiner, common gender, singularpart of the phrase ivärldenworldvärld · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of kommenärisvara · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activecopula linking to kommenjagIjag · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of kommennunownu · adverbmodifies kommenkommenarrivedkomm · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phrasePast participle 'kommen' of 'komma' (to come/arrive), truncated to 'komm' and mistagged as a noun.
undradewonderedundra · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of undrade - 102
He saw nothing but square after square.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sågsågsawse · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceingentingnothingingenting · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of sågannatotherannan · adjective, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of sågänthanän · subordinating conjunctionpreposition marking rutarutasquareruta · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of såg'Ruta vid ruta' uses the geometric sense (square) rather than window pane.
vidaftervid · prepositionpreposition marking rutarutasquareruta · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies ruta'Ruta vid ruta' uses the geometric sense (square) rather than window pane.
Some were slanted and some long and narrow, but everywhere there were corners and straight edges.
Somligasomesomlig · adjective, nominative, pluralhead of the phrasevorowerevoro · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with Somligaarchaic plural past tense of vara ('to be'), used alongside var; a historical form, not a true adjective.
snedaslantingsned · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with Somligaochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsomligasomesomlig · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies långsmalalångsmalalong and narrowlångsmal · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with snedamenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationöverallteverywhereöverallt · adverbmodifies hörnvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to hörndetthereden · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of hörnhörncornerhörn · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with Somligaochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationrakastraightrak · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies kanterkanteredgeskant · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with hörnNothing was round, and nothing was crooked.
Ingentingnothingingenting · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of varvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceruntaroundrunt · adverbmodifies varochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationingentingnothingingenting · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of krokigtvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to krokigtkrokigtcrookedkrokig · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with var- 103
"What is this big, checkered piece of cloth I'm looking down at?" said the boy to himself, without expecting anyone to answer.
Vadwhatvad · pronoun, neuter, singularhead of the phraseärisvara · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activecopula linking to Vaddetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with Vadförkind offör · prepositionpreposition marking tygettaen · determiner, neuter, singularpart of the phrase förstortbigstor · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies tygrutigtcheckeredrutig · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies styckestyckepiecestycke · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with storttygclothtyg · noun, nominative, neuter, singularsubject of Vadsomthatsom · pronoundirect object of serThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
jagIjag · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of serserseesse · verb, present, indicative, activerelative clause on tygnerdownner · adverbdepends on serpåatpå · prepositionpreposition marking sersadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencepojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sadeförtoför · prepositionpreposition marking sigsighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativeoblique complement of sadesjälvhimselfsjälv · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularclause modifying sigutanwithoututan · prepositionintroduces the clause of väntaatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of väntainfinitive marker before a verb.
väntato waitvänta · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on sadeattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of svaranågonanyonenågon · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of svaraskullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of svarasvarato answersvara · verb, active, infinitiveclausal complement of vänta - 104
But the wild geese flying around him called out at once, "Fields and meadows.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationvildgässenthe wild geesevildgässe · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of ropadeattested only in the plural surface vildgässen; the collective noun for the wild-goose flock.
somthatsom · pronounsubject of flögoThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
flögoflewflögo · verb, present, indicative, activerelative clause on vildgässenPast plural of flyga; mistagged as present tense.
omkringaroundomkring · prepositionpreposition marking honomhonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularoblique complement of flögoropadecalled outropa · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencegenastat oncegenast · adverbmodifies ropadeÅkrarfieldsÅkre · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralhead of the phraseochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationängarmeadowsäng · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with Åkrar Fields and meadows."
ÅkrarfieldsÅkrar · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationängarmeadowsäng · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with Åkrar- 105
Then he understood that the great checkered cloth was the flat Scanian land he was passing over.
Dåthendå · adverbmodifies förstodförstodunderstoodförstod · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of förstodattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of jordendetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of storastorabigstor · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies tygstycketweak/definite form (stora), used with a singular definite noun, e.g. den stora länstolen.
rutigacheckeredrutig · adjective, nominative, singularcoordinated with storatygstycketthe clothtygstyck · noun, nominative, neuter, singularsubject of jordenvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to jordendenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of jordenplattaflatplatt · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies jordenskånskaScanianskånsk · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies jordenjordenearthjord · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of förstodsomthatsom · pronounmodifies jordenThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularpart of the phrase somforwas passingfor · prepositionpart of the phrase somPast tense of fara (to travel/fly, here of tomte-Nils and geese in flight); mistagged as a preposition. Translation renders it "flew"/"passing over" far more often than "traveled".
framforwardfram · adverbpart of the phrase somöveroveröver · prepositionpart of the phrase som And he began to understand why it looked so multi-colored and checkered.
Ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of börjadebörjadebeganbörja · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencebegripaunderstandbegripa · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of börjadevarförwhyvarför · adverbmodifies sågdenitden · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of sågsågsawsåg · verb, past, indicative, activeclausal complement of begripapast tense of se, 'to see.'
såsoså · adverbmodifies mångfärgadmångfärgadmulticoloredmångfärgad · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of sågochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationrutigcheckeredrutig · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with mångfärgadutlookut · adverbdepends on sågThe bright green squares he recognized first: those were the rye fields, which had been sown the previous autumn and had stayed green under the snow.
Detheyen · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of klargrönasurfaces are actually the plural pronoun de, not a form of en.
klargrönabright greenklargröna · adjective, nominative, pluraldepends on känderutornathe squaresrutorna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of klargrönakänderecognizedkän · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencePast tense 'kände' of känna, here in the sense 'recognized'; same surface as käna but a distinct sense of the polysemous verb.
hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of kändeförstfirstförst · adverbmodifies kändeigenagainigen · adverbmodifies kändedetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of rågåkrarnavarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to rågåkrarnarågåkrarnathe rye fieldsrågåkrarna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralparallel clause to kändesomwhichsom · pronounsubject of blivitThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
hadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of blivitblivitbecomebli · verb, active, supinerelative clause on rågåkrarnasåddasownsådd · adjective, nominative, pluralcomplement of blivitförrapreviousförra · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies höstenhöstenautumnhöst · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of blivitochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of hållithållitstayedhålla · verb, active, supinecoordinated with blivitSurface "hållit" spans several idioms in this book: literal "held" (hållit trogen vakt = kept faithful watch), "hållit ut" (held out/endured), "hållit på" (had been -ing, continuous aspect), and "hållit sig" (stayed/remained). A single fixed gloss of "held" misrenders the hållit på / hållit sig examples.
sigthemselvessig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of hållitgrönagreengrön · adjective, nominative, pluraldirect object of hållitunderunderunder · prepositionpreposition marking snönsnönsnowsnö · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of hållitThe yellow-gray squares were stubble fields, where grain had grown the previous summer; the brownish ones were old clover leys, and the black ones were empty pastureland or ploughed-up fallow fields.
Detheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of rutornaSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
gulgråayellow-graygulgrå · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies rutornarutornathe squaresrutorna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of stubbåkrarvorowerevoro · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies stubbåkrararchaic plural past tense of vara ('to be'), used alongside var; a historical form, not a true adjective.
stubbåkrarstubble fieldsstubbåker · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralhead of the phrasedärtheredär · adverbmodifies vuxitdetaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of sommarenförrapreviousförra · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies sommarensommarensummersommar · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of vuxithadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of vuxitvuxitgrownväxa · verb, active, supinerelative clause on stubbåkrarsädgrainsäd · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of vuxitdetheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of klövervallarSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
brunaktigabrownishbrunaktig · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies klövervallarvorowerevoro · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with brunaktigaarchaic plural past tense of vara ('to be'), used alongside var; a historical form, not a true adjective.
gamlaoldgammal · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies klövervallarklövervallarclover meadowsklövervall · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with sädochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdetheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of betlandSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
svartablacksvart · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies betlandvorowerevoro · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies betlandarchaic plural past tense of vara ('to be'), used alongside var; a historical form, not a true adjective.
tommaemptytom · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies betlandbetlandbeet fieldsbetland · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralcoordinated with sädelleroreller · conjunctionlinks the coordinationupplöjdaploughed-upupplöjd · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies trädesåkrarträdesåkrarfallow fieldsträdesåkr · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with betlandThe squares that were brown with yellow edges must surely be beech woods, for in these the great trees growing in the depths of the forest stand bare in winter, while the young beeches growing at the wood's edge keep their dry, yellowed leaves all the way until spring.
Detheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of rutornaSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
rutornathe squaresrutorna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of ståsomthatsom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of brunavorowerevoro · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies brunaarchaic plural past tense of vara ('to be'), used alongside var; a historical form, not a true adjective.
brunabrownbrun · adjective, nominative, pluralrelative clause on rutornamedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking kantergulayellowgul · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies kanterkanteredgeskant · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralmodifies brunavorowerevoro · verb, imperative, activedepends on bokskogarOld plural past tense of vara ('to be'), mistagged here as imperative.
säkertsurelysäker · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies bokskogarused adverbially, 'certainly/surely'.
bokskogarbeech woodsbokskog · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with brunaförforför · prepositionmodifies ståiini · prepositionmodifies ståsådanasuchsån · adjective, nominative, pluralpart of the phrase iståstandstå · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencedetheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of trädenSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
storabigstor · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies trädenträdentreesträd · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralsubject of ståsomthatsom · pronounsubject of växaThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
växato growväxa · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of ståmittin the middlemitt · adverbdepends on växaiini · prepositionpreposition marking skogenskogenforestskog · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of växanaknabarenakn · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with växaominom · prepositionpreposition marking vinternvinternwintervinter · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of naknamenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsmåbokarnathe young beechessmåbok · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of behållasomthatsom · pronounsubject of växaThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
växato growväxa · verb, active, infinitiverelative clause on småbokarnaiini · prepositionpreposition marking skogsbrynetskogsbrynetedge of the forestskogsbryn · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of växabehållato keepbehålla · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with växadetheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of torraSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
torradrytorr · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies behållagulnadeyellowedgulna · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with torrabladenleavesblad · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of gulnade'Blad' means both tree leaves and paper sheets/pages.
ändaall the wayända · adverbmodifies gulnadetilluntiltill · prepositionpreposition marking vårenvårenspringvår · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of gulnadeThere were also dark squares with gray in the middle: these were the great farmsteads built around a courtyard, with their blackened thatched roofs and paved yards.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with fannsfannsthere wasfinnas · verb, past, indicativemain verb of the sentenceexistential verb; fanns = 'there was/were, existed.'
ocksåalsoockså · adverbmodifies fannsmörkadarkmörk · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies rutorrutorsquaresrutor · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of fannsmedwithmed · prepositionintroduces the clause of gråttgråttgraygrått · verb, active, supineclause modifying rutoriini · prepositionpreposition marking mittenmittenthe middlemitt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of gråttdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularhead of the phrasevarwerevara · verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to storadetheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of storaSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
storabigstor · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies gårdarnakringbyggdabuilt around a courtyardkringbyggd · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with storagårdarnathe farmsgårdarna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of detmedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking halmtakendetheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of halmtakenSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
svartnadeblackenedsvartna · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies halmtakenhalmtakenthe thatched roofshalmtak · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies gårdarnaochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdetheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of gårdsplanernaSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
stensattapavedstensatet · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies gårdsplanernagårdsplanernafarmyardsgårdsplanerna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with halmtakenAnd then there were squares that were green in the middle and bordered with brown: these were the gardens, where the lawns had already begun to turn green, though the bushes and trees standing around them were still in their bare, brown bark.
Ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsåthenså · adverbmodifies fannsfannsthere wasfinnas · verb, past, indicativemain verb of the sentenceexistential verb; fanns = 'there was/were, existed.'
detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with fannsrutorsquaresrutor · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of fannssomthatsom · pronounin apposition to rutorThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
vorowerevoro · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies grönaarchaic plural past tense of vara ('to be'), used alongside var; a historical form, not a true adjective.
grönagreengrön · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies somiini · prepositionpreposition marking mittenmittenthe middlemitt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies grönaochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationomgärdadeborderedomgärda · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with grönamedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking bruntbruntbrownbrunt · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularadverbial clause on omgärdadedetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of trädgårdarnavarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to trädgårdarnaträdgårdarnagardensträdgård · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralparallel clause to fannsdärtheredär · adverbmodifies börjadegräsmattornalawnsgräsmattore · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of börjaderedanalreadyredan · adverbmodifies börjadebörjadebeganbörja · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on trädgårdarnagrönskagreenerygrönska · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies börjadefastthoughfast · adverbmodifies trädgårdarnabuskarnabushesbusk · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of trädgårdarnaochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationträdentreeträd · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with buskarnaträd is an invariant noun (same form singular and plural); the definite plural träden means "the trees."
somthatsom · pronounsubject of stodoThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
stodostoodstodo · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on trädgårdarnaomkringaroundomkring · prepositionpreposition marking demdemthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluraloblique complement of stodoännustillännu · adverbmodifies vorovorowerevoro · adjective, nominative, pluraladverbial clause on trädgårdarnaarchaic plural past tense of vara ('to be'), used alongside var; a historical form, not a true adjective.
iini · prepositionpreposition marking naknanaknabarenakn · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies barkenbrunabrownbrun · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with naknabarkenbarkbark · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of voro- 106
The boy couldn't help laughing when he saw how checkered everything was.
Pojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of låtakundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of låtaintenotinte · particlemodifies låtalåtato letlåta · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentenceblibecomebli · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of låtaatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of skrattainfinitive marker before a verb.
skrattalaughskratta · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on låtanärwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of såghanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sågsågsawsåg · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on skrattapast tense of se, 'to see.'
hurhowhur · adverbmodifies rutigtrutigtcheckeredrutig · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularclausal complement of sågalltingeverythingallting · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of rutigtvarwasvara · pronoun, common gender, singularmodifies låtathe surface var here is the past tense of vara 'to be', not the pronoun.
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But when the wild geese heard him laughing, they called out as if in reproach, "Rich and good land.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationnärwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of hördevildgässenthe wild geesevildgässe · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hördeattested only in the plural surface vildgässen; the collective noun for the wild-goose flock.
hördeheardhörde · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on ropadeattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of skrattadehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of skrattadeskrattadelaughedskratta · verb, past, indicative, activeclausal complement of hörderopadecalled outropa · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of ropadeliksomas ifliksom · prepositionintroduces the clause of bestraffandebestraffandereproachfullybestraffande · adjective, nominativecomplement of ropadeFruktbartfertilefruktbart · pronoun, neuter, singularhead of the phraseochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationgottgoodgod · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies landlandlandland · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with Fruktbart Rich and good land."
Fruktbartfertilefruktbar · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularhead of the phraseochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationgottgoodgod · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with Fruktbartlandlandland · noun, nominative, neuter, singularpart of the phrase Fruktbart- 108
The boy had already turned serious.
Pojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of blivithadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of blivitredanalreadyredan · adverbmodifies blivitblivitbecomebli · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentenceallvarsamseriousallvarsam · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of blivit "That you can laugh, you, who have suffered the very worst thing that can happen to a person," he thought.
Attthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of skrattaduyoudu · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of skrattakancankunna · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of skrattaskrattalaughskratta · verb, active, infinitiveclausal complement of »duyoudu · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularin apposition to skrattasomwhosom · pronounsubject of råkatThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
harhasha · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of råkatråkatsufferedråka · verb, active, supinerelative clause on duutsufferut · adverbdepends on råkatförsufferedför · prepositionpreposition marking förskräckligastedetaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of förskräckligasteallraveryallra · adverbmodifies förskräckligaste"Most of all" only fits "allra ondast" (angriest of all); in "allra vackraste," "allra tunnaste," and "allra förskräckligaste" allra intensifies the following superlative and renders as "very" (the very loveliest/thinnest/worst).
förskräckligastethe very worstförskräcklig · adjective, nominative, superlativeoblique complement of råkatsomthatsom · pronounsubject of händaThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
kancankunna · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of händahändato happenhända · verb, active, infinitiverelative clause on förskräckligasteenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of människamänniskahuman beingmänniska · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of händatänktethoughttänka · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to skrattahanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of tänkte- 109
He kept himself serious for a while, but soon he found himself laughing again.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of höllhöllheldhöll · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencesighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of höllallvarsamseriousallvarsam · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of höllenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of stundstundwhilestund · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of höllmenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsnartsoonsnart · adverbmodifies komkomcamekomma · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with höllhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of komtilltotill · prepositionintroduces the clause of skrattaatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of skrattainfinitive marker before a verb.
skrattalaughskratta · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on komigenagainigen · adverbdepends on skratta - 110
As he grew used to the ride and the speed, so that he could think of something besides staying put on the goose's back, he began to notice how full the air was of flocks of birds flying north.
Alltasallt · adverbintroduces the clause of bliviteftersomsinceeftersom · subordinating conjunctionpart of the phrase Allthanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of blivithadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of blivitblivitbecomebli · verb, active, supineadverbial clause on börjadevanused tovan · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of blivitvidtovid · prepositionpreposition marking rittenrittenthe rideritt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of blivitochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfartenspeedfart · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with rittensåsoså · adverbintroduces the clause of tänkaattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionpart of the phrase såhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of tänkakundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of tänkatänkato thinktänka · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on blivitpåofpå · prepositionintroduces the clause of hållaannatanything elseannan · pronoun, neuter, singularpart of the phrase påänthanän · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of hållaatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of hållainfinitive marker before a verb.
hållato stay puthålla · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on tänkasighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of hållakvarstill therekvar · adverbdepends on hållapåofpå · prepositionpreposition marking gåsryggengåsryggengoose's backgåsrygg · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of hållabörjadebeganbörja · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of börjadeatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of läggainfinitive marker before a verb.
läggato lay/putlägga · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of börjademärkenoticemärke · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of läggaBoth attested examples are the idiom 'lägga märke till' = 'to notice', not the bare noun 'mark'; flag as context-dependent so the idiomatic sense isn't lost.
tilloftill · prepositionintroduces the clause of fågelflockarhurhowhur · adverbmodifies fullfullfullfull · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies luftenluftenairluft · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of fågelflockarvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to fågelflockaravofav · prepositionpreposition marking fågelflockarfågelflockarflocks of birdsfågelflocka · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of läggasomthatsom · pronounsubject of flögoThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
flögoflewflögo · verb, present, indicative, activerelative clause on fågelflockarPast plural of flyga; mistagged as present tense.
norrutnorthwardnorrut · adverbmodifies flögo And there was shouting and calling from flock to flock.
Ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of hojtandevarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to hojtandeettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of hojtandehojtandeshoutinghojtande · adjective, nominativehead of the phraseochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of ropanderopandecallingropande · adjective, nominativecoordinated with hojtandefrånfromfrån · prepositionpreposition marking flockflockflockflock · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies ropandetilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking flockflockflockflock · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of hojtande"So, you've crossed over today," some of them cried.
JasåsoJaså · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phraseInterjection mistagged as a noun; expresses mild surprise or acknowledgment and its English rendering shifts with tone.
niyouni · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of kommitsecond-person plural/formal pronoun, tagged singular by the parser.
harhasha · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of kommitkommitcomekomma · verb, active, supinerelative clause on Jasåöveroveröver · adverbdepends on kommititodayi · prepositionmodifies kommitdagdaydag · noun, nominative, common gender, singularpart of the phrase iskrekocried outskreko · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralsubject of somligaTagged as a noun but is the past plural of skrika, 'to cry/shout' (kommo, gingo-style historical plural).
somligasomesomlig · pronoun, pluralcoordinated with Jaså"Yes, so we have," answered the geese.
Jayesja · interjectiondepends on harviwevi · pronoun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of harharhasha · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencesåsoså · adverbmodifies harsvaradeansweredsvara · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to hargässengeesegässe · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of svaradegässen is the plural definite of gås 'goose'; lemma is a normalized plural stem.
"What do you think, how is spring coming along?"
Hurhowhur · adverbmodifies trortrorthinkstro · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceniyouni · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of trorsecond-person plural/formal pronoun, tagged singular by the parser.
attthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of stårdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of stårstårstandsstå · verb, present, indicative, activeclausal complement of trortillcoming alongtill · prepositiondepends on stårmedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking vårenvårenspringvår · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of står"Not a leaf on the trees and cold water in the lakes," came the answer.
Intenotinte · particlemodifies lövettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of lövlöva leaflöv · noun, nominative, neuter, singularhead of the phrasepåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking trädenträdentreeträd · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of lövträd is an invariant noun (same form singular and plural); the definite plural träden means "the trees."
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationkalltcoldkall · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies vattenvattenwatervatten · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with löviini · prepositionpreposition marking sjöarnasjöarnalakessjö · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralmodifies vattenkomcamekomma · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with lövdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of komtillastill · prepositionpreposition marking svarsvaranswersvar · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of kom- 111
When the geese flew over a place where tame poultry were out, they called, "What's the farm called?
Närwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of flögogässengeesegässe · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of flögogässen is the plural definite of gås 'goose'; lemma is a normalized plural stem.
flögoflewflögo · verb, present, indicative, activeadverbial clause on ropadePast plural of flyga; mistagged as present tense.
framforwardfram · adverbmodifies flögoöveroveröver · prepositionpreposition marking ställeettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of ställeställeplaceställe · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of flögodärtheredär · adverbmodifies gickdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of gickgickwentgå · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on ställetamttametam · adverbmodifies fjäderfäfjäderfäpoultryfjäderfä · noun, nominative, neuter, singularsubject of gickuteoutsideute · adverbmodifies gickropadecalled outropa · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of ropadeVadwhatvad · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of heterheteris calledheta · verb, present, indicative, activeclausal complement of »gårdenfarmgård · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of heter What's the farm called?"
Vadwhatvad · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of heterheteris calledheta · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencegårdenfarmgård · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of heterThen the rooster stretched up his head and answered, "The farm is called Lillgärde, this year as last, this year as last."
Dåthendå · adverbmodifies sträcktesträcktestretchedsträcka · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencetuppenroostertupp · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sträckteuppupupp · adverbdepends on sträcktehuvudetheadhuvud · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of sträckteochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsvaradeansweredsvara · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with sträckteGårdenthe farmGård · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of heterheteris calledheta · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceLillgärdeLillgärdeLillgärde · proper noun, nominativedirect object of heterithis yeari · prepositionpreposition marking åråryearår · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of hetersomassom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of iilast yeari · prepositionadverbial clause on heterfjollast yearfjol · nounpart of the phrase iFixed idiom 'i fjol' = 'last year'.
ithis yeari · prepositionmodifies heteråryearår · noun, nominative, neuter, singularpart of the phrase isomassom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of iilast yeari · prepositionadverbial clause on heterfjollast yearfjol · nounpart of the phrase iFixed idiom 'i fjol' = 'last year'.
- 112
Most of the cottages probably had names after their owners, as is the custom in Skåne, but instead of answering that this was Per Matsson's or Ola Bosson's place, the roosters made up such names as they thought fitting.
Detheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of stugornaSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
flestamostmången · adjective, nominative, plural, superlativemodifies stugornastugornathe cottagesstugorna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of hadehadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencevälprobablyväl · adverbmodifies hadenamnnamenamn · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of hadeefterafterefter · prepositionpreposition marking ägaresinatheirsig · pronoun, pluralpossessor of ägareägareownersägare · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of hadesåsomassåsom · adverbintroduces the clause of brukasdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of passive brukasbrukasis customarybruka · verb, present, indicative, passiveadverbial clause on hadeiini · prepositionpreposition marking SkåneSkåneSkåneSkåne · proper noun, nominativeoblique complement of brukasmenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationiinsteadi · prepositionintroduces the clause of svaraställetplaceställe · noun, nominative, neuter, singularpart of the phrase iförofför · prepositionpart of the phrase iatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of svarainfinitive marker before a verb.
svarato answersvara · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with hadeattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of hittadedettathisdenna · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of hittadevarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to PerPerPerPer · prepositionadverbial clause on hittadeProper name (Per Ola, Sankte Per), mistagged as a preposition.
MatssonsMatsson'sMatsson · proper noun, genitivepart of the phrase Perelleroreller · conjunctionlinks the coordinationOlaOlaOla · proper noun, nominativecoordinated with MatssonsBossonsBosson'sBosson · proper noun, genitivedepends on Olahittadefoundhitta · verb, past, indicative, activeclausal complement of svaratupparnathe roosterstupparna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of hittadepåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking namnsådanasuchsån · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies namnnamnnamesnamn · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraloblique complement of hittadesomthatsom · pronoundirect object of tyckteThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of tycktetycktethoughttycka · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on namnvarabevara · auxiliary verb, active, infinitivecopula linking to passandepassandesuitablepassande · adjective, nominativecomplement of tyckte Those who lived on poor crofts and cottars' holdings called out, "This farm is called Grynlösa."
Detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of ropadesomwhosom · pronounsubject of boddeThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
boddelivedboda · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on Depåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking torpfattigapoorfattig · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies torptorpcroftstorp · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraloblique complement of boddeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhusmansställencottars' holdingshusmansställe · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralcoordinated with torpropadecalled outropa · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceDenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of gårdenhärherehär · adverbpart of the phrase Dengårdenfarmgård · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of heterheteris calledheta · verb, present, indicative, activecoordinated with ropadeGrynlösaGrynlösaGrynlösa · adjective, nominative, pluralcomplement of heterAnd those who belonged to the very poorest cried, "This farm is called Tuggelite, Tuggelite, Tuggelite."
Ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralhead of the phrasesomwhosom · pronounsubject of hördeThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
hördeheardhöra · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on detilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking fattigastedetheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of fattigasteSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
allraveryallra · adverbmodifies fattigaste"Most of all" only fits "allra ondast" (angriest of all); in "allra vackraste," "allra tunnaste," and "allra förskräckligaste" allra intensifies the following superlative and renders as "very" (the very loveliest/thinnest/worst).
fattigastepoorestfattig · adjective, nominative, superlativeoblique complement of hördeskrekoshriekedskreko · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with fattigasteBackbone mistags this as a noun; skreko is the archaic plural past tense of skrika, 'to shriek/screech'.
Denaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of gårdenhärherehär · adverbpart of the phrase Dengårdenfarmgård · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of heterheteris calledheta · verb, present, indicative, activeparallel clause to deTuggeliteTuggeliteTuggelite · proper noun, nominativemodifies deTuggeliteTuggeliteTuggelite · proper noun, nominativein apposition to deTuggeliteTuggeliteTuggelite · proper noun, nominativecoordinated with de- 113
The big, well-off farms were given fine-sounding names by the roosters, such as Lyckåker, Äggeberga, and Penningby.
Detheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of bondgårdarnaSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
storabigstor · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies bondgårdarnavälbärgadewell-offvälbärga · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with storabondgårdarnathe farmsbondgårda · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of fingofingogotfingo · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralhead of the phraseMistagged as a noun; fingo is the archaic plural past tense of få ("got/were given").
grannafinegrann · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies namnnamnnamenamn · noun, nominative, neuter, singularhead of the phraseavbyav · prepositionpreposition marking tupparnatupparnathe roosterstupparna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralmodifies namnsådanasuchsån · pronoun, pluralcoordinated with namnColloquial/old plural of sådan ('such').
somassom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of LyckåkerLyckåkerLyckåkerLyckåker · noun, nominative, common gender, singularin apposition to namnÄggebergaÄggebergaÄggeberga · proper noun, nominativecoordinated with Lyckåkerochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationPenningbyPenningbyPenningby · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with Lyckåker - 114
But the roosters at the manor houses were too proud to make up anything jesting.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationtupparnathe roosterstupparna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of voropåatpå · prepositionpreposition marking herrgårdarnaherrgårdarnamanor housesherrgård · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralmodifies tupparnavorowerevoro · pronoun, pluralhead of the phrasemistagged as a pronoun; this is the archaic plural past tense of vara 'to be'.
förtooför · prepositionmodifies högfärdigahögfärdigaproudhögfärdig · adjective, nominative, pluraladverbial clause on voroatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of hittainfinitive marker before a verb.
hittamake uphitta · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on högfärdigapåatpå · prepositionpreposition marking någotnågotanythingnågon · determiner, neuter, singularoblique complement of skämtsamtskämtsamtjokingskämtsam · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies hitta One of them crowed and called out with such force it seemed he wanted to be heard all the way up to the sun, "This is Dybeck manor.
Enoneman · pronoun, common gender, singularhead of the phraseSurfaces are only "en"/"En" used as a counting pronoun ("en av dem" = "one of them"), not the indefinite generic pronoun man/en ("one does X"). Lemma is mistagged as man; it should be en (numeral pronoun "one"). Gloss "one" happens to still be correct.
avofav · prepositionpreposition marking demdemthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluralmodifies Engolcrowedgol · noundepends on Enochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationropadecalled outropa · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with Enmedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking kraftenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of kraftkraftstrengthkraft · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of ropadesomas ifsom · pronounsubject of passive hörasThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
omifom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of hörashanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hörasvillewanted tovilja · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of hörashörasto be heardhöra · verb, passive, infinitiverelative clause on kraftändaall the wayända · adverbmodifies uppuppupupp · adverbmodifies hörastilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking solensolensunsol · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of hörasDettathisdenna · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of herrgårdärisvara · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activecopula linking to herrgårdDybecksDybeck'sDybeck · proper noun, genitivepossessor of herrgårdherrgårdmanor househerrgård · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phraseThis year as last.
Ithis yeari · prepositionhead of the phraseåryearår · noun, nominative, neuter, singularpart of the phrase Isomassom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of iilast yeari · prepositionadverbial clause on Ifjollast yearfjol · nounpart of the phrase iFixed idiom 'i fjol' = 'last year'.
This year as last."
Ithis yeari · prepositionhead of the phraseåryearår · noun, nominative, neuter, singularpart of the phrase Isomassom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of iilast yeari · prepositionadverbial clause on Ifjollast yearfjol · nounpart of the phrase iFixed idiom 'i fjol' = 'last year'.
- 115
And a little farther off stood one that called out, "This is Svaneholm.
Ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationliteta littleliten · adverbmodifies längrethis type bundles the positive and comparative degree forms (litet, mindre) under one entry.
längrefartherlänge · adverbmodifies bortbortawaybort · adverbmodifies stodstodstoodstå · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceenoneen · numeral, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of stodsomthatsom · pronounsubject of ropadeThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
ropadecalled outropa · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on enDettathisdenna · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of Svaneholmärisvara · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activecopula linking to SvaneholmSvaneholmSvaneholmSvaneholm · proper noun, nominativehead of the phrase Surely the whole world must know that."
Detaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of måttemåttemustmåtte · adverbmodifies haModal verb (cognate of måste), mistagged as adverb. Bare måtte means "must"; the perfect sense ("must have") comes only from an adjacent ha + supine, as in the måtte komma sig example, which translates as plain "must."
välsurelyväl · adverbmodifies hahelawholehel · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies världenvärldenworldvärld · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hahato haveha · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentenceredafind outreda · adverbdepends on hapart of the fixed expression leta/taga/söka reda på, 'find out'; all four attested examples mean find/know, not organize/sort.
påknowpå · prepositionpreposition marking ha- 116
The boy noticed that the geese did not fly their way in a straight line.
Pojkenthe boypojken · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of märktemärktenoticedmärka · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of flögogässengeesegässe · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of flögogässen is the plural definite of gås 'goose'; lemma is a normalized plural stem.
intenotinte · particlemodifies flögoflögoflewflögo · verb, present, indicative, activeclausal complement of märktePast plural of flyga; mistagged as present tense.
sintheirsig · pronoun, common gender, singularpossessor of vägvägwayväg · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of flögoraktstraightrak · adverbmodifies framframforwardfram · adverbmodifies flögo They drifted this way and that over all of Söderslätt, as if glad to be back in Skåne and wanting to pay a visit to every single farm.
Detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of svävadesvävadehoveredsväva · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehitherehit · adverbmodifies svävadeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdittheredit · adverbmodifies Söderslättöveroveröver · prepositionpreposition marking Söderslätthelawholehel · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies SöderslättSöderslättSöderslättSöderslätt · proper noun, nominativecoordinated with svävadePlain in southern Skåne.
liksomas ifliksom · adverbintroduces the clause of gladavorowerevoro · adjective, nominative, pluralpart of the phrase liksomarchaic plural past tense of vara ('to be'), used alongside var; a historical form, not a true adjective.
detheyen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of gladaSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
gladagladglad · adjective, nominative, pluraladverbial clause on svävadeatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of varainfinitive marker before a verb.
varabevara · auxiliary verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on gladaiini · prepositionpreposition marking SkåneSkåneSkåneSkåne · proper noun, nominativeoblique complement of varaigenagainigen · adverbmodifies varaochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationvillewantedvilja · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with gladahälsapay a visithälsa · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of villeBoth given examples are the verb hälsa, not the noun: 'hälsa på i varenda gård' = 'to visit every farm', 'låter nu hälsa dig' = 'sends word/greeting to you'. The tagged noun sense ('health') is not attested in these examples; flagging as context-dependent since the surface is shared between noun and verb.
påonpå · prepositionoblique complement of villeitoi · prepositionpreposition marking gårdvarendaevery singlevarenda · determiner, singulardeterminer of gårdgårdfarmgård · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of ville- 117
They came to a place where there stood a few large, heavy buildings with tall chimneys, and around them a great many smaller houses.
Detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of kommokommocamekommo · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencekommo is the archaic plural past tense of komma 'to come', not an infinitive despite the tag.
tilltotill · prepositiondepends on kommoettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of ställeställeplaceställe · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of kommodärtheredär · adverbmodifies stoddetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with stodstodstoodstå · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on ställenågrasomenågon · determiner, pluraldeterminer of byggnaderstorabigstor · adjective, nominative, pluralpart of the phrase någratungaheavytung · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies byggnaderbyggnaderbuildingsbyggnad · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of stodmedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking skorstenarhögatallhög · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies skorstenarskorstenarchimneysskorsten · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralmodifies byggnaderochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationruntaroundrunt · adverbmodifies dessaomkringaroundomkring · adverbmodifies dessadessathesedenna · determiner, pluraldeterminer of mängdenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of mängdmängda great manymängd · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies husmindresmallerliten · adjective, nominative, comparativemodifies hushushousehus · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of stod "This is Jordberga sugar mill," called the roosters.
Dettathisdenna · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of sockerbrukärisvara · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activecopula linking to sockerbrukJordbergaJordbergaJordberga · proper noun, genitivemodifies sockerbrukEstate name; appears in compound and possessive-like use.
sockerbruksugar millsockerbruk · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phraseropadecalled outropa · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to sockerbruktupparnathe roosterstupparna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of ropade"This is Jordberga sugar mill."
Dettathisdenna · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of sockerbrukärisvara · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activecopula linking to sockerbrukJordbergaJordbergaJordberga · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies sockerbruksockerbruksugar millsockerbruk · noun, nominative, neuter, singularhead of the phrase- 118
The boy gave a start where he sat on the goose's back.
Pojkenthe boypojken · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of ryckterycktetuggedrycka · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencetillsuddenlytill · prepositiondepends on rycktedärtheredär · adverbmodifies satthanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sattsattsatsitta · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on rycktepåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking gåsryggengåsryggengoose's backgåsrygg · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of satt He surely ought to have recognized this place.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of käntbordeought toböra · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of käntBare borde is simple past modal ("ought to"/"should"); the perfect sense ("ought to have") only appears when borde is followed by ha + supine in the sentence, as in three of the four examples — the fourth ("borde släppa taget") has no ha and translates as plain "ought to."
jusurelyju · adverbmodifies känthahaveha · auxiliary verb, active, infinitiveauxiliary of käntkäntrecognizedkänd · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentenceigenagainigen · adverbdepends on käntdetaen · determiner, neuter, singularmodifies känthärherehär · adverbpart of the phrase detställetplaceställe · noun, nominative, neuter, singularpart of the phrase detIt wasn't far from his home, and the previous year he had worked here as a herd boy.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of låglåglayligga · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceintenotinte · particlemodifies låglångtfarlångt · adverbmodifies lågfrånfromfrån · prepositionpreposition marking hemhanshishan · pronounpossessor of hemhemhomehem · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of lågochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhärherehär · adverbmodifies hadehadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with låghanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hadeförrapreviousförra · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies åretåretyearår · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of hadehafthadha · verb, active, supinecomplement of hadeplatsplaceplats · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of haftsomassom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of vaktarpågvaktarpågherd boyvaktarpåg · noun, nominative, common gender, singularin apposition to platsBut it seemed that nothing looked quite the same when seen from up there.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with såvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to sånogseeminglynog · adverbmodifies såsåsoså · adverbhead of the phraseattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of liktingentingnothingingenting · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of liktvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to liktsigitselfsig · pronoun, accusativepart of the phrase varriktigttrulyriktig · adverbmodifies liktliktthe samelikt · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularclausal complement of sånärwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of sågmanoneman · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sågsågsawsåg · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on liktpast tense of se, 'to see.'
detitden · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of sågsåthereså · adverbmodifies sågdärtheredär · adverbmodifies uppifrånuppifrånfrom aboveuppifrån · adverbadverbial clause on såg- 119
And just think!
Ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationtänkthink!tänka · verb, imperative, activemain verb of the sentence And just think!
Ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationtänkthink!tänka · verb, imperative, activemain verb of the sentenceÅsa the goose girl and little Mats, who had been his companions the year before!
ÅsaÅsaÅsa · proper noun, nominativehead of the phrasegåsapigagoose girlgåsapig · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies MatsMistagged as an adjective; gåsapiga is the noun "goose girl" (a herding role), always paired with a name (Åsa gåsapiga).
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationlillelittlelille · adjective, nominative, masculine, singularcoordinated with gåsapigaMatsMatsMats · proper noun, nominativedepends on Åsasomwhosom · pronounsubject of voroThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
vorowerevoro · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on Matshanshishan · pronounpossessor of kamraterkamratercompanionskamrat · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of voroilast yeari · prepositionmodifies vorofjollast yearfjol · nounpart of the phrase iFixed idiom 'i fjol' = 'last year'.
The boy would have very much liked to know whether they were still working here.
Pojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of velatskullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of velatalltvery muchallt · adverbmodifies velathahaveha · auxiliary verb, active, infinitiveauxiliary of velatvelatwantedvela · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentencelemma should be vilja 'to want'; velat is its supine form.
vetato knowveta · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of velatomifom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of gingodetheyen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of gingoSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
gingowentgingo · adjective, nominative, pluraladverbial clause on vetaPast plural of gå (to go); mistagged as an adjective.
kvarstill therekvar · adverbdepends on gingohärherehär · adverbpart of the phrase kvarännustillännu · adverbmodifies gingoWhat would they have said if they had guessed that he was flying high above their heads?
Vadwhatvad · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of sagtskullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of sagtdetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of sagthahaveha · auxiliary verb, active, infinitiveauxiliary of sagtsagtsaidsäga · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentenceomifom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of anatdetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of anathadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of anatanatimaginedana · verb, active, supineadverbial clause on sagtattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of flöghanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of flögflögflewflög · verb, past, indicative, activeclausal complement of anatframforwardfram · adverbdepends on flöghögthighhög · adverbmodifies flögthis type bundles the positive, comparative, and superlative degree forms (högt, högre, högst) under one entry.
överaboveöver · prepositionpreposition marking huvudenderastheirde · pronounpossessor of huvudenpossessive form deras of the plural pronoun de.
huvudenheadshuvude · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraloblique complement of flög- 120
Then they lost Jordberga from sight and flew onward toward Svedala and Skabersjö, and back over Börringekloster and Häckeberga.
Såthenså · adverbmodifies förloradeförloradelostförlora · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedetheyen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of JordbergaSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
JordbergaJordbergaJordberga · proper noun, nominativesubject of förloradeurout ofur · prepositionpreposition marking Svedalasiktesightsikte · noun, nominative, neuter, singularpart of the phrase urochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationforowentforo · proper noun, nominativecoordinated with sikteOld plural past tense of 'fara' (to go/travel), mistagged as a proper noun.
bortöveronwardbortöver · adverbpart of the phrase uråttowardåt · prepositionpart of the phrase urSvedalaSvedalaSvedala · proper noun, nominativeoblique complement of förloradeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationSkabersjöSkabersjöSkabersjö · proper noun, nominativecoordinated with Svedalaochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationtillbakabacktillbaka · adverbmodifies Börringeklosteröveroveröver · prepositionpreposition marking BörringeklosterBörringeklosterBörringe AbbeyBörringekloster · noun, common gendercoordinated with Svedalaochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationHäckebergaHäckebergaHäckeberga · proper noun, nominativecoordinated with BörringeklosterManor/estate name.
The boy got to see more of Skåne in that one day than he had seen before in all the years he had lived.
Pojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sefickgot tofå · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of seseseese · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencemermoremycket · adverbmodifies seavofav · prepositionpreposition marking SkåneSkåneSkåneSkåne · proper noun, nominativemodifies merpåatpå · prepositionpreposition marking dagendenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of dagenendaonlyenda · adjective, nominativemodifies dagendagendaydag · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of seänthanän · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of settvadwhatvad · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of setthanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of setthadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of settsettseense · verb, active, supineadverbial clause on seförutbeforeförut · adverbmodifies settunderinunder · prepositionpreposition marking årallaallall · determiner, pluraldeterminer of årdetheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of årSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
åryearsår · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraloblique complement of setthanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hadehadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to selevatlivedlevat · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of hadeMistagged as a noun; this is the supine of the verb 'leva' ('to live').
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When the wild geese came upon tame geese, they had the most fun of all.
Närwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of råkadevildgässenthe wild geesevildgässe · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of råkadeattested only in the plural surface vildgässen; the collective noun for the wild-goose flock.
råkadecame uponråka · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on hadepåencounterpå · prepositionpreposition marking tamgässtamgässtame geesetamgäss · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of råkadehadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedetheyen · determiner, pluralsubject of hadeSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
allraof allallra · adverbmodifies roligast"Most of all" only fits "allra ondast" (angriest of all); in "allra vackraste," "allra tunnaste," and "allra förskräckligaste" allra intensifies the following superlative and renders as "very" (the very loveliest/thinnest/worst).
roligastthe most funroligast · adjective, nominative, superlativecomplement of hade Then they flew along quite slowly and called down, "Now off to the mountains.
Detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of flögoflögoflewflögo · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencePast plural of flyga; mistagged as present tense.
dåthendå · adverbmodifies flögoframforwardfram · adverbdepends on flögoheltquitehelt · adverbmodifies saktasaktaslowlysakta · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies flögoFunctions adverbially ('slowly') though tagged as an adjective form.
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationropadecalled outropa · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with flögoneråtdownwardneråt · adverbmodifies ropadeNunownu · adverbmodifies bärbäroffbär · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of bärtilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking fjällsfjällsto the mountainsfjälls · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of bärFixed idiom 'bär det till fjälls' = 'off to the mountains'.
Are you coming along?
KommercomeKomma · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceniyouni · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of Kommersecond-person plural/formal pronoun, tagged singular by the parser.
medwithmed · prepositiondepends on KommerAre you coming along?"
KommercomeKomma · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceniyouni · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of Kommersecond-person plural/formal pronoun, tagged singular by the parser.
medwithmed · prepositiondepends on Kommer- 122
But the tame geese answered, "Winter is still in the land.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationtamgässentame geesetamgäss · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of svaradesvaradeansweredsvara · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceVinternwintervintern · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of ärärisvara · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencekvarstill therekvar · adverbmodifies äriini · prepositionpreposition marking landetlandetlandland · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of är You're too early.
Niyouni · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of ärsecond-person plural/formal pronoun, tagged singular by the parser.
ärisvara · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceförtooför · adverbmodifies tidigttidigtearlytidig · adverbmodifies ärBackbone mistags this as an adverb; the surface (tidigt) is the neuter/adverbial form of the adjective tidig.
uteoutsideute · adverbmodifies ärGo back!
Farfatherfar · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phrasetillbaksbacktillbaks · adverbmodifies FarGo back!"
Farfatherfar · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phrasetillbaksbacktillbaks · adverbmodifies Far- 123
The wild geese dropped lower so they could be heard better, and called, "Come with us, and we'll teach you to fly and to swim!"
Vildgässenthe wild geesevildgässe · proper noun, nominativesubject of sänktesänkteloweredsänka · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencesigthemselvessig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of sänkteförsoför · prepositionintroduces the clause of hörasattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionpart of the phrase fördetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of passive hörasskullecouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of hörashörasto be heardhöra · verb, passive, infinitiveadverbial clause on sänktebättrebetterbra · adverbmodifies hörasochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationropadecalled outropa · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with hörasKomcomeKom · verb, imperative, activedepends on läramedwithmed · prepositiondepends on Komsåandså · adverbadverbial clause on läraskawillskola · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of läraviwevi · pronoun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of läralärateachlära · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentenceeryouni · pronoun, common gender, singularindirect object of läraatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of flygainfinitive marker before a verb.
flygaflyflyga · verb, active, infinitiveclausal complement of läraochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsimmaswimsimma · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with flyga - 124
Then the tame geese grew annoyed and did not answer with so much as a single cackle.
Dåthendå · adverbmodifies blevoblevobecameblevo · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentencelemma should be bli 'to become'; blevo is the archaic plural past tense (they became).
tamgässentame geesetamgäss · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of blevoförargadeannoyedförarga · adjective, nominative, pluralclause modifying tamgässenochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsvaradeansweredsvara · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with förargadeintenotinte · particlemodifies svarademedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking kacklandeettaen · numeral, nominative, neuter, singulardeterminer of kacklandeendaonlyenda · adjective, nominativemodifies kacklandekacklandecacklingkacklande · adjective, nominativeoblique complement of svarademistagged as an adjective; used here as the noun 'a cackling'.
- 125
But the wild geese dropped even lower, so that they nearly grazed the ground, and then shot upward as fast as lightning, as if they had been badly frightened.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationvildgässenthe wild geesevildgässe · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sänkteattested only in the plural surface vildgässen; the collective noun for the wild-goose flock.
sänkteloweredsänka · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencesigthemselvessig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of sänkteänevenän · adverbmodifies mermermoremycket · adverbmodifies sänktesåsoså · adverbintroduces the clause of snuddadeattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionpart of the phrase sådetheyen · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of snuddadesurfaces are actually the plural pronoun de, not a form of en.
nästanalmostnästan · adverbmodifies snuddadesnuddadegrazedsnudda · adjective, nominative, pluraladverbial clause on sänktevidagainstvid · prepositionpreposition marking markenmarkengroundmark · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of snuddadeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsedanthensedan · adverbmodifies höjdehöjderaisedhöja · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with sänktedetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of höjdesigthemselvessig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of höjdesåasså · adverbmodifies blixtsnabbtblixtsnabbtlike lightningblixtsnabb · adverbmodifies höjdesomas ifsom · pronounintroduces the clause of blivitThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
omifom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of blivitdetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of blivithadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of blivitblivitbecomebli · verb, active, supineadverbial clause on höjdeförfärligtterriblyförfärlig · adverbmodifies skrämdaskrämdafrightenedskrämda · adjective, nominative, pluralcomplement of blivit "Oh, oh, oh!" they cried.
Ojohoj · interjectiondepends on ropadeojohoj · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with Ojojohoj · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralcoordinated with Ojropadecalled outropa · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of ropade"Those weren't geese.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of gässvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to gässingano/noneingen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of gässgässgeesegäss · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralhead of the phraseThose were only sheep.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of fårvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to fårbarajustbara · adverbmodifies fårfårsheepfå · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceThose were only sheep."
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of fårvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to fårbarajustbara · adverbmodifies fårfårsheepfå · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentence- 126
Those on the ground grew absolutely furious and screamed, "May you all be shot, every one of you, every one of you!"
Detheyen · pronoun, nominative, pluraldeterminer of markensurfaces are actually the plural pronoun de, not a form of en.
påonpå · prepositionpreposition marking markenmarkengroundmark · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of blevoblevobecameblevo · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentencelemma should be bli 'to become'; blevo is the archaic plural past tense (they became).
alldelesquitealldeles · adverbmodifies ursinnigaursinnigafuriousursinnig · adjective, nominative, pluralcomplement of blevoochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationskrekoshriekedskreko · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with ursinnigaBackbone mistags this as a noun; skreko is the archaic plural past tense of skrika, 'to shriek/screech'.
MåttemayMåtte · proper noun, nominativedirect object of skjutnaNot a name; the optative modal 'måtte' expressing a wish (may/might).
niyouni · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of skjutnasecond-person plural/formal pronoun, tagged singular by the parser.
blibecomebli · verb, active, infinitivepassive auxiliary of skjutnaskjutnashotskjuten · adjective, nominative, pluraldepends on mångasåallså · adverbmodifies mångamångamanymången · pronoun, pluralhead of the phrasesomassom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of månganiyouni · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of mångasecond-person plural/formal pronoun, tagged singular by the parser.
äareä · adverbmodifies mångaDialectal contraction of 'är' (is/are), used in direct speech.
såallså · adverbmodifies mångamångamanymången · pronoun, pluraladverbial clause on mångasomassom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of äniyouni · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of äsecond-person plural/formal pronoun, tagged singular by the parser.
äareä · adverbadverbial clause on mångaDialectal contraction of 'är' (is/are), used in direct speech.
- 127
When the boy heard all this joking, he laughed.
Närwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of hördepojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hördehördeheardhöra · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencealltallall · adverbmodifies hördedettathisdenna · determiner, neuter, singulardirect object of hördeskämtandejokingskämtande · adjective, nominativecomplement of hördeskrattadelaughedskratta · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with hördehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of skrattade Then he remembered how badly off he was, and so he wept.
Såthenså · adverbmodifies komkomcamekomma · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of komihågto mind (remember)ihåg · adverbdepends on komonly occurs in the fixed phrase komma ihåg 'to remember'.
hurhowhur · adverbmodifies illaillabadlyilla · adjective, nominativemodifies komhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hadehadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of ställtdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of ställtställtput/placedställa · verb, active, supineparallel clause to komföroffför · prepositionpreposition marking sigsighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativeoblique complement of ställtochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdåthendå · adverbmodifies grätgrätweptgrät · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with kommistagged as a noun; it is the past tense of 'gråta' (to weep).
hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of grätBut in a little while he was laughing again.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationomifom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of skrattadeenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of stundlitensmallliten · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies stundstundwhilestund · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of skrattadeskrattadelaughedskratta · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of skrattadepåagainpå · prepositionpreposition marking nyttnyttnewny · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of skrattade- 128
Never before had he traveled at such a fine speed, and riding fast and wild was something he had always loved.
AldrigneverAldrig · adverbmodifies förrförrbeforeförr · adverbmodifies farithadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of farithanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of faritfarittraveledfari · verb, active, supineadverbial clause on ridaframforwardfram · adverbdepends on faritmedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking fartsåsuchså · adverbmodifies godgodgoodgod · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies fartfartspeedfart · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of framochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of ridainfinitive marker before a verb.
ridato riderida · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencefortfastfort · adverbmodifies ridaochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationviltwildvilt · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with fortdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of hadehadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of tyckthanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of tycktalltidalwaysalltid · adverbmodifies tyckttycktthoughttycka · verb, active, supineparallel clause to ridaomlovedom · prepositionpreposition marking tyckt And of course he had never imagined that it could feel so fresh, as it did, up in the air, and that such a good smell of earth and resin rose up from the ground.
Ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of tänkthadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of tänktförståsof courseförstås · adverbmodifies tänktaldrigneveraldrig · adverbmodifies tänkttänktthoughttänka · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentencepåaboutpå · prepositionintroduces the clause of kännasattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of kännasdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with kännaskundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of kännaskännasfeelkänna · verb, passive, infinitiveadverbial clause on tänktsåsoså · adverbmodifies frisktfrisktfreshfrisk · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies kännassomassom · pronoundirect object of gjordeThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of gjordegjordedidgöra · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on kännasuppeup highuppe · adverbmodifies kännasiini · prepositionpreposition marking luftenluftenairluft · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of uppeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of stegdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of stegstegstepsteg · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with tänktuppupupp · adverbmodifies stegfrånfromfrån · prepositionpreposition marking jordenjordenearthjord · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of stegenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of luktsåsuchså · adverbmodifies godgodgoodgod · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies luktluktsmelllukt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of stegavofav · prepositionpreposition marking myllamyllasoilmyll · verb, active, infinitivemodifies luktochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationkådaresinkåda · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with myllaNor had he ever thought about what it might be like to travel along so high above the earth.
Ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationintenotinte · particlemodifies tänkthellereitherheller · adverbmodifies tänkthadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of tänkthanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of tänkttänktthoughttänka · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentencepåaboutpå · prepositionpreposition marking varahurhowhur · adverbmodifies varadetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of varakundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of varavarabevara · verb, active, infinitiveclausal complement of tänktatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of färdasinfinitive marker before a verb.
färdastravelfärda · verb, passive, infinitivedepends on tänktframforwardfram · adverbdepends on färdassåthereså · adverbmodifies högtdärtheredär · adverbmodifies högthögthighhög · adverbmodifies färdasthis type bundles the positive, comparative, and superlative degree forms (högt, högre, högst) under one entry.
överaboveöver · prepositionpreposition marking jordenjordenearthjord · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of högtBut it was rather like flying away from every worry and sorrow and vexation of every kind imaginable.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of varvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceliksomrather likeliksom · prepositionintroduces the clause of flygaatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of flygainfinitive marker before a verb.
flygaflyflyga · verb, active, infinitiveclausal complement of varbortawaybort · adverbdepends on flygafrånfromfrån · prepositionpreposition marking bekymmerbekymmerworriesbekymmer · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraloblique complement of flygaochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsorgersorrowssorg · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with bekymmerochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationförtretlighetervexationsförtretlighet · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with bekymmeravofav · prepositionpreposition marking slagallaallall · determiner, pluraldeterminer of slagdetheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of slagSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
slagkindsslag · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralmodifies förtretlighetersomthatsom · pronounsubject of passive tänkasThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
tänkasimaginabletänka · verb, present, indicative, passiverelative clause on slagkundecouldkunna · verb, past, indicative, activeclausal complement of var
The particulars
- The text
- Nils Holgerssons underbara resa genom Sverige, Selma Lagerlöf. The Wonderful Adventures of Nils.
- Translation
- Public-domain Swedish (Lagerlöf, d. 1940; published 1906–07). English translation © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC.
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- Every word of the text, by letter.
- Data
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