Swedish · The Wonderful Adventures of Nils
Ölands södra udde
Öland's Southern Tip
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On the southernmost tip of Öland lies an old royal estate called Ottenby.
Påonpå · prepositionpreposition marking delendenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of delensydligastesouthernmostsydlig · adjective, nominative, superlativemodifies delendelenpartdel · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of liggeravofav · prepositionpreposition marking ÖlandÖlandÖlandÖland · proper noun, nominativemodifies delenliggerliesligga · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of kungsgårdgammaloldgammal · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies kungsgårdkungsgårdroyal estatekungsgård · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of liggersomthatsom · pronounsubject of heterThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
heteris calledheta · verb, present, indicative, activerelative clause on kungsgårdOttenbyOttenbyOttenby · proper noun, nominativedirect object of heter It is a rather large property, stretching straight across the island from shore to shore, and it is remarkable because it has always been a haunt for great herds of animals.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of egendomärisvara · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activecopula linking to egendomenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of egendomrättratherrätt · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies storstorbigstor · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies egendomegendomestateegendom · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phrasesomthatsom · pronounsubject of sträckerThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
sträckerstretchessträcka · verb, present, indicative, activedepends on egendomsigitselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of sträckertvärsöverstraight acrosstvärsöv · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of sträckerLemma is corrupted; the word is the adverb tvärsöver.
önthe islandön · proper noun, nominativedirect object of sträckerSame common noun (definite form of ö, island), mistagged here as a proper noun.
frånfromfrån · prepositionpreposition marking strandstrandshorestrand · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of sträckertilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking strandstrandshorestrand · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of sträckerochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdenitden · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of märkvärdigärisvara · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activecopula linking to märkvärdigmärkvärdigremarkablemärkvärdig · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with egendomdärförbecausedärför · adverbmodifies märkvärdigattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of tillhålldenitden · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of tillhållalltidalwaysalltid · adverbmodifies tillhållharhasha · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of tillhållvaritbeenvara · auxiliary verb, active, supinecopula linking to tillhållettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of tillhålltillhållhaunttillhåll · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardepends on märkvärdigförforför · prepositionpreposition marking djurskarorstorabigstor · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies djurskarordjurskaroranimal herdsdjurskara · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of tillhållIn the sixteen-hundreds, when the kings used to cross over to Öland to hunt, the whole estate was nothing but a great deer park.
Påinpå · prepositionpreposition marking sextonhundrataletsextonhundrataletthe sixteen-hundredssextonhundratal · noun, nominative, neuter, singularhead of the phrasenärwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of brukadekungarnathe kingskungare · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of brukadebrukadeused tobruka · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on sextonhundrataletfaragofara · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of brukadesome listed surfaces (fara, far) are actually forms of the unrelated verb fara 'to travel/go'; gloss the noun sense danger for the noun-tagged type.
överoveröver · adverbmodifies faratilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking ÖlandÖlandÖlandÖland · proper noun, nominativeoblique complement of överförin orderför · prepositionintroduces the clause of jagaatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of jagainfinitive marker before a verb.
jagato huntjaga · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on övervarwasvara · determiner, common gender, singularcopula linking to hjortparkmistagged as a determiner; the surface 'var' here is the past tense of vara 'to be'.
helawholehel · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies egendomenegendomenestateegendom · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hjortparkintenotinte · particlemodifies hjortparknågotanythingnågon · determiner, neuter, singularmodifies enannatotherannan · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularpart of the phrase någotänthanän · subordinating conjunctionpart of the phrase annatenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of hjortparkstorbigstor · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies hjortparkhjortparkdeer parkhjortpark · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies sextonhundrataletIn the seventeen-hundreds there was a stud farm there, where noble purebred horses were raised, and a sheepfold, where several hundred sheep were kept.
Påinpå · prepositionpreposition marking sjuttonhundrataletsjuttonhundrataletthe seventeen-hundredssjuttonhundratal · noun, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies funnosfunnosthere werefunnos · nounhead of the phrasedärtheredär · adverbmodifies stuteriettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of stuteristuteristud farmstuteri · noun, nominative, neuter, singularin apposition to funnosdärtheredär · adverbmodifies ädlaädlanobleädla · verb, active, infinitiveclause modifying stuteriMistagged as a verb; ädla is the plural form of the adjective ädel ("noble").
rashästarpurebred horsesrashäst · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of ädlauppföddeswere raiseduppföddes · verb, past, indicative, passivequantifies stuteriochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of schäferischäferisheep farmschäferi · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with funnosdärtheredär · adverbmodifies fårfleraseveralflera · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies hundrahundrahundredhundra · numeral, nominativesubject of fårfårsheepfå · verb, present, indicative, activerelative clause on schäferiunderhölloswere keptunderhöllos · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of fårIn our own day there are at Ottenby neither thoroughbred horses nor sheep.
Iini · prepositionpreposition marking dagarvåraourvi · pronoun, pluralpossessor of dagarPossessive form våra of the plural pronoun vi.
dagardaysdag · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of finnasfinnasto existfinnas · verb, infinitivemain verb of the sentencevidatvid · prepositionpreposition marking OttenbyOttenbyOttenbyOttenby · proper noun, nominativeoblique complement of finnasvarkenneithervarken · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfullblodshästarthoroughbred horsesfullblodshäst · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with Ottenbyelleroreller · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfårsheepfå · verb, present, indicative, activecoordinated with OttenbyIn their place there now live great troops of young horses, destined for our cavalry regiments.
Iini · prepositionpreposition marking ställederastheirde · pronounpossessor of ställepossessive form deras of the plural pronoun de.
ställeplaceställe · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of levalevato liveleva · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencedärtheredär · adverbmodifies levastorabigstor · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies skarorskarorcrowdsskara · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of levaavofav · prepositionpreposition marking unghästarunghästaryoung horsesunghäst · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralmodifies skarorsomthatsom · subordinating conjunctionsubject of passive användasskolashallskola · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of passive användasanvändasbe usedanvända · verb, present, indicative, passiverelative clause on unghästarvidforvid · prepositionpreposition marking kavalleriregementenvåraourvi · pronoun, pluralpossessor of kavalleriregementenPossessive form våra of the plural pronoun vi.
kavalleriregementencavalry regimentskavalleriregement · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of användas- 2
Surely there is no farm in the whole country that could be a better home for animals.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with finnsfinnsthere isfinnas · verb, present, indicativemain verb of the sentencesäkertsurelysäker · adverbmodifies finnsintenotinte · particlemodifies finnsiini · prepositionpreposition marking landethelawholehel · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies landetlandetlandland · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of finnsnågonnonågon · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of gårdgårdfarmgård · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of finnssomthatsom · pronounsubject of uppehållsortThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
kancankunna · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of uppehållsortvarabevara · auxiliary verb, active, infinitivecopula linking to uppehållsortenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of uppehållsortbättrebetterbra · adjective, nominative, comparativemodifies uppehållsortuppehållsortdwelling placeuppehållsort · noun, nominative, common gender, singularrelative clause on gårdförforför · prepositionpreposition marking djurdjuranimalsdjur · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralmodifies uppehållsort Along the eastern coast lies the old sheepfold meadow, a quarter of a mile long, the largest meadow on all of Öland, where the animals can graze and play and tumble about as freely as in the wilderness.
LängsalongLängs · adverbmodifies kustenefteralongefter · prepositionpreposition marking kustendenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of kustenöstraeasternöster · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies kustenkustencoastkust · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of liggerliggerliesligga · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of schäferiängengamlaoldgammal · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies schäferiängenschäferiängensheepfold meadowschäferiäng · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of liggersomthatsom · pronounsubject of milThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
ärisvara · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activecopula linking to milenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of fjärdedelsfjärdedelsa quarter offjärdedels · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies milmilmilemil · noun, nominative, common gender, singularrelative clause on schäferiängenA Swedish mil is historically about 10 km; the studio translation renders it as an English mile.
långlonglång · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularclause modifying mildenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of ängenstörstabiggeststor · adjective, nominative, superlativemodifies ängenängenmeadowäng · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of milpåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking Ölandhelawholehel · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies ÖlandÖlandÖlandÖland · proper noun, nominativemodifies ängendärtheredär · adverbmodifies betadjurenanimalsdjur · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralsubject of betakunnacankunna · auxiliary verb, active, infinitiveauxiliary of betabetagrazebeta · verb, active, infinitiverelative clause on Ölandochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationlekato playleka · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with betaochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationtumlatumble abouttumla · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with betasigthemselvessig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of tumlalikaequallylika · adverbmodifies frittfrittfreelyfri · adverbmodifies tumlasomassom · prepositionpreposition marking vildmarkenFunctions as relative pronoun/conjunction, not a true preposition.
iini · prepositionpreposition marking vildmarkenvildmarkenwildernessvildmark · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of betaAnd there is the famous Ottenby grove with its hundred-year-old oaks, which give shade from the sun and shelter from the harsh Öland wind.
Ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdärtheredär · adverbmodifies finnsfinnsthere isfinnas · verb, present, indicativemain verb of the sentencedenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of Ottenbyberömdafamousberömda · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies OttenbyOttenbyOttenbyOttenby · proper noun, nominativemodifies lundlundgrovelund · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of finnsmedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking ekarnadetheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of ekarnaSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
hundraårigahundred-year-oldhundraårig · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies ekarnaekarnathe oaksek · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of finnssomwhichsom · pronounsubject of geThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
geto givege · verb, active, infinitiverelative clause on ekarnaskuggashadowskugga · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of geförfromför · prepositionpreposition marking solsolsunsol · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of geochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationläshelterlä · adverbcoordinated with solförfromför · prepositionpreposition marking Ölandsblåstendenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of Ölandsblåstensträngaharshstränga · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies ÖlandsblåstenÖlandsblåstenthe Öland windÖlandsblåsten · proper noun, nominativeoblique complement of geAnd one must not forget the long Ottenby wall, which runs from shore to shore and separates Ottenby from the rest of the island, so that the animals can know how far the old royal estate extends and take care not to stray onto other ground, where they are not so well protected.
Ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsåsoså · adverbmodifies glömmafårmustfå · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of glömmamanoneman · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of glömmaintenotinte · particlemodifies glömmaglömmato forgetglömma · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencedenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of Ottenbylångalonglång · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies OttenbyOttenbyOttenbyOttenby · proper noun, genitivepossessor of murmurwallmur · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of glömmasomwhichsom · pronounsubject of gårThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
gårgoesgå · verb, present, indicative, activerelative clause on murfrånfromfrån · prepositionpreposition marking strandstrandshorestrand · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of gårtilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking strandstrandshorestrand · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of gårochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationskiljerseparatesskilja · verb, present, indicative, activecoordinated with murOttenbyOttenbyOttenby · proper noun, nominativedirect object of skiljerfrånfromfrån · prepositionpreposition marking öndenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of önövrigaremainingövrig · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies önönthe islandön · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of skiljersåsoså · adverbintroduces the clause of vetaattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionpart of the phrase sådjurenanimalsdjur · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralsubject of vetakunnacankunna · auxiliary verb, active, infinitiveauxiliary of vetavetato knowveta · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on skiljerhurhowhur · adverbmodifies långtlångtfarlångt · adverbmodifies sträckerdenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of kungsgårdengamlaoldgammal · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies kungsgårdenkungsgårdenroyal estatekungsgård · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sträckersträckerstretchessträcka · verb, present, indicative, activeclausal complement of vetasigitselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of sträckerochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationaktawatch out/bewareakta · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with sträckersigthemselvessig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of aktaatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of geinfinitive marker before a verb.
geto givege · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on aktasigthemselvessig · pronoun, accusativeindirect object of geininin · adverbdepends on gepåontopå · prepositionpreposition marking markannanotherannan · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies markmarkgroundmark · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of gedärtheredär · adverbmodifies fredadedetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of fredadeintenotinte · particlemodifies fredadeäroareäro · adverbpart of the phrase inteArchaic plural present tense of vara (they are), not an adverb.
såsoså · adverbmodifies fredadevälwellväl · adverbmodifies fredadefredadeprotectedfreda · adjective, nominative, pluralrelative clause on mark- 3
But it is not enough that there are plenty of tame animals at Ottenby.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of nogärisvara · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activecopula linking to nogintenotinte · particlemodifies nognogenoughnog · adverbhead of the phrasemedwithmed · prepositionpart of the phrase nogattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of finnsdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with finnsfinnsthere arefinnas · verb, present, indicativeclausal complement of noggottplentygott · adverbmodifies finnsomofom · prepositionpreposition marking djurtamatametama · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies djurdjuranimalsdjur · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraloblique complement of finnspåatpå · prepositionpreposition marking OttenbyOttenbyOttenbyOttenby · proper noun, nominativemodifies djur One might almost believe that the wild ones too had a feeling that on an old crown estate both wild and tame ought to be able to count on favor and protection, and that this is why they venture there in such great numbers.
Manoneman · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of troskullemightskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of tronästanalmostnästan · adverbmodifies trokunnato be able tokunna · auxiliary verb, active, infinitiveauxiliary of trotrobelievetro · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentenceattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of hadedetheen · determiner, pluralsubject of hadeSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
vildawildvild · adjective, nominative, pluralclause modifying deocksåalsoockså · adverbmodifies hadehadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activeclausal complement of troenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of känslakänslafeelingkänsla · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of hadeavthatav · prepositionintroduces the clause of kronogodsatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of kronogodsinfinitive marker before a verb.
påonpå · prepositionpreposition marking kronogodsettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of kronogodsgammaltoldgammal · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies kronogodskronogodscrown estatekronogods · noun, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies känslabörought toböra · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activecopula linking to viltbådebothbåde · conjunctionlinks the coordinationviltwildvilt · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with hadeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationtamttame animalstamt · adverbmodifies räknakunnato be able tokunna · auxiliary verb, active, infinitiveauxiliary of räknaräknato counträkna · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with viltpåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking huldhuldfavorhuld · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of räknaArchaic in the phrase huld och skydd, meaning favor and protection.
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationskyddshelterskydd · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with huldochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of därfördetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of därförärisvara · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activecopula linking to därfördärförwhydärför · adverbcoordinated with hadesomthatsom · pronounoblique complement of vågaThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of vågaiini · prepositionpreposition marking skarorsåsuchså · adverbmodifies storastorabigstor · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies skarorskarorcrowdsskara · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of vågavågato darevåga · verb, active, infinitivedepends on därförsigthemselvessig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of vågadittheredit · adverbmodifies vågaBesides the fact that deer of the old stock still remain there, and that hares and shelducks and partridges love to live there, in spring and late summer it also serves as a resting place for many thousands of migratory birds.
Förutombesidesförutom · prepositionintroduces the clause of finnasattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of finnasdärtheredär · adverbmodifies finnasännustillännu · adverbmodifies finnasfinnasto existfinnas · verb, infinitivedepends on utgörkvarstill therekvar · adverbdepends on finnashjortardeerhjort · adjective, nominative, pluraldepends on finnasavofav · prepositionpreposition marking stammendenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of stammengamlaoldgammal · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies stammenstammenstockstamm · noun, nominative, common gender, singularagent of hjortarochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of hararinfinitive marker before a verb.
hararhareshara · verb, present, indicative, activecoordinated with finnasochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationgrav-ändershelducksgrav-änd · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with hararochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationrapphönspartridgesrapphöns · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralcoordinated with hararälskato loveälska · verb, active, infinitivedirect object of hararatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of levainfinitive marker before a verb.
levato liveleva · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on harardärtheredär · adverbmodifies levasåalsoså · adverbmodifies utgörutgörserves asutgöra · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedenitden · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of utgörpåinpå · prepositionpreposition marking vårenvårenspringvår · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of utgörochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsensommarenlate summersensommare · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with vårenenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of viloplatsviloplatsresting placeviloplats · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of utgörförforför · prepositionpreposition marking tusentalmångamanymånga · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies tusentaltusentalthousandstusental · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraloblique complement of utgöravofav · prepositionpreposition marking flyttfåglarflyttfåglarmigratory birdsflyttfågl · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralmodifies tusentalAbove all it is on the marshy eastern shore below the sheepfold meadow that the migratory birds settle down to feed and rest.
Framförin front offramför · prepositionmodifies strandenallteverythingall · pronoun, neuter, singularpart of the phrase Framförärisvara · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activecopula linking to strandendetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with strandenpåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking strandendenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of strandensumpigamarshysumpig · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies strandenöstraeasternöster · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies strandenstrandenshorestrand · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phrasenedanförbelownedanför · prepositionpreposition marking schäferiängenschäferiängensheepfold meadowschäferiäng · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies strandensomthatsom · subordinating conjunctionoblique complement of slåflyttfåglarnamigratory birdsflyttfågl · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of slåslåsettleslå · verb, active, infinitiverelative clause on strandennerdownner · adverbdepends on slåförin orderför · prepositionintroduces the clause of betaatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of betainfinitive marker before a verb.
betagrazebeta · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on slåochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationvilarestvila · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with beta- 4
When the wild geese and Nils Holgersson had finally found their way to Öland, they, like all the others, came down on the shore below the sheepfold meadow.
Närwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of letatvildgässenthe wild geesevildgässe · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of letatattested only in the plural surface vildgässen; the collective noun for the wild-goose flock.
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationNilsNilsNils · proper noun, nominativecoordinated with vildgässenHolgerssonHolgerssonHolgersson · proper noun, nominativedepends on Nilsäntligenfinallyäntligen · adverbmodifies Nilshadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of letatletatfound their wayleta · verb, active, supineadverbial clause on slogosigthemselvessig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of letatframforwardfram · adverbmodifies letattilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking ÖlandÖlandÖlandÖland · proper noun, nominativeoblique complement of framslogocame downslogoa · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencePast plural of slå ('to strike/land'); lemma mislabeled 'slogoa'.
detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of slogosomlikesom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of andraallaallall · determiner, pluraldeterminer of andraandraothersannan · pronoun, pluralcomplement of slogonerdownner · adverbmodifies andrapåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking strandenstrandenshorestrand · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of nerunderbelowunder · prepositionpreposition marking schäferiängenschäferiängensheepfold meadowschäferiäng · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of ner The fog lay thick over the island, just as it had before over the sea.
Dimmanthe fogDimman · proper noun, nominativesubject of lågCommon noun 'dimman' (the fog), mistagged as a proper noun.
låglayligga · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencetätthicktät · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies lågöveroveröver · prepositionpreposition marking önönthe islandön · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of tätliksomjust asliksom · prepositionintroduces the clause of förutförutbeforeförut · adverbadverbial clause on tätöveroveröver · prepositionpreposition marking havethavetseahav · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of förutBut the boy was still astonished at all the birds he could make out on just the small stretch of shore he was able to see.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationpojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of blevblevbecamebli · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceändåstilländå · adverbmodifies blevhäpenastonishedhäp · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of blevPredicate adjective häpen ('astonished'); tagged as noun.
överatöver · prepositionpreposition marking fåglarallaallall · determiner, pluraldeterminer of fåglardetheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of fåglarSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
fåglarbirdsfågel · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of blevsomthatsom · pronounoblique complement of urskildeThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of urskildeurskildemade outurskila · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on fåglarbarajustbara · adverbmodifies urskildepåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking styckedetaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of styckelillalittleliten · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies styckestyckepiecestycke · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of urskildeavofav · prepositionpreposition marking strandenstrandenshorestrand · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies styckesomthatsom · pronoundirect object of seThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sekundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of seseseese · verb, active, infinitiverelative clause on styckeutoutut · adverbdepends on seöveroveröver · prepositionmodifies se- 5
It was a low sandy beach with stones and puddles and a great deal of washed-up seaweed.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of sandstrandvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to sandstrandenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of sandstrandlåglowlåg · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies sandstrandsandstrandsandy shoresandstrand · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phrasemedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking stenarstenarstonessten · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of sandstrandochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationvattenpussarpuddlesvattenpuss · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with stenarochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of mängdmängda great manymängd · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies tånguppkastadwashed-upuppkastad · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies tångtångseaweedtång · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with stenar If the boy had been given the choice, he would surely never have thought of landing there, but the birds evidently considered it a real paradise.
Omifom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of fåttpojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of fåtthadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of fåttfåttbeen givenfå · auxiliary verb, active, supineadverbial clause on tänkt"hade alltid fått lära sig" is the causative-passive få + infinitive construction ("had always been taught"), a distinct sense from the permissive "gotten to" readings in the other examples.
väljato choosevälja · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of fåttskullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of tänkthanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of tänktvälsurelyväl · adverbmodifies tänktaldrigneveraldrig · adverbmodifies tänkthahaveha · auxiliary verb, active, infinitiveauxiliary of tänkttänktthoughttänka · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentencepåofpå · prepositionintroduces the clause of slåatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of slåinfinitive marker before a verb.
slålandslå · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on tänktnerdownner · adverbdepends on slådärtheredär · adverbmodifies slåmenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfåglarnathe birdsfåglarna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of ansågoansågoconsideredansågo · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencevisstcertainlyviss · adverbmodifies dettasurface visst here is the adverb 'certainly/surely', not the adjective viss 'certain'.
dettathisdenna · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of ansågoförasför · prepositionpreposition marking paradisettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of paradisriktigtrealriktig · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies paradisparadisparadiseparadis · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of ansågoDucks and gray geese walked about grazing on the meadow, while closer to the water sandpipers and other shorebirds ran to and fro.
ÄnderducksÄnder · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralhead of the phraseochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationgrågässgray geesegrågäss · adverbmodifies gingogingowentgingo · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with ÄnderPast plural of gå (to go); mistagged as an adjective.
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationbetadegrazedbeta · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with Änderpåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking ängenängenmeadowäng · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of betadenärmareclosernära · adverbmodifies vattnetType lumps the positive, comparative, and superlative forms of nära.
vattnetwatervatten · noun, nominative, neuter, singularpossessor of sprungosprungoransprungo · adverbcoordinated with ÄnderHistorical plural past form of springa.
snäpporsandpiperssnäppor · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralmodifies sprungoochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationandraotherannan · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies strandfåglarstrandfåglarshorebirdsstrandfågl · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with snäpporThe loons lay out in the sea fishing, but the most life and movement was on the long seaweed banks off the coast.
Lommarnathe loonsLommarna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralpossessor of lågolågolaylågo · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of tångbankarnamistagged as a noun; this is the archaic plural past tense of ligga 'to lie' (they lay).
iini · prepositionpreposition marking havethavetseahav · noun, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies lågoochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfiskadefishedfiska · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with lågomenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationmestmostmycket · adverbmodifies livlivlifeliv · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with lågoochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationrörelsemovementrörelse · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with livvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to tångbankarnadetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with tångbankarnapåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking tångbankarnadetheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of tångbankarnaSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
långalonglång · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies tångbankarnatångbankarnaseaweed bankstångbanka · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralhead of the phraseutanföroutsideutanför · prepositionpreposition marking kustenkustencoastkust · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies tångbankarnaThere the birds stood close together, picking up larvae, which must have existed in boundless quantity, for there was never any sign of complaint about a lack of food.
Därtheredär · adverbmodifies stodostodostoodstodo · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceStodo is the historical plural past form of stå, ‘to stand’.
fåglarnathe birdsfåglarna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of stodotättclosetätt · adverbmodifies stodobredvidbesidebredvid · prepositionpreposition marking varandravarandraeach othervarandra · pronoun, accusative, pluraloblique complement of stodoochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationplockadepickedplocka · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with stodoiupi · prepositionpreposition marking larversigthemselvessig · pronoun, accusativepart of the phrase ilarverlarvaelarver · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of plockadesomwhichsom · pronounsubject of funnitsThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
måttemustmåtte · adverbmodifies funnitsModal verb (cognate of måste), mistagged as adverb. Bare måtte means "must"; the perfect sense ("must have") comes only from an adjacent ha + supine, as in the måtte komma sig example, which translates as plain "must."
hahaveha · auxiliary verb, active, infinitiveauxiliary of funnitsfunnitsexistedfunnits · verb, supinerelative clause on larveriini · prepositionpreposition marking mängdgränslösboundlessgränslös · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies mängdmängda great manymängd · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of funnitsförforför · prepositionpreposition marking detdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with märktesmärkteswas evidentmärktes · verb, past, indicative, passivecoordinated with stodoaldrigneveraldrig · adverbmodifies märktesattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of uppstoddetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with uppstoduppstodaroseuppstå · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on märktesnågonanynågon · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of klaganklaganlamentklagan · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of uppstodöveraboutöver · prepositionpreposition marking matbristlackbrist · noun, nominative, common gender, singularpart of the phrase överpåofpå · prepositionpart of the phrase övermatfoodmat · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of uppstod- 6
Most of them were only traveling on and had landed just to rest, and as soon as the leader of a flock thought his companions had refreshed themselves enough, he would say: "If you're ready now, then let's be off."
Detheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of flestaSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
allramostallra · adverbmodifies flesta"Most of all" only fits "allra ondast" (angriest of all); in "allra vackraste," "allra tunnaste," and "allra förskräckligaste" allra intensifies the following superlative and renders as "very" (the very loveliest/thinnest/worst).
flestamostmången · adjective, nominative, plural, superlativesubject of resaskullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of resaresato travelresa · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencevidarefurthervidare · adverbmodifies resaochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of slagitslagitlandedslå · verb, active, supinecoordinated with resanerdownner · adverbdepends on slagitbarajustbara · adverbmodifies slagitförin orderför · prepositionintroduces the clause of fåatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of fåinfinitive marker before a verb.
fåget tofå · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on slagitvilarestvila · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of fåochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsåasså · adverbmodifies snartsnartsoonsnart · adverbmodifies slagitsomassom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of tyckteanförarenthe leaderanförar · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of tyckteförofför · prepositionpreposition marking flockenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of flockflockflockflock · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies anförarentycktethoughttycka · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on snartattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of vederkvicktkamraternacompanionskamrat · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of vederkvickthadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of vederkvicktvederkvicktrefreshedvederkvick · verb, active, supineclausal complement of slagitsigthemselvessig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of vederkvickttillräckligtsufficientlytillräcklig · adverbmodifies vederkvicktsadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to resahanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sadeÄrisvara · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activecopula linking to färdiganiyouni · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of färdigasecond-person plural/formal pronoun, tagged singular by the parser.
nunownu · adverbmodifies färdigafärdigareadyfärdig · adjective, nominative, pluraldepends on gersåthenså · adverbadverbial clause on gergergivesge · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceviwevi · pronoun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of gerossusvi · pronoun, accusative, common gender, pluraldirect object of gervälthenväl · adverbmodifies geravoffav · prepositiondepends on ger - 7
"No, wait, wait!"
Nejnonej · interjectionhead of the phraseväntato waitvänta · verb, active, infinitiveparallel clause to Nejväntato waitvänta · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with Nej We're nowhere near full yet," said the followers.
Viwevi · pronoun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of mättaärisvara · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activecopula linking to mättaintenotinte · particlemodifies mättamättafullmätta · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentenceännuyetännu · adverbmodifies mättapåforpå · prepositionpreposition marking längelängefor a long timelänge · adverboblique complement of mättasadesaidsade · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to mättaföljesfolketthe followersföljesfolket · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of sade- 8
"You surely don't think I intend to let you eat so much that you can't move?" said the leader, and with a clap of his wings he set off.
Niyouni · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of trorsecond-person plural/formal pronoun, tagged singular by the parser.
trorthinkstro · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencevälsurelyväl · adverbmodifies trorintenotinte · particlemodifies trorattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of ämnarjagIjag · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of ämnarämnarintend toämna · verb, present, indicative, activeclausal complement of trorlåtato letlåta · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of ämnareryouni · pronoun, accusative, common gender, pluraldirect object of låtaätaeatäta · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of låtasåsoså · adverbmodifies mycketmycketmuchmycket · adverbmodifies låtaattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of röraniyouni · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of rörasecond-person plural/formal pronoun, tagged singular by the parser.
intenotinte · particlemodifies rörakancankunna · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of röraröramoveröra · verb, active, infinitiveclausal complement of låtaeryouni · pronoun, accusative, common gender, pluraldirect object of rörasadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceanförarenthe leaderanförar · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sadesmälldeclappedsmällde · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to sadeiwithi · prepositionpreposition marking vingarnavingarnawingsvinge · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of smälldeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsattesat downsatte · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with smälldepast tense of sätta; here reflexive satte sig 'sat down'.
avoffav · prepositiondepends on satte But it happened more than once that he had to turn back, because he could not persuade the others to follow along.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of händehändehappenedhäna · adjective, nominativehead of the phrasemistagged as an adjective; it is the past tense of 'hända' (to happen).
mermoremycket · adverbmodifies enänthanän · subordinating conjunctionpart of the phrase merenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of gånggångoncegång · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of händeattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of vändahanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of vändamåstemustmåste · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of vändavändato turnvända · verb, active, infinitiveclause modifying gångombackom · prepositiondepends on vändadärförbecausedärför · adverbintroduces the clause of förmåattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionpart of the phrase därförhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of förmåintenotinte · particlemodifies förmåkundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of förmåförmåpersuadeförmå · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on vändadetheyen · pronoun, nominative, pluraldeterminer of andrasurfaces are actually the plural pronoun de, not a form of en.
andraothersannan · pronoun, pluraldirect object of förmåatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of följainfinitive marker before a verb.
följato followfölja · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on förmåmedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking följa- 9
Beyond the outermost seaweed banks lay a flock of swans.
Utanföroutsideutanför · prepositionpreposition marking tångbankarnadetheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of tångbankarnaSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
ytterstaoutermostyttersta · adjective, nominative, superlativemodifies tångbankarnatångbankarnathe seaweed bankstångbankarna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of låglåglayligga · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of flockflockflockflock · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies svanorsvanorswanssvana · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of låg They did not bother going ashore, but rested by lying and rocking on the water.
Detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of bryddebryddecaredbrydde · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceOccurs mainly in the reflexive idiom 'brydde sig om' meaning 'cared about/bothered'.
sigthemselvessig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of bryddeintenotinte · particlemodifies bryddeomtoom · prepositionintroduces the clause of gåatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of gåinfinitive marker before a verb.
gågogå · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on bryddeiashorei · prepositionpreposition marking landlandlandland · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of gåutanbut ratherutan · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfollows a negated clause, contrasting it with what actually happened.
viladerestedvila · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with gåsigthemselvessig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of viladegenomthroughgenom · prepositionintroduces the clause of liggaatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of liggainfinitive marker before a verb.
liggato lieligga · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on viladeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationgungato rockgunga · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with liggapåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking vattnetvattnetwatervatten · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of gungaNow and then they dove down with their necks and brought up food from the sea bottom.
Dånowdå · adverbhead of the phraseochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdåthendå · adverbmodifies dökodökodovedöko · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with DåHistorical plural past form of dyka.
detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluraldeterminer of nernerdownner · adverbmodifies dökomedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking halsarnahalsarnaneckhals · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of nerochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhämtadebrought uphämta · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with dökouppupupp · adverbdepends on hämtadematfoodmat · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of dökofrånfromfrån · prepositionpreposition marking havsbottnenhavsbottnensea floorhavsbottn · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies matWhen they had gotten hold of something really good, they let out loud cries that sounded like trumpet blasts.
Närwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of fåttdetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of fåtthadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of fåttfåttgottenfå · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentencefattholdfatt · adverbdepends on fåttOccurs in the fixed idiom 'få/gripa fatt (i)', 'to get/grab hold (of)'.
iofi · prepositionpreposition marking gottnågotsomethingnågon · determiner, neuter, singularmodifies gottriktigttrulyriktig · adverbmodifies gottgottgoodgott · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies fåttgåvolet outgåvo · interjectioncoordinated with fåttGåvo is the historical plural past form of ge.
detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of gåvotillouttill · prepositionpreposition marking rophögatallhög · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies ropropcriesrop · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraloblique complement of gåvosomthatsom · subordinating conjunctionsubject of trumpetstötarljödosoundedljödo · noun, genitive, common gender, pluralpart of the phrase somHistorical plural past form of ljuda, ‘to sound.’
liktlikelikt · adverbmodifies trumpetstötartrumpetstötartrumpet blaststrumpetstöt · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralin apposition to rop- 10
When the boy heard that there were swans on the shoal, he hurried out onto the seaweed banks.
Närwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of hördepojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hördehördeheardhöra · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on skyndadeattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of lågdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of låglåglayligga · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies svanormistagged as adjective; the surface 'låg' here is the past tense of ligga 'to lie', not the unrelated adjective låg 'low'.
svanorswanssvana · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of hördepåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking grundetgrundetshoalgrunde · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of hördeskyndadehurriedskynda · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of skyndadeutoutut · adverbdepends on skyndadepåontopå · prepositionpreposition marking tångbankarnatångbankarnathe seaweed bankstångbankarna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of skyndade He had never seen a wild swan up close before.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of setthadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of settaldrigneveraldrig · adverbmodifies settsettseense · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentencevildsvana wild swanvildsvan · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of settpåatpå · prepositionpreposition marking hållnäraup closenära · adjective, nominativemodifies hållhålldirectionhåll · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of settförutbeforeförut · adverbmodifies settHe had luck with him, so that he got right up close to them.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hadehadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencelyckalucklycka · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of hademedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking sigsighimsig · pronoun, accusativeoblique complement of hadesåsoså · adverbintroduces the clause of komattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionpart of the phrase såhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of komkomcamekomma · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on hadealldelesquitealldeles · adverbmodifies framframforwardfram · adverbmodifies komtilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking demdemthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluraloblique complement of fram- 11
The boy was not the only one who had heard the swans.
Pojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of varvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceintenotinte · particlemodifies vardenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardirect object of varendaonlyenda · adjective, nominativemodifies varsomwhosom · pronounsubject of hörtThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
hadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of hörthörtheardhöra · verb, active, supinedepends on varsvanornaswanssvanore · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of hört Both wild geese and gray geese and ducks and loons swam out among the banks, laid themselves in a ring around the flock of swans, and stared at it.
Bådebothbåde · conjunctionlinks the coordinationvildgässwild geesevildgäss · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraloblique complement of ladeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationgrågässgreylag geesegrågäss · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with vildgässochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationänderducksänd · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with grågässochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationlommarloonslomm · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with vildgässsummoswamsummo · adverbmodifies vildgässArchaic plural past tense of 'simma' (they swam), despite the adverb tag.
utoutut · adverbmodifies vildgässmellanbetweenmellan · prepositionpreposition marking bankarnabankarnathe banksbankarna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of utladeformedla · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentence"lade han märke till" is the fixed idiom lägga märke till ("to notice"), not literal "laid".
sigthemselvessig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of ladesominsom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of ringenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of ringringringring · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of laderuntaroundrunt · adverbmodifies svanflockenomaroundom · prepositionpreposition marking svanflockensvanflockenthe flock of swanssvanflock · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of ladeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationstirradestaredstirra · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with svanflockenReally the past tense of the verb stirra ('to stare'), mistagged here as an adjective.
påatpå · prepositionpreposition marking dendenitden · pronoun, common gender, singularoblique complement of svanflockenThe swans puffed up their feathers, raised their wings like sails, and lifted their necks high in the air.
Svanornathe swansSvanorna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of blåsteblåsteblewblåste · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceuppupupp · adverbdepends on blåstefjädrarnafeathersfjädr · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of blåstehöjderaisedhöja · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with blåstevingarnawingsving · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of höjdesomlikesom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of segelsegelsailsegel · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of höjdeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationlyfteliftedlyfte · verb, imperative, activecoordinated with höjdeMislabeled as imperative; lyfte is the simple past tense of lyfta ("to lift").
halsarnaneckhals · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of lyftehögthighhög · adverbmodifies lyftethis type bundles the positive, comparative, and superlative degree forms (högt, högre, högst) under one entry.
iini · prepositionpreposition marking vädretvädretthe airvädre · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of högtNow and then one or another of them would swim over to a goose or a great loon or a diving duck and say a couple of words.
Iblandnow and thenibland · adverbmodifies samsamswamsam · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies enPast tense of 'simma' (to swim), mistagged as an adjective.
enoneen · numeral, nominative, common gender, singularquantifies demochandoch · conjunctionpart of the phrase enannanotherannan · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularpart of the phrase enavofav · prepositionpreposition marking demdemthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluralhead of the phraseframforwardfram · adverbmodifies demtilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking gåsenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of gåsgåsgoosegås · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of framelleroreller · conjunctionlinks the coordinationstorlomgreat loonstorlom · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with gåselleroreller · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdykanddiving duckdykand · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralcoordinated with gåsochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsadesaidsaa · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on demlemma should be säga 'to say'; sade/sa are its past-tense forms.
ettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of parparcouplepar · noun, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies ordordwordsord · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraldirect object of sadeAnd then it seemed as though the one addressed hardly dared to lift its bill to answer.
Ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdåthendå · adverbmodifies tycktestycktesseemedtycktes · verb, past, indicativemain verb of the sentencedetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with tycktessomas thoughsom · pronounsubject of vågaThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
omifom · subordinating conjunctionpreposition marking tilltaladedenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of tilltaladetilltaladethe addresseetilltala · adjective, nominative, pluraladverbial clause on vågaknappthardlyknappt · adverbmodifies vågaskullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of vågavågato darevåga · verb, active, infinitiveclausal complement of tyckteslyftato liftlyfta · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of våganäbbenbeaknäbbe · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of lyftaförin orderför · prepositionintroduces the clause of svaraatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of svarainfinitive marker before a verb.
svarato answersvara · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on lyfta- 12
But then there was a red-throated loon, a little black rascal, who could not stand all this solemnity.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsåthenså · adverbmodifies smålomvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to smålomdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of smålomenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of smålomsmålomred-throated loonsmålom · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phraseenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of odygdspåselitensmallliten · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies odygdspåsesvartblacksvar · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies odygdspåseSurface 'svart' is the adjective svart (black); the lemma 'svar' (answer) is a backbone mistag.
odygdspåserascalodygdspåse · noun, nominative, common gender, singularparallel clause to smålomsomwhosom · pronounsubject of ståThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
intenotinte · particlemodifies ståkundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of ståståstandstå · verb, active, infinitiverelative clause on odygdspåseutstandut · adverbdepends on ståmedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking högtidlighetallallall · determiner, common gender, singularpart of the phrase meddennathisdenna · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of högtidlighethögtidlighetsolemnityhögtidlighet · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of stå He dove all at once and vanished beneath the surface of the water.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of dökdökdovedökma · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceheltquitehelt · adverbmodifies hastigthastigtquicklyhastig · adverbmodifies dökochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationförsvanndisappearedförsvann · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with dökPast tense of försvinna ('disappeared'), mistagged as a noun.
underbeneathunder · prepositionpreposition marking vattenytanvattenytanwater's surfacevattenyta · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of försvannRight after, one of the swans let out a shriek and swam away so quickly that the water foamed.
Straxrightstrax · adverbmodifies därpådärpåthen/after thatdärpå · adverbmodifies skrekskrekscreamedskrek · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencePast tense of 'skrika' (to scream/shriek).
enoneman · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of skrekSurfaces are only "en"/"En" used as a counting pronoun ("en av dem" = "one of them"), not the indefinite generic pronoun man/en ("one does X"). Lemma is mistagged as man; it should be en (numeral pronoun "one"). Gloss "one" happens to still be correct.
avofav · prepositionpreposition marking svanornasvanornaswanssvanore · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralmodifies entillouttill · prepositiondepends on skrekochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsimmadeswamsimma · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with skrekundanawayundan · adverbmodifies simmadesåsoså · adverbmodifies hastigthastigtsuddenlyhastig · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies simmadeadverbial neuter form 'hastigt' used as 'suddenly'.
attthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of skummadevattnetwatervatten · noun, nominative, neuter, singularsubject of skummadeskummadefoamedskummad · adjective, nominative, pluraldepends on skrekThen it stopped and once again began to look majestic.
DärpåthenDärpå · adverbmodifies stannadestannadestoppedstanna · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of stannadeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationbörjadebeganbörja · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with stannadepåagainpå · prepositionpreposition marking nyttnyttnewny · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of börjadeatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of seinfinitive marker before a verb.
seseese · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on börjademajestätiskmajesticmajestätisk · adjective, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of seutlookut · adverbdepends on seBut soon another shrieked in the same way as the first, and then a third shrieked too.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsnartsoonsnart · adverbmodifies skrekskrekscreamedskrek · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencePast tense of 'skrika' (to scream/shriek).
enaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of annanannanotherannan · adjective, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of skrektillouttill · prepositionpreposition marking sättpåinpå · prepositionpreposition marking sättsammathe samesamma · determinerdeterminer of sättsättwaysätt · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of skreksomassom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of förstadenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of förstaförstafirsten · adjective, nominativeclause modifying sättsurfaces are forms of första 'first', not the numeral en.
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsåthenså · adverbmodifies skrekskrekshriekedskrek · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with skrekenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of tredjetredjethirdtre · adjective, nominativesubject of skrekSurface 'tredje' is the ordinal 'third', though lemma is tagged as the cardinal 'tre'.
- 13
Now the little loon could no longer stay under the water, and he showed himself on the surface, small and black and mischievous.
Nunownu · adverbmodifies orkadeorkadehad the strength toorka · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceintenotinte · particlemodifies stannasmålommenthe red-throated diversmålomm · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of stannastannastaystanna · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of orkadelängrelongerlänge · adverbmodifies stannaunderunderunder · prepositionpreposition marking vattnetvattnetwatervatten · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of stannautanbut ratherutan · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfollows a negated clause, contrasting it with what actually happened.
hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of visadevisadeshowedvisa · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on orkadesighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of visadepåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking vattenytanvattenytanwater's surfacevattenyta · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of visadelitensmallliten · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies visadeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsvartblacksvar · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with litenThe lemma should be svart ("black"); the parser mistagged the surface "svart" under the noun svar ("answer").
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationondskefullmischievousondskefull · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with liten The swans rushed at him, but when they saw what a poor little wretch it was, they turned sharply away, as though they thought themselves too fine to quarrel with him.
Svanornathe swansSvanore · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of störtadestörtaderushedstörta · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceemotatemot · prepositionpreposition marking honomhonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularoblique complement of störtademenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationnärwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of sågodetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of sågosågosawsågoa · verb, present, indicative, activeadverbial clause on vadLemma/tag are corrupted; sågo is the plural past tense of se ("saw"), not a noun or present tense.
vadwhatvad · pronoun, neuter, singularintroduces the clause of stackaredetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of stackarevarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to stackareförkind offör · prepositionpreposition marking stackareenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of stackarelitensmallliten · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies stackarestackarewretchstackare · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with störtadevändeturnedvääggn · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with störtadeLemma is garbled; surface vände is the past tense of vända ("to turn").
detheyen · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of vändesurfaces are actually the plural pronoun de, not a form of en.
tvärtsharplytvär · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies vändeNeuter form 'tvärt' used adverbially with varied senses depending on what it modifies.
liksomas thoughliksom · adverbintroduces the clause of hölleomifom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of hölledetheyde · determiner, pluraldeterminer of hölleThis type's own examples show 'de' used as the plain personal pronoun "they" (de voro ovanligt strävsamma = "they were unusually...") as often as the determiner "the" (de andra = "the others"); a fixed gloss of "the" mis-renders every pronoun occurrence.
höllethought themselveshölle · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on vändeArchaic subjunctive form of 'hålla' (to hold), used in 'som om...' clauses.
sigthemselvessig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of hölleförtooför · prepositionmodifies godagodagoodgod · adjective, nominative, pluraladverbial clause on hölleatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of bråkainfinitive marker before a verb.
bråkato quarrelbråka · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on höllemedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking honomhonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularoblique complement of bråkaThen the little loon dove again and nipped them in the feet.
Dåthendå · adverbmodifies dökdökdovedök · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencesmålommenthe red-throated diversmålomm · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of passive dökpåagainpå · prepositionpreposition marking nyttnyttnewny · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies demochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationnöpnippednöp · verb, imperative, activecoordinated with nyttPast tense of 'nypa' (to nip/pinch), mistagged here as imperative.
demthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluralsubject of passive dökiini · prepositionpreposition marking fötternafötternathe feetfötterna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of dökIt surely hurt, and the worst of it was that they could not maintain their dignity.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with gjordegjordedidgöra · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencesäkertsurelysäker · adverbmodifies gjordeonthurtont · adjective, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of gjordeBoth examples ('göra oss något ont' = 'do us harm', 'inte hade förmått göra mycket ont' = 'not been able to do much harm') attest the sense 'harm', not 'pain', which was the pinned default gloss.
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdetaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of värstavärstaworstvärsta · adjective, nominative, superlativecoordinated with ontvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activemodifies gjordeattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of bibehålladetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of bibehållaintenotinte · particlemodifies bibehållakundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of bibehållabibehållamaintainbibehålla · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on gjordesintheirsig · pronoun, common gender, singularpossessor of värdighetvärdighetdignityvärdighet · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of bibehållaAll at once they took matters into their own hands.
Medwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking ensensat onceens · adverboblique complement of gjordeUsed in the fixed idiom med ens 'all at once/suddenly.'
gjordedidgöra · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedetheyen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of slagSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
slagkindsslag · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralsubject of gjordeiintoi · prepositionpreposition marking sakensakenthingsak · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of gjordeThey began to thrash the air with their wings so that it thundered, sped along a long stretch as if running on the water, finally got air under their wings, and rose.
Detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of börjadebörjadebeganbörja · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencepiskathrashpisk · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies luftenluftenairluft · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of börjademedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking vingarnavingarnathe wingsvingarna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralmodifies luftenlemma should be vinge 'wing'.
såsoså · adverbintroduces the clause of dånadeattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionpart of the phrase sådetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of dånadedånadeboomeddåna · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on börjadeforotraveledforo · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralcoordinated with dånadeArchaic plural past tense of fara ("to go/travel"), not a noun; the parser mistagged it.
framforwardfram · adverbmodifies dånadeettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of styckelångtlonglångt · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies styckeBoth examples ('for fram ett långt stycke' = 'sped along a long stretch', 'tog ett långt hopp' = 'took a long leap') mean 'long' (length), not 'far' (distance).
styckepiecestycke · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of dånadeliksomas ifliksom · prepositionintroduces the clause of springandespringanderunningspringande · noun, nominative, neuter, singularclause modifying styckePresent participle of springa (to run), mistagged as a noun.
påonpå · prepositionpreposition marking vattnetvattnetwatervatten · noun, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies springandefingogotfingo · verb, imperative, activecoordinated with dånadepast plural of få ('to get'); mistagged as imperative.
äntligenfinallyäntligen · adverbmodifies fingoluftairluft · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of dånadeunderunderunder · prepositionpreposition marking vingarnavingarnathe wingsvingarna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of dånadelemma should be vinge 'wing'.
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationlyfteroselyfte · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with dånadech11-p13-s6 uses lyfte intransitively for a bird taking off ("rose"), not "lifted" something.
- 14
When the swans were gone, they were greatly missed, and those who had earlier laughed at the little loon's prank now blamed him for his impudence.
Närwhennär · adverbintroduces the clause of voroFunctions as a subordinating conjunction, not an adverb.
svanornaswanssvanore · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of vorovorowerevoro · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on blevbortagoneborta · adverbmodifies voroblevbecamebli · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of blevstorbigstor · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies saknadsaknada sense of losssaknad · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of blevefterforefter · prepositionpreposition marking demdemthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluraloblique complement of saknadochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralcoordinated with ,somwhosom · pronounsubject of haftThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
förutbeforeförut · adverbmodifies hafthadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of hafthafthadha · verb, active, supinerelative clause on deroligtfunrolig · adverbmodifies haftåtatåt · prepositionpreposition marking tilltagsmålommensthe little loon'ssmålomm · noun, genitive, common gender, singularpossessor of tilltagtilltagpranktilltag · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of haftklandradeblamedklandra · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with hafthonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of klandradenunownu · adverbmodifies klandradeförforför · prepositionpreposition marking oförsynthethanshishan · pronounpossessor of oförsynthetoförsynthetimpudenceoförsynthet · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of klandrade - 15
The boy walked back inland again.
Pojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of gickgickwentgå · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceåteragainåter · adverbmodifies gickinåtintoinåt · prepositionmodifies gicklandlandland · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of gick There he stood watching the sandpipers at play.
Därtheredär · adverbmodifies ställdeställdestoodställa · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of ställdesighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of ställdeatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of seinfinitive marker before a verb.
seseese · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on ställdepåatpå · prepositionintroduces the clause of lektehurhowhur · adverbmodifies lektesnäppornathe sandpiperssnäpporna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of lektelekteplayedleka · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on seThey resembled tiny little cranes, having like them small bodies, tall legs, long necks, and light, floating movements, but they were not gray, only brown.
Detheyen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of småSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
liknaderesembledliknad · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies småMislabeled as an adjective; liknade is the past tense of the verb likna ("to resemble").
småsmallliten · adjective, nominative, pluralsubject of hadesmåsmallliten · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies tranortranorcranestrana · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with småhadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceliksomlikeliksom · prepositionpreposition marking kroppardessathesedenna · determiner, pluraldeterminer of kropparsmåsmallliten · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies kropparkropparbodieskropp · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of hadehögatallhög · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies benbenlegsben · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralcoordinated with kropparlångalonglång · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies halsarhalsarneckhals · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralin apposition to kropparochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationlättalightlätta · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with halsarsvävandefloatingsväva · adjective, nominativemodifies rörelserrörelsermovementsrörelse · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with kropparmenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of gråavorowerevoro · adjective, nominative, pluralpart of the phrase dearchaic plural past tense of vara ('to be'), used alongside var; a historical form, not a true adjective.
intenotinte · particlemodifies gråagråagraygrå · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with hadeutanbut ratherutan · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfollows a negated clause, contrasting it with what actually happened.
brunabrownbrun · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with gråaThey stood in a long row on the shore, where it was washed by the waves.
Detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of stodostodostoodstodo · verb, present, indicativemain verb of the sentenceHistorical past-plural form of stå (cf. voro, gingo); despite the 'present' tag this is past tense.
iini · prepositionpreposition marking radenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of radlånglonglång · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies radradrowrad · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of stodopåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking strandenstrandenshorestrand · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies raddärtheredär · adverbmodifies spoladesdenitden · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of passive spoladesspoladeswas washedspola · verb, past, indicative, passiverelative clause on radavbyav · prepositionpreposition marking vågornavågornathe wavesvågorna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralagent of spoladesAs soon as a wave rushed in, the whole row ran backward.
Såasså · adverblinks the coordinationsnartsoonsnart · adverbmodifies Såenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of vågvågwavevåg · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of strömmadeströmmadestreamedströmma · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceininin · adverbdepends on strömmadesprangransprangma · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with strömmadeLemma is corrupted; surfaces are only "sprang" (past of springa, to run). Lemma should read springa, not sprangma.
helawholehel · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies radenradenrowrad · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sprangbaklängesbackwardbaklänge · verb, present, indicative, passivemodifies strömmadeAdverb 'baklänges' (backward), mistagged as a passive verb.
As soon as it was sucked back out, they followed after.
Såasså · adverblinks the coordinationsnartsoonsnart · adverbpart of the phrase Sådenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of sögssögswas sucked outsögs · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on följdeutoutut · adverbdepends on sögsföljdefollowedföljde · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of följdeefterafterefter · prepositiondepends on följdeAnd so they kept at it for hours.
Ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsåsoså · adverbmodifies höllohöllokept at ithöllo · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of höllopåatpå · prepositiondepends on hölloifori · prepositionpreposition marking timtaltimtalfor hourstimtal · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraloblique complement of hölloOccurs in the fixed phrase 'i timtal' = for hours.
- 16
The handsomest of all the birds were the shelducks.
Detheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of grannasteSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
grannastehandsomestgrann · adjective, nominative, superlativehead of the phraseavofav · prepositionpreposition marking fåglarnaallaallall · determiner, pluraldeterminer of fåglarnafåglarnathe birdsfåglarna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralmodifies grannastevorowerevoro · adjective, nominative, pluralpreposition marking grav-ändernaarchaic plural past tense of vara ('to be'), used alongside var; a historical form, not a true adjective.
grav-ändernathe shelducksgrav-änderna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with grannaste They were surely kin to ordinary ducks, for like them they had a heavy, thickset body, a broad bill, and webbed feet, but they were far more splendidly arrayed.
Detheyen · determiner, pluralsubject of släktSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
vorowerevoro · adjective, nominative, pluralpart of the phrase Dearchaic plural past tense of vara ('to be'), used alongside var; a historical form, not a true adjective.
nogsurelynog · adverbmodifies släktsläktrelatedsläkt · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularhead of the phrasemedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking ändervanligaordinaryvanlig · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies änderänderducksänder · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of släktförforför · prepositionintroduces the clause of hadedetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of hadehadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on släktsomlikesom · adverbintroduces the clause of tungAdverbial/conjunctive use of som ('as/just as'), distinct from its usual relative-pronoun sense.
dessathesedenna · determiner, pluraldeterminer of tungenaen · determiner, common gender, singularmodifies tungtungheavytung · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies utstyrdasattsatsitta · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with tungkroppbodykropp · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of sattbredbroadbred · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies näbbnäbbbeaknäbb · noun, nominative, common gender, singularin apposition to kroppochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsimfötterwebbed feetsimfött · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with kroppmenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdetheyde · determiner, pluraldeterminer of praktfullareThis type's own examples show 'de' used as the plain personal pronoun "they" (de voro ovanligt strävsamma = "they were unusually...") as often as the determiner "the" (de andra = "the others"); a fixed gloss of "the" mis-renders every pronoun occurrence.
vorowerevoro · adjective, nominative, pluraldepends on praktfullarearchaic plural past tense of vara ('to be'), used alongside var; a historical form, not a true adjective.
mycketfarmycket · adverbmodifies praktfullarepraktfullaremore splendidlypraktfullare · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with kropputstyrdaarrayedutstyrda · adjective, nominative, pluraldirect object of hadeThe plumage itself was white, around the neck they wore a broad yellow band, the wing patch gleamed in green, red, and black, the wingtips were black, and the head was blackish-green and shimmered like silk.
Självaitselfsjälv · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies fjäderskrudenSurface "själva" is the plural/emphatic form of själv and can mean "themselves" or intensify "the very."
fjäderskrudenplumagefjäderskrud · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of vitvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to vitvitwhitevit · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phrasekringaroundkring · prepositionpreposition marking halsenhalsenneckhalse · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of buroburoworeburo · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with vitArchaic plural past tense of 'bära' (to wear/carry/bear), mislabeled as an adjective.
detheyen · determiner, pluralmodifies vitSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
ettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of bandbrettbroadbred · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies gultgultyellowgult · noun, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies bandbandbandband · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of vitvingspegelnwing patchvingspegel · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies blänkteblänktegleamedblänka · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with vitiini · prepositionpreposition marking gröntgröntgreengrön · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies blänkteröttredrött · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with gröntochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsvartblacksvar · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with gröntThe lemma should be svart ("black"); the parser mistagged the surface "svart" under the noun svar ("answer").
vingspetsarnathe wingtipsvingspets · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with vitvorowerevoro · adjective, nominative, singulardepends on vingspetsarnaPast plural of vara (to be); mistagged as an adjective.
svartablacksvart · adjective, nominative, pluralpart of the phrase voroochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhuvudetheadhuvud · noun, nominative, neuter, singularsubject of svartgröntvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to svartgröntsvartgröntblackish-greensvartgrönt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with vitochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationskiftadeshimmeredskifta · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with svartgröntsomlikesom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of sidensidensilkside · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of skiftade- 17
As soon as a few of them showed themselves on the shore, the other birds said: "Look at those!
Såasså · adverbmodifies någrasnartsoonsnart · adverbpart of the phrase Sånågrasomenågon · pronoun, pluralsubject of visadeavofav · prepositionpreposition marking demdemthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluralmodifies någravisadeshowedvisa · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on sadesigthemselvessig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of visadepåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking strandenstrandenshorestrand · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of visadesadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedetheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of fåglarnaSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
andraotherannan · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies fåglarnafåglarnathe birdsfåglarna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of sadeTittalook!titta · verb, imperative, activemain verb of the sentencepåatpå · prepositionpreposition marking dedetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluraloblique complement of Tittadärtheredär · adverbmodifies Titta They certainly know how to dress themselves up."
Detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of förstårförstårunderstand(s)förstå · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencesigthemselvessig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of förstårpåhow topå · prepositionintroduces the clause of klutaatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of klutainfinitive marker before a verb.
klutadress upkluta · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on förstårutuput · adverbdepends on klutasigthemselvessig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of kluta— "If they weren't so fine, they wouldn't have to dig their nests down in the ground, but could lie out in the open like anyone else," said a brown mallard hen.
Omifom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of voredetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of voreintenotinte · particlemodifies vorevorewould bevara · auxiliary verb, past, subjunctive, activeadverbial clause on grävasåsoså · adverbpart of the phrase voregrannafinegranna · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of voreadjective granna ('fine, splendid, gaily colored'); mistagged as noun.
skullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of grävadetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of grävaintenotinte · particlemodifies grävabehövato need tobehöva · auxiliary verb, active, infinitiveauxiliary of grävagrävadiggräva · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencesinatheirsig · pronoun, pluralpossessor of bonbonnestsbo · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraldirect object of grävaneredownnere · adverbmodifies grävaiini · prepositionpreposition marking jordenjordenearthjord · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of nereutanbut ratherutan · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfollows a negated clause, contrasting it with what actually happened.
kundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of liggaliggato lieligga · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with grävaoppeup thereoppe · noun, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies liggaColloquial adverb 'oppe' (dialectal for 'uppe'), mistagged here as a noun.
iini · prepositionpreposition marking dagendagendaydag · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of liggasomlikesom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of annanenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of annanannanotherannan · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularadverbial clause on liggasadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with grävaenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of gräsandhonabrunbrownbrun · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies gräsandhonagräsandhonamallard hengräsandhona · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sade— "They can try as hard as they like, but they can never make anything of themselves with a nose like that," said a gray goose.
Detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of bjudamåmaymå · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of bjudabjudato offerbjuda · verb, active, infinitivedepends on tatilltrytill · prepositiondepends on bjudahurhowhur · adverbmodifies mycketmycketmuchmycken · adverbmodifies bjudasomassom · conjunctionpart of the phrase myckethelstevergärna · adverbpart of the phrase mycketType lumps together gärna (gladly) and its suppletive superlative helst (rather/most).
såstillså · adverbadverbial clause on takancankunna · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of tadetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of tadåthendå · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of taaldrigneveraldrig · adverbmodifies kommakommacomekomma · verb, active, infinitiveauxiliary of taatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of tainfinitive marker before a verb.
tato taketa · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencesigthemselvessig · pronoun, accusativeindirect object of tanågotanythingnågon · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of tautmake of oneselfut · adverbdepends on tamedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking näsaenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of näsasådansuchsån · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies näsasån is a colloquial/older form of sådan, glossed to the modern sense.
näsanosenäsa · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of tasomlikesom · pronoundirect object of harThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of harharhasha · verb, present, indicative, activerelative clause on näsasadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with taenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of grågåsgrågåsgreylag goosegrågås · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sadeAnd this was really true.
Ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdettathisdenna · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of santvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to santverkligenreallyverkligen · adverbmodifies santsanttruesant · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularhead of the phraseThe shelducks had a large knob at the base of the bill, which spoiled their looks.
Grav-ändernathe shelducksGrav-änderna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of hadehadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of knölstorbigstor · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies knölknölknobknöl · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of hadepåatpå · prepositionpreposition marking näbbrotennäbbrotenbase of the billnäbbrot · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of hadesomwhichsom · pronounsubject of skämdeThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
skämdespoiledskämde · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on näbbrotenbortawaybort · adverbdepends on skämdederastheirde · pronounpossessor of utseendepossessive form deras of the plural pronoun de.
utseendeappearanceutseende · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of skämde- 18
Out beyond the shore, gulls and terns skimmed over the water, fishing.
Utanföroutsideutanför · prepositionpreposition marking strandenstrandenshorestrand · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of foroforotraveledforo · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phraseArchaic past plural of fara ('to travel/fly'); lemma tagged as noun but is a verb form.
måsargullsmås · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralhead of the phraseochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationtärnorternstärna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with måsarframforwardfram · adverbmodifies måsaröveroveröver · prepositionpreposition marking vattnetvattnetwatervatten · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of framochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfiskadefishedfiska · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with vattnet "What kind of fish are you catching?" asked a wild goose.
Vadwhatvad · pronoun, neuter, singularhead of the phraseärisvara · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activecopula linking to Vaddetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with Vadförkind offör · prepositionpreposition marking fiskfiskfishfisk · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of Vadsomthatsom · pronoundirect object of tarThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
niyouni · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of tarsecond-person plural/formal pronoun, tagged singular by the parser.
tartakesta · verb, present, indicative, activerelative clause on fiskoppupopp · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of tarDialectal form of upp ("up"), mistagged as a noun by the parser.
frågadeaskedfråga · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of vildgåsvildgåswild goosevildgås · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of frågade— "It's stickleback.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of spiggärisvara · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activecopula linking to spiggspiggsticklebackspigg · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phraseIt's Öland stickleback.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of ölandsspiggärisvara · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activecopula linking to ölandsspiggölandsspiggÖland sticklebackölandsspigg · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phraseIt's the best stickleback in the world," said a gull.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with spiggärisvara · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activecopula linking to spiggdenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of spiggbästabestbra · adjective, nominative, superlativemodifies spiggspiggsticklebackspigg · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phraseiini · prepositionpreposition marking världenvärldenworldvärld · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of spiggsadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with spiggenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of måsmåsgullmås · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sade"Won't you try some?"
Villwon'tVill · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of smakaduyoudu · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of smakaintenotinte · particlemodifies smakasmakatry somesmaka · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencech31-p27-s3 'det fick smaka i hungersnödens dagar' = 'it had to do in those days of famine' — idiomatic 'make do/suffice', not literally 'taste'.
And he flew toward the goose with his mouth full of the little fish, wanting to give her some.
Ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of flögflögflewflög · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceemottowardemot · prepositiondepends on flöggåsengoosegås · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of flögmedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking munnenmunnenmouthmunn · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of flögfullfullfull · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of flögavofav · prepositionpreposition marking fiskarnadetheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of fiskarnaSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
småsmallliten · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies fiskarnafiskarnafishfiskare · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of fullThe definite plural 'fiskarna' is orthographically identical for 'fiskare' (fishermen) and 'fisk' (fish). In example ch20-p2-s2 ('...måtte ha lockat fiskarna...') it is the fish being lured by torchlight, not fishermen — that example belongs to a different lemma and should not be glossed 'fishermen'.
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationvillewanted tovilja · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of gegeto givege · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with flöghenneherhenne · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of ge"Ugh, no!
Uschughusch · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phrasedånodå · adverbmodifies UschDo you think I want to eat such nastiness?" said the wild goose.
Trorthink/believeTror · verb, present, indicative, activeadverbial clause on ätaduyoudu · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of TrorjagIjag · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of ätavillwant tovilja · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of ätaätaeatäta · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencesådansuchsån · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of ätasån is a colloquial/older form of sådan, glossed to the modern sense.
därtheredär · adverbmodifies ätaotäckhetnastinessotäckhet · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of ätasadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencevildgåsenwild goosevildgås · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralsubject of sade- 19
The next morning it was still just as foggy.
Nästanextnästa · adjective, nominativemodifies morgonmorgonmorningmorgon · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of dimmigtvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to dimmigtdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of dimmigtalltjämtstillalltjämt · adverbmodifies dimmigtlikaequallylika · adverbmodifies dimmigtdimmigtfoggydimmig · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularhead of the phrase The wild geese went about the meadow grazing, but the boy had gone down to the shore to gather mussels.
Vildgässenthe wild geesevildgässen · proper noun, nominativesubject of gingogingowentgingo · adjective, nominative, singularhead of the phrasePast plural of 'gå' (to go/walk); mistagged as an adjective. Lemma should be 'gå'.
påonpå · prepositionpreposition marking ängenängenmeadowäng · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of gingoochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationbetadegrazedbeta · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with ängenmenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationpojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of gåtthadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of gåttgåttgone downgå · verb, active, supinecoordinated with gingonerdownner · adverbdepends on gåtttilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking strandenstrandenshorestrand · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of gåttförin orderför · prepositionintroduces the clause of samlaatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of samlainfinitive marker before a verb.
samlato gathersamla · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on gåttininin · adverbdepends on samlamusslormusselsmussla · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of samlaThere were plenty of them, and when he thought that the next day he might be somewhere he could get no food at all, he decided he would try to make himself a little pouch that he could fill up with mussels.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with fannsfannsthere wasfinnas · verb, past, indicativemain verb of the sentenceexistential verb; fanns = 'there was/were, existed.'
gottplentygod · adverbmodifies fannsomofom · prepositionpreposition marking demdemthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluraloblique complement of fannsochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationnärwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of tänktehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of tänktetänktethoughttänka · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with fannspåaboutpå · prepositionintroduces the clause of beslötattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of beslöthanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of varanästanextnästa · adjective, nominativemodifies dagdagdaydag · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies hankanskeperhapskanske · adverbmodifies varaskullemightskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of varavarabevara · auxiliary verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on beslötpåatpå · prepositionpreposition marking ställeettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of ställeställeplaceställe · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of varadärtheredär · adverbmodifies fåhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of fåintenotinte · particlemodifies fåkundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of fåfågetfå · verb, active, infinitiverelative clause on ställenågonnonågon · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of matmatfoodmat · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of fåallsat allalls · adverbmodifies fåsåthenså · adverbadverbial clause on beslötbeslötdecidedbeslöt · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on tänktehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of beslötattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of försökahanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of försökaskullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of försökaförsökato tryförsöka · verb, active, infinitivedepends on beslötgöramakegöra · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of försökasighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativeindirect object of göraenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of påselitensmallliten · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies påsepåsebagpåse · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of görasomthatsom · pronoundirect object of plockaThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of plockakundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of plockaplockato pickplocka · verb, active, infinitiverelative clause on påsefullfullfull · adjective, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of plockaavofav · prepositionpreposition marking musslormusslormusselsmussla · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralagent of fullHe found old sedge grass in the meadow, which was tough and strong, and from it he began to weave himself a knapsack.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of fannfannfoundfinna · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencepåinpå · prepositionpreposition marking starrängenmeadowäng · noun, nominative, common gender, singularpossessor of starrgammaloldgammal · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies starrstarrsedgestarr · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of fannsomwhichsom · pronounsubject of segThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
varwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to segsegtoughseg · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularrelative clause on starrochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationstarkstrongstark · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with segochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationavfromav · prepositionpreposition marking dendenitden · pronoun, common gender, singularoblique complement of börjadebörjadebeganbörja · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on flätahanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of börjadeflätato weavefläta · verb, present, indicative, activeparallel clause to fannsighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativeindirect object of flätaenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of ränselränselknapsackränsel · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of flätaThis kept him busy for several hours, but he was also really pleased with it once it was finished.
Dettathisdenna · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of hadehadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hadearbeteworkarbete · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of hademedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking timmarifori · prepositionpreposition marking timmarfleraseveralflera · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies timmartimmarhourstimme · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of hademenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of nöjdvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to nöjdocksåalsoockså · adverbmodifies nöjdriktigttrulyriktig · adverbmodifies nöjdnöjdpleasednöjd · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with hademedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking dendenitden · pronoun, common gender, singularoblique complement of nöjdnärwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of färdigdenitden · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of färdigvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to färdigfärdigreadyfärdig · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularrelative clause on den- 20
At midday all the wild geese came running and asked if he had seen the white gander.
Vidatvid · prepositionpreposition marking middagstidenmiddagstidenmiddaymiddagstid · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of kommokommocamekommo · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencekommo is the archaic plural past tense of komma 'to come', not an infinitive despite the tag.
allaallall · determiner, pluraldeterminer of vildgässenvildgässenwild geesevildgäss · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of kommospringanderunningspringande · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of kommoPresent participle of springa (to run), mistagged as a noun.
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfrågadeaskedfråga · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with kommoomifom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of setthanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of setthadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of settsettseense · verb, active, supineadverbial clause on frågadedenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of gåskarlenvitawhitevit · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies gåskarlengåskarlengandergåskarl · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraldirect object of settmorphology tag says plural but the surfaces are the singular definite/indefinite forms of gåskarl.
"No, he hasn't been with me," said the boy.
Nejnonej · interjectionhead of the phraseintenotinte · particlemodifies varitharhasha · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of varithanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of varitvaritbeenvara · verb, active, supineparallel clause to Nejmedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking migmigmejag · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularoblique complement of varitsadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to Nejpojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sade— "We had him with us right up until just recently," said Akka, "but now we don't know anymore where he is."
Viwevi · pronoun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of hadehadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of hademedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking ossossusvi · pronoun, accusative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of hadeändaright up toända · adverbmodifies helttillsuntiltills · subordinating conjunctionpart of the phrase ändaheltquitehelt · adverbadverbial clause on hadenyligenrecentlynyligen · adverbmodifies heltsadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to hadeAkkaAkkaAkka · proper noun, nominativedirect object of sadeproper name of the lead wild goose; keep untranslated.
menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationnunownu · adverbmodifies vetvetknowsveta · verb, present, indicative, activecoordinated with sadeviwevi · pronoun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of vetintenotinte · particlemodifies vetmerany moremycket · adverbmodifies varvarwherevara · verb, past, indicative, activeclausal complement of vethanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of finnsfinnsisfinnas · verb, present, indicativedepends on vet- 21
The boy jumped up and grew terribly afraid.
Pojkenboypojk · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phraseforjumpedfor · prepositionmodifies PojkenPast tense of fara (to travel/fly, here of tomte-Nils and geese in flight); mistagged as a preposition. Translation renders it "flew"/"passing over" far more often than "traveled".
uppupupp · adverbpart of the phrase forochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationblevbecamebli · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with Pojkenförfärligtterriblyförfärlig · adverbmodifies räddräddafraidrädd · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of blev He asked whether any fox or eagle had shown itself, or whether any human had been seen nearby.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of frågadefrågadeaskedfråga · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceomwhetherom · prepositionpreposition marking rävnågonanynågon · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of rävrävfoxräv · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of frågadeelleroreller · conjunctionlinks the coordinationörneagleörn · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with rävhadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of visatvisatshownvisa · verb, active, supinecoordinated with frågadesigitselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of visatelleroreller · conjunctionlinks the coordinationomifom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of synlignågonanynågon · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of människamänniskahuman beingmänniska · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of synlighadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of synligvaritbeenvara · auxiliary verb, active, supinecopula linking to synligsynligvisiblesynlig · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with frågadeiini · prepositionpreposition marking närhetennärhetenvicinitynärhet · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of synligBut no one had been able to notice anything dangerous.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationingenno oneingen · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of märkahadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of märkakunnatbeen able tokunna · auxiliary verb, active, supineauxiliary of märkamärkato noticemärka · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencenågotanythingnågon · determiner, neuter, singularmodifies farligtfarligtdangerousfarlig · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularcomplement of märkaThe gander had surely just gone astray in the fog.
Gåskarlenthe ganderGåskarlen · proper noun, nominativesubject of gåtthadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of gåttnogsurelynog · adverbmodifies gåttbarajustbara · adverbmodifies gåttgåttgone astraygå · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentencevilseastrayvilse · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardepends on gåttiini · prepositionpreposition marking dimmandimmanthe fogdimman · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of gått- 22
But it was just as great a misfortune for the boy, however the white one had gotten lost, and he set off at once to search for him.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of olyckavarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to olyckalikaequallylika · adverbmodifies storstorbigstor · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies olyckaolyckamisfortuneolycka · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phraseförforför · prepositionpreposition marking pojkenpojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies olyckapåinpå · prepositionpreposition marking sättvadwhatvad · pronoun, neuter, singulardeterminer of sättsättwaysätt · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of vitedenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of vitevitewhite onevit · adjective, nominative, masculine, singularcoordinated with olyckaDefinite form used as a noun, referring to the white gander.
änhoweverän · adverbintroduces the clause of kommithadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of kommitkommitcomekomma · verb, active, supineadverbial clause on vitebortawaybort · adverbdepends on kommitochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of gavgavset offge · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with olyckaLight-verb idioms in the examples: "gav ... till ett klagoskrik" = let out a cry; "gav sig tid" = took the time — not literal "gave" in either case.
sighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of gavgenastat oncegenast · adverbmodifies åstadåstadoffåstad · verb, past, participle, common gender, singular, nominativecomplement of gavFixed adverbial particle used with verbs of motion (satte åstad, gav sig åstad = 'set off').
förin orderför · prepositionintroduces the clause of sökaatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of sökainfinitive marker before a verb.
sökasearchsöka · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on åstadefterforefter · prepositionpreposition marking honomhonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularoblique complement of söka The fog protected him, so that he could run about unseen wherever he liked, but it also kept him from seeing.
Dimmanthe fogDimman · proper noun, nominativesubject of skyddadeCommon noun 'dimman' (the fog), mistagged as a proper noun.
skyddadeprotectedskydda · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of skyddadesåsoså · adverbintroduces the clause of springaattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionpart of the phrase såhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of springakundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of springaspringato runspringa · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on skyddadeOne cited example uses the homograph springa "slit/crack" (a different noun); this type is the infinitive verb "to run".
oseddunseenosedd · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies springavartwherevervar · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of springaSurface 'vart' covers both the adverb 'vart' (whither/to where, ch11/ch16) and the neuter form of determiner 'var' (each, agreeing with neuter 'ett' in 'vart och ett' = each one, ch34/ch43); the latter sense was missing.
someversom · conjunctionpart of the phrase varthelstevergärna · adverbpart of the phrase vartType lumps together gärna (gladly) and its suppletive superlative helst (rather/most).
menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdenitden · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of hindradehindradehinderedhindra · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with springahonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of hindradeocksåalsoockså · adverbmodifies sefrånfromfrån · prepositionintroduces the clause of seatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of seinfinitive marker before a verb.
seseese · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on hindradeHe ran southward along the coast all the way down to the lighthouse and the fog cannon on the island's outermost point.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sprangsprangransprangma · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceLemma is corrupted; surfaces are only "sprang" (past of springa, to run). Lemma should read springa, not sprangma.
söderutsouthwardsöderut · adverbmodifies sprangefteralongefter · prepositionpreposition marking kustenkustencoastkust · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of sprangändaall the wayända · adverbmodifies nernerdownner · adverbmodifies sprangtilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking fyrenfyrenlighthousefyr · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of nerochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationmistkanonenfog cannonmistkanon · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with fyrenpåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking uddeönsthe island'söns · noun, genitive, neuter, singularpossessor of uddeytterstaoutermostyttersta · adjective, nominative, superlativemodifies uddeuddepointudde · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies mistkanonena headland/point of land.
Everywhere it was the same swarm of birds, but no gander.
Överallteverywhereöverallt · adverbmodifies varvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to fågelvimmeldetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of varsammathe samesamma · determinerdeterminer of fågelvimmelfågelvimmelswarm of birdsfågelvimmel · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phrasemenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationingennoingen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of gåskarlgåskarlgandergåskarl · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with fågelvimmelHe ventured up to the Ottenby manor, and he searched through every single one of the old hollow oaks in the Ottenby grove, but he did not find any trace of the gander.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of vågadevågadedaredvåga · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencesighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of vågadeframforwardfram · adverbmodifies vågadetilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking gårdOttenbyOttenbyOttenby · proper noun, genitivepossessor of gårdgårdmanorgård · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of framochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of söktesöktesearchedsöka · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with vågadeigenomthroughigenom · prepositiondepends on söktevarendaevery singlevarenda · determiner, singulardeterminer of enenoneman · pronoun, common gender, singulardirect object of sökteSurfaces are only "en"/"En" used as a counting pronoun ("en av dem" = "one of them"), not the indefinite generic pronoun man/en ("one does X"). Lemma is mistagged as man; it should be en (numeral pronoun "one"). Gloss "one" happens to still be correct.
avofav · prepositionpreposition marking ekarnadetheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of ekarnaSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
gamlaoldgammal · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies ekarnaihåligahollowihålig · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies ekarnaekarnathe oaksek · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralmodifies eniini · prepositionpreposition marking OttenbyOttenbyOttenbyOttenby · proper noun, nominativeoblique complement of enlundgrovelund · proper noun, nominativedepends on Ottenbymenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of fannfannfoundfinna · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with vågadeintenotinte · particlemodifies fannnågotanynågon · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of spårspårtrack/tracespår · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of fannavofav · prepositionpreposition marking gåskarlengåskarlengandergåskarl · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralmodifies spårmorphology tag says plural but the surfaces are the singular definite/indefinite forms of gåskarl.
- 23
He searched until it began to grow dark.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of söktesöktesearchedsöka · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceändauntilända · adverbmodifies börjadetillsuntiltills · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of börjadedetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of börjadebörjadebeganbörja · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on söktemörknagrow darkmörkna · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of började Then he had to make his way back to the eastern shore.
Dåthendå · adverbmodifies begemåstemustmåste · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of begehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of begebegeset offbege · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentenceUsed reflexively, bege sig, "to betake oneself, set off".
sighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of begetillbakabacktillbaka · adverbmodifies begetilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking strandenöstraeasternöster · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies strandenstrandenshorestrand · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of tillbakaHe walked with heavy steps and was dreadfully gloomy in spirit.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of gickgickwentgå · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencemedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking stegtungaheavytung · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies stegstegstepssteg · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraloblique complement of gickochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to dysterfasligtdreadfullyfaslig · adverbmodifies dysterdystergloomydyster · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with gicktillin spirittill · prepositionpreposition marking sinnessinnesin spiritsinnes · proper noun, nominativeoblique complement of dysterOccurs in the fixed idiom 'till sinnes' (at heart); mistagged as a proper noun.
He did not know what would become of him if he could not find the gander.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of visstevissteknewvisste · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceintenotinte · particlemodifies visstevadwhatvad · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of blidetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of bliskullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of bliblibecomebli · verb, active, infinitiveclausal complement of vissteavofav · prepositionpreposition marking honomhonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularoblique complement of bliomifom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of fickhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of fickintenotinte · particlemodifies fickfickfoundfå · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on bliredafind outreda · adverbdepends on fickpart of the fixed expression leta/taga/söka reda på, 'find out'; all four attested examples mean find/know, not organize/sort.
påfoundpå · prepositionpreposition marking gåskarlengåskarlengandergåskarl · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of fickThere was no one he could less afford to lose.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with fannsfannsthere wasfinnas · verb, past, indicativemain verb of the sentenceexistential verb; fanns = 'there was/were, existed.'
ingenno oneingen · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of fannshanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of undvaramindrelesslite · adverbsubject of undvaraSurface 'mindre' is the shared comparative of both 'lite' (less) and 'liten' (small); in ch. examples it renders as predicate-adjective 'smaller' (mycket mindre än han, mindre höga) as often as adverbial 'less' (nöjde sig inte med mindre).
kundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of undvaraundvarado withoutundvara · verb, active, infinitiveparallel clause to fanns- 24
But as he wandered across the sheepfold meadow, what should come toward him through the fog, big and white, but the gander?
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationnärwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of vandradehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of vandradevandradewanderedvandra · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on vadöveracrossöver · prepositionpreposition marking schäferiängenschäferiängensheepfold meadowschäferiäng · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of vandradevadwhatvad · pronoun, neuter, singularhead of the phrasevarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to vaddetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with vadvälshouldväl · adverbmodifies vadförkind offör · prepositionpreposition marking vittettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of vittstortbigstor · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies vittvittwhitevi · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of vadsomthatsom · pronounsubject of komThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
komcamekomma · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on vademottowardemot · prepositiondepends on komhonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of komithroughi · prepositionpreposition marking dimmandimmanthe fogdimma · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of komomifom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of gåskarlenintenotinte · particlemodifies gåskarlengåskarlengandergåskarl · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraladverbial clause on vadmorphology tag says plural but the surfaces are the singular definite/indefinite forms of gåskarl.
He was completely unharmed and very glad that he had finally been able to find his way back to the others.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of oskaddvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to oskaddalldelesquitealldeles · adverbmodifies oskaddoskaddunharmedoskadd · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phraseFunctions as an adjective ('unharmed'), though the backbone tags it as a noun.
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationmycketverymycket · adverbmodifies gladgladgladglad · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with oskaddöverthatöver · prepositionintroduces the clause of letaattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of letahanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of letaäntligenfinallyäntligen · adverbmodifies letahadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of letakunnatbeen able tokunna · auxiliary verb, active, supineauxiliary of letaletato searchleta · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on gladsighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of letatillbakabacktillbaka · adverbmodifies letatilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking andradetheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of andraSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
andraothersannan · pronoun, pluraloblique complement of tillbakaThe fog had made him so dizzy, he said, that he had wandered around the big meadow the whole day.
Dimmanthe fogDimman · proper noun, nominativesubject of gjortCommon noun 'dimman' (the fog), mistagged as a proper noun.
hadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of gjortgjortdonegöra · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentencehonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of gjortsåsoså · adverbmodifies yryrdizzyyr · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies gjortiini · prepositionpreposition marking huvudethuvudetheadhuvud · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of yrsadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to gjorthanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sadeattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of gåtthanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of gåtthadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of gåttgåttwanderedgå · verb, active, supineclausal complement of saderuntaroundrunt · adverbdepends on gåttpåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking ängendenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of ängenstorabigstor · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies ängenweak/definite form (stora), used with a singular definite noun, e.g. den stora länstolen.
ängenmeadowäng · noun, nominative, common gender, singularpossessor of dagenhelawholehel · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies dagendagendaydag · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of gåttIn his joy the boy threw his arms around the gander's neck and begged him to take care and not stray from the others.
Pojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of slogslogthrewslog · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceiini · prepositionpreposition marking glädjenglädjenjoyglädje · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of slogarmarnathe armsarmarna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of slogomaroundom · prepositionpreposition marking halshanshishan · pronounpossessor of halshalsneckhals · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of slogochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationbadbeggedbe · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with sloghonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of badattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of tahanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of taskulleshouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of tatato taketa · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on slogsighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of tatillcaretill · prepositionpreposition marking varavaracarevara · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of taochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationintenotinte · particlemodifies gågågogå · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with taifrånfromifrån · prepositiondepends on gådetheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of andraSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
andraothersannan · pronoun, pluraldirect object of gåAnd this he promised faithfully he would never do again.
Ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with lovadelovadepromisedlova · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of lovadesäkertsurelysäker · adverbmodifies lovadeattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of görahanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of göraaldrigneveraldrig · adverbmodifies görameragainmycket · adverbmodifies göraskullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of göragöradogöra · verb, active, infinitiveclausal complement of lovadeNo, never again.
Nejnonej · interjectionhead of the phrasealdrigneveraldrig · adverbmodifies mermeragainmycket · adverbparallel clause to Nej- 25
But the next morning, as the boy was down on the shore looking for mussels, the geese came running and asked if he had seen anything of the gander.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationnästanextnästa · adjective, nominativemodifies morgonmorgonmorningmorgon · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phrasenärwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of gickpojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of gickgickwentgå · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on morgonneredownnere · adverbdepends on gickpåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking strandbräddenstrandbräddenriverbankstrandbrädd · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of gickochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsöktesearchedsöka · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with gickmusslormusselsmussla · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of söktekommocamekommo · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with gickkommo is the archaic plural past tense of komma 'to come', not an infinitive despite the tag.
gässengeesegässe · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of kommogässen is the plural definite of gås 'goose'; lemma is a normalized plural stem.
springanderunningspringande · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcomplement of kommoPresent participle of springa (to run), mistagged as a noun.
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfrågadeaskedfråga · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with gickomifom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of setthanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of setthadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of settsettseense · verb, active, supineadverbial clause on frågadetilloftill · prepositionpreposition marking gåskarlengåskarlengandergåskarl · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of sett - 26
No, he certainly had not.
Nejnonej · interjectionhead of the phrasedetitden · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of hadehadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to Nejhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hadevisstcertainlyviss · adverbmodifies hadesurface visst here is the adverb 'certainly/surely', not the adjective viss 'certain'.
intenotinte · particlemodifies hade Well then, the gander was gone again.
Jayesja · interjectiondepends on vardåthendå · adverbmodifies varvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencegåskarlengandergåskarl · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralpart of the phrase varmorphology tag says plural but the surfaces are the singular definite/indefinite forms of gåskarl.
bortagoneborta · adverbmodifies varigenagainigen · adverbmodifies varHe had gone astray in the fog the same way as the day before.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of gåtthadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of gåttgåttgone astraygå · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentencevilseastrayvilse · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardepends on gåttiini · prepositionpreposition marking dimmandimmanthe fogdimma · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of gåttpåinpå · prepositionpreposition marking sättsammathe samesamma · determinerdeterminer of sättsättwaysätt · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of gåttsomassom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of dagenförrapreviousförra · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies dagendagendaydag · noun, nominative, common gender, singularclause modifying sätt- 27
The boy ran off in great alarm and began to search.
Pojkenthe boypojken · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies sprangsprangransprangma · verb, past, indicative, activesubject of åstadLemma is corrupted; surfaces are only "sprang" (past of springa, to run). Lemma should read springa, not sprangma.
åstadoffåstad · verb, past, participle, common gender, singular, nominativemain verb of the sentenceFixed adverbial particle used with verbs of motion (satte åstad, gav sig åstad = 'set off').
iini · prepositionpreposition marking förfäranstorbigstor · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies förfäranförfäranfrightförfäran · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of åstadochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationbörjadebeganbörja · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with åstadsökasearchsöka · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of började He found a spot where the Ottenby wall had crumbled so much that he could climb over it.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of fannfannfoundfinna · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of ställeställeplaceställe · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of fanndärtheredär · adverbmodifies nedrasadOttenbyOttenbyOttenby · proper noun, nominativepossessor of murmurwallmur · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of nedrasadvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to nedrasadsåsoså · adverbmodifies nedrasadnedrasadcrumblednedrasad · noun, nominative, common gender, singularin apposition to ställeattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of klättrahanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of klättrakundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of klättraklättrato climbklättra · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on nedrasadöveroveröver · prepositionpreposition marking dendenitden · pronoun, common gender, singularoblique complement of klättraThen he wandered about both down on the shore, which gradually widened and grew so large that there was room for fields and meadows and farmsteads, and up on the flat highland that occupied the middle of the island, where there were no buildings but windmills, and where the plant cover was so thin that the white limestone shone through beneath it.
Sedanthensedan · adverbmodifies gickgickwentgå · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of gickomkringaroundomkring · adverbmodifies gickbådebothbåde · conjunctionlinks the coordinationneredownnere · adverbmodifies gickpåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking strandbräddenstrandbräddenriverbankstrandbrädd · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of neresomwhichsom · pronounsubject of vidgadeThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
sågraduallyså · adverbmodifies vidgadesmåningomgraduallysmåningom · adverbpart of the phrase såUsed in the fixed phrase så småningom 'little by little.'
vidgadewidenedvidga · verb, past, indicative, activedepends on gickutwidenut · adverbdepends on vidgadesigitselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of vidgadeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationblevbecamebli · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with vidgadesåsoså · adverbmodifies storstorbigstor · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of blevattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of fannsdärtheredär · adverbmodifies fannsfannsthere wasfinnas · verb, past, indicativeadverbial clause on blevexistential verb; fanns = 'there was/were, existed.'
platsplaceplats · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of fannsförforför · prepositionpreposition marking åkraråkrarfieldsåkra · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of fannsochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationängarmeadowsäng · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with åkrarochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationbondgårdarfarmsbondgård · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with ängarochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationuppeup highuppe · adverbmodifies höglandetpåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking höglandetdetaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of höglandetplattaflatplatt · adjective, nominative, superlativemodifies höglandethöglandetthe highlandhöglande · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcomplement of blevsomthatsom · pronounsubject of intogThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
intogoccupiedinta · verb, past, indicative, activedepends on höglandetmittenthe middlemitt · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of intogavofav · prepositionpreposition marking önönthe islandön · noun, common gendermodifies mittendärtheredär · adverbmodifies fannsdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with fannsintenotinte · particlemodifies fannsfannsthere wasfinnas · verb, past, indicativerelative clause on mittenexistential verb; fanns = 'there was/were, existed.'
andraotherannan · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies byggnaderbyggnaderbuildingsbyggnad · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of fannsänthanän · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of väderkvarnarväderkvarnarwindmillsväderkvarn · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraladverbial clause on fannsochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdärtheredär · adverbmodifies tunnväxtmattanthe plant coverväxtmatta · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of tunnvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to tunnsåsoså · adverbmodifies tunntunnthintunn · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with fannsattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of lystedetaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of kalkbergetvitawhitevit · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies kalkbergetkalkbergetthe limestone hillkalkberg · noun, nominative, neuter, singularsubject of lystelysteshonelyste · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularclausal complement of intogTagged as an adjective but is the past tense of lysa, 'to shine'.
framforwardfram · adverbdepends on lysteunderbeneathunder · prepositionpreposition marking dendenitden · pronoun, common gender, singularoblique complement of lyste- 28
The gander, however, he could not find, and as evening drew near and the boy had to turn back to the shore, he could not help but believe his traveling companion was lost.
Gåskarlenthe ganderGåskarlen · proper noun, nominativesubject of finnakundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of finnahanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of finnaemellertidhoweveremellertid · adverbmodifies finnaintenotinte · particlemodifies finnafinnafindfinna · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentenceochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationnärwhennär · subordinating conjunctionmodifies vändadetitden · pronoun, neuter, singulardeterminer of ledleddrew nearled · noun, nominative, neuter, singularpart of the phrase närSecond example 'när det led mot kvällen' = 'as evening drew near' is the verb lida ('led' = past tense), not the noun led — mistagged here.
mottowardmot · prepositionpreposition marking kvällenkvälleneveningkväll · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of närochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationpojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of vändamåstemustmåste · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of vändavändato turnvända · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with finnaåteragainåter · adverbmodifies vändatilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking strandenstrandenshorestrand · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of återkundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of trohanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of trointenotinte · particlemodifies trotrobelievetro · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with finnaannatanything elseannan · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of troänthanän · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of förloradattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of förloradreskamratentraveling companionreskamrat · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of förloradvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to förloradförloradlostförlorad · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularadverbial clause on tro He was so downcast that he did not know what to do with himself.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of modlösvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to modlössåsoså · adverbmodifies modlösmodlösdownheartedmodlös · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phraseattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of visstehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of vissteintenotinte · particlemodifies visstevissteknewvisste · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on modlösvadwhatvad · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of tahanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of taskulleshouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of tatato taketa · verb, active, infinitiveclausal complement of visstesighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of tatilldotill · prepositiondepends on ta- 29
He had already climbed back over the wall when he heard a stone tumble down close beside him.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of klättrathadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of klättratredanalreadyredan · adverbmodifies klättratklättratclimbedklättra · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentenceöveroveröver · prepositionpreposition marking murenmurenwallmur · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of klättratigenagainigen · adverbmodifies klättratnärwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of hördehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hördehördeheardhöra · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on rasaenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of stenstenstonesten · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hörderasatumble downrasa · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with klättratnerdownner · adverbdepends on rasatättclosetätt · adverbmodifies bredvidbredvidnearbybredvid · adverbmodifies rasa When he turned to see what it was, he thought he could make out something moving in a heap of stones that lay right up against the wall.
Närwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of vändehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of vändevändeturnedväna · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on tycktePast tense of vända (to turn); lemma should read vända.
sighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of vändeomaroundom · prepositiondepends on vändeförin orderför · prepositionintroduces the clause of seatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of seinfinitive marker before a verb.
seseese · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on tycktevadwhatvad · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of vardetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of varvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on tycktetycktethoughttycka · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of tycktesighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of tyckteurskiljato make outurskilja · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of tycktenågotsomethingnågon · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of urskiljasomthatsom · pronounsubject of rördeThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
rördemovedröra · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on någotsigitselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of rördeiini · prepositionpreposition marking stenhögenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of stenhögstenhögstone heapstenhög · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of rördesomthatsom · pronounsubject of lågThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
låglayligga · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on stenhögalldelesquitealldeles · adverbmodifies invidinvidclose toinvid · adverbmodifies lågFunctions as a preposition ("right next to") in these examples.
murenwallmur · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of lågHe crept closer and then saw the white gander come laboriously climbing up the stone heap with several long root strands in his beak.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of smögsmögcrept/slippedsmöga · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencePast tense of smyga ('to creep/slip'); lemma mislabeled 'smöga'.
närmareclosernära · adverbmodifies smögType lumps the positive, comparative, and superlative forms of nära.
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsågsawsåg · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with smögpast tense of se, 'to see.'
dåthendå · adverbmodifies sågdenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of gåskarlenvitawhitevit · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies gåskarlengåskarlengandergåskarl · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralsubject of sågmorphology tag says plural but the surfaces are the singular definite/indefinite forms of gåskarl.
kommacomekomma · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of sågmödosamtlaboriouslymödosam · adverbdirect object of kommavandrandewalkingvandra · adjective, nominativemodifies stenhögenPresent participle 'vandrande' of 'vandra' (to walk/wander); mistagged as an adjective.
uppförupuppför · prepositionpreposition marking stenhögenstenhögenstone heapstenhög · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of kommamedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking rottågorfleraseveralflera · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies rottågorlångalonglång · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies rottågorrottågorroot strandsrottåga · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of kommaiini · prepositionpreposition marking munnenmunnenmouthmun · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies rottågorThe gander did not see the boy, and the boy did not call out to him, but thought it best first to find out why the gander kept disappearing like this again and again.
Gåskarlenthe ganderGåskarlen · proper noun, nominativesubject of sågsågsawse · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceintenotinte · particlemodifies sågpojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of sågochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdennehe/this onedenne · pronoun, masculine, singularsubject of ropaderopadecalled outropa · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with sågintenotinte · particlemodifies ropadetilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking honomhonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularoblique complement of ropadeutanbut ratherutan · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfollows a negated clause, contrasting it with what actually happened.
tycktethoughttycka · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with ropadeattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of skäldetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with skälvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to skälskälreasonskäl · noun, nominative, neuter, singularclausal complement of tyckteatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of tainfinitive marker before a verb.
förstfirstförst · adverbmodifies tatato taketa · verb, active, infinitiveclause modifying skälredafind outreda · adverbdepends on tapart of the fixed expression leta/taga/söka reda på, 'find out'; all four attested examples mean find/know, not organize/sort.
påoutpå · prepositionintroduces the clause of försvannvarförwhyvarför · adverbmodifies gåskarlengåskarlengandergåskarl · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralsubject of försvannmorphology tag says plural but the surfaces are the singular definite/indefinite forms of gåskarl.
påinpå · prepositionpreposition marking sättdettathisdenna · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of sättsättwaysätt · noun, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies gåskarlenförsvanndisappearedförsvann · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on tagångagaingång · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of försvannpåafterpå · prepositiondepends on tagångagaingång · noun, nominative, common gender, singularpart of the phrase på- 30
He soon learned the reason too.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of vetaficklearnedfå · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of vetaocksåalsoockså · adverbmodifies vetasnartsoonsnart · adverbmodifies vetavetato knowveta · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentenceorsakenreasonorsak · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of veta Up in the stone heap lay a young gray goose, who cried out with joy when the gander arrived.
Uppeup highuppe · adverbmodifies lågiini · prepositionpreposition marking stenrösetstenrösetstone heapstenrös · noun, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies Uppelåglayligga · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of grågåsungyoungung · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies grågåsgrågåsgreylag goosegrågås · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of lågsomwhosom · pronounsubject of ropadeThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
ropadecalled outropa · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on grågåsavwithav · prepositionpreposition marking glädjeglädjejoyglädje · noun, nominative, common gender, singularagent of ropadenärwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of komgåskarlengandergåskarl · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralsubject of kommorphology tag says plural but the surfaces are the singular definite/indefinite forms of gåskarl.
komcamekomma · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on lågThe boy crept closer, so that he heard what they said, and then learned that the gray goose was injured in one wing, so that she could not fly, and that her flock had traveled on without her and left her alone.
Pojkenthe boypojken · noun, nominative, common gender, singularpossessor of smögsmögcreptsmöga · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phrasenärmareclosernära · adverbmodifies smögType lumps the positive, comparative, and superlative forms of nära.
såsoså · adverbintroduces the clause of hördeattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionpart of the phrase såhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hördehördeheardhöra · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on smögvadwhatvad · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of sadedetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of sadesadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activeclausal complement of hördeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationficklearnedfå · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of vetadåthendå · adverbmodifies vetavetato knowveta · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with hördeattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of skadadgrågåsengreylag goosegrågåse · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of skadadvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to skadadskadadinjuredskada · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularclausal complement of vetaiini · prepositionpreposition marking vingenenaoneena · adjective, nominativemodifies vingenvingenwingving · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of skadadsåsoså · adverbintroduces the clause of flygaattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionpart of the phrase såhonshehon · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of flygaintenotinte · particlemodifies flygakundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of flygaflygaflyflyga · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on vetaochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of resthennesherhon · pronounpossessor of flockpossessive form hennes of the pronoun hon.
flockflockflock · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of resthadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of restresttraveledrest · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with flygaifrånfromifrån · prepositionpreposition marking hennehenneherhenne · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularoblique complement of restochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationlämnatleftlämna · verb, active, supinecoordinated with resthenneherhenne · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of lämnatensamaloneensam · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of lämnatShe had come close to dying of hunger when the white gander, the day before, had happened to hear her cries and sought her out.
Honshehon · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of närahadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of näravaritbeenvara · auxiliary verb, active, supinecopula linking to näranäraclosenära · adjective, nominativehead of the phraseatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of döinfinitive marker before a verb.
döto diedö · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on näraavfromav · prepositionpreposition marking hungerhungerhungerhung · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of döLemma is a truncated form; the word is 'hunger'.
närwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of höradenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of gåskarlenvitawhitevit · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies gåskarlengåskarlengandergåskarl · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralpart of the phrase närmorphology tag says plural but the surfaces are the singular definite/indefinite forms of gåskarl.
förrapreviousförra · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies dagendagendaydag · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hörahadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of hörafåtthappened tofå · auxiliary verb, active, supineauxiliary of höra"hade alltid fått lära sig" is the causative-passive få + infinitive construction ("had always been taught"), a distinct sense from the permissive "gotten to" readings in the other examples.
hörato hearhöra · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on närahennesherhon · pronounpossessor of roppossessive form hennes of the pronoun hon.
ropcryrop · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of höraochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsöktsoughtsöka · verb, active, supinecoordinated with hörauppupupp · adverbdepends on sökthenneherhenne · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of söktEver since, he had kept on bringing food to her.
Alltsedanever sinceAlltsedan · adverbmodifies hållithadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of hållithanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hållithållitkept onhålla · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentenceSurface "hållit" spans several idioms in this book: literal "held" (hållit trogen vakt = kept faithful watch), "hållit ut" (held out/endured), "hållit på" (had been -ing, continuous aspect), and "hållit sig" (stayed/remained). A single fixed gloss of "held" misrenders the hållit på / hållit sig examples.
påonpå · prepositionintroduces the clause of bäraatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of bärainfinitive marker before a verb.
bärato carrybära · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on hållitmatfoodmat · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of bäratilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking hennehenneherhenne · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularoblique complement of bäraThe two of them had hoped she would recover before he left the island, but she still could neither fly nor walk.
Bådabothbåda · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies tvåtvåtwotvå · numeral, nominativesubject of passive hoppatshadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of hoppatsdetheyen · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of hoppatssurfaces are actually the plural pronoun de, not a form of en.
hoppatshopedhoppas · verb, passive, supinemain verb of the sentenceattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of blihonshehon · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of bliskullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of bliblibecomebli · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on hoppatsfriskrecoverfrisk · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of bliinnanbeforeinnan · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of lämnadehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of lämnadelämnadeleftlämna · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on bliönthe islandön · pronoun, common gender, singulardirect object of lämnadeDefinite noun 'ön' (the island); mistagged as pronoun.
menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhonshehon · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of flygakundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of flygaännustillännu · adverbmodifies flygavarkenneithervarken · conjunctionlinks the coordinationflygaflyflyga · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with lämnadeelleroreller · conjunctionlinks the coordinationgågogå · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with flygaShe was very grieved about this, but he comforted her by saying he would not be leaving for a long while yet.
Honshehon · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of bedrövadvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to bedrövadmycketverymycket · adverbmodifies bedrövadbedrövaddistressedbedrövad · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phraseöveraboutöver · prepositionpreposition marking dettadettathisdenna · pronoun, neuter, singularoblique complement of bedrövadmenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of tröstadetröstadecomfortedtrösta · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with bedrövadhenneherhenne · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of tröstademedwithmed · prepositionintroduces the clause of resaattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of resahanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of resaintenotinte · particlemodifies resaskullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of resaresato travelresa · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on tröstadepåforpå · prepositionpreposition marking längelängefor a long whilelänge · adverbmodifies resaAt last he bid her goodnight and promised he would come back the next day.
Tillat lasttill · prepositionmodifies bjödsistlastsist · adverbpart of the phrase Tillbjödbidbjöd · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of bjödhenneherhenne · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularpossessor of godnattgodnattgoodnightgodnatt · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of bjödochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationlovadepromisedlova · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with bjödattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of kommahanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of kommaskullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of kommakommacomekomma · verb, active, infinitiveclausal complement of lovadetillbakabacktillbaka · adverbdepends on kommanästanextnästa · adjective, nominativemodifies dagdagdaydag · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of komma- 31
The boy let the gander go, and as soon as he was gone, he in turn crept up into the stone heap.
Pojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of lätlätletlät · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencegåskarlengandergåskarl · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralsubject of lätmorphology tag says plural but the surfaces are the singular definite/indefinite forms of gåskarl.
gågogå · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of lätochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsåasså · adverbmodifies snartsnartsoonsnart · adverbmodifies varsomassom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of varhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of varvarwasvara · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on smögbortagoneborta · adverbmodifies varsmögcrept/slippedsmöga · verb, present, indicative, activeparallel clause to lätPast tense of smyga ('to creep/slip'); lemma mislabeled 'smöga'.
hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of smögsighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of smögiini · prepositionmodifies uppsinin turnsig · pronoun, common gender, singularpart of the phrase iturturntur · noun, nominative, common gender, singularpart of the phrase iuppupupp · adverboblique complement of smögiini · prepositionpreposition marking stenrösetstenrösetstone heapstenrös · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of upp He was angry at having been fooled, and now he wanted to tell that gray goose that the gander was his own.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of varvarwasvara · verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to ondondangryond · numeral, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phrasethis is the adjective ond meaning 'angry' in this idiom (bli ond), not a numeral.
förbecauseför · prepositionintroduces the clause of blivitattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of blivithanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of blivithadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of blivitblivitbecomebli · verb, active, supineadverbial clause on ondnarradfoolednarrad · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of blivitochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationnunownu · adverbmodifies sägavillewanted tovilja · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of sägahanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sägasägato saysäga · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with blivitdeniten · pronoun, common gender, singulardirect object of sägadärtheredär · adverbmodifies grågåsengrågåsengreylag goosegrågåse · noun, nominative, common gender, singularclausal complement of sägaattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of egendomgåskarlengandergåskarl · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralsubject of egendommorphology tag says plural but the surfaces are the singular definite/indefinite forms of gåskarl.
varwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activepart of the phrase gåskarlenhanshishan · pronounpossessor of egendomegendomestateegendom · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of blivitHe was to carry the boy up to Lapland, and there could be no question of his staying here for her sake.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of föraskullewas toskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of föraföracarryföra · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencepojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of förauppupupp · adverbmodifies föratilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking LapplandLapplandLaplandLappland · proper noun, nominativeoblique complement of föraochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with blikundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of bliintenotinte · particlemodifies bliblibecomebli · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with föratalquestiontal · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcomplement of bliomaboutom · prepositionintroduces the clause of fingeattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of fingehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of fingefingewere allowed tofinge · verb, active, supineadverbial clause on blipast subjunctive of få ('to get/be allowed'); mistagged as supine.
stannastaystanna · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of fingehärherehär · adverbmodifies stannaförforför · prepositionmodifies stannahennesherhon · pronounpossessor of skullpossessive form hennes of the pronoun hon.
skullsakeskull · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with blionly occurs in the fixed phrase för ... skull 'for the sake of'.
But now that he saw the young goose up close, he understood both why the gander had gone and carried food to her for two days, and why he had not wanted to speak of helping her.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationnärwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of såghanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sågnunownu · adverbmodifies sågsågsawsåg · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on förstodpast tense of se, 'to see.'
unggåsenyoung gooseunggåse · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of sågpåatpå · prepositionpreposition marking hållnäraup closenära · adjective, nominativemodifies hållhålldirectionhåll · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of sågförstodunderstoodförstod · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of förstodbådebothbåde · conjunctionlinks the coordinationvarförwhyvarför · adverbmodifies gåttgåskarlengandergåskarl · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralsubject of gåttmorphology tag says plural but the surfaces are the singular definite/indefinite forms of gåskarl.
hadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of gåttgåttgonegå · verb, active, supineclausal complement of förstodochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationburitcarriedburit · verb, active, supinecoordinated with gåttmatfoodmat · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of burittilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking hennehenneherhenne · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularoblique complement of buritifori · prepositionpreposition marking dartvåtwotvå · numeral, nominativequantifies dardardaysd · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of gåttochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationvarförwhyvarför · adverbmodifies talahanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of talaintenotinte · particlemodifies talahadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of talavelatwantedvela · verb, active, supineadverbial clause on talalemma should be vilja 'to want'; velat is its supine form.
talato speaktala · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with gåttomofom · prepositiondepends on talaattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of hjälptehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hjälptehjälptehelpedhjälpa · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on talahenneherhenne · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of hjälpteShe had the loveliest little head, her plumage was like soft silk, and her eyes were gentle and pleading.
Honshehon · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hadehadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedetaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of huvudvackrastemost beautifulvackr · adjective, nominative, superlativemodifies huvudlillalittleliten · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies huvudhuvudheadhuvud · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of hadefjäderskrudenplumagefjäderskrud · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with hadevarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to sidensomlikesom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of sidenmjuktsoftmjuk · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies sidensidensilkside · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of hadeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationögonenthe eyesögonen · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralcoordinated with sidenvorowerevoro · particlecopula linking to mildaArchaic plural preterite of vara 'to be'; mistagged as particle.
mildagentlemild · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with sidenochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationbedjandepleadingbedjande · adjective, nominativecoordinated with milda- 32
When she caught sight of the boy, she wanted to run away.
Närwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of sehonshehon · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sefickcaught sight offå · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of seseseese · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on springapojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of sevillewanted tovilja · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of springahonshehon · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of springaspringato runspringa · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentenceOne cited example uses the homograph springa "slit/crack" (a different noun); this type is the infinitive verb "to run".
undanawayundan · adverbdepends on springa But her left wing was out of joint and dragged along the ground, hindering all her movements.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of vingenvänstraleftvänster · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies vingenvingenwingving · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of ledvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to ledurout ofur · prepositionpart of the phrase varledjointled · noun, nominative, neuter, singularhead of the phraseSecond example 'när det led mot kvällen' = 'as evening drew near' is the verb lida ('led' = past tense), not the noun led — mistagged here.
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsläpadedraggedsläpad · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with ledmotalongmot · prepositionpreposition marking markenmarkengroundmark · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of släpadesåsoså · adverbintroduces the clause of hindradeattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionpart of the phrase sådenitden · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of hindradehindradehinderedhindra · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on ledallaallall · pronoun, pluralmodifies rörelserhennesherhon · pronounpossessor of rörelserpossessive form hennes of the pronoun hon.
rörelsermovementsrörelse · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of hindrade- 33
"You mustn't be afraid of me," said the boy, and he did not look nearly as angry as he had intended to seem.
Duyoudu · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of räddskawillskola · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of räddintenotinte · particlemodifies räddvarabevara · auxiliary verb, active, infinitivecopula linking to räddräddafraidrädd · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phraseförofför · prepositionpreposition marking migmigmejag · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularoblique complement of räddsadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with räddpojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sadeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsågsawsåg · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with sadepast tense of se, 'to see.'
intenotinte · particlemodifies sågallsat allalls · adverbmodifies sågsåasså · adverbmodifies sågondangryond · adjective, nominativepart of the phrase såond usually means 'angry/furious' in these contexts, but can mean 'evil' elsewhere.
utseemut · adverbpart of the phrase såsomassom · pronounsubject of visaThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hadehadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of visaämnatintended toämna · auxiliary verb, active, supineauxiliary of visavisato showvisa · verb, active, infinitivedepends on sadesighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of visa "I am Thumbietot, Morten Gander's traveling companion," he went on.
JagIjag · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of Tummetottärisvara · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activecopula linking to TummetottTummetottThumbietotTummetott · proper noun, nominativehead of the phrasethe boy's nickname after being shrunk; kept as the studio translation's rendering.
somwhosom · pronounsubject of reskamratThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
ärisvara · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activecopula linking to reskamratMårtenMortenMårten · proper noun, nominativepossessor of reskamratthe studio translation renders this name as 'Morten'.
gåskarlsgander'sgåskarls · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies reskamratreskamrattraveling companionreskamrat · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardepends on Tummetottfortforwent onfortfor · adverbcoordinated with TummetottMistagged as adverb; this is the past tense of the verb 'fortfara', meaning 'continued/went on'.
hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of fortforAnd then he just stood there, not knowing what he wanted to say.
Ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsåthenså · adverbmodifies blevblevbecamebli · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of blevståendestandingståe · adjective, nominativecomplement of blevochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationvissteknewvisste · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with blevintenotinte · particlemodifies visstevadwhatvad · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of villehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of villevillewanted tovilja · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of sägasägato saysäga · verb, active, infinitivedepends on visste- 34
There can sometimes be something about animals that makes one wonder what sort of creatures they really are.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with finnaskancankunna · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of finnasiblandsometimesibland · adverbmodifies finnasfinnasto existfinnas · verb, infinitivemain verb of the sentencenågotsomethingnågon · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of finnashoswithhos · prepositionpreposition marking djurdjuranimalsdjur · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraloblique complement of finnassomthatsom · pronounsubject of görThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
gördoesgöra · verb, present, indicative, activerelative clause on djurattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of undrarmanoneman · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of undrarundrarwondersundra · verb, present, indicative, activeadverbial clause on finnasvadwhatvad · pronoun, neuter, singularintroduces the clause of varelserdetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of varelseräroareäro · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralmodifies deArchaic present plural of 'vara' (to be), mistagged as a noun.
försort offör · prepositionpreposition marking varelserslagssortslag · noun, genitive, neuter, pluralpossessor of varelservarelsercreaturesvarelse · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralclausal complement of undrar One almost feels afraid that they might be transformed humans.
Manoneman · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of kännerkännerfeelskänna · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencesigoneselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of kännernästanalmostnästan · adverbmodifies räddräddafraidrädd · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of kännerförofför · prepositionintroduces the clause of förvandladeattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of förvandladedetheyen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of skolaSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
skolashallskola · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of förvandladevarabevara · auxiliary verb, active, infinitivecopula linking to förvandladeförvandladetransformedförvandla · adjective, nominative, pluraladverbial clause on kännermänniskorpeoplemänniska · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of förvandladeThere was something like that about the gray goose.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with sådantvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to sådantnågotsomethingnågon · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of sådantsådantsuchsån · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularhead of the phrasemedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking grågåsengrågåsengreylag goosegrågåse · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies sådantAs soon as Thumbietot said who he was, she lowered her neck and head most gracefully before him and said, in a voice so beautiful that the boy could not believe it was a goose speaking: "I am very glad that you have come here to help me.
Såasså · adverbmodifies sadesnartsoonsnart · adverbmodifies Såsomassom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of sadeTummetottThumbietotTummetott · proper noun, nominativesubject of sadethe boy's nickname after being shrunk; kept as the studio translation's rendering.
sadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencevemwhovem · pronoun, common gender, singulardirect object of varhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of varvarwasvara · verb, past, indicative, activedepends on sadesänkteloweredsänka · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with sadehonshehon · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sänktehalsenneckhalse · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of sänkteochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhuvudetheadhuvud · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with halsenmycketmostmycket · adverbmodifies behagfulltbehagfulltgracefullybehagfull · adverbmodifies sänkteinförbeforeinför · prepositionpreposition marking honomhonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularoblique complement of sänkteochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with sänktemedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking röstenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of röströstvoiceröst · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of sadesomthatsom · pronounsubject of vackerThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
varwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to vackersåsoså · adverbmodifies vackervackerbeautifulvacker · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularrelative clause on röstattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of tropojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of trointenotinte · particlemodifies trokundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of trotrobelievetro · verb, active, infinitiveclausal complement of vackerattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of gåsdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of gåsvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to gåsenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of gåsgåsgoosegås · noun, nominative, common gender, singularclausal complement of trosomthatsom · pronounsubject of taladeThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
taladespoketala · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on troJagIjag · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of gladärisvara · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activecopula linking to gladmycketverymycket · adverbmodifies gladgladgladglad · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phraseattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of kommitduyoudu · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of kommitharhasha · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of kommitkommitcomekomma · verb, active, supineadverbial clause on gladhitherehit · adverbdepends on kommitförin orderför · prepositionintroduces the clause of biståatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of biståinfinitive marker before a verb.
biståto helpbistå · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on kommitmigmejag · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of biståThe white gander has told me that no one is as wise and as good as you."
Denaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of gåskarlenvitawhitevit · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies gåskarlengåskarlengandergåskarl · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralsubject of sagtmorphology tag says plural but the surfaces are the singular definite/indefinite forms of gåskarl.
harhasha · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of sagtsagtsaidsag · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentenceLemma is a truncated form of säga; surface sagt is the supine, 'said'.
migmejag · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of sagtattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of klokingenno oneingen · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of klokärisvara · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activecopula linking to kloksåasså · adverbmodifies klokklokwiseklok · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularclausal complement of sagtochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsåasså · adverbmodifies godgodgoodgod · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with kloksomassom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of duduyoudu · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularadverbial clause on klok- 35
She said this with such dignity that the boy grew quite shy.
Honshehon · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sadesadesaidsa · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedettathisdenna · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of sademedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking värdighetenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of värdighetsådansuchsån · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies värdighetsån is a colloquial/older form of sådan, glossed to the modern sense.
värdighetdignityvärdighet · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of sadeattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of blevpojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of blevblevbecamebli · verb, past, indicative, activeclausal complement of saderiktigttrulyriktig · adverbmodifies blygblygshyblyg · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of blev "This surely cannot be just any bird," he thought.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of fågelhärherehär · adverbmodifies fågelkancankunna · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of fågelvälsurelyväl · adverbmodifies fågelintenotinte · particlemodifies fågelvarabevara · auxiliary verb, active, infinitivecopula linking to fågelnågonanynågon · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of fågelfågelbirdfågel · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phrasetänktethoughttänka · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to fågelhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of tänkte"It must be an enchanted princess."
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of prinsessaärisvara · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activecopula linking to prinsessasäkertsurelysäker · adverbmodifies förtrolladenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of förtrolladförtrolladbewitchedförtrolla · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies prinsessaprinsessaprincessprinsessa · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phrase- 36
He felt a great urge to help her, and he slipped his small hands in under the feathers and felt along the wing bone.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of fickfickfeltfå · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencestorbigstor · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies lustlustdesirelust · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of fickatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of hjälpainfinitive marker before a verb.
hjälpahelphjälpa · verb, active, infinitiveclause modifying lusthenneherhenne · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of hjälpaochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationstackslippedstack · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with henneThis is actually the past tense of the verb stinga 'to stick/poke', mistagged as a noun.
ininin · adverbdepends on hjälpasinahissig · pronoun, pluralpossessor of händersmåsmallliten · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies händerhänderhappenshända · verb, present, indicative, activeclausal complement of fickunderunderunder · prepositionpreposition marking fjädrarnafjädrarnafeathersfjädr · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of händerochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationkändefeltkände · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with händerutmedalongutmed · prepositionpreposition marking vingbenetvingbenetwing bonevingben · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of kände The bone was not broken, but there was something wrong with the joint.
Benetboneben · noun, nominative, neuter, singularsubject of brutetben can mean either 'leg' or 'bone' depending on context.
varwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to brutetintenotinte · particlemodifies brutetbrutetbrokenbrute · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularhead of the phrasemenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with någotvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to någotnågotsomethingnågon · pronoun, neuter, singularcoordinated with brutetiwrongi · prepositionpreposition marking olagolagwrongolag · noun, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies någotUsed in the expression i olag, 'wrong' or 'out of order.'
medwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking ledenledenthe jointled · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies olagHe got his finger down into an empty joint socket.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of fickfickgotfå · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencenerdownner · adverbdepends on fickfingretthe fingerfingr · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of fickiintoi · prepositionpreposition marking ledhålaenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of ledhålatomemptytom · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies ledhålaledhålajoint socketledhåla · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of fick"Now hold still!" he said, took a firm grip on the bone, and set it back where it belonged.
Aktawatch out!Akta · adverbmodifies »imperative of akta sig ('to be careful/watch out'), not a true adverb.
digyoudu · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of Aktanunownu · adverbmodifies Aktasadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on toghanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sadetogtookta · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of tagfastfirmfast · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularpart of the phrase etttaggriptag · noun, nominative, neuter, singularsubject of togomofom · prepositiondepends on togbenpipanthe leg bonebenpipan · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of togochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationpassadesetpassa · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with tog'passade på' is an idiom meaning 'seized the opportunity'.
ininin · adverbdepends on passadedenitden · pronoun, common gender, singulardirect object of passadedärtheredär · adverbmodifies varadenitden · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of varaskulleshouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of varavarabevara · verb, active, infinitiverelative clause on denHe did it quite quickly and well for a first attempt at such a thing, but it must have hurt terribly, for the poor young goose let out a single shrill scream, and then sank down among the stones without giving any further sign of life.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of gjordegjordedidgöra · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedetitden · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of gjorderiktigttrulyriktig · adverbmodifies rasktrasktquicklyrask · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies gjordeneuter form used adverbially, 'raskt' = briskly/quickly.
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationbrawellbra · adverbcoordinated with rasktförforför · prepositionintroduces the clause of varaatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of varainfinitive marker before a verb.
varabevara · auxiliary verb, active, infinitivecopula linking to gångenförstafirsten · adjective, nominativemodifies gångensurfaces are forms of första 'first', not the numeral en.
gångentimegång · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of gjordesomthatsom · pronounoblique complement of försökteThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of försökteförsöktetriedförsöka · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on gångensighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of försöktepåatpå · prepositionpreposition marking dyliktdyliktsuch a thingdylik · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of försöktemenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of gjortmåttemustmåtte · adverbmodifies gjortModal verb (cognate of måste), mistagged as adverb. Bare måtte means "must"; the perfect sense ("must have") comes only from an adjacent ha + supine, as in the måtte komma sig example, which translates as plain "must."
hahaveha · auxiliary verb, active, infinitiveauxiliary of gjortgjortdonegöra · verb, active, supinecoordinated with försöktemycketterriblymycket · adverbmodifies ontonthurtont · adjective, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of gjortBoth examples ('göra oss något ont' = 'do us harm', 'inte hade förmått göra mycket ont' = 'not been able to do much harm') attest the sense 'harm', not 'pain', which was the pinned default gloss.
förforför · verb, present, indicative, activepreposition marking denmistagged as a verb; every example is the conjunction/preposition 'för' meaning 'for/because'.
dentheen · pronoun, pluraloblique complement of utstötteThe recorded surface is den in both examples, functioning as the definite article before stackars unggåsen/kon ('the poor young goose/cow'). The glosser incorrectly took enda ('single') elsewhere in the first sentence as the token.
stackarspoorstackars · verb, passive, supinepart of the phrase denunggåsenyoung gooseunggåse · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of utstötteutstöttelet oututstötte · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with gjordeettaen · determiner, neuter, singularintroduces the clause of gälltendaonlyenda · adjective, nominativemodifies gälltgälltshrillgälla · verb, active, supinemodifies skrikUsed adjectivally/adverbially of a shrill sound (ett gällt skrik = a shrill scream; skrek gällt = screamed shrilly), distinct from gälla "to apply." "Shrilled" is the wrong part of speech for these examples.
skrikcryskrik · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of utstötteochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsedanthensedan · adverbmodifies sjönksjönksanksjönk · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with gjordehonshehon · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sjönknerdownner · adverbmodifies sjönkblandamongbland · prepositionpreposition marking stenarnastenarnastonessten · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of nerutanwithoututan · prepositionintroduces the clause of geatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of geinfinitive marker before a verb.
geto givege · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on sjönkifrånfromifrån · prepositiondepends on gesigherselfsig · pronoun, accusativeindirect object of geettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of livsteckenlivsteckensign of lifelivstecken · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of ge- 37
The boy was terribly frightened.
Pojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of blevblevbecamebli · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceförfärligtterriblyförfärlig · adverbmodifies skrämdskrämdfrightenedskrämd · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of blev He had wanted to help her, but now she was dead.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hjälpahadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of hjälpavelatwanted tovela · auxiliary verb, active, supineadverbial clause on hjälpahjälpahelphjälpa · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencehenneherhenne · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of hjälpamenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationnunownu · adverbmodifies varvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to dödhonshehon · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularpart of the phrase varjuafter allju · adverbmodifies döddöddeaddöd · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with hjälpaExamples mix the noun (döden) with adjectival uses (död gås); flag if the occurrence is adjectival.
He took a long leap down from the stone heap and ran off.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of togtogtookta · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of hopplångtlonglångt · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies hoppBoth examples ('for fram ett långt stycke' = 'sped along a long stretch', 'tog ett långt hopp' = 'took a long leap') mean 'long' (length), not 'far' (distance).
hoppleaphopp · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of togTwo distinct homonyms share the spelling hopp: 'leap' and 'hope.'
nerdownner · adverbmodifies togfrånfromfrån · prepositionpreposition marking stenrösetstenrösetstone heapstenrös · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of nerochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsprangransprangma · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with togLemma is corrupted; surfaces are only "sprang" (past of springa, to run). Lemma should read springa, not sprangma.
sinawaysig · pronoun, common gender, singularpossessor of vägvägwayväg · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of sprangIt seemed to him as if he had killed a human being.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of tycktetycktethoughttycka · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of vardetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of varvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeclausal complement of tycktesomas ifsom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of dödatomifom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of dödathanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of dödathadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of dödatdödatkilleddödat · verb, active, supinedepends on varenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of människamänniskahuman beingmänniska · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of dödat- 38
The next morning it was clear and free of fog, and Akka said that now they would continue the journey.
Nästanextnästa · adjective, nominativemodifies morgonmorgonmorningmorgon · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of klartvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to klartdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of klartklartclearklar · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularhead of the phraseochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdimfrittfog-freedimfritt · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with klartochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationAkkaAkkaAkka · proper noun, nominativeoblique complement of sadeproper name of the lead wild goose; keep untranslated.
sadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to klartattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of fortsättanunownu · adverbmodifies fortsättaskullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of fortsättadetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of fortsättafortsättato continuefortsätta · verb, active, infinitiveclause modifying saderesanjourneyresa · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of fortsätta All the others were willing to go, but the white gander raised objections.
Allaallall · determiner, pluraldeterminer of villigadetheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of villigaSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
andraotherannan · adjective, nominative, pluralpart of the phrase devorowerevoro · adjective, nominative, singulardepends on villigaPast plural of vara (to be); mistagged as an adjective.
villigawillingvillig · adjective, nominative, pluralhead of the phraseatttoatt · particlepreposition marking farainfinitive marker before a verb.
faragofara · noun, nominative, common gender, singularadverbial clause on villigasome listed surfaces (fara, far) are actually forms of the unrelated verb fara 'to travel/go'; gloss the noun sense danger for the noun-tagged type.
menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of gåskarlenvitawhitevit · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies gåskarlengåskarlengandergåskarl · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralsubject of gjordemorphology tag says plural but the surfaces are the singular definite/indefinite forms of gåskarl.
gjordedidgöra · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with villigainvändningarobjectionsinvändning · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of gjordeThe boy well understood that he did not want to leave the gray goose.
Pojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of förstodförstodunderstoodförstod · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencenogwellnog · adverbmodifies förstodattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of farahanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of faraintenotinte · particlemodifies faravillewanted tovilja · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of farafaragofara · noun, nominative, common gender, singularclausal complement of förstodsome listed surfaces (fara, far) are actually forms of the unrelated verb fara 'to travel/go'; gloss the noun sense danger for the noun-tagged type.
ifrånfromifrån · prepositionpreposition marking grågåsengrågåsengreylag goosegrågåse · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies faraBut Akka would not listen to him, and set off regardless.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationAkkaAkkaAkka · proper noun, nominativesubject of hördeproper name of the lead wild goose; keep untranslated.
hördeheardhöra · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceintenotinte · particlemodifies hördepåtopå · prepositionpreposition marking honomhonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularoblique complement of hördeutanbut ratherutan · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfollows a negated clause, contrasting it with what actually happened.
begavset offbegav · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with hördeReflexive 'begav sig' = 'made his/her way, set off'; lemma should be 'begiva'.
sigherselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of begavåstadoff/awayåstad · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of begavActually the adverb/particle 'åstad' used with verbs of motion ('ge sig åstad' = to set off), mistagged as a verb.
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The boy ran up onto the gander's back, and the white one followed the flock, though slowly and unwillingly.
Pojkenthe boypojken · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sprangsprangransprangma · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceLemma is corrupted; surfaces are only "sprang" (past of springa, to run). Lemma should read springa, not sprangma.
uppupupp · adverbdepends on sprangpåontopå · prepositionpreposition marking gåskarlensgåskarlensthe gander'sgåskarlens · noun, genitive, common gender, singularoblique complement of sprangryggbackrygg · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies sprangochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of vitevitethe white onevite · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of följdeSubstantivized adjective 'vit' referring to the white gander.
följdefollowedföljde · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with sprangflockenflockflock · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of följdefastänalthoughfastän · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of långsamtlångsamtslowlylångsam · adverbadverbial clause on följdeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationovilligtunwillinglyovillig · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with långsamt The boy was truly glad that they got to leave the island.
Pojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of gladvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to gladriktigttrulyriktig · adverbmodifies gladgladgladglad · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phraseattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of faradetheyde · determiner, pluraldeterminer of faraThis type's own examples show 'de' used as the plain personal pronoun "they" (de voro ovanligt strävsamma = "they were unusually...") as often as the determiner "the" (de andra = "the others"); a fixed gloss of "the" mis-renders every pronoun occurrence.
fingogotfingo · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralpart of the phrase deMistagged as a noun; fingo is the archaic plural past tense of få ("got/were given").
faragofara · noun, nominative, common gender, singularadverbial clause on gladsome listed surfaces (fara, far) are actually forms of the unrelated verb fara 'to travel/go'; gloss the noun sense danger for the noun-tagged type.
ifrånfromifrån · prepositionpreposition marking önönthe islandön · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies faraHe had pangs of conscience over the gray goose, and had not wanted to tell the gander how things had gone when he had tried to cure her.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hadehadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencesamvetskvalpangs of consciencesamvetskval · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of hadeföroverför · prepositionpreposition marking grågåsensgrågåsensthe gray goose'sgrågås · noun, genitive, common gender, singularoblique complement of hadeskullsakeskull · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardepends on grågåsensonly occurs in the fixed phrase för ... skull 'for the sake of'.
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of velatintenotinte · particlemodifies velatvelatwantedvela · verb, active, supinecoordinated with hadelemma should be vilja 'to want'; velat is its supine form.
sägato saysäga · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of velatgåskarlengandergåskarl · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraldirect object of sägamorphology tag says plural but the surfaces are the singular definite/indefinite forms of gåskarl.
hurhowhur · adverbmodifies gåttdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of gåtthadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of gåttgåttgonegå · verb, active, supineadverbial clause on velatnärwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of botahanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of botahadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of botavelatwanted tovela · auxiliary verb, active, supineauxiliary of botabotato curebota · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on gåtthenneherhenne · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of botaIt would probably be best, he thought, if Morten Gander never found this out.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with bästvorewould bevara · auxiliary verb, past, subjunctive, activecopula linking to bästnogprobablynog · adverbmodifies bästbästbestbra · adjective, nominative, superlativemodifies vetaomifom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of fingeMårtenMortenMårten · proper noun, nominativesubject of fingethe studio translation renders this name as 'Morten'.
gåskarlgandergåskarl · adverbmodifies finge'Gåskarl' is a noun meaning 'gander', mistagged here as an adverb; used as the goose-character's epithet Mårten gåskarl.
aldrigneveraldrig · adverbmodifies fingefingemight get tofinge · verb, past, subjunctive, activeadverbial clause on vetaArchaic past subjunctive of få ("to get/be allowed").
vetato knowveta · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencedettathisdenna · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of vetatänktethoughttänka · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to vetahanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of tänkteAt the same time he wondered that the white one had the heart to leave the gray goose behind.
Påatpå · prepositionpreposition marking gångsammathe samesamma · determinerdeterminer of gånggångtimegång · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of undradeundradewonderedundra · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of undradepåatpå · prepositionintroduces the clause of hadeattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of hadedenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of vitevitewhite onevit · adjective, nominative, masculine, singularsubject of hadeDefinite form used as a noun, referring to the white gander.
hadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on undradehjärtahearthjärta · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of hadeatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of farainfinitive marker before a verb.
faragofara · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of hadesome listed surfaces (fara, far) are actually forms of the unrelated verb fara 'to travel/go'; gloss the noun sense danger for the noun-tagged type.
ifrånfromifrån · prepositionpreposition marking grågåsengrågåsengreylag goosegrågåse · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies fara- 40
But suddenly the gander turned back.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationplötsligensuddenlyplötsligen · adverbmodifies vändevändeturnedväna · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencePast tense of vända (to turn); lemma should read vända.
gåskarlengandergåskarl · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of vände The thought of the young goose had become too much for him.
Tankenthe thoughttanken · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of blivitpåofpå · prepositionpreposition marking unggåsenunggåsenyoung gooseunggås · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies Tankenhadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of blivitblivitbecomebli · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentencehonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of blivitövermäktigtoo much forövermäktig · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of blivitLet the journey to Lapland go however it would.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of fingefingemight get tofinge · verb, past, subjunctive, activemain verb of the sentenceArchaic past subjunctive of få ("to get/be allowed").
gågogå · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of fingehurhowhur · adverbmodifies villedetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of villevillewantedvilja · verb, past, indicative, activeclausal complement of gåmedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking LapplandsresanLapplandsresanthe journey to LaplandLapplandsresan · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of villeHe could not go on with the others, knowing that she lay there alone and sick and would starve to death.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of följakundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of följaintenotinte · particlemodifies följaföljato followfölja · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencemedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking andradetheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of andraSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
andraothersannan · pronoun, pluraloblique complement of följanärwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of visstehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of visstevissteknewvisste · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on följaattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of låghonshehon · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of låglåglaylåg · verb, past, indicative, activeclausal complement of vissteensamaloneensam · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies lågochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsjuksicksjuk · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with ensamochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationskullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of svältasvältato starvesvälta · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with lågihjälto deathihjäl · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraldirect object of svältaBackbone mistags this as a noun; ihjäl is the adverb particle meaning 'to death' (as in slå ihjäl, svälta ihjäl).
- 41
With a few beats of his wings he was back at the stone heap.
Medwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking vingslagnågrasomenågon · determiner, pluraldeterminer of vingslagvingslagwingbeatsvingslag · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraloblique complement of varvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of varframmethereframme · adverbmodifies var'vara framme' = to have arrived/be at the front.
vidatvid · prepositionpreposition marking stenrösetstenrösetstone heapstenrös · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of var But then there was no young gray goose lying among the stones.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdåthendå · adverbmodifies låglåglayligga · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with lågingennoingen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of unggåsgrågraygrå · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies unggåsunggåsyoung gooseunggås · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of lågmellanbetweenmellan · prepositionpreposition marking stenarnastenarnathe stonesstenarna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of låg"Dunfin!
DunfinDunfindunfin · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phraseDunfin!
DunfinDunfinDunfin · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phraseWhere are you?" asked the gander.
Varwherevar · adverbmodifies ärärisvara · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceduyoudu · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of ärfrågadeaskedfråga · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencegåskarlengandergåskarl · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralsubject of frågademorphology tag says plural but the surfaces are the singular definite/indefinite forms of gåskarl.
- 42
"The fox has surely gotten to her and taken her," thought the boy.
Räventhe foxRäven · adverbmodifies frammethis is the definite noun form ('the fox'), not an adverb.
harhasha · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of frammenogsurelynog · adverbmodifies frammevaritbeenvara · auxiliary verb, active, supinecopula linking to frammeframmethereframme · verb, past, participle, common gender, singular, nominativemain verb of the sentenceochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationtagittakenta · verb, active, supinecoordinated with frammehenneherhenne · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of tagittänktethoughttänka · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to frammepojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of tänkte But at that very moment he heard a lovely voice answer the gander: "I'm here, gander, I'm here!
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationiati · prepositionpreposition marking detsammadetsammathe samedensamma · pronoun, neuter, singularoblique complement of hördehördeheardhöra · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hördeenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of röstvackerbeautifulvacker · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies röströstvoiceröst · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of hördesvarato answersvara · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of hördegåskarlengandergåskarl · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of svaraJagIjag · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of ärärisvara · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehärherehär · adverbmodifies ärgåskarlgandergåskarl · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with ärjagIjag · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of ärärisvara · verb, present, indicative, activecopula linking to härhärherehär · adverbmodifies ärI've only taken myself a morning bath."
JagIjag · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of tagitharhasha · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of tagitbarajustbara · adverbmodifies tagittagittakenta · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentencemigmejag · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularindirect object of tagitettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of morgonbadmorgonbadmorning bathmorgonbad · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of tagitAnd up out of the water came the little gray goose, sound and well, and she told them that Thumbietot had set her wing back in joint, and that she was completely well and ready to join the journey.
Ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationuppupupp · adverbmodifies vattneturout ofur · prepositionpart of the phrase uppvattnetwatervatten · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of friskkomcamekomma · verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to friskdenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of grågåsenlillalittleliten · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies grågåsengrågåsengreylag goosegrågåse · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of friskfrisksoundfrisk · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phraseochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationvälbehållensafe and soundvälbehåll · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with friskAdjective 'välbehållen' (safe and sound) used predicatively/adverbially.
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationberättadetoldberättad · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with friskattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of dragitTummetottThumbietotTummetott · proper noun, nominativesubject of dragitthe boy's nickname after being shrunk; kept as the studio translation's rendering.
hadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of dragitdragitsetdraga · verb, active, supinecoordinated with friskArchaic supine of dra; sense shifts widely with the particle it governs (dragit i led, dragit ihop, dragit bort, dragit upp).
hennesherhon · pronounpossessor of vingepossessive form hennes of the pronoun hon.
vingewingvinge · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of dragitiini · prepositionpreposition marking ledledjointled · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of dragitSecond example 'när det led mot kvällen' = 'as evening drew near' is the verb lida ('led' = past tense), not the noun led — mistagged here.
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of brahonshehon · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of bravarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to braalldelesquitealldeles · adverbmodifies brabrawellbra · adjective, nominativecoordinated with friskochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationredoreadyredo · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with braOne example uses redo as the archaic plural past tense of rida ("to ride"), a homograph of the adjective redo ("ready").
atttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of följainfinitive marker before a verb.
följato followfölja · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on bramedwithmed · prepositiondepends on följapåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking färdenfärdenjourneyfärd · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of följa- 43
The drops of water lay like scattered pearls on her silken-sheened feathers, and Thumbietot thought once again that she was a real little princess.
Vattendropparnathe water dropsvattendropep · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralpossessor of lågolågolaylågo · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralhead of the phrasemistagged as a noun; this is the archaic plural past tense of ligga 'to lie' (they lay).
somlikesom · pronounpreposition marking pärlstänkThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
pärlstänkscattered pearlspärlstänk · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralrelative clause on lågopåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking fjädrarhennesherhon · pronounpossessor of fjädrarpossessive form hennes of the pronoun hon.
sidenskiftandesilken-sheenedsidenskifta · adjective, nominativemodifies fjädrarfjädrarfeathersfjäder · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralmodifies pärlstänkochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationTummetottThumbietotTummetott · proper noun, nominativecoordinated with lågothe boy's nickname after being shrunk; kept as the studio translation's rendering.
tänktethoughttänka · verb, past, indicative, activemodifies Tummetottåterigenagainåterig · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies TummetottThis is the adverb återigen 'again', mistagged as a noun.
attthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of prinsessahonshehon · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of prinsessavarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to prinsessaenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of prinsessariktigrealriktig · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies prinsessalitensmallliten · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies prinsessaprinsessaprincessprinsessa · noun, nominative, common gender, singularclausal complement of Tummetott
The particulars
- The text
- Nils Holgerssons underbara resa genom Sverige, Selma Lagerlöf. The Wonderful Adventures of Nils.
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- Public-domain Swedish (Lagerlöf, d. 1940; published 1906–07). English translation © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC.
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