Swedish · The Wonderful Adventures of Nils
Från Taberg till Huskvarna
From Taberg to Huskvarna
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- 1
The boy lay awake almost the whole night, but toward morning he fell asleep, and then he dreamed about his father and mother.
Pojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sattsattsatsitta · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencevakenawakevak · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sattAll four examples in this chunk use "vaken" as the adjective (awake), not the noun "vak" (ice-hole); the primary gloss should be "awake" here, though the ice-hole noun sense also occurs elsewhere in the book under this same conflated surface.
nästanalmostnästan · adverbmodifies helahelawholehel · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies nattennattennightnatt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of sattmenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationmottowardmot · prepositionpreposition marking morgonenmorgonenmorningmorgon · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of somnadesomnadefell asleepsomna · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with satthanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of somnadeininin · adverbmodifies somnadeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdåthendå · adverbmodifies drömdedrömdedreameddrömdea · verb, present, indicative, activecoordinated with satthanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of drömdeomaboutom · prepositionpreposition marking farfarfatherfar · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of drömdeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationmormothermor · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with far He could hardly recognize them.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of kännakundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of kännaknappthardlyknappt · adverbmodifies kännakännato feelkänna · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentenceigenagainigen · adverbdepends on kännademthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluraldirect object of kännaBoth of them had gone gray-haired and gotten old, wrinkled faces.
Bådabothbåda · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies tvåtvåtwotvå · numeral, nominativesubject of fåtthadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of fåttfåttgone gray-hairedfå · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentencegråagraygrå · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies hårhårhairshår · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraldirect object of fåttochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationgamlaoldgammal · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with hårrynkigawrinkledrynkig · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies ansiktenansiktenfacesansikt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with hårHe asked what had brought this about, and they answered that they had aged so much because they had longed for him.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of frågadefrågadeaskedfråga · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencevadwhatvad · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of komdettathisdenna · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of komkomcamekomma · verb, past, indicative, activeclausal complement of frågadesigitselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of komavdue toav · prepositionpreposition marking komochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of svaradesvaradeansweredsvara · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with frågadeattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of åldratsdetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of passive åldratshadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of åldratsåldratsagedåldra · verb, passive, supineadverbial clause on svaradesåsoså · adverbmodifies mycketmycketmuchmycket · adverbmodifies åldratsdärförbecausedärför · adverbintroduces the clause of hadeattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionpart of the phrase därfördetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of hadehadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of längtatlängtatlongedlängtat · verb, active, supineadverbial clause on åldratsefterforefter · prepositionpreposition marking honomhonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularoblique complement of längtatHe was both moved and astonished, for he had never believed anything else than that they would be glad to be rid of him.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of blevblevbecamebli · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencebådebothbåde · conjunctionlinks the coordinationrördmovedrörd · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of blevochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationförvånadastonishedförvånad · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with rördförforför · prepositionintroduces the clause of hadehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hadehadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on blevaldrigneveraldrig · adverbmodifies hadetrottbelievedtrott · verb, active, supinemodifies annatannatotherannan · adjective, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of hadeänthanän · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of gladaattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionpart of the phrase ändetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of gladaskullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of gladavarabevara · auxiliary verb, active, infinitivecopula linking to gladagladagladglad · adjective, nominative, pluraladverbial clause on hadeatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of slippainfinitive marker before a verb.
slippabe spared/avoidslippa · verb, active, infinitivedepends on gladahonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of slippa- 2
When the boy woke, morning had come with beautiful, clear weather.
Närwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of vaknadepojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of vaknadevaknadewoke upvakna · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on kommenvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to kommenmorgonenmorningmorgon · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of kommenkommenarrivedkomm · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phrasePast participle 'kommen' of 'komma' (to come/arrive), truncated to 'komm' and mistagged as a noun.
medwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking vackertvackertbeautifulvacker · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies kommenochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationklartclearklar · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies väderväderweatherväder · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with vackert He first ate a piece of bread himself, which he found in the cottage, then gave morning feed to both the geese and the cow, and opened the barn door so that the cow could set off for the nearest farm.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of gavåtateåt · prepositionpreposition marking brödsjälvhimselfsjälv · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies åtförstfirstförst · adverbmodifies brödettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of styckestyckepiecestycke · noun, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies brödbrödbreadbröd · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with Hansomwhichsom · pronoundirect object of fannThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of fannfannfoundfinna · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on brödiini · prepositionpreposition marking stuganstugancottagestuga · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of fanngavgavege · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceLight-verb idioms in the examples: "gav ... till ett klagoskrik" = let out a cry; "gav sig tid" = took the time — not literal "gave" in either case.
därpåthendärpå · adjective, nominative, comparativemodifies morgonfodermorgonfodermorning feedmorgonfod · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of gavåttoåt · prepositionpreposition marking gässbådebothbåde · conjunctionlinks the coordinationgässgeesegäss · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of gavmistagged as neuter singular; 'gäss' is the plural of 'gås' (goose).
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationkocowko · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with gässochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationställdeopenedställa · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with gavuppupupp · adverbdepends on ställdelagårdsdörrenthe barn doorlagårdsdörre · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of ställdeförso thatför · prepositionintroduces the clause of begeattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionpart of the phrase förkonthe cowkon · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralsubject of begeDefinite singular of ko 'cow', mistagged as plural.
skullecouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of begekunnacankunna · auxiliary verb, active, infinitiveauxiliary of begebegeset offbege · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on gavUsed reflexively, bege sig, "to betake oneself, set off".
sigherselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of begetilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking gårdnärmastenearestnära · adjective, nominative, superlativemodifies gårdgårdfarmgård · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of begeWhen she came walking alone, the neighbors would surely understand that things stood badly with her mistress.
Närwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of komhonshehon · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of komkomcamekomma · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on förstågåendewalkinggåe · adjective, nominativemodifies ensamPresent participle 'gående' of 'gå' (to walk), used adjectivally/adverbially; mistagged as a plain adjective lemma.
ensamaloneensam · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies komskullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of förstånogsurelynog · adverbmodifies förstågrannarnathe neighborsgrannarna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of förståförståunderstandförstå · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentenceattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of stoddetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with stodstodstoodstå · verb, past, indicative, activeclausal complement of förståillabadlyilla · adverbmodifies stodtillweretill · prepositiondepends on stodmedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking matmorhennesherhon · pronounpossessor of matmorpossessive form hennes of the pronoun hon.
matmormistressmatmor · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of stodOld word for the woman who runs the household/farm; tagged plural but used as singular here.
They would hurry up to the deserted farm to see how the old woman was, and so they would find her dead body and bury it.
Detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of skyndaskullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of skyndaskyndato hurryskynda · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentenceuppupupp · adverbmodifies skyndatilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking ödegårdenödegårdenthe deserted farmödegård · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of skyndaförtoför · prepositionintroduces the clause of seatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of seinfinitive marker before a verb.
seseese · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on skyndahurhowhur · adverbmodifies hadedenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of gamlagamlaoldgammal · adjective, nominative, singularsubject of hadehadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activeclausal complement of sedetitden · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of hadeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsåthenså · adverbmodifies finnaskullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of finnadetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of finnafinnafindfinna · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with skyndahennesherhon · pronounpossessor of kropppossessive form hennes of the pronoun hon.
dödadeaddöd · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies kroppkroppbodykropp · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of finnaochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationbegravaburybegrava · verb, present, indicative, passivecoordinated with finnadenitden · pronoun, common gender, singulardirect object of begrava- 3
Scarcely had the boy and the geese risen into the air before they caught sight of a tall mountain with almost sheer walls and an abruptly broken-off peak, and they understood that this must be Taberg.
Knapptscarcelyknappt · verb, active, supinemodifies hadehadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of höjtpojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of höjtochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationgässengeesegässe · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with pojkengässen is the plural definite of gås 'goose'; lemma is a normalized plural stem.
höjtrisenhöj · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentencesigthemselvessig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of höjtiintoi · prepositionpreposition marking luftenluftenairluft · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of höjtförränbeforeförrän · adverbmodifies synused with a preceding negative to mean 'no sooner than'.
detheyen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of synSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
fingogotfingo · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralpart of the phrase deMistagged as a noun; fingo is the archaic plural past tense of få ("got/were given").
synsightsyn · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of höjtpåofpå · prepositionpreposition marking bergettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of berghögthighhög · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies bergbergmountainberg · noun, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies synmedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking väggarnästanalmostnästan · adverbmodifies lodrätalodrätasheerlodrät · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies väggarväggarwallsvägg · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of synochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of topptvärtabruptlytvär · adverbmodifies avbrutenavbrutenbroken-offavbruten · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies topptopptoptopp · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with väggarochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdetheyen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of förstodoSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
förstodounderstoodförstodo · adverbcoordinated with höjtpast plural of förstå ('to understand'); mistagged as adverb.
attthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of varadettathisdenna · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of varamåstemustmåste · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of varavarabevara · verb, active, infinitivedepends on förstodoTabergTabergTaberg · proper noun, nominativehead of the phrase And on the top of Taberg stood Akka with Yksi and Kaksi, Kolme and Neljä, Viisi and Kuusi, and all six goslings, waiting for them.
Ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationpåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking toppentoppentoptopp · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of stodavofav · prepositionpreposition marking TabergTabergTabergTaberg · proper noun, nominativemodifies toppenstodstoodstå · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceAkkaAkkaAkka · proper noun, nominativesubject of stodproper name of the lead wild goose; keep untranslated.
medwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking YksiYksiYksiYksi · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of stodOne of Akka's flock, named for the Finnish word for 'one'.
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationKaksiKaksiKaksi · proper noun, nominativecoordinated with YksiName of one of the wild geese.
KolmeKolmeKolme · proper noun, nominativecoordinated with Yksiochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationNeljäNeljäNeljä · proper noun, nominativecoordinated with YksiViisiViisiViisi · proper noun, nominativecoordinated with YksiName of one of the wild geese (Finnish for "five").
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationKuusiKuusiKuusi · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with YksiProper name of one of the goslings.
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationallaallall · determiner, pluraldeterminer of gässlingarnasexsixsex · numeral, nominativequantifies gässlingarnagässlingarnagoslingsgässling · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with stodochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationväntadewaitingvänta · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with gässlingarnapåforpå · prepositionpreposition marking demdemthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluraloblique complement of stodThere arose a joy and a cackling and a flapping and a calling that no one can describe, when they saw that the gander and Dunfin had succeeded in finding Thumbietot.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with blevblevbecamebli · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of glädjeglädjejoyglädje · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of blevochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of kacklandekacklandecacklingkacklande · adjective, nominativecoordinated with blevmistagged as an adjective; used here as the noun 'a cackling'.
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of flaxandeflaxandeflappingflaxande · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with kacklandeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of ropanderopandecallingropande · adjective, nominativecoordinated with kacklandesomthatsom · pronoundirect object of beskrivaThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
ingenno oneingen · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of beskrivakancankunna · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of beskrivabeskrivato describebeskriva · verb, active, infinitiverelative clause on ropandenärwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of sågodetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of sågosågosawsågo · verb, present, indicative, activeadverbial clause on kacklandemistagged as present tense; this is the archaic plural past tense of se 'to see' (they saw).
attthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of lyckatsdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with lyckatshadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of lyckatslyckatssucceededlycka · verb, active, supineadverbial clause on blevImpersonal 'lyckats' from 'lyckas' (to succeed); lemma should be 'lyckas'.
gåskarlengandergåskarl · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraldirect object of lyckatsmorphology tag says plural but the surfaces are the singular definite/indefinite forms of gåskarl.
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationDunfinDunfinDunfin · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with lyckatsatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of finnainfinitive marker before a verb.
finnafindfinna · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on lyckatsredafind outreda · adverbdepends on finnapart of the fixed expression leta/taga/söka reda på, 'find out'; all four attested examples mean find/know, not organize/sort.
påfindpå · prepositionpreposition marking TummetottTummetottThumbietotTummetott · proper noun, nominativeoblique complement of finnathe boy's nickname after being shrunk; kept as the studio translation's rendering.
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Forest grew fairly high up the sides of Taberg, but the topmost peak was bare, and from there one could see far around in every direction.
Detthereen · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with växtethis type bundles three distinct functions of the neuter forms det/ett under one entry.
växtegrewväxa · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceskogforestskog · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of växtetämligenfairlytämligen · adverbmodifies högthögthighhög · adverbmodifies uppåtthis type bundles the positive, comparative, and superlative degree forms (högt, högre, högst) under one entry.
uppåtupwarduppåt · adverbmodifies TabergssidornaTabergssidornathe Taberg slopesTabergssidorna · nounoblique complement of växtemenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of toppenöverstatopmostöverst · adjective, nominative, superlativemodifies toppentoppentoptopp · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of kalvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to kalkalbarekal · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with växteAdjective kal ('bare/barren'); tagged as noun.
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdärifrånfrom theredärifrån · adverbmodifies sekundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of semanoneman · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of seseseese · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with växtevittfar and widevitd · adverbmodifies seomkringaroundomkring · adverbmodifies hållåtinåt · prepositionpreposition marking hållallaallall · determiner, pluraldeterminer of hållhålldirectionshåll · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraloblique complement of se If one looked east, south, or west, there was almost nothing else to see than a poor highland with dark spruce forests, brown bogs, ice-covered lakes, and bluish mountain ridges.
BlickadelookedBlicka · verb, past, indicative, activedepends on intetmanoneman · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of Blickadeåttowardåt · prepositionpreposition marking österöstereastöster · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of Blickadeåttowardåt · prepositionpreposition marking södersödersouthsöder · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of Blickadeelleroreller · conjunctionlinks the coordinationåttowardåt · prepositionpreposition marking västervästerwestväster · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with södersåthenså · adverbadverbial clause on intetvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to intetdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with intetnästanalmostnästan · adverbmodifies intetintetnothingintet · adverboblique complement of annatarchaic/literary form of inget/ingenting.
annatotherannan · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularhead of the phraseatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of seinfinitive marker before a verb.
seseese · verb, active, infinitiveclause modifying annatänthanän · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of höglandettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of höglandfattigtpoorfattig · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies höglandhöglandhighlandhögland · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of semedwithmed · prepositionintroduces the clause of granskogarmörkadarkmörk · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies granskogargranskogarspruce forestsgranskog · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of sebrunabrownbrun · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies mossarmossarbogsmoss · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with granskogaristäcktaice-coveredistäckt · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies sjöarsjöarlakessjö · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with granskogarochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationblånandebluishblåna · adjective, nominativemodifies bergåsarPresent participle of 'blåna' (to turn blue) used adjectivally.
bergåsarridgesbergås · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with granskogarThe boy could not help thinking that it was true that whoever had created this had not taken much trouble with his work, but had hacked it together in a hurry.
Pojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of låtakundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of låtaintenotinte · particlemodifies låtalåtato letlåta · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentenceblibecomebli · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of låtaatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of tyckainfinitive marker before a verb.
tyckato thinktycka · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on bliattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of santdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of santvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to santsanttruesant · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularclausal complement of låtaattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of gjortdenitden · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of gjortsomwhoeversom · pronounsubject of skapatThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
hadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of skapatskapatcreatedskapa · verb, active, supinerelative clause on dendettathisdenna · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of skapatintenotinte · particlemodifies gjorthadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of gjortgjortdonegöra · verb, active, supinedepends on santsighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of gjortmyckenmuchmycken · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies mödamödaeffortmöda · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of gjortmedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking arbetesitthis ownsig · pronoun, neuter, singularpossessor of arbetepossessive reflexive sitt, agreeing with a neuter noun.
arbeteworkarbete · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of gjortutanbut ratherutan · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfollows a negated clause, contrasting it with what actually happened.
hadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with gjortyxathacked togetheryxan · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of hadetilltogethertill · prepositionpreposition marking detdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularoblique complement of hadeiini · prepositionpreposition marking hastenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of hasthasthurryhast · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of hade'i en hast' = 'on the spot/in a hurry'.
But if one looked north, it was quite another matter.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationblickadelooked/gazedblicka · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencemanoneman · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of blickadeåttowardåt · prepositionpreposition marking norrnorrnorthnorr · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of blickadevarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to sakdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of sakenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of sakheltquitehelt · adverbmodifies annanannanotherannan · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies saksakthingsak · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of blickadeHere the land looked as though it had been shaped with the greatest love and care.
Härherehär · adverbmodifies sågsågsawsåg · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencepast tense of se, 'to see.'
landetlandland · noun, nominative, neuter, singularsubject of sågutlookut · adverbdepends on sågsomas thoughsom · pronounsubject of blivitThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
omifom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of blivitdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of blivitskullehadskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of blivithahaveha · auxiliary verb, active, infinitiveauxiliary of blivitblivitbecomebli · auxiliary verb, active, supineadverbial clause on sågutformatshapedutforma · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularcomplement of blivitmedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking kärlekstörstabiggeststor · adjective, nominative, superlativemodifies kärlekkärleklovekärlek · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of utformatochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationomsorgcareomsorg · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with kärlekIn that direction nothing but beautiful mountains, soft valleys, and winding streams could be seen, all the way to the great lake Vättern, which lay free of ice, shining and clear, and glowed as though it were filled not with water but with blue light.
ÅtinÅt · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with Åthålletdirectionhållen · adverbmodifies Åtsurface hållet; not a true adverb lemma but the idiom helt och hållet vs. the noun håll ('direction').
syntescould be seensyntes · verb, past, indicativecoordinated with Åtidelnothing butidel · numeral, nominativequantifies dalarmistagged as a numeral; it is the adjective/adverb 'idel' meaning 'nothing but, sheer'.
vackrabeautifulvacker · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies bergbergmountainsberg · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralcoordinated with idelmjukasoftmjuk · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies dalardalarvalleysdal · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of Åtochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationslingrandewindingslingrand · adjective, nominativecoordinated with dalaråarstreamsåar · noundepends on dalarändaall the wayända · adverbmodifies framframforwardfram · adverbmodifies Åttilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking Vätterndenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of sjönstorabigstor · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies sjönweak/definite form (stora), used with a singular definite noun, e.g. den stora länstolen.
sjönlakesjö · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies VätternVätternVätternvätter · proper noun, nominativeoblique complement of framsomwhichsom · pronounsubject of lågThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
låglaylåg · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on Vätternisfrifree of iceisfri · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies lågochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationskinandeshiningskinande · adjective, nominativecoordinated with isfriklarclearklar · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with Vätternochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationlysteto shinelysa · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with Vätternsomas thoughsom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of fylldomifom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of fyllddenitden · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of fylldintenotinte · particlemodifies fylldvorewould bevara · auxiliary verb, past, subjunctive, activecopula linking to fylldfylldfilledfylld · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularadverbial clause on Åtmedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking vattenvattenwatervatten · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of fylldutanbut ratherutan · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfollows a negated clause, contrasting it with what actually happened.
medwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking ljusblåttblueblå · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies ljusljuslightljus · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with Åt- 5
It was Vättern itself that made it so beautiful to look north, because it looked as though a blue shimmer had risen up from the lake and spread out over the land as well.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with varvarwasvara · verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to Vätternjustjustjust · adverbmodifies VätternVätternLake Vätternvätter · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phrasesomthatsom · pronounsubject of gjordeThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
gjordedidgöra · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on Vätterndetitden · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of gjordesåsoså · adverbmodifies vackertvackertbeautifulvacker · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularcomplement of gjordeatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of seinfinitive marker before a verb.
seseese · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on gjordemottowardmot · prepositionpreposition marking norrnorrnorthnorr · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of sedärförbecausedärför · adverbintroduces the clause of sågattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionpart of the phrase därfördetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of sågsågsawsåg · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on Vätternpast tense of se, 'to see.'
utlookut · adverbdepends on sågsomas thoughsom · pronounsubject of stigitThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
omthoughom · prepositionpreposition marking skimmerettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of skimmerblåttblueblå · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies skimmerskimmershimmerskimmer · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of stigithadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of stigitstigitrisenstiga · verb, active, supinerelative clause on Vätternuppupupp · adverbdepends on stigitfrånfromfrån · prepositionpreposition marking sjönsjönlakesjö · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of stigitochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationbrettspread outbret · adverbcoordinated with stigitappears in the phrasal 'bredde/brett ut' (spread out); an old supine form of breda used adverbially.
utoutut · adverbpart of the phrase brettsigitselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of stigitocksåalsoockså · adverbmodifies stigitöveroveröver · prepositionpreposition marking landlandlandland · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of stigit Groves and heights and the roofs and spires of the town of Jönköping, which showed faintly on the shore of Vättern, lay wrapped in a light blue that caressed the eye.
LundargrovesLund · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of passive omsveptaochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhöjderheightshöjd · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with Lundarochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationtakenroofstak · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with Lundarochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationspirornathe spiresspirorna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with takenavofav · prepositionpreposition marking stadJönköpingsJönköping'sJönköping · proper noun, genitivepossessor of stadstadtownstad · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies spirornasomwhichsom · pronounsubject of skymtadeThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
skymtadecame into viewskymta · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on Lundarframforwardfram · adverbdepends on skymtadepåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking VätterstrandenVätterstrandenVättern shoreVätterstranden · proper noun, nominativeoblique complement of skymtadelågolaylågo · noun, nominative, common gender, singularin apposition to LundarPast plural of 'ligga' (to lie); mistagged as a noun. Lemma should be 'ligga'.
omsveptawrappedomsvepta · verb, past, participle, common gender, singular, nominativemain verb of the sentenceavofav · prepositionpreposition marking blåttljustbrightlyljust · adverbmodifies blåttblåttblueblå · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularagent of omsveptasomthatsom · pronounsubject of smekteThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
smektestrokedsmeka · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on omsveptaögateyeöga · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of smekteIf there were countries in heaven, they would surely be just as blue as that, the boy thought, and felt that he had gotten a small idea of what paradise looked like.
Omifom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of funnesdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with funnesfunnesthere werefunnes · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on varaländercountriesland · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraldirect object of funnesOne example uses land nautically to mean "shore" rather than "country".
iini · prepositionpreposition marking himmelenhimmelenskyhimmel · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies länderskullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of varadetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of varavälsurelyväl · adverbmodifies varaocksåalsoockså · adverbmodifies varavarabevara · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencesåthatså · adverbmodifies varadärtheredär · adverbmodifies varablåablueblå · adjective, nominative, pluraldepends on varatänktethoughttänka · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to varapojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of tänkteochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationtycktethoughttycka · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with tänkteattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of fåtthanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of fåtthadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of fåttfåttgottenfå · verb, active, supineadverbial clause on tänkteenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of aninglitensmallliten · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies aninganingideaaning · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of fåttomofom · prepositionintroduces the clause of såghurhowhur · adverbmodifies sågdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of sågsågsawsåg · verb, past, indicative, activeclause modifying aningpast tense of se, 'to see.'
utlookut · adverbdepends on sågiini · prepositionpreposition marking paradisetparadisetparadiseparadis · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of såg- 6
When the geese continued their migration later in the day, they flew up along the blue valley.
Närwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of dalengässengeesegässe · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of dalengässen is the plural definite of gås 'goose'; lemma is a normalized plural stem.
frampålater inframpå · verb, present, indicative, passivepreposition marking dalendagendaydag · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of frampåfortsattecontinuedfortsatte · verb, past, indicative, activecomplement of frampåsintheirsig · pronoun, common gender, singularpossessor of flyttresaflyttresamigrationflyttresa · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of fortsatteforowentforo · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with fortsatteMistagged as a noun; foro is the plural past tense of fara ("went/traveled").
detheyen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of dalenSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
uppåtupwarduppåt · adverbpart of the phrase dedenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of dalenblåablueblå · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies dalendalenvalleydal · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phrase They were in the very best of spirits, screeching and clamoring so that no one who had ears could fail to notice them.
Detheyen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of voroSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
vorowerevoro · adjective, nominative, pluralhead of the phrasearchaic plural past tense of vara ('to be'), used alongside var; a historical form, not a true adjective.
iini · prepositionpreposition marking lynnedetaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of lynneallraveryallra · adverbmodifies bästa"Most of all" only fits "allra ondast" (angriest of all); in "allra vackraste," "allra tunnaste," and "allra förskräckligaste" allra intensifies the following superlative and renders as "very" (the very loveliest/thinnest/worst).
bästabestbra · adjective, nominative, superlativemodifies lynnelynnemoodlynne · noun, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies voroskrekoshriekedskreko · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with lynneBackbone mistags this as a noun; skreko is the archaic plural past tense of skrika, 'to shriek/screech'.
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationlarmadeclamoredlarmad · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with lynnesåsoså · adverbadverbial clause on undgåattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionpart of the phrase såingenno oneingen · pronoun, common gender, singularpart of the phrase såsomwhosom · pronounsubject of hadeThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
hadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on ingenöronearsöro · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of hadeThe lemma is a parser error; the surface öron is the plural of öra.
kundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of undgåundgåto avoidundgå · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on voroatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of läggainfinitive marker before a verb.
läggato lay/putlägga · verb, active, infinitiveclausal complement of undgåmärkenoticemärke · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardepends on läggaBoth attested examples are the idiom 'lägga märke till' = 'to notice', not the bare noun 'mark'; flag as context-dependent so the idiomatic sense isn't lost.
tillnoticetill · prepositionpreposition marking demdemthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluraloblique complement of lägga- 7
Now it happened that this was the first truly beautiful spring day they had had in this region.
Nunownu · adverbmodifies råkaderåkadehappened toråka · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedettathisdenna · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of råkadevarabevara · auxiliary verb, active, infinitivecopula linking to vårdagendenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of vårdagenförstafirsten · adjective, nominativemodifies vårdagensurfaces are forms of första 'first', not the numeral en.
riktigttrulyriktig · adverbmodifies vackravackrabeautifulvacker · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies vårdagenvårdagenspring dayvårdag · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of råkadesomthatsom · pronoundirect object of haftThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
mantheyman · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hafthadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of hafthafthadha · verb, active, supinerelative clause on vårdageniini · prepositionpreposition marking traktendenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of traktenhärherehär · adverbpart of the phrase dentraktenregiontrakt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of haft Up until now, spring had done its work under rain and raw weather, and when the weather had now quite suddenly turned fine, people were filled with such a longing for summer warmth and green forests that they found it hard to attend to their tasks.
Alltallall · adverbdeterminer of hitintillshitintillsup until nowhitintill · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of hadehadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of gjortvårenspringvår · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of gjortgjortdonegöra · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentencesitthis ownsig · pronoun, neuter, singularpossessor of arbetepossessive reflexive sitt, agreeing with a neuter noun.
arbeteworkarbete · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of gjortunderunderunder · prepositionpreposition marking regnregnrainregn · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of gjortochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationruskraw weatherrusk · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with regnochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationnärwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of blivitdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of blivitnunownu · adverbmodifies hastigtheltquitehelt · adverbmodifies hastigthastigtquicklyhastig · adverbmodifies blivithadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of blivitblivitbecomebli · verb, active, supinecoordinated with gjortvackertbeautifulvacker · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies väderväderweatherväder · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcomplement of blivitfylldeswas filledfyll · verb, past, indicative, passivecoordinated with blivitmänniskornapeoplemänniska · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of passive fylldesavwithav · prepositionpreposition marking längtanenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of längtansådansuchsån · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies längtansån is a colloquial/older form of sådan, glossed to the modern sense.
längtanlonginglängtan · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies människornaefterforefter · prepositionpreposition marking sommarvärmesommarvärmesummer warmthsommarvärme · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies längtanochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationgrönagreengrön · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies skogarskogarforestsskog · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with sommarvärmeattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of hadedetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of hadehadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on fylldessvårtdifficultsvår · adjective, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of hadeatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of skötainfinitive marker before a verb.
skötato tend tosköta · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on hadesinatheirsig · pronoun, pluralpossessor of sysslorsysslortaskssyssla · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of skötaAnd when the wild geese flew past, free and merry, high above the earth, there was not a single one who did not drop whatever she had in hand and gaze after them.
Ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationnärwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of forovildgässenthe wild geesevildgässe · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of foroattested only in the plural surface vildgässen; the collective noun for the wild-goose flock.
forowentforo · noun, nominative, neuter, singularadverbial clause on endaMistagged as a noun; foro is the plural past tense of fara ("went/traveled").
förbipastförbi · adverbdepends on forofriafreefri · adjective, nominative, pluralcomplement of foroochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationmuntramerrymuntra · verb, imperative, activecoordinated with friahögthighhög · adverbmodifies muntrathis type bundles the positive, comparative, and superlative degree forms (högt, högre, högst) under one entry.
överaboveöver · prepositionpreposition marking jordenjordenearthjord · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of muntravarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to endadetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of endaintenotinte · particlemodifies detenoneen · numeral, nominative, common gender, singularquantifies endaendaonlyenda · adjective, nominativehead of the phrasesomwhosom · pronounsubject of släppteThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
intenotinte · particlemodifies släpptesläpptereleasedsläppte · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with endavadwhatvad · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of släpptehonshehon · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hadehadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on vadförinför · prepositionpreposition marking händerhänderhandshända · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of hadePlural of hand; lemma mislabeled 'hända' but this is händer, 'hands'.
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationblickadegazedblicka · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with händerefterafterefter · prepositionpreposition marking demdemthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluraloblique complement of blickade- 8
The first who saw the wild geese that day were the miners at Taberg, who quarried ore right at the mountain's surface.
Detheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of förstaSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
förstafirsten · adjective, nominativesubject of vorosurfaces are forms of första 'first', not the numeral en.
somwhosom · pronounsubject of sågoThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
sågosawsågoa · verb, present, indicative, activerelative clause on förstaLemma/tag are corrupted; sågo is the plural past tense of se ("saw"), not a noun or present tense.
vildgässenthe wild geesevildgässe · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of sågoattested only in the plural surface vildgässen; the collective noun for the wild-goose flock.
denaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of dagendagendaydag · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of sågovorowerevoro · verb, imperative, activemain verb of the sentenceOld plural past tense of vara ('to be'), mistagged here as imperative.
gruvarbetarnathe minersgruvarbetarna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of voropåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking TabergTabergTabergTaberg · proper noun, nominativemodifies gruvarbetarnasomwhosom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of malmbrötoquarriedbröto · noun, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies malmactually the archaic plural past tense of bryta (they broke/set off), mistagged as a noun.
malmoremalm · proper noun, nominativein apposition to voroCommon noun 'ore', mistagged as proper noun.
vidatvid · prepositionpreposition marking bergytansjälvaright atsjälv · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies bergytanSurface "själva" is the plural/emphatic form of själv and can mean "themselves" or intensify "the very."
bergytanrock surfacebergyta · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies malm When they heard them cackling, they stopped drilling their blast-holes, and one of them shouted to the birds: “Where are you going? Where are you going?”
Närwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of hördedetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of hördehördeheardhöra · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on höllodemthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluraldirect object of hördekacklacacklekackla · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of hördehöllostoppedhöllo · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of höllouppupupp · adverbdepends on höllomedwithmed · prepositionintroduces the clause of borraatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of borrainfinitive marker before a verb.
borradrillingborra · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on hölloch04-p17-s6 uses borra for driving beaks into someone; ch43-p29-s4 uses it literally for drilling blast-holes. The fixed gloss 'to bore' does not naturally render both uses.
sinatheirsig · pronoun, pluralpossessor of spränghålspränghålblast holesspränghål · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of borraochandoch · conjunctiondepends on ,enoneman · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of ropadeSurfaces are only "en"/"En" used as a counting pronoun ("en av dem" = "one of them"), not the indefinite generic pronoun man/en ("one does X"). Lemma is mistagged as man; it should be en (numeral pronoun "one"). Gloss "one" happens to still be correct.
avofav · prepositionpreposition marking demdemthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluralmodifies enropadecalled outropa · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with höllotilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking fåglarnafåglarnathe birdsfåglare · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of ropadeVartwherevart · pronoun, common gender, singularmodifies faraskawillskola · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of faraniyouni · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of farasecond-person plural/formal pronoun, tagged singular by the parser.
faragofara · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phrasesome listed surfaces (fara, far) are actually forms of the unrelated verb fara 'to travel/go'; gloss the noun sense danger for the noun-tagged type.
Vartwherevart · adverbmodifies skaskawillskola · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceniyouni · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of farasecond-person plural/formal pronoun, tagged singular by the parser.
faragofara · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of skasome listed surfaces (fara, far) are actually forms of the unrelated verb fara 'to travel/go'; gloss the noun sense danger for the noun-tagged type.
The geese did not understand what he said, but the boy leaned out over the goose's back and answered in their place: “To where there is neither pick nor hammer.”
Gässenthe geeseGässen · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of förstodoförstodounderstoodförstodo · adverbmodifies sadepast plural of förstå ('to understand'); mistagged as adverb.
intenotinte · particlemodifies sadevadwhatvad · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of sadehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sadesadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencemenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationpojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of lutadelutadeleanedluta · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with sadesighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of lutadeutoutut · adverbmodifies lutadeöveroveröver · prepositionpreposition marking gåsryggengåsryggengoose's backgåsrygg · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of utochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsvaradeansweredsvara · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with lutadeiini · prepositionpreposition marking ställederastheirde · pronounpossessor of ställepossessive form deras of the plural pronoun de.
ställeplaceställe · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of svaradeDittheredit · adverbhead of the phrasedärtheredär · adverbmodifies finnsdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with finnsvarkenneithervarken · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfinnsthere isfinnas · verb, present, indicativerelative clause on Dithackapickhacka · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of finnssome examples use 'hacka' as the noun for a hoe or pick, not the verb 'to peck'.
elleroreller · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhammarehammerhammare · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with hackaWhen the miners heard the words, they believed it was their own longing that had made the geese's cackling sound like human speech.
Närwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of hördegruvarbetarnathe minersgruvarbetarna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of hördehördeheardhöra · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on troddeordenthe wordsord · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of hördeSurface orden is the definite plural of ord, despite the singular tag.
troddebelievedtro · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of troddeattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of längtandetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with längtanvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to längtanderastheirde · pronounpossessor of längtanpossessive form deras of the plural pronoun de.
egenownegen · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies längtanlängtanlonginglängtan · noun, nominative, common gender, singularclausal complement of troddesomthatsom · pronounsubject of kommitThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
hadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of kommitkommitcomekomma · verb, active, supinerelative clause on längtangåskackletgoose-cacklegåskackl · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of kommitatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of ljudainfinitive marker before a verb.
ljudato soundljuda · verb, active, infinitiveclause modifying gåskackletsomthatsom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of människotalmänniskotalhuman speechmänniskotal · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of ljuda“Let us come along! Let us come along!” they shouted.
Låtletlåta · verb, imperative, activemain verb of the sentenceossusvi · pronoun, accusative, common gender, pluraldirect object of Låtföljato followfölja · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of Låtmedwithmed · prepositiondepends on följaLåtletlåta · verb, imperative, activemain verb of the sentenceossusvi · pronoun, accusative, common gender, pluraldirect object of Låtföljato followfölja · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of Låtmedwithmed · prepositiondepends on följaropadecalled outropa · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of ropade“Not this year,” the boy cried.
Intenotinte · particlehead of the phraseithisi · prepositionmodifies Inteåryearår · noun, nominative, neuter, singularpart of the phrase iskrekshriekedskrek · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to Intepojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of skrek“Not this year.”
Intenotinte · particlemodifies »ithisi · prepositionmodifies »åryearår · noun, nominative, neuter, singularpart of the phrase i- 9
The wild geese followed the Taberg stream down toward Munksjön, and they kept up the same racket.
Vildgässenthe wild geesevildgässe · proper noun, nominativesubject of följdeföljdefollowedföljde · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceTabergsånTaberg streamtabergsån · pronoun, neuter, singularmodifies följdenerdownner · adverbmodifies följdemottowardmot · prepositionpreposition marking MunksjönMunksjönMunksjönMunksjön · proper noun, nominativeoblique complement of nerochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationalltjämtstillalltjämt · adverbmodifies fördefördekept upföra · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with följdeSecond example 'en smal stig, som förde inåt skogen' = 'a narrow path that led into the forest' — a path leading, not carrying — a distinct sense from the first example ('förde ju lycka med sig' = 'brought good luck').
detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of fördesammathe samesamma · determinerdeterminer of oväsenoväsencommotionoväsen · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of förde Here, on the narrow strip of land between Munksjön and Vättern, lay Jönköping with its great factory works.
Härherehär · adverbmodifies landremsanpåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking landremsandenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of landremsansmalanarrowsmal · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies landremsanlandremsanstrip of landlandremsa · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of lågmellanbetweenmellan · prepositionpreposition marking MunksjönMunksjönMunksjönMunksjön · proper noun, nominativemodifies landremsanochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationVätternLake VätternVättern · proper noun, nominativecoordinated with Munksjönlåglowlåg · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phraseJönköpingJönköpingJönköping · proper noun, nominativesubject of lågSwedish city name.
medwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking fabriksanläggningarsinaitssig · pronoun, pluralpossessor of fabriksanläggningarstorabigstor · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies fabriksanläggningarfabriksanläggningarfactory worksfabriksanläggning · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of lågThe wild geese flew first over the Munksjö paper mill.
Vildgässenthe wild geesevildgässe · proper noun, nominativepossessor of foroforowentforo · noun, nominative, neuter, singularhead of the phraseMistagged as a noun; foro is the plural past tense of fara ("went/traveled").
förstfirstförst · adverbmodifies pappersbruköveroveröver · prepositionpreposition marking pappersbrukMunksjöMunksjöMunksjö · proper noun, nominativemodifies pappersbrukpappersbrukpaper millpappersbruk · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralmodifies foroIt was just then the end of the midday break, and the great crowds of workers were streaming toward the factory gate.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of varvarwasvara · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencejustjustjust · adverbmodifies vardåthendå · subordinating conjunctionmodifies varslutendslut · noun, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies varpåofpå · prepositionpreposition marking middagsrastenmiddagsrastenthe midday breakmiddagsrast · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of varochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdetheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of arbetarskarornaSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
storabigstor · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies arbetarskarornaarbetarskarornathe worker crowdsarbetarskarorna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of strömmadeströmmadestreamedströmma · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with varframforwardfram · adverbmodifies strömmademottowardmot · prepositionpreposition marking fabriksportenfabriksportenthe factory gatefabriksport · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of strömmadeWhen they heard the wild geese, they stopped for a moment to listen to them.
Närwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of hördedetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of hördehördeheardhöra · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on stannadevildgässenthe wild geesevildgässe · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hördeattested only in the plural surface vildgässen; the collective noun for the wild-goose flock.
stannadestoppedstanna · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedetheyen · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of stannadesurfaces are actually the plural pronoun de, not a form of en.
ettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of ögonblickögonblickmomentögonblick · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of stannadeförtoför · prepositionintroduces the clause of lyssnaatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of lyssnainfinitive marker before a verb.
lyssnato listenlyssna · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on stannadetilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking demdemthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluraloblique complement of lyssna“Where are you going? Where are you going?” shouted a worker.
Vartwherevart · pronoun, common gender, singularmodifies faraskawillskola · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of faraniyouni · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of farasecond-person plural/formal pronoun, tagged singular by the parser.
faragofara · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phrasesome listed surfaces (fara, far) are actually forms of the unrelated verb fara 'to travel/go'; gloss the noun sense danger for the noun-tagged type.
Vartwherevart · adverbmodifies skaskawillskola · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceniyouni · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of farasecond-person plural/formal pronoun, tagged singular by the parser.
faragofara · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of skasome listed surfaces (fara, far) are actually forms of the unrelated verb fara 'to travel/go'; gloss the noun sense danger for the noun-tagged type.
ropadecalled outropa · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of arbetarearbetareworkersarbetare · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of ropadeThe wild geese did not understand what he said, but the boy answered in their place: “To where there are neither machines nor boilers.”
Vildgässenthe wild geesevildgässe · proper noun, nominativesubject of sadeförstodounderstoodförstodo · adverbmodifies Vildgässenpast plural of förstå ('to understand'); mistagged as adverb.
intenotinte · particlemodifies sadevadwhatvad · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of sadehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sadesadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencemenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationpojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of svaradesvaradeansweredsvara · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with sadeiini · prepositionpreposition marking ställederastheirde · pronounpossessor of ställepossessive form deras of the plural pronoun de.
ställeplaceställe · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of svaradeDittheredit · adverbhead of the phrasedärtheredär · adverbmodifies finnsdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with finnsvarkenneithervarken · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfinnsthere arefinnas · verb, present, indicativerelative clause on Ditmaskinermachinesmaskin · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of finnselleroreller · conjunctionlinks the coordinationångpannorboilersångpannor · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with maskinerWhen the workers heard the answer, they believed it was their own longing that made the geese's cackling sound like human speech.
Närwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of hördearbetarnaworkersarbetare · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of hördehördeheardhöra · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on troddesvaretanswersvar · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of hördetroddebelievedtro · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of troddeattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of längtandetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with längtanvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to längtanderastheirde · pronounpossessor of längtanpossessive form deras of the plural pronoun de.
egenownegen · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies längtanlängtanlonginglängtan · noun, nominative, common gender, singularclausal complement of troddesomthatsom · pronounsubject of komThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
komcamekomma · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on längtangåskackletgoose-cacklegåskackl · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of komatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of ljudainfinitive marker before a verb.
ljudato soundljuda · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on komsomthatsom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of människotalmänniskotalhuman speechmänniskotal · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of ljuda“Let us come along!” shouted a whole crowd of them.
Låtletlåta · verb, imperative, activemain verb of the sentenceossusvi · pronoun, accusative, common gender, pluraldirect object of Låtföljato followfölja · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of Låtmedwithmed · prepositiondepends on följaropadecalled outropa · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of mängdhelwholehel · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies mängdmängda great manymängd · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of ropadeavofav · prepositionpreposition marking demdemthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluralmodifies mängd“Let us come along!”
Låtletlåta · verb, imperative, activemain verb of the sentenceossusvi · pronoun, accusative, common gender, pluraldirect object of Låtföljato followfölja · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of Låtmedwithmed · prepositiondepends on följa“Not this year,” answered the boy.
Intenotinte · particlehead of the phraseithisi · prepositionmodifies Inteåryearår · noun, nominative, neuter, singularpart of the phrase isvaradeansweredsvara · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to Intepojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of svarade“Not this year.”
Intenotinte · particlemodifies »ithisi · prepositionmodifies »åryearår · noun, nominative, neuter, singularpart of the phrase i- 10
Next the geese flew over the far-famed match factory, which lies on the shore of Vättern, big as a fortress, and stretches its tall chimneys toward the sky.
DärnästnextDärnäst · noun, nominative, neuter, singularsubject of storforowentforo · noun, nominative, neuter, singularsubject of DärnästMistagged as a noun; foro is the plural past tense of fara ("went/traveled").
gässengeesegässe · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of Därnästgässen is the plural definite of gås 'goose'; lemma is a normalized plural stem.
framforwardfram · adverbmodifies Därnästöveroveröver · prepositionpreposition marking tändsticksfabrikendenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of tändsticksfabrikenvittberömdafar-famedvittberömda · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies tändsticksfabrikentändsticksfabrikenthe match factorytändsticksfabrik · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of framsomwhichsom · pronounsubject of liggerThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
liggerliesligga · verb, present, indicative, activerelative clause on tändsticksfabrikenpåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking VätterstrandenVätterstrandenVättern shoreVätterstranden · proper noun, nominativeoblique complement of liggerstorbigstor · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phrasesomassom · prepositionpreposition marking fästningFunctions as relative pronoun/conjunction, not a true preposition.
enaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of fästningfästningfortressfästning · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of storochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsträckerstretchessträcka · verb, present, indicative, activecoordinated with storsinaitssig · pronoun, pluralpossessor of skorstenarhögatallhög · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies skorstenarskorstenarchimneysskorsten · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of sträckermottowardmot · prepositionpreposition marking himlenhimlenskyhiml · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of sträcker No one was stirring outside in the yards, but in a great hall young workwomen sat filling matchboxes.
Ingennoingen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of människamänniskahuman beingmänniska · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of rörderördestirredröra · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencesigthemselvessig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of rördeuteoutsideute · adverbmodifies rördepåinpå · prepositionpreposition marking gårdarnagårdarnathe farmsgårdarna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of rördemenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationiini · prepositionpreposition marking salenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of salstorbigstor · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies salsalhallsal · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of suttosuttosatsutto · nouncoordinated with rördeArchaic plural past tense of 'sitta' (they sat), despite the noun tag.
ungayoungung · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies arbeterskorarbeterskorworkwomenarbeterska · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcomplement of suttoochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfylldefilledfylla · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with suttotändsticksaskarmatchboxeständsticksask · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of fylldeThey had opened a window for the sake of the fine weather, and through it the calls of the wild geese reached in to them.
Detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of öppnathadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of öppnatöppnatopenedöppna · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentenceettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of fönsterfönsterwindowfönster · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of öppnatförforför · prepositionpreposition marking vädretsdetaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of vädretsvackrabeautifulvacker · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies vädretsvädretsthe weather'svädrets · noun, genitive, neuter, singularmodifies fönsterskullsakeskull · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardepends on vädretsonly occurs in the fixed phrase för ... skull 'for the sake of'.
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationgenomthroughgenom · prepositionpreposition marking dettadettathisdenna · pronoun, neuter, singularoblique complement of trängdeträngdereached inträngde · verb, past, indicative, activepossessor of ropvildgässenswild geese'svildgäss · noun, genitive, common gender, singulardepends on trängdesurface 'vildgässens' is plural genitive (of the wild geese) despite the singular tag.
ropcryrop · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with öppnatininin · adverbmodifies roptilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking demdemthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluraloblique complement of inThe one who sat nearest the window leaned out with a matchbox in her hand and called: “Where are you going? Where are you going?”
Deniten · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of lutadesomwhosom · pronounsubject of sattThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
sattsatsätta · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on DenThis form (satt) is actually the past tense of sitta 'to sit', not sätta 'to set'; glossed by its real sense.
närmastnearestnära · adverbmodifies fönstretType lumps the positive, comparative, and superlative forms of nära.
fönstretwindowfönstr · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of sattArchaic/dialectal spelling of fönster.
lutadeleanedluta · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencesigherselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of lutadeutoutut · adverbmodifies lutademedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking tändsticksaskenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of tändsticksasktändsticksaskmatchboxtändsticksask · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of utiini · prepositionpreposition marking handenhandenhandhand · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies tändsticksaskochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationropadecalled outropa · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with lutadeVartwherevart · pronoun, common gender, singularmodifies faraskawillskola · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of faraniyouni · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of farasecond-person plural/formal pronoun, tagged singular by the parser.
faragofara · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phrasesome listed surfaces (fara, far) are actually forms of the unrelated verb fara 'to travel/go'; gloss the noun sense danger for the noun-tagged type.
Vartwherevart · adverbmodifies skaskawillskola · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceniyouni · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of farasecond-person plural/formal pronoun, tagged singular by the parser.
faragofara · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of skasome listed surfaces (fara, far) are actually forms of the unrelated verb fara 'to travel/go'; gloss the noun sense danger for the noun-tagged type.
“To the land where neither light nor matches are needed,” said the boy.
Tilltotill · prepositionhead of the phrasedetaen · determiner, neuter, singularpart of the phrase Tilllandetlandland · noun, nominative, neuter, singularpart of the phrase Tilldärtheredär · adverbmodifies behövsdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with behövsvarkenneithervarken · conjunctionlinks the coordinationbehövsis neededbehöva · verb, present, indicative, passiverelative clause on landetljuslightljus · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcomplement of behövselleroreller · conjunctionlinks the coordinationtändstickormatcheständsticka · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with ljussadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to Tillpojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sadeThe girl no doubt believed that what she had heard was only goose-cackle, but since she thought she had made out a couple of words, she called back in answer: “Let me come along! Let me come along!”
Flickangirlflicka · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of troddetroddebelievedtro · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencenogno doubtnog · adverbmodifies troddeattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of hörtvadwhatvad · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of hörthonshehon · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hörthadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of hörthörtheardhöra · verb, active, supineclausal complement of troddebarajustbara · adverbmodifies hörtvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to gåskackelgåskackelgoose-cacklegåskackel · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of hörtmenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationeftersomsinceeftersom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of tycktehonshehon · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of tycktetycktethoughttycka · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with hörtsigherselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of tycktehato haveha · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of tyckteurskiltmade outurskilt · adverbmodifies tyckteettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of parparcouplepar · noun, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies ordordwordsord · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraldirect object of tyckteropadecalled outropa · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with troddehonshehon · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of ropadetillin answertill · prepositionpreposition marking svarsvaranswersvar · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of ropadeLåtletlåta · verb, imperative, activemain verb of the sentencemigmejag · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of Låtföljato followfölja · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of Låtmedwithmed · prepositiondepends on följaLåtletlåta · verb, imperative, activemain verb of the sentencemigmejag · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of Låtföljato followfölja · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of Låtmedwithmed · prepositiondepends on följa“Not this year,” answered the boy.
Intenotinte · particlehead of the phraseithisi · prepositionmodifies Inteåryearår · noun, nominative, neuter, singularpart of the phrase isvaradeansweredsvara · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to Intepojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of svarade“Not this year.”
Intenotinte · particlemodifies »ithisi · prepositionmodifies »åryearår · noun, nominative, neuter, singularpart of the phrase i- 11
East of the factories rises Jönköping, on the loveliest site any town could occupy.
Östereast ofÖster · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of reserPreposition/adverb 'east'; mistagged as noun.
omofom · prepositionpreposition marking fabrikernafabrikernafactoriesfabrik · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralmodifies Österreserrisesresa · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentence3 of 4 examples in this chunk are reflexive 'reser sig' meaning 'rises/raises itself' (a mill, a wall, a town), not 'travels'. The glosser's single gloss 'travels' only fits the ch04-p17 example.
sigitselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of reserJönköpingJönköpingJönköping · proper noun, nominativedirect object of reserSwedish city name.
påonpå · prepositionpreposition marking platsdenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of platshärligasteloveliesthärlig · adjective, nominative, superlativemodifies platsplatsplaceplats · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of resersomthatsom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of intanågonanynågon · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of stadstadtownstad · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of intakancankunna · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of intaintato occupyinta · verb, active, infinitiverelative clause on plats The narrow Vättern has high, steep sand banks on both the eastern and western side, but directly to the south the sand walls are broken down, as if to make room for a great gateway through which one reaches the lake.
Denaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of Vätternsmalanarrowsmal · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies VätternVätternLake Vätternvätter · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of harharhasha · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehögatallhög · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies sandstränderbrantasteepbrant · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies sandsträndersandsträndersandy shoressandstränd · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of harbådebothbåde · conjunctionlinks the coordinationpåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking sidanöstraeasternöstra · noun, common gendermodifies sidanochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationvästrawesternvästra · adjective, nominative, singularcoordinated with östrasidansidesida · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with sandsträndermenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationrättrighträtt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies nerbrutnaitoi · prepositionmodifies rättsödersouthsöder · noun, nominative, common gender, singularpart of the phrase iäroareäro · adverbauxiliary of nerbrutnaArchaic plural present tense of vara (they are), not an adverb.
sandmurarnathe sand wallssandmurarna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of nerbrutnanerbrutnabroken downnerbrutna · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with harliksomas ifliksom · prepositionintroduces the clause of geförtoför · prepositionintroduces the clause of geatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of geinfinitive marker before a verb.
geto givege · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on nerbrutnarumroomrum · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardepends on geförforför · prepositionpreposition marking portenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of portstorbigstor · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies portportgateport · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of gegenomthroughgenom · prepositionpreposition marking vilkenvilkenwhichvilken · pronoun, common gender, singularoblique complement of nårmanoneman · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of nårnårreachesnå · verb, present, indicative, activeadverbial clause on nerbrutnaframforwardfram · adverbmodifies nårtilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking sjönsjönlakesjö · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of framAnd right in the middle of that gateway, with mountains to the right and mountains to the left, with Munksjön behind it and Vättern before it, lies Jönköping.
Ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationmittin the middlemitt · adverbpart of the phrase Ochiini · prepositionpreposition marking portenportengateport · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies mittmedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking bergbergmountainberg · noun, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies portentilltotill · prepositionmodifies berghögerright (side)höger · noun, nominative, common gender, singularpart of the phrase tillochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationbergmountainberg · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with tilltilltotill · prepositionpart of the phrase tillvänsterleftvänster · noun, nominative, common gender, singularpart of the phrase tillthe left side/direction.
medwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking MunksjönMunksjönMunksjönMunksjön · proper noun, nominativeoblique complement of Ochbakombehindbakom · prepositionpreposition marking sigsigitsig · pronoun, accusativemodifies Munksjönochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationVätternLake VätternVättern · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with Munksjönframförin front offramför · prepositionpreposition marking sigsigitsig · pronoun, accusativeoblique complement of Munksjönliggerliesligga · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceJönköpingJönköpingJönköping · proper noun, nominativesubject of liggerSwedish city name.
- 12
The geese flew on over the long, narrow town and kept up the same racket here as out in the countryside.
Gässenthe geeseGässen · proper noun, nominativesubject of framforowentforo · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with GässenMistagged as a noun; foro is the plural past tense of fara ("went/traveled").
framforwardfram · adverbhead of the phraseöveroveröver · prepositionpreposition marking stadendenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of stadenlångalonglång · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies stadensmalanarrowsmal · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies stadenstadentownstad · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of framochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfördekept upföra · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with framSecond example 'en smal stig, som förde inåt skogen' = 'a narrow path that led into the forest' — a path leading, not carrying — a distinct sense from the first example ('förde ju lycka med sig' = 'brought good luck').
sammathe samesamma · determinerdeterminer of oväsenoväsencommotionoväsen · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of fördehärherehär · adverbmodifies fördesomassom · subordinating conjunctionmodifies fördeuteoutsideute · adverbmodifies fördepåinpå · prepositionpreposition marking landsbygdenlandsbygdenthe countrysidelandsbygd · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of förde But in the town there was no one who answered them.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationiini · prepositionpreposition marking stadenstadentownstad · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of ingenvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to ingendetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of ingeningenno oneingen · pronoun, common gender, singularhead of the phrasesomwhosom · pronounsubject of svaradeThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
svaradeansweredsvara · verb, past, indicative, activedepends on ingendemthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluraldirect object of svaradeIt was not to be expected that the townsfolk would stop out in the street and call up to the wild geese.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with väntavarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to väntaintenotinte · particlemodifies varatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of väntainfinitive marker before a verb.
väntato waitvänta · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentenceattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of stannastadsbornathe townspeoplestadsborna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of stannaskullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of stannastannastaystanna · verb, active, infinitiveclausal complement of väntauteoutsideute · adverbdepends on stannapåinpå · prepositionpreposition marking gatangatanstreetgata · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of stannaochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationropato call outropa · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with stannaåtup toåt · prepositionpreposition marking vildgässenvildgässenthe wild geesevildgässe · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of ropaattested only in the plural surface vildgässen; the collective noun for the wild-goose flock.
- 13
The journey continued on along the shore of Vättern, and after a while the geese came to the Sanna sanatorium.
Färdenjourneyfärd · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of gickgickwentgå · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencevidarefurthervidare · adverbmodifies gickframåtforwardframåt · adverbpreposition marking VätterstrandenVätterstrandenVättern shoreVätterstranden · proper noun, nominativeoblique complement of gickochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationomafterom · prepositionintroduces the clause of kommoenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of stundstundwhilestund · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of kommokommocamekommo · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with gickkommo is the archaic plural past tense of komma 'to come', not an infinitive despite the tag.
gässengeesegässe · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of kommogässen is the plural definite of gås 'goose'; lemma is a normalized plural stem.
tilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking sjukhemSannaSannaSanna · proper noun, nominativemodifies sjukhemsjukhemthe sanatoriumsjukhem · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraloblique complement of kommo Some of the patients had gone out onto a veranda to enjoy the spring air, and so came to hear the geese cackling.
Någrasomenågon · pronoun, pluralsubject of gåttavofav · prepositionpreposition marking sjukadetheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of sjukaSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
sjukasicksjuk · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies Någrahadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of gåttgåttgone outgå · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentenceutoutut · adverbdepends on gåttpåontopå · prepositionpreposition marking verandaenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of verandaverandaa verandaveranda · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of gåttförtoför · prepositionintroduces the clause of fröjdaatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of fröjdainfinitive marker before a verb.
fröjdato delight infröjda · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on gåttsigthemselvessig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of fröjdaåtinåt · prepositionpreposition marking vårluftenvårluftenthe spring airvårluft · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of fröjdaochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfingocame to hearfingo · verb, imperative, activecoordinated with fröjdapast plural of få ('to get'); mistagged as imperative.
sålundathussålunda · adverbmodifies hörahörato hearhöra · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of fingogåskackletgoose-cacklegåskackl · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of höra“Where are you going? Where are you going?” asked one of them in a voice so faint it could hardly be heard.
Vartwherevart · pronoun, common gender, singularmodifies faraskawillskola · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of faraniyouni · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of farasecond-person plural/formal pronoun, tagged singular by the parser.
faragofara · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phrasesome listed surfaces (fara, far) are actually forms of the unrelated verb fara 'to travel/go'; gloss the noun sense danger for the noun-tagged type.
Vartwherevart · adverbmodifies faraskawillskola · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of faraniyouni · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of farasecond-person plural/formal pronoun, tagged singular by the parser.
faragofara · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phrasesome listed surfaces (fara, far) are actually forms of the unrelated verb fara 'to travel/go'; gloss the noun sense danger for the noun-tagged type.
frågadeaskedfråga · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceenoneman · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of frågadeSurfaces are only "en"/"En" used as a counting pronoun ("en av dem" = "one of them"), not the indefinite generic pronoun man/en ("one does X"). Lemma is mistagged as man; it should be en (numeral pronoun "one"). Gloss "one" happens to still be correct.
avofav · prepositionpreposition marking demdemthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluralmodifies enmedwithmed · prepositionintroduces the clause of röstsåsoså · adverbmodifies svagsvagweaksvag · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies röströstvoiceröst · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of frågadeattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of hördesdenitden · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of passive hördesknappasthardlyknappast · adverbmodifies hördeshördescould be heardhöra · verb, past, indicative, passivedepends on frågade“To the land where there is neither sorrow nor sickness,” answered the boy.
Tilltotill · prepositionhead of the phrasedetaen · determiner, neuter, singularpart of the phrase Tilllandetlandland · noun, nominative, neuter, singularpart of the phrase Tilldärtheredär · adverbmodifies finnsdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with finnsvarkenneithervarken · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfinnsthere isfinnas · verb, present, indicativeadverbial clause on svaradesorgsorrowsorg · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of finnselleroreller · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsjukdomsicknesssjukdom · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with sorgsvaradeansweredsvara · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to Tillpojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of svarade“Let us come along!” said the sick.
Låtletlåta · verb, imperative, activemain verb of the sentenceossusvi · pronoun, accusative, common gender, pluraldirect object of Låtföljato followfölja · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of Låtmedwithmed · prepositiondepends on följasadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedetheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of sjukaSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
sjukasicksjuk · adjective, nominative, pluralsubject of sade“Not this year,” answered the boy.
Intenotinte · particlehead of the phraseithisi · prepositionmodifies Inteåryearår · noun, nominative, neuter, singularpart of the phrase isvaradeansweredsvara · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to Intepojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of svarade“Not this year.”
Intenotinte · particlemodifies »ithisi · prepositionmodifies »åryearår · noun, nominative, neuter, singularpart of the phrase i- 14
When they had flown yet a little farther, they came to Huskvarna.
Närwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of faritdetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of farithadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of faritfarittraveledfara · verb, active, supineadverbial clause on kommoännufartherännu · adverbmodifies styckeettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of styckestyckepiecestycke · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of faritframåtforwardframåt · adverbmodifies faritkommocamekommo · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencekommo is the archaic plural past tense of komma 'to come', not an infinitive despite the tag.
detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of kommotilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking HuskvarnaHuskvarnaHuskvarnaHuskvarna · proper noun, nominativeoblique complement of kommoTown near Jönköping.
It lay in a valley.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of låglåglayligga · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceiini · prepositionpreposition marking dalenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of daldalvalleydal · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of lågThe mountains stood steep and beautifully shaped around it.
Bergenthe mountainsBergen · proper noun, nominativesubject of stodoDefinite plural of 'berg' (mountains); mistagged as a place name.
stodostoodstodo · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencebrantasteepbrant · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies däromkringochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsköntbeautifullyskön · adverbpart of the phrase ochformadeshapedformad · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with brantadäromkringround aboutdäromkring · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies stodoA stream came tumbling down the height in long, narrow falls.
Enaen · determiner, common gender, singularsubject of komåstreamå · adjective, nominativemodifies komkomcamekomma · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on utförstörtanderushingstörta · adjective, nominativedepends on komutfördownutföra · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceFunctions here as the adverb/preposition "down" (utför trappan/kullen), not the unrelated verb utföra ("to perform").
höjdenheighthöjd · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of utföriini · prepositionpreposition marking falllångalonglång · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies fallsmalanarrowsmal · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with långafallcasesfall · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraloblique complement of utförGreat workshops and factories lay beneath the mountain walls; over the valley floor spread workers' dwellings, surrounded by garden plots, and in the middle of the valley lay the schoolhouses.
Storabigstor · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies verkstäderverkstäderworkshopsverkstad · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of lågoochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfabrikerfactoriesfabrik · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with verkstäderlågolaylågo · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralhead of the phrasemistagged as a noun; this is the archaic plural past tense of ligga 'to lie' (they lay).
underbeneathunder · prepositionpreposition marking bergväggarnabergväggarnathe rock wallsbergväggarna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of lågoöveroveröver · prepositionpreposition marking dalbottnendalbottnenvalley floordalbottn · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of utbreddeutbreddespread oututbredde · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to lågosigthemselvessig · pronoun, accusativeindirect object of utbreddearbetarbostäderworkers' cottagesarbetarbostäd · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of utbreddeomgivnasurroundedomgiven · adjective, nominative, pluralclause modifying arbetarbostäderavbyav · prepositionpreposition marking trädgårdstäpporträdgårdstäpporgarden plotsträdgårdstäppa · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralagent of omgivnaochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationmittin the middlemitt · adverbmodifies daleniini · prepositionpreposition marking dalendalenvalleydal · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with trädgårdstäpporlågolaylågo · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies skolhusenMislabeled as an adjective; lågo is the archaic plural past tense of ligga ("to lie/be situated").
skolhusenschoolhousesskolhus · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with trädgårdstäpporJust as the wild geese came flying, a bell rang, and a crowd of children marched out, rank by rank.
Justjustjust · adverbmodifies kommosomassom · subordinating conjunctionpart of the phrase Justvildgässenthe wild geesevildgässe · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of kommoattested only in the plural surface vildgässen; the collective noun for the wild-goose flock.
kommocamekommo · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencekommo is the archaic plural past tense of komma 'to come', not an infinitive despite the tag.
farandeflying/travelingfarande · adjective, nominativedirect object of kommoringderangringa · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to kommoenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of klockaklockabellklocka · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of ringdeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of mängdmängda great manymängd · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies barnbarnchildrenbarn · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraloblique complement of marscherademarscherademarchedmarschera · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to kommoutoutut · adverbmodifies marscheradeledrankled · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of marscheradeSecond example 'när det led mot kvällen' = 'as evening drew near' is the verb lida ('led' = past tense), not the noun led — mistagged here.
vidbyvid · prepositionpreposition marking ledledrankled · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of marscheradeSecond example 'när det led mot kvällen' = 'as evening drew near' is the verb lida ('led' = past tense), not the noun led — mistagged here.
There were so many of them that the whole schoolyard was filled with them.
Detheyen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of voroSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
vorowerevoro · adjective, nominative, pluralhead of the phrasearchaic plural past tense of vara ('to be'), used alongside var; a historical form, not a true adjective.
såsoså · adverbmodifies mångamångamanymången · pronoun, pluralsubject of voroattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of fylldeshelawholehel · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies skolgårdenskolgårdenthe schoolyardskolgård · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of passive fylldesfylldeswas filledfyll · verb, past, indicative, passiveadverbial clause on voroavbyav · prepositionpreposition marking demdemthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluralagent of fylldes“Where are you going? Where are you going?” the children cried when they heard the wild geese.
Vartwherevart · pronoun, common gender, singularmodifies faraskawillskola · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of faraniyouni · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of farasecond-person plural/formal pronoun, tagged singular by the parser.
faragofara · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phrasesome listed surfaces (fara, far) are actually forms of the unrelated verb fara 'to travel/go'; gloss the noun sense danger for the noun-tagged type.
Vartwherevart · adverbmodifies faraskawillskola · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of faraniyouni · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of farasecond-person plural/formal pronoun, tagged singular by the parser.
faragofara · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phrasesome listed surfaces (fara, far) are actually forms of the unrelated verb fara 'to travel/go'; gloss the noun sense danger for the noun-tagged type.
ropadecalled outropa · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencebarnenchildrenbarn · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralsubject of ropadenärwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of hördedetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of hördehördeheardhöra · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on ropadevildgässenthe wild geesevildgässe · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of hördeattested only in the plural surface vildgässen; the collective noun for the wild-goose flock.
“To where there are neither books nor homework,” answered the boy.
Dittheredit · adverbhead of the phrasedärtheredär · adverbmodifies finnsdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with finnsvarkenneithervarken · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfinnsthere arefinnas · verb, present, indicativerelative clause on Ditböckerbooksbok · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of finnsTwo distinct lemmas ('bok' = beech, 'bok' = book) share this surface form; the plural bokarna means beeches while böcker means books.
elleroreller · conjunctionlinks the coordinationläxorhomeworkläxor · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with böckersvaradeansweredsvara · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with finnspojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of svarade“Take us along!” cried the children.
Tataketa · verb, imperative, activemain verb of the sentenceossusvi · pronoun, accusative, common gender, pluraldirect object of Tamedwithmed · prepositiondepends on Taskrekocried outskreko · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralsubject of »Tagged as a noun but is the past plural of skrika, 'to cry/shout' (kommo, gingo-style historical plural).
barnenchildrenbarn · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralsubject of skreko“Take us along!”
Tataketa · verb, imperative, activemain verb of the sentenceossusvi · pronoun, accusative, common gender, pluraldirect object of Tamedwithmed · prepositiondepends on Ta“Not this year, but by next year,” the boy called.
Intenotinte · particlemodifies åretithisi · prepositionmodifies Inteåryearår · noun, nominative, neuter, singularpart of the phrase imenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationtillby next yeartill · prepositionpreposition marking åretåretyearår · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of ropaderopadecalled outropa · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencepojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of ropade“Not this year, but by next year.”
Intenotinte · particlemodifies »ithisi · prepositionmodifies »åryearår · noun, nominative, neuter, singularpart of the phrase imenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationtillby next yeartill · prepositionpreposition marking åretåretyearår · noun, nominative, neuter, singularpart of the phrase i
The particulars
- The text
- Nils Holgerssons underbara resa genom Sverige, Selma Lagerlöf. The Wonderful Adventures of Nils.
- Translation
- Public-domain Swedish (Lagerlöf, d. 1940; published 1906–07). English translation © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC.
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- Every word of the text, by letter.
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