Swedish · The Wonderful Adventures of Nils
Vadmalsvåden
The Homespun Cloth
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The boy flew along high up in the air.
Pojkenboypojk · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phraseforflewfor · prepositionmodifies PojkenPast tense of fara (to travel/fly, here of tomte-Nils and geese in flight); mistagged as a preposition. Translation renders it "flew"/"passing over" far more often than "traveled".
framforwardfram · adverbpart of the phrase forhögthighhög · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies Pojkenuppeup highuppe · adverbmodifies Pojkeniini · prepositionpreposition marking luftenluftenairluft · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of uppe He had the great Östergötland plain beneath him, and sat counting the many white churches that rose up out of small stands of trees.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hadehadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of Östgötaslättenstorabigstor · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies Östgötaslättenweak/definite form (stora), used with a singular definite noun, e.g. den stora länstolen.
Östgötaslättenthe Östergötland plainÖstgötaslätten · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of hadeunderbeneathunder · prepositionpreposition marking sigsighimsig · pronoun, accusativeoblique complement of hadeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsattsatsitta · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with hadeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationräknadecountedräkna · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with sattdetheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of kyrkornaSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
mångamanymånga · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies kyrkornavitawhitevit · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies kyrkornakyrkornachurcheskyrka · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of räknadesomthatsom · pronounsubject of höjdeThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
höjderaisedhöja · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on hadesigthemselvessig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of höjdeurout ofur · prepositiondepends on höjdesmåsmallliten · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies träddungarträddungarstands of treesträddung · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of höjdeIt was not long before he had reached fifty.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with dröjdedröjdewas long in comingdröj · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceIdiomatic: "det dröjde inte länge" = "it was not long before."
intenotinte · particlemodifies dröjdelängelonglänge · adverbmodifies dröjdeförränbeforeförrän · adverbmodifies hunnitused with a preceding negative to mean 'no sooner than'.
hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hunnithadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of hunnithunnitreachedhinna · verb, active, supineadverbial clause on dröjdetilltotill · prepositiondepends on hunnitfemtiofiftyfemtio · numeral, nominativedirect object of hunnitAfter that he grew confused and could not keep the count in order.
Sedanthensedan · adverbmodifies blevblevbecamebli · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of blevförvilladconfusedförvilla · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of blevochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationkundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of hållaintenotinte · particlemodifies hållahållato keep in orderhålla · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with blevordningtrackordning · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of hållapåofpå · prepositionpreposition marking räkningenräkningencounträkning · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of hålla- 2
The very great majority of the farms were built up with large, white-painted two-story houses, which looked so stately that the boy could not help marveling at them.
Detheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of gårdarnaSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
allraveryallra · adverbmodifies flesta"Most of all" only fits "allra ondast" (angriest of all); in "allra vackraste," "allra tunnaste," and "allra förskräckligaste" allra intensifies the following superlative and renders as "very" (the very loveliest/thinnest/worst).
flestamostmången · adjective, nominative, plural, superlativemodifies gårdarnagårdarnathe farmsgårdarna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralhead of the phrasevorowerevoro · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activedepends on gårdarnaArchaic plural past tense of vara ("to be").
bebyggdabuilt upbebyggda · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies gårdarnamedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking tvåvåningshusstorabigstor · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies tvåvåningshusvitmåladewhite-paintedvitmålad · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with storatvåvåningshustwo-story housestvåvåningshus · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralmodifies gårdarnasomwhichsom · pronounsubject of sågoThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
sågosawsågo · verb, present, indicative, activerelative clause on tvåvåningshusmistagged as present tense; this is the archaic plural past tense of se 'to see' (they saw).
såsoså · adverbmodifies ståtligaståtligastatelyståtlig · adjective, nominative, singularcoordinated with sågoutlookut · adverbdepends on sågoattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of låtapojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of låtaintenotinte · particlemodifies låtakundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of låtalåtato letlåta · verb, active, infinitivedepends on gårdarnablibecomebli · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of låtaatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of förundrainfinitive marker before a verb.
förundramarvelförundra · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on låtasighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of förundraöveratöver · prepositionpreposition marking demdemthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluraloblique complement of förundra "There can't be any farmers living in this country," he said to himself, "since I don't see any farmhouses."
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of bomåttemustmåtte · adverbmodifies boModal verb (cognate of måste), mistagged as adverb. Bare måtte means "must"; the perfect sense ("must have") comes only from an adjacent ha + supine, as in the måtte komma sig example, which translates as plain "must."
intenotinte · particlemodifies boboto livebo · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentence"To dwell/live"; not to be confused with bo, "nest".
någrasomenågon · determiner, pluraldeterminer of bönderbönderfarmersbönd · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of bohärherehär · adverbmodifies boiini · prepositionpreposition marking landetlandetlandland · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of härsadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to bohanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sadeförtoför · prepositionpreposition marking sigsighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativeoblique complement of sadesjälvhimselfsjälv · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularclause modifying sigeftersomsinceeftersom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of serjagIjag · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of serintenotinte · particlemodifies serserseesse · verb, present, indicative, activeadverbial clause on sadenågrasomenågon · determiner, pluraldeterminer of bondgårdarbondgårdarfarmsbondgård · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of ser- 3
Then all the wild geese at once screeched: "Here the farmers live like gentry.
Dåthendå · adverbmodifies skrekoskrekoshriekedskreko · noun, nominative, neuter, singularhead of the phraseBackbone mistags this as a noun; skreko is the archaic plural past tense of skrika, 'to shriek/screech'.
genastat oncegenast · adverbmodifies skrekoallaallall · determiner, pluraldeterminer of vildgässenvildgässenthe wild geesevildgässe · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of skrekoattested only in the plural surface vildgässen; the collective noun for the wild-goose flock.
Härherehär · adverbmodifies borborlivesbo · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceböndernathe farmersbönderna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of borsomlikesom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of herrskapherrskapgentlefolkherrskap · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of bor Here the farmers live like gentry."
Härherehär · adverbmodifies borborlivesbo · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceböndernathe farmersbönderna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of borsomlikesom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of herrskapherrskapgentlefolkherrskap · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of bor- 4
On the plain the ice and snow had vanished, and the spring work had begun.
Påonpå · prepositionpreposition marking slättenslättenplainslätt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of försvunnavorowerevoro · adjective, nominative, singulardepends on isPast plural of vara (to be); mistagged as an adjective.
isiceis · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies slättenochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsnösnowsnö · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with isförsvunnavanishedförsvunna · verb, present, indicative, passivemain verb of the sentenceochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationvårarbetetthe spring workvårarbete · noun, nominative, neuter, singularsubject of börjathadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of börjatbörjatbegunbörja · verb, active, supinecoordinated with försvunna "What are those long crayfish that go crawling over the fields?" the boy asked after a while.
Vadwhatvad · pronoun, neuter, singularhead of the phraseärisvara · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activecopula linking to Vaddetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with Vadförsort offör · prepositionmodifies kräftorlångalonglång · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies kräftorkräftorcrayfishkräftor · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of Vadsomthatsom · pronounsubject of kryperThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
krypercreepskrypa · verb, present, indicative, activedepends on Vadframforwardfram · adverbmodifies kryperöveroveröver · prepositionpreposition marking åkrarnaåkrarnafieldsåkr · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of framfrågadeaskedfråga · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencepojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of frågadeomafterom · prepositionpreposition marking stundenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of stundstundwhilestund · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies pojken"—Plows and oxen.
Plogarplowsplogar · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralhead of the phraseochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationoxaroxenoxe · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with PlogarPlows and oxen," answered all the wild geese.
Plogarplowsplogar · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of svaradeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationoxaroxenoxe · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with Plogarsvaradeansweredsvara · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceallaallall · determiner, pluraldeterminer of vildgässenvildgässenthe wild geesevildgässe · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of svaradeattested only in the plural surface vildgässen; the collective noun for the wild-goose flock.
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The oxen moved so slowly across the fields that one could not tell they were moving at all, and the geese called out to them: "You won't get anywhere before next year.
Oxarnathe oxenOx · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of rörderördemovedröra · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencesigthemselvessig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of rördesåsoså · adverbmodifies långsamtlångsamtslowlylångsam · adverbmodifies rördepåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking åkrarnaåkrarnafieldsåkr · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of rördeattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of märkasdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with märkasintenotinte · particlemodifies märkaskundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of märkasmärkasbe noticedmärka · verb, passive, infinitiveclausal complement of rördeattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of flyttadedetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of flyttadeflyttademovedflytta · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on märkassigthemselvessig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of flyttadeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationgässengeesegässe · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of ropadegässen is the plural definite of gås 'goose'; lemma is a normalized plural stem.
ropadecalled outropa · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with rördetillto themtill · prepositionpreposition marking demdemthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluraloblique complement of ropadeNiyouni · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of framsecond-person plural/formal pronoun, tagged singular by the parser.
kommerwillkomma · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of framintenotinte · particlemodifies kommerframforwardfram · adverbmodifies »förränbeforeförrän · adverbmodifies nästaused with a preceding negative to mean 'no sooner than'.
nästanextnästa · adjective, nominativemodifies åråryearår · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of fram You won't get anywhere before next year."
Niyouni · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of kommersecond-person plural/formal pronoun, tagged singular by the parser.
kommerwillkomma · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceintenotinte · particlemodifies kommerframforwardfram · adverbdepends on kommerförränbeforeförrän · adverbmodifies nästaused with a preceding negative to mean 'no sooner than'.
nästanextnästa · adjective, nominativemodifies åråryearår · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of kommerBut the oxen were not at a loss for an answer.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationoxarnaoxenox · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of blevoblevobecameblevo · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentencelemma should be bli 'to become'; blevo is the archaic plural past tense (they became).
intenotinte · particlemodifies blevosvaretanswersvar · noun, nominative, neuter, singularsubject of skyldigaskyldigaowingskyldig · adjective, nominative, pluralcomplement of blevoIn the idiom inte bli svaret skyldig, it means not to be at a loss for an answer.
They lifted their muzzles into the air and bellowed: "We do more good in one hour than the likes of you do in your whole life."
Detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluraldeterminer of mularnalyfteliftedlyfa · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies mularnaMistagged as an adjective; 'lyfte' is the past tense of the verb 'lyfta' (to lift).
mularnamuzzlesmul · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralhead of the phraseiintoi · prepositionpreposition marking vädretvädretthe airvädre · noun, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies mularnaochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationböladebellowedböla · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with mularnaViwevi · pronoun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of görgördoesgöra · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencemermoremycket · adjective, nominative, comparativemodifies nyttanyttausenytta · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of görpåinpå · prepositionpreposition marking timmeenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of timmetimmehourtimme · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of göränthanän · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of sådanasådanasuchsån · pronoun, pluralclause modifying timmeColloquial/old plural of sådan ('such').
somlikesom · pronounintroduces the clause of livThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
niyouni · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of somsecond-person plural/formal pronoun, tagged singular by the parser.
iini · prepositionpreposition marking livhelawholehel · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies livertyourert · pronoun, neuter, singularpossessor of livlivlifeliv · noun, nominative, neuter, singularin apposition to timme- 6
In some places the plows were drawn by horses.
Påinpå · prepositionpreposition marking ställennågrasomenågon · determiner, pluraldeterminer of ställenställenplacesställe · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraloblique complement of drogosdrogoswere drawndrogos · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralhead of the phraseplogarnaplowsplog · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of passive drogosavbyav · prepositionpreposition marking hästarhästarhorseshäst · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralmodifies plogarna These went forward with much greater eagerness and haste than the oxen, but the geese could not help teasing them too.
Dessathesedenna · determiner, pluraldeterminer of gingogingowentgingo · adjective, nominative, singularhead of the phrasePast plural of 'gå' (to go/walk); mistagged as an adjective. Lemma should be 'gå'.
framforwardfram · adverbmodifies gingomedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking ivermycketmuchmycket · adverbmodifies störrestörrebiggerstor · adjective, nominative, comparativemodifies iverivereagernessiv · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of framochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhasthastehast · nouncoordinated with iveränthanän · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of oxarnaoxarnaoxenox · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of frammenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationgässengeesegässe · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of låtagässen is the plural definite of gås 'goose'; lemma is a normalized plural stem.
kundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of låtaintenotinte · particlemodifies låtalåtato letlåta · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with gingoblibecomebli · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of låtaatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of retasinfinitive marker before a verb.
retasto teasereta · verb, passive, infinitiveadverbial clause on låtamedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking demdemthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluraloblique complement of retashellereitherheller · adverbmodifies retas"Aren't you ashamed to be doing an ox's work?" they called to the horses.
Skämsare ashamedskäms · adverbhead of the phrasePresent tense of the reflexive verb 'skämmas' in 'skäms ni inte' ('aren't you ashamed'); mistagged as an adverb.
niyouni · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of Skämssecond-person plural/formal pronoun, tagged singular by the parser.
intenotinte · particlemodifies Skämsatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of skötainfinitive marker before a verb.
skötato tend tosköta · verb, active, infinitivedepends on Skämsoxgöraox's workoxgöra · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of skötaropadecalled outropa · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of ropadetillto the horsestill · prepositionpreposition marking hästarnahästarnahorseshäst · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of ropade"Aren't you ashamed to be doing an ox's work?"
Skämsare ashamedskäms · adverbhead of the phrasePresent tense of the reflexive verb 'skämmas' in 'skäms ni inte' ('aren't you ashamed'); mistagged as an adverb.
niyouni · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of Skämssecond-person plural/formal pronoun, tagged singular by the parser.
intenotinte · particlemodifies Skämsatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of skötainfinitive marker before a verb.
skötato tend tosköta · verb, active, infinitivedepends on Skämsoxgöraox's workoxgöra · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of sköta"—Aren't you yourselves ashamed to be doing a lazybones' work?" the horses neighed back.
Skämsare ashamedskäms · adverbhead of the phrasePresent tense of the reflexive verb 'skämmas' in 'skäms ni inte' ('aren't you ashamed'); mistagged as an adverb.
niyouni · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of Skämssecond-person plural/formal pronoun, tagged singular by the parser.
intenotinte · particlemodifies Skämssjälvayourselvessjälv · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies Skämsatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of skötainfinitive marker before a verb.
skötato tend tosköta · verb, active, infinitiveclause modifying Skämslatmansgöralazybones' worklatmansgöra · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of skötagnäggadeneighedgnägga · adjective, nominative, pluralhead of the phrasehästarnahorseshäst · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of gnäggadetillbakabacktillbaka · adverbmodifies gnäggade- 7
While the horses and oxen were out at work, the barnyard ram went strutting about at home in the farmyard.
Medanwhilemedan · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of vorohästarhorseshäst · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of voroochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationoxaroxenoxe · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with hästarvorowerevoro · pronoun, pluraladverbial clause on gickmistagged as a pronoun; this is the archaic plural past tense of vara 'to be'.
uteoutsideute · adverbmodifies voropåatpå · prepositionpreposition marking arbetearbeteworkarbete · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of utegickwentgå · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencestallgumsenthe barnyard ramstallgumse · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralsubject of gickomkringaroundomkring · adverbmodifies hemmahemmaat homehemma · adverbmodifies gickpåinpå · prepositionpreposition marking gårdsplanengårdsplanencourtyardgårdsplan · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of gick He was newly shorn and nimble, knocked the little boys over, drove the chained dog into his kennel, and then went about strutting as though he were the sole master of the farm.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of nyklipptvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to nyklipptnyklipptnewly shornnyklippt · adjective, nominative, pluralhead of the phraseochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationlättrörlignimblelättrörlig · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with nyklipptknuffadeshovedknuffa · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with nyklipptomkulloveromkull · adverbdepends on knuffadeUsed with verbs of falling/knocking, e.g. 'slog omkull' = 'knocked over'.
småpojkarnathe little boyssmåpojke · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of knuffadekördedroveköra · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with nyklipptininin · adverbdepends on kördebandhundenwatchdogbandhund · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of kördeLiterally "chain-dog", a dog kept tied up.
iintoi · prepositionpreposition marking kojahanshishan · pronounpossessor of kojakojahutkoja · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of kördeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationgickwentgå · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with kördesedanthensedan · adverbdepends on gickochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationstoltseradestruttedstoltserad · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with gicksomassom · pronounintroduces the clause of herreThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
omifom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of herrehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of herrevorewould bevara · auxiliary verb, past, subjunctive, activecopula linking to herreensamaloneensam · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies herreherremasterherre · noun, nominative, common gender, singularrelative clause on stoltseradeCapitalized Herre in 'Vår Herre' means 'Our Lord'; lower-case herre elsewhere means 'gentleman/master'.
påonpå · prepositionpreposition marking gårdengårdenfarmgård · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of herre"Ram, ram, what have you done with your wool?" asked the wild geese, who were flying past up in the air.
GumseramGumse · proper noun, nominativesubject of gjortgumseramgumse · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with Gumsevarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activemodifies gjortharhasha · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of gjortduyoudu · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of gjortgjortdonegöra · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentenceavwithav · prepositionpreposition marking ulldinyourdu · pronoun, common gender, singularpossessor of ullullwoolull · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of gjortfrågadeaskedfråga · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencevildgässenthe wild geesevildgässe · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of frågadeattested only in the plural surface vildgässen; the collective noun for the wild-goose flock.
somwhosom · subordinating conjunctionsubject of foroforowentforo · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcomplement of frågadeMistagged as a noun; foro is the plural past tense of fara ("went/traveled").
förbipastförbi · adverbmodifies forouppeup highuppe · adverbmodifies förbiiini · prepositionpreposition marking luftenluftenairluft · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of uppe"—I've sent it to Drag's mills in Norrköping," answered the ram with a long bleat.
Denitden · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of skickatharhasha · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of skickatjagIjag · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of skickatskickatsentskickada · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentencetilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking fabrikerDragsDrag'sDrag · proper noun, nominativepossessor of fabrikerfabrikerfactoriesfabrik · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of skickatiini · prepositionpreposition marking NorrköpingNorrköpingNorrköpingNorrköping · proper noun, nominativemodifies fabrikersvaradeansweredsvara · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with skickatgumsenthe ramgumse · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralsubject of svaradegumsen is singular ('the ram'), despite the plural tag.
medwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking bräkandeettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of bräkandelångtlonglångt · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies bräkandeBoth examples ('for fram ett långt stycke' = 'sped along a long stretch', 'tog ett långt hopp' = 'took a long leap') mean 'long' (length), not 'far' (distance).
bräkandebleatbräkande · adjective, nominativeoblique complement of svarade"—Ram, ram, what have you done with your horns?" asked the geese.
GumseramGumse · proper noun, nominativehead of the phrasegumseramgumse · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with Gumsevarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activemodifies gjortharhasha · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of gjortduyoudu · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of gjortgjortdonegöra · verb, active, supinerelative clause on Gumseavwithav · prepositionpreposition marking horndinayourdu · pronoun, pluralpossessor of hornThis entry is really the possessive "dina" (plural agreement), mistagged under the lemma du.
hornhornshorn · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraloblique complement of gjortfrågadeaskedfråga · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencegässengeesegässe · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of frågadegässen is the plural definite of gås 'goose'; lemma is a normalized plural stem.
But horns were something the ram, to his great sorrow, had never had, and one could not vex him worse than by asking after them.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationnågrasomenågon · determiner, pluraldeterminer of hornhornhornshorn · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralsubject of hadehadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencegumsenramgumse · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hadetillto his sorrowtill · prepositionpreposition marking sorgsinhissig · pronoun, common gender, singularpossessor of sorgstorabigstor · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies sorgweak/definite form (stora), used with a singular definite noun, e.g. den stora länstolen.
sorgsorrowsorg · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of hadealdrigneveraldrig · adverbmodifies hafthafthadha · verb, active, supinerelative clause on sorgochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationmanoneman · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of görakundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of göraintenotinte · particlemodifies göragöracausegöra · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with hadehonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of göravärreworsevärre · adjective, nominative, comparativemodifies förtretförtretvexationförtr · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of göraLemma is a truncated form of 'förtret' (vexation/trouble).
änthanän · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of frågaatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of frågainfinitive marker before a verb.
frågato askfråga · verb, active, infinitiveclause modifying förtretefteraboutefter · prepositionpreposition marking demdemthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluraloblique complement of frågaHe ran around for a long while, butting at the air, he grew so angry.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sprangsprangransprangma · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceLemma is corrupted; surfaces are only "sprang" (past of springa, to run). Lemma should read springa, not sprangma.
omkringaroundomkring · adverbmodifies enenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of stundlånglonglång · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies stundstundwhilestund · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of sprangochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationstångadebuttedstånga · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with sprangiati · prepositionpreposition marking luftenluftenairluft · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of stångadesåsoså · adverbdepends on blevondangryond · adjective, nominativedepends on blevond usually means 'angry/furious' in these contexts, but can mean 'evil' elsewhere.
blevbecamebli · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on spranghanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of blev- 8
Along the highway came a man driving before him a flock of Skåne pigs that were no more than a few weeks old and were to be sold farther up the country.
Påalongpå · prepositionpreposition marking landsvägenlandsvägenhighwaylandsväg · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of komkomcamekomma · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of manmanmanman · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of komsomwhosom · pronounsubject of drevThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
drevdrovedreva · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on manframförin front offramför · prepositiondepends on drevsighimsig · pronoun, accusativepart of the phrase framförenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of flockflockflockflock · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies grisarskånskaSkåneskånsk · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies grisargrisarpigsgris · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of drevsomthatsom · pronounsubject of voroThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
intenotinte · particlemodifies vorovorowerevoro · adjective, nominative, pluralrelative clause on grisararchaic plural past tense of vara ('to be'), used alongside var; a historical form, not a true adjective.
mermoremycket · adverbmodifies gamlaänthanän · prepositionpreposition marking veckornågrasomenågon · determiner, pluraldeterminer of veckorveckorweeksvecka · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of gamlagamlaoldgammal · adjective, nominative, pluralclause modifying grisarochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationskullewas toskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of säljassäljasto be soldsälja · verb, passive, infinitivecoordinated with drevuppåtupwarduppåt · adverbpreposition marking landetlandetlandland · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of säljas They trudged bravely on, small as they were, and kept close together as if to shelter one another.
Detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of traskadetraskadetrudgedtraska · verb, past, indicative, activedepends on småpåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking tapperttappertbravelytappert · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of traskadesåasså · adverbadverbial clause on småsmåsmallliten · adjective, nominative, pluralhead of the phrasedetheyen · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of vorosurfaces are actually the plural pronoun de, not a form of en.
vorowerevoro · adjective, nominative, pluraloblique complement of småarchaic plural past tense of vara ('to be'), used alongside var; a historical form, not a true adjective.
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhöllokepthöllo · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with småsigthemselvessig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of höllotättclosetätt · adverbmodifies höllointillnext tointill · prepositionpreposition marking varandravarandraeach othervarandra · pronoun, accusative, pluraloblique complement of hölloliksomas ifliksom · adverbintroduces the clause of fåförtoför · prepositionintroduces the clause of fåatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of fåinfinitive marker before a verb.
fåfind shelterfå · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on hölloskyddshelterskydd · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of få"Oink, oink, oink, we've come too soon from father and mother.
NöffoinkNöff · proper noun, nominativehead of the phrasenöffoinknöff · verb, active, supinecoordinated with NöffOnomatopoeic pig sound, not a true verb form.
nöffoinknöff · interjectioncoordinated with Nöffviwevi · pronoun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of kommitharhasha · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of kommitkommitcomekomma · verb, active, supineparallel clause to Nöffförtooför · prepositionmodifies tidigttidigtearlytidig · adverbmodifies kommitBackbone mistags this as an adverb; the surface (tidigt) is the neuter/adverbial form of the adjective tidig.
frånfromfrån · prepositionpreposition marking farfarfatherfar · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of kommitochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationmormothermor · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with farOink, oink, oink, what's to become of us poor children?" said the little pigs.
NöffoinkNöff · proper noun, nominativehead of the phrasenöffoinknöff · verb, active, supinecoordinated with NöffOnomatopoeic pig sound, not a true verb form.
nöffoinknöff · verb, active, supinecoordinated with NöffOnomatopoeic pig sound, not a true verb form.
hurhowhur · adverbmodifies gåskawillskola · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of gådetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of gågågogå · verb, active, infinitiveparallel clause to Nöffmedwithmed · prepositiondepends on gåossusvi · pronoun, accusative, common gender, pluraldeterminer of barnfattigapoorfattig · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies barnbarnchildrenbarn · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraldirect object of gåsadesaidsaa · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencelemma should be säga 'to say'; sade/sa are its past-tense forms.
smågrisarnathe little pigssmågrisarna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of sadeNot even the wild geese had the heart to make sport of such little wretches.
Intenotinte · particlemodifies gångenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of gånggångevengång · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies vildgässenvildgässenthe wild geesevildgässe · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hadeattested only in the plural surface vildgässen; the collective noun for the wild-goose flock.
hadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehjärtahearthjärta · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of hadeatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of förainfinitive marker before a verb.
föramake sportföra · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on hadespektakelsportspektakel · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of föramedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking stackaresådanasuchsån · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies stackaresmåsmallliten · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies stackarestackarepoor wretchesstackare · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of föra"It will turn out better for you than you can ever imagine," they called, as they flew past them.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with blirblirbecomesbli · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencebättrebetterbra · adjective, nominative, comparativecomplement of blirförforför · prepositionpreposition marking ereryouni · pronoun, accusative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of bliränthanän · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of troniyouni · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of trosecond-person plural/formal pronoun, tagged singular by the parser.
nånsinevernånsin · adverbmodifies trokancankunna · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of trotrobelievetro · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on blirropadecalled outropa · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to blirdetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of ropadenärwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of förbidetheyen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of foroSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
forotraveledforo · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralpart of the phrase närArchaic plural past tense of fara ("to go/travel"), not a noun; the parser mistagged it.
förbipastförbi · adverbadverbial clause on ropadedemthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluraldirect object of förbi- 9
The wild geese were never in such good humor as when they got to travel over a plains country.
Vildgässenthe wild geesevildgässen · proper noun, nominativesubject of vorovorowerevoro · particlehead of the phraseArchaic plural preterite of vara 'to be'; mistagged as particle.
aldrigneveraldrig · adverbmodifies faraiini · prepositionmodifies aldrigsåsuchså · adverbmodifies gottgottgoodgod · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularpart of the phrase ihumörgood humorhumör · noun, nominative, neuter, singularpart of the phrase isomassom · pronounintroduces the clause of faraThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
närwhennär · subordinating conjunctionpreposition marking faradetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluraldeterminer of farafingogotfingo · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralpart of the phrase deMistagged as a noun; fingo is the archaic plural past tense of få ("got/were given").
faragofara · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of vorosome listed surfaces (fara, far) are actually forms of the unrelated verb fara 'to travel/go'; gloss the noun sense danger for the noun-tagged type.
framforwardfram · adverbmodifies faraöveroveröver · prepositionpreposition marking slättbygdenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of slättbygdslättbygdplains countryslättbygd · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of fram Then they were in no hurry at all, but flew from farm to farm joking with the tame animals.
Dåthendå · adverbmodifies gjordegjordedidgöra · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of gjordesigthemselvessig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of gjordeingennoingen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of brådskabrådskahastebrådska · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of gjordeutanbut ratherutan · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfollows a negated clause, contrasting it with what actually happened.
flögoflewflögo · verb, present, indicative, activecoordinated with gjordePast plural of flyga; mistagged as present tense.
frånfromfrån · prepositionpreposition marking gårdgårdfarmgård · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of flögotilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking gårdgårdfarmgård · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of flögoochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationskämtadejokedskämta · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with flögomedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking tamdjurentamdjurentame animalstamdjur · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies skämtade- 10
As the boy rode along over the plain, he came to think of a tale he had once heard long ago.
Medanwhilemedan · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of tänkapojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies redredrodered · verb, past, indicative, activepart of the phrase Medanframforwardfram · adverbmodifies redöveroveröver · prepositionpreposition marking slättenslättenplainslätt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of framkomcamekomma · verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of tänkahanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of tänkaatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of tänkainfinitive marker before a verb.
tänkato thinktänka · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencepåofpå · prepositionpreposition marking sagaenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of sagasagatalesaga · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of tänkasomthatsom · pronoundirect object of hörtThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hörthadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of hörthörtheardhöra · verb, active, supinerelative clause on saganågononcenågon · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of gånggångoncegång · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of hörtföragoför · prepositionpreposition marking längesedanlängesedanlong agolängesedan · adverbadverbial clause on hört He did not remember it properly, but it was something about a tunic that was half sewn of gold-woven velvet and half of gray homespun wool.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of passive mindesmindesrememberedmin · verb, past, indicative, passivemain verb of the sentencedenitden · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of passive mindesintenotinte · particlemodifies riktigtriktigtproperlyriktig · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies mindesmenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with någotvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to någotnågotsomethingnågon · pronoun, neuter, singularcoordinated with mindesomifom · subordinating conjunctionpart of the phrase någotenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of kjortelkjorteltunickjortel · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of någotsomthatsom · pronounsubject of sömmadThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
tillhalftill · prepositionpreposition marking hälftenhälftenhalfhälft · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of sömmadvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to sömmadsömmadsewnsömmad · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularrelative clause on kjortelavofav · prepositionpreposition marking guldvävdguldvävdgold-wovenguldvävd · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of sömmadsammetvelvetsammet · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of sömmadochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationtillhalftill · prepositionpreposition marking hälftenhälftenhalfhälft · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with sammetavofav · prepositionpreposition marking vadmalgrågraygrå · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies vadmalvadmalhomespun clothvadmal · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies hälftenBut the one who owned the tunic adorned the homespun cloth with so many pearls and precious stones that it shone finer and more costly than the cloth of gold.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdenitden · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of pryddesomwhosom · pronounsubject of ägdeThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
ägdeownedägde · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on denkjortelntunickjortel · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of ägdepryddeadornedprydde · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencevadmalsvådenhomespun clothvadmalsvåd · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of pryddemedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking pärlorsåsoså · adverbmodifies mycketmycketmanymycket · adverbmodifies pärlorpärlorpearlspärla · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of pryddeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationädlanobleädla · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with pärlorMistagged as a verb; ädla is the plural form of the adjective ädel ("noble").
stenarstonessten · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with pärlorattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of skönaredenitden · determiner, common gender, singularsubject of lystelysteshonelys · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies skönareskönaremore beautifullyskönare · noun, nominative, common gender, singularclausal complement of pryddeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdyrbararemore costlydyrbarare · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with skönareänthanän · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of gyllentygetgyllentygetthe cloth of goldgyllentyge · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with skönare- 11
He remembered that about the homespun cloth when he looked down on Östergötland, because it consisted of one great plain wedged between two hilly forest tracts, one to the north and one to the south.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of komkomcamekomma · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceihågto mind (remember)ihåg · adverbdepends on komonly occurs in the fixed phrase komma ihåg 'to remember'.
detitden · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of komdärtheredär · adverbmodifies komomaboutom · prepositionpreposition marking vadmalsvådenvadmalsvådenhomespun clothvadmalsvåd · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of komnärwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of såghanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sågsågsawsåg · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on vadmalsvådenpast tense of se, 'to see.'
nerdownner · adverbdepends on sågpåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking ÖstergötlandÖstergötlandÖstergötlandÖstergötland · proper noun, nominativeoblique complement of sågdärförbecausedärför · adverbintroduces the clause of bestodattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionpart of the phrase därfördetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with bestodbestodconsistedbestå · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on sågavofav · prepositionpreposition marking slättenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of slättstorbigstor · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies slättslättplainslätt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies bestodsomthatsom · pronounsubject of lågThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
låglayligga · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with bestodinklämdwedgedinklämd · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with bestodMistagged as noun; it is the past participle of 'klämma in' (to wedge/jam in), used adjectivally.
mellanbetweenmellan · prepositionpreposition marking skogstraktertvåtwotvå · numeral, nominativequantifies skogstrakterbergigahillybergig · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies skogstrakterskogstrakterforest tractsskogstrakt · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of inklämdenoneen · numeral, nominative, common gender, singularin apposition to skogstrakteritoi · prepositionpreposition marking norrnorrnorthnorr · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies enochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationenoneen · numeral, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with enitoi · prepositionmodifies skogstraktersödersouthsöder · noun, nominative, common gender, singularpart of the phrase i The two forest ridges lay beautifully blue and shimmered in the morning light, as though they were covered with veils of gold, while the plain, which only spread out one winter-bare field after another, was in itself no more beautiful to look at than gray homespun.
Detheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of skogshöjdernaSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
bådabothbåda · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies skogshöjdernaskogshöjdernathe forest ridgesskogshöjd · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of lågolågolaylågo · adjective, nominative, comparativehead of the phraseArchaic plural past tense of ligga ("to lie"), not an adjective; the parser mistagged it.
vackertbeautifullyvacker · adverbmodifies blåablåablueblå · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies lågoochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationskimradeshimmeredskimra · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with blåaiini · prepositionpreposition marking morgonljusetmorgonljusetmorning lightmorgonljus · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of skimradesomassom · pronounintroduces the clause of täcktaThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
omifom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of täcktadetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of täcktavorewould bevara · auxiliary verb, past, subjunctive, activecopula linking to täcktatäcktacoveredtäckt · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with lågomedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking guldslöjorguldslöjorveils of goldguldslöja · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of täcktaochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationslättenplainslätt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with guldslöjorsomwhichsom · pronounsubject of breddeThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
barajustbara · adverbmodifies breddebreddespread outbreddema · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on slättenutoutut · adverbdepends on breddedenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of vinternaknaenaoneena · adjective, nominativemodifies vinternaknavinternaknawinter-barevinternakna · adjective, nominative, singulardirect object of breddeåkernfieldåker · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of breddeefterafterefter · prepositionpreposition marking andradenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of andraandraotherannan · adjective, nominative, singularoblique complement of breddevarwasvara · pronoun, common gender, singularcopula linking to vackrarethe surface var here is the past tense of vara 'to be', not the pronoun.
iini · prepositionmodifies vackrareochandoch · conjunctionpart of the phrase iförin itselfför · prepositionpart of the phrase isigitselfsig · pronoun, accusativepart of the phrase iintenotinte · particlemodifies vackrarevackraremore beautifulvackr · adjective, nominative, comparativeparallel clause to lågoatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of seinfinitive marker before a verb.
seseese · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on vackrarepåatpå · prepositiondepends on seänthanän · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of vadmalgrågraygrå · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies vadmalvadmalhomespun clothvadmal · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of se- 12
But the people must have thrived well on the plain, because it was generous and good, and they had tried to adorn it in the best way.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationmänniskornapeoplemänniska · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of trivtshadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of trivtsnogmustnog · adverbmodifies trivtstrivtsthrivedtrivts · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentencevälwellväl · adverbmodifies trivtspåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking slättenslättenplainslätt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of trivtsdärförbecausedärför · adverbintroduces the clause of givmildattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionpart of the phrase därfördenitden · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of givmildvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to givmildgivmildgenerousgivmild · noun, nominative, common gender, singularadverbial clause on trivtsochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationgodgoodgod · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with givmildochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of försökthadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of försöktförsökttriedförsöka · verb, active, supinecoordinated with givmildatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of prydainfinitive marker before a verb.
prydaadornpryda · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of försöktdeniten · pronoun, common gender, singulardirect object of prydapåinpå · prepositionpreposition marking sättbästabestbra · adjective, nominative, superlativemodifies sättsättwaysätt · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of pryda As the boy traveled along high above, it seemed to him that towns and farms, churches and factories, manor houses and railway stations were scattered over it like small and large jewels.
Därtheredär · adverbmodifies högtpojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of högtfortraveledfor · prepositionmodifies pojkenPast tense of fara (to travel/fly, here of tomte-Nils and geese in flight); mistagged as a preposition. Translation renders it "flew"/"passing over" far more often than "traveled".
framforwardfram · adverbpart of the phrase forhögthighhög · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularadverbial clause on tyckteuppeup highuppe · adverbmodifies högttycktethoughttycka · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of tyckteattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of städerstädertownsstad · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralclausal complement of tyckteochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationgårdarfarmsgård · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with städerkyrkorchurcheskyrka · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with städerochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfabrikerfactoriesfabrik · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with städerslottmanor housesslott · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralcoordinated with städerochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationjärnvägsstationerrailway stationsjärnvägsstation · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with städervorowerevoro · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activedepends on tyckteArchaic plural past tense of vara ("to be").
utsålladescatteredutsålla · adjective, nominative, pluralcomplement of tyckteöveroveröver · prepositionpreposition marking dendeniten · pronoun, common gender, singularoblique complement of utsålladesomlikesom · pronounintroduces the clause of smyckenThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
småsmallliten · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies smyckenochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationstorabigstor · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with småsmyckenjewelssmycke · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralcomplement of utsålladeThe tiled roofs gleamed, and the windowpanes shone like jewels.
Detaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of blänkteblänktegleamedblänkte · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceioni · prepositionpreposition marking tegeltakentegeltakenthe tiled roofstegeltak · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies blänkteochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfönsterrutornathe windowpanesfönsterrutorna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of lystelysteshonelyste · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with blänktesomlikesom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of juvelerjuvelerjewelsjuveler · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcomplement of lysteYellow highways, shining railway rails, and blue canals ran between the places like silk-embroidered ribbons.
GulayellowGula · proper noun, genitivepossessor of landsvägarlandsvägarhighwayslandsväg · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of löpteblankagleamingblank · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies järnvägsskenorjärnvägsskenorrailway railsjärnvägsskena · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with landsvägarochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationblåablueblå · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies kanalerkanalercanalskanal · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with järnvägsskenorlöpteranlöpte · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentenceframforwardfram · adverbdepends on löptemellanbetweenmellan · prepositionpreposition marking orternaorternathe placesorterna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of framsomlikesom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of slingorsilkesyddasilk-embroideredsilkesydd · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies slingorslingorribbonsslinga · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralclause modifying orternaLinköping lay around its cathedral like a pearl setting around a precious stone, and the farms in the countryside were like little brooches and buttons.
LinköpingLinköpingLinköping · proper noun, nominativesubject of lågCity in Östergötland.
låglayligga · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencekringaroundkring · prepositionpreposition marking domkyrkasinitssig · pronoun, common gender, singularpossessor of domkyrkadomkyrkacathedraldomkyrka · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of lågsomlikesom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of pärlinfattningenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of pärlinfattningpärlinfattningpearl settingpärlinfattning · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of lågkringaroundkring · prepositionpreposition marking stenenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of stendyrbarpreciousdyrbar · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies stenstenstonesten · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies pärlinfattningochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationgårdarnathe farmsgårdarna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of voropåinpå · prepositionpreposition marking landetlandetlandland · noun, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies gårdarnavorowerevoro · verb, imperative, activecoordinated with lågOld plural past tense of vara ('to be'), mistagged here as imperative.
somlikesom · pronounintroduces the clause of bröstnålarThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
småsmallliten · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies bröstnålarbröstnålarbroochesbröstnål · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcomplement of voroochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationknapparbuttonsknapp · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with bröstnålarThere was not much order in the pattern, but it was a splendor one could never tire of looking at.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of myckenvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to myckenintenotinte · particlemodifies myckenmyckenmuchmycken · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phraseredafind outreda · adverbmodifies myckenpart of the fixed expression leta/taga/söka reda på, 'find out'; all four attested examples mean find/know, not organize/sort.
iini · prepositionpreposition marking mönstretmönstretpatternmönster · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of myckenmenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of praktvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to praktenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of praktpraktsplendorprakt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with myckensomthatsom · pronoundirect object of tröttnaThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
manoneman · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of tröttnaaldrigneveraldrig · adverbmodifies tröttnakundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of tröttnatröttnatiretröttna · verb, passive, infinitiverelative clause on praktatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of seinfinitive marker before a verb.
seseese · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on tröttnapåatpå · prepositiondepends on se- 13
The geese had left the Omberg district and were flying eastward along the Göta Canal.
Gässenthe geeseGässen · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of lämnathadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of lämnatlämnatleftlämna · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentenceOmbergstraktenthe Omberg districtOmbergstrakten · proper noun, nominativedirect object of lämnatochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationforowentforo · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with OmbergstraktenMistagged as a noun; foro is the plural past tense of fara ("went/traveled").
moteastwardmot · prepositionpreposition marking österöstereastöster · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of lämnatutefteralongutefter · prepositionpreposition marking GötaGötaGötaGöta · proper noun, nominativepossessor of kanalPart of place names Göta kanal / Göta älv.
kanalcanalkanal · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of lämnat It too was busy getting itself ready for summer.
Denitden · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of höllhöllwas busyhålla · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceocksåalsoockså · adverbmodifies höllpåonpå · prepositionintroduces the clause of göraatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of görainfinitive marker before a verb.
göragetgöra · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on höllsigitselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of göraireadyi · prepositionmodifies göraordningreadyordning · noun, nominative, common gender, singularpart of the phrase iförforför · prepositionpreposition marking sommarensommarensummersommar · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of göraWorkers went about repairing the canal banks and tarring the great lock gates.
Arbetareworkersarbetare · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of gingogingowentgingo · adjective, nominative, pluralhead of the phrasePast plural of gå (to go); mistagged as an adjective.
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationlagaderepairinglaga · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with gingoMistagged as an adjective; covers two distinct past participles, 'lagda' (laid, from 'lägga') and 'lagade' (repaired, from 'laga').
kanalbankarnathe canal bankskanalbank · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of gingoochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationtjärbeströkotarredtjärbeströko · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralcoordinated with kanalbankarnadetheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of slussportarnaSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
storabigstor · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies slussportarnaslussportarnathe lock gatesslussport · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of gingo- 14
Yes, work was going on everywhere so as to give spring a proper welcome, in the towns too.
Jayesja · interjectiondepends on arbetadesdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of passive arbetadesarbetadeswork was donearbeta · verb, past, indicative, passivemain verb of the sentenceöverallteverywhereöverallt · adverbdepends on arbetadesförso as toför · prepositionintroduces the clause of taatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of tainfinitive marker before a verb.
kunnacankunna · auxiliary verb, active, infinitiveauxiliary of tatato taketa · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on arbetadesvälproperlyväl · adverbmodifies taemotwelcomeemot · prepositiondepends on tavårenspringvår · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of taocksåalsoockså · adverbmodifies städernaiini · prepositionpreposition marking städernastädernatownsstad · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of arbetades There painters and masons stood on scaffolding outside the houses making them fine, and the maidservants had climbed up into the open windows and were washing the panes.
Därtheredär · adverbmodifies stodostodostoodstodao · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceStodo is the historical plural past form of stå, ‘to stand’.
målarepaintersmålare · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of stodoochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationmuraremasonsmurare · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with målarepåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking ställningarställningarscaffoldingställning · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralmodifies murareutanföroutsideutanför · prepositionpreposition marking husenhusenhouseshus · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralmodifies ställningarochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationgjordedidgöra · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with stododemthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluraldirect object of gjordefinafinefin · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies gjordetjänstflickornathe maidservantstjänstflickorna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of stigithadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of stigitstigitrisenstiga · verb, active, supineparallel clause to stodouppupupp · adverbdepends on stigitiintoi · prepositionpreposition marking fönstrendetheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of fönstrenSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
öppnaopenöppen · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies fönstrenfönstrenwindowsfönstr · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraloblique complement of stigitochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationtvättadewashedtvätta · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with stigitrutornathe panesrutorna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of tvättadeDown at the harbor sailboats and steamships were being polished up.
Neredownnere · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of passive putsadesAdverb meaning 'down there/below', tagged as a noun.
vidatvid · prepositionpreposition marking hamnenhamnenharborhamn · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies Nereputsadeswere polishedputsade · verb, past, indicative, passivemain verb of the sentencesegelbåtarsailboatssegelbåt · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of passive putsadesochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationångfartygsteamshipsångfartyg · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralcoordinated with segelbåtar- 15
At Norrköping the wild geese left the plains country and flew up toward Kolmården.
Vidatvid · prepositionpreposition marking NorrköpingNorrköpingNorrköpingNorrköping · proper noun, nominativeoblique complement of lämnadelämnadeleftlämna · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencevildgässenthe wild geesevildgässe · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of lämnadeattested only in the plural surface vildgässen; the collective noun for the wild-goose flock.
slättbygdenthe plains countryslättbygden · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of lämnadeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationflögoflewflögo · verb, present, indicative, activecoordinated with lämnadePast plural of flyga; mistagged as present tense.
uppåtupwarduppåt · adverbmodifies flögoKolmårdenKolmårdenkolmård · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of flögoProper place name, left untranslated.
They had for a while been following an old hilly highway that wound along ravines and ran beneath wild rock walls, when the boy suddenly gave a cry.
Detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of hadehadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of stundstundwhilestund · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of hadeföljtfollowedfölja · verb, active, supineadverbial clause on hadelängsefteralonglängsefter · adverbmodifies landsvägenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of landsväggammaloldgammal · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies backigbackighillybackig · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies landsväglandsväghighwaylandsväg · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of följtsomthatsom · pronounsubject of slingradeThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
slingradewoundslingra · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on landsvägsigitselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of slingradeutmedalongutmed · prepositionpreposition marking klyftorklyftorcleftsklyftor · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of slingradeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationgickwentgå · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with slingradeframforwardfram · adverbdepends on gickunderbeneathunder · prepositionpreposition marking bergväggarvildawildvild · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies bergväggarbergväggarrock wallsbergvägg · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of gicknärwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of gavpojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of gavplötsligensuddenlyplötsligen · adverbmodifies gavgavlet outge · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on landsvägLight-verb idioms in the examples: "gav ... till ett klagoskrik" = let out a cry; "gav sig tid" = took the time — not literal "gave" in either case.
tillouttill · prepositionpreposition marking utropettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of utroputropcry/exclamationutrop · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of gavHe had been sitting swinging his foot back and forth, and one of his wooden shoes had slipped off him.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of suttithadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of suttitsuttitsatsutta · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentenceArchaic spelling of suttit, the supine of sitta ("to sit").
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsvängtswungsvänga · verb, active, supinecoordinated with suttitfotenfootfot · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of svängtframforwardfram · adverbmodifies svängtochandoch · conjunctionpart of the phrase framtillbakabacktillbaka · adverbpart of the phrase framochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of träskonenaone ofena · adjective, nominativemodifies träskonträskonthe clogträskon · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralsubject of gliditThis is the definite singular of träsko (wooden clog), not a plural.
hadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of gliditgliditslippedglida · verb, active, supinecoordinated with suttitavoffav · prepositionpreposition marking honomhonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularoblique complement of glidit- 16
"Gander, gander, I've lost my shoe!" cried the boy.
GåskarlganderGåskarl · proper noun, nominativehead of the phrasegåskarlgandergåskarl · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with GåskarljagIjag · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of tappatharhasha · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of tappattappatlosttappa · verb, active, supineparallel clause to Gåskarlminmyjag · pronoun, common gender, singularpossessor of skopossessive form min of the pronoun jag.
skoshoesko · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of tappatskrekshriekedskrek · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to Gåskarlpojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of skrek - 17
The gander turned and sank down toward the ground, but then the boy saw that two children, who had come walking along the road, had picked up his shoe.
Gåskarlenthe ganderGåskarlen · proper noun, nominativesubject of vändevändeturnedvän · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceReally the past tense 'vände' of the verb vända ('to turn'), mistagged here under lemma vän.
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsänkteloweredsänkte · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with vändesighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of sänktemottowardmot · prepositionpreposition marking markenmarkengroundmark · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of sänktemenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdåthendå · adverbmodifies sågsågsawsåg · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with vändepast tense of se, 'to see.'
pojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sågattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of tagittvåtwotvå · numeral, nominativequantifies barnbarnchildrenbarn · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralsubject of gåendesomwhosom · pronounsubject of kommitThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
hadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of kommitkommitcomekomma · verb, active, supinerelative clause on barngåendewalkinggå · adjective, nominativepart of the phrase attPresent participle gående used adjectivally/adverbially.
framåtforwardframåt · adverbmodifies gåendevägenwayväg · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of gåendehadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of tagittagittakenta · verb, active, supineclause modifying pojkenuppupupp · adverbdepends on tagithanshishan · pronounpossessor of skoskoshoesko · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of tagit - 18
"Gander, gander," the boy cried quickly, "fly up again!
GåskarlganderGåskarl · proper noun, nominativehead of the phrasegåskarlgandergåskarl · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with Gåskarlskrekshriekedskrek · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with Gåskarlpojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of skrekhastigtquicklyhastig · adverbmodifies skrekfarfatherfar · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with Gåskarloppåtupwardoppåt · adverbmodifies Gåskarligenagainigen · adverbmodifies oppåt It's too late.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of sentärisvara · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activecopula linking to sentförtooför · adverbmodifies sentsentlatesen · adverbhead of the phraseI can't get my shoe back."
JagIjag · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of fåkancankunna · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of fåintenotinte · particlemodifies fåfågetfå · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentenceigenagainigen · adverbdepends on fåminmyjag · pronoun, common gender, singularpossessor of skopossessive form min of the pronoun jag.
skoshoesko · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of få- 19
But down on the road stood Åsa the goose-girl and her brother, little Mats, looking at a little wooden shoe that had fallen down from the sky.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationneredownnere · adverbmodifies stodopåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking vägenvägenwayväg · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of nerestodostoodstodo · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceÅsaÅsaÅsa · proper noun, nominativesubject of stodogåsapigagoose girlgåsapig · adjective, nominative, pluralcomplement of stodoMistagged as an adjective; gåsapiga is the noun "goose girl" (a herding role), always paired with a name (Åsa gåsapiga).
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhennesherhon · pronounpossessor of brorpossessive form hennes of the pronoun hon.
brorbrotherbror · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with gåsapigalillelittlelille · adjective, nominative, masculine, singularcoordinated with gåsapigaMatsMatsMats · proper noun, nominativedepends on lilleochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationbetraktadewatchedbetrakta · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with gåsapigaenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of träskolitensmallliten · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies träskoträskowooden shoeträsko · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of stodosomthatsom · pronounsubject of fallitThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
hadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of fallitfallitfallenfalli · verb, active, supinerelative clause on träskonerdownner · adverbdepends on fallitfrånfromfrån · prepositionpreposition marking himlenhimlenskyhiml · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of fallit - 20
"It was the wild geese who dropped it," said little Mats.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of vildgässenvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to vildgässenvildgässenthe wild geesevildgässe · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phraseattested only in the plural surface vildgässen; the collective noun for the wild-goose flock.
somwhosom · pronounsubject of tappadeThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
tappadedroppedtappa · verb, past, indicative, activedepends on vildgässendenitden · pronoun, common gender, singulardirect object of tappadesadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to vildgässenlillelittlelille · adjective, nominative, masculine, singularmodifies MatsMatsMatsMats · proper noun, nominativesubject of sade - 21
Åsa the goose-girl stood silent for a long while, pondering over the find.
ÅsaÅsaÅsa · proper noun, nominativemodifies gåsapigagåsapigagoose girlgåsapig · adjective, nominative, pluralsubject of stodMistagged as an adjective; gåsapiga is the noun "goose girl" (a herding role), always paired with a name (Åsa gåsapiga).
stodstoodstå · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencelängefor a long whilelänge · adverbmodifies tysttystquiettyst · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies fyndetochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfunderadeponderedfundera · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with tystöveroveröver · prepositionpreposition marking fyndetfyndetfindfynd · noun, nominative, neuter, singularsubject of stod At last she said slowly and thoughtfully: "Do you remember, little Mats, that when we passed by Övedskloster, we heard tell that on a farm they had seen a tomte dressed in leather breeches, with wooden shoes on his feet like any other workman?
Tillat lasttill · prepositionmodifies sadesistlastsist · adverbpart of the phrase Tillsadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehonshehon · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sadelångsamtslowlylångsam · adverbmodifies sadeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationeftersinnandethoughtfullyeftersinnande · adjective, nominativecoordinated with långsamtKommerdo you rememberKomma · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activedepends on hördeBase sense is 'comes', but ch01-p86-s2 example uses the idiom 'komma ihåg' (to remember), where the translation is 'do you remember', not 'comes'.
duyoudu · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of Kommerihågto mind (remember)ihåg · adverbdepends on Kommeronly occurs in the fixed phrase komma ihåg 'to remember'.
lillelittlelille · adjective, nominative, masculine, singularcoordinated with KommerMatsMatsMats · proper noun, nominativedepends on lilleattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of gicknärwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of gickviwevi · pronoun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of gickgickwentgå · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on lilleförbipastförbi · adverbdepends on gickÖvedsklosterÖvedsklosterÖvedskloster · proper noun, nominativedirect object of gickManor estate name.
hördeheardhöra · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on talasviwevi · pronoun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of hördetalasto be talked abouttala · verb, passive, infinitivemain verb of the sentenceIdiom hört talas om = 'heard tell of.'
omthatom · prepositionintroduces the clause of settattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of settdetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of settiati · prepositionpreposition marking bondgårdenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of bondgårdbondgårdfarmbondgård · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of setthadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of settsettseense · verb, active, supineadverbial clause on talasenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of tomtetomtetomtetomte · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of settA tomte is a Swedish household guardian spirit or gnome; the studio translation renders it as 'tomte' or 'gnome'.
somlikesom · pronounsubject of kläddThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
varwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to kläddklädddressedklädd · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularrelative clause on tomteiini · prepositionpreposition marking skinnbyxorskinnbyxorleather breechesskinnbyxor · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of kläddochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with settträskorclogsträska · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of hadepåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking fötternafötternathe feetfötterna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of hadesomlikesom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of arbetskarlenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of arbetskarlannanotherannan · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies arbetskarlarbetskarlworking manarbetskarl · noun, nominative, common gender, singularclause modifying fötternaAnd do you remember that when we came to Vittskövle, a girl told us she had seen a Goa-Nisse with wooden shoes, who flew away on the back of a goose?
Ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationminnsremembersminnas · verb, present, indicativemain verb of the sentenceduyoudu · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of minnsattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of komnärwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of komviwevi · pronoun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of komkomcamekomma · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on minnstilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking VittskövleVittskövleVittskövleVittskövle · proper noun, nominativeoblique complement of komberättadetoldberätta · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to minnsenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of töstösgirltös · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of berättadeattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of setthonshehon · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of setthadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of settsettseense · verb, active, supineadverbial clause on berättadeenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of Goa-NisseGoa-NisseGoa-NisseGoa-Nisse · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of settA friendly household spirit/nickname; kept as proper name.
medwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking träskorträskorclogsträska · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of settsomwhosom · pronounsubject of flögThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
flögflewflög · verb, present, indicative, activerelative clause on träskorActually the past tense of flyga ('to fly'), mistagged here as present.
bortawaybort · adverbdepends on flögpåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking ryggenryggenbackrygg · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of flögavofav · prepositionpreposition marking gåsenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of gåsgåsgoosegås · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of flögAnd when we ourselves came home to our cottage, little Mats, we saw a pyssling dressed the same way, who also climbed up onto a goose and flew off.
Ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationnärwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of komviwevi · pronoun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of komsjälvaourselvessjälv · adjective, nominative, pluralclause modifying vikomcamekomma · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on såghemhomehem · adverbmodifies komtilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking stugavårourvi · pronoun, common gender, singularpossessor of stugaMistagged as a pronoun under lemma vi; vår here is the possessive "our", not the pronoun "we".
stugacottagestuga · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of komlillelittlelille · adjective, nominative, masculine, singularcoordinated with komMatsMatsMats · proper noun, nominativedepends on lillesågsawsåg · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencepast tense of se, 'to see.'
viwevi · pronoun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of sågjuyou knowju · adverbmodifies sågenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of pysslingpysslinggnomepyssling · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of sågA synonym for tomte, the household gnome; sometimes left untranslated as 'pyssling.'
somwhosom · pronounsubject of kläddThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
varwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to kläddklädddressedklädd · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularrelative clause on pysslingpåinpå · prepositionpreposition marking sättsammathe samesamma · determinerdeterminer of sättsättwaysätt · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of kläddochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsomwhosom · pronounsubject of klevThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
ocksåalsoockså · adverbmodifies klevklevclimbedkli · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with sågoppupopp · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardepends on klevDialectal form of upp ("up"), mistagged as a noun by the parser.
påontopå · prepositionpreposition marking gåsenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of gåsgåsgoosegås · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of klevochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationflögflewflög · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with klevsinawaysig · pronoun, common gender, singularpossessor of vägvägwayväg · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of flögMaybe it was the very same one who rode along up here in the air on his goose and dropped the wooden shoe."
Kanskeperhapskanske · adverbhead of the phraseattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of vardetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of varvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activepart of the phrase Kanskesammathe samesamma · determinerpart of the phrase varenoneen · numeral, nominative, common gender, singularpreposition marking varsomwhosom · pronounquantifies häroppeThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
redrodered · proper noun, nominativedepends on somPast tense of 'rida' (to ride), mistagged as a proper noun.
framforwardfram · adverbdepends on redhäroppeup herehäroppe · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralin apposition to varFunctions as the adverb 'häroppe' (up here), mistagged as a noun.
iini · prepositionpreposition marking luftenluftenairluft · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies häroppepåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking gåssinhissig · pronoun, common gender, singularpossessor of gåsgåsgoosegås · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies häroppeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationtappadedroppedtappa · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with varträskonthe clogträskon · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraldirect object of tappadeThis is the definite singular of träsko (wooden clog), not a plural.
- 22
"Yes, it surely must have been," said little Mats.
Jayesja · interjectiondepends on varitdetaen · determiner, neuter, singularsubject of varitmåttemustmåtte · adverbpart of the phrase detModal verb (cognate of måste), mistagged as adverb. Bare måtte means "must"; the perfect sense ("must have") comes only from an adjacent ha + supine, as in the måtte komma sig example, which translates as plain "must."
detiten · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of varitthis type bundles three distinct functions of the neuter forms det/ett under one entry.
säkertsurelysäker · adverbmodifies varithahaveha · auxiliary verb, active, infinitiveauxiliary of varitvaritbeenvara · auxiliary verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentencesadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to varitlillelittlelille · adjective, nominative, masculine, singularmodifies MatsMatsMatsMats · proper noun, nominativesubject of sade - 23
They turned the wooden shoe over and studied it closely, for it is not every day that one finds a Goa-Nisse's wooden shoe on the highway.
Detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of vändevändeturnedväna · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencePast tense of vända (to turn); lemma should read vända.
påoverpå · prepositionpreposition marking träskonträskonthe clogträskon · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraloblique complement of vändeThis is the definite singular of träsko (wooden clog), not a plural.
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationbetraktadewatchedbetrakta · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with vändedeniten · pronoun, common gender, singulardirect object of betraktadenogacarefullynoga · adverbmodifies betraktadeförforför · prepositionpreposition marking detdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with darärisvara · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activecopula linking to darintenotinte · particlemodifies darallaallall · determiner, pluraldeterminer of dardardaysd · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraladverbial clause on vändesomthatsom · pronoundirect object of hittarThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
manoneman · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hittarhittarfindshitta · verb, present, indicative, activerelative clause on darGoa-NissesGoa-Nisse'sGoa-Nisse · proper noun, genitivepossessor of träskoträskowooden shoeträsko · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of hittarpåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking landsvägenlandsvägenhighwaylandsväg · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of hittar - 24
"Wait, wait, little Mats!" said Åsa the goose-girl.
VäntaWait!vänta · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phraseParsed as a noun but functions as the imperative 'wait!' of the verb vänta in all examples.
väntato waitvänta · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with Väntalillelittlelille · adjective, nominative, masculine, singularcoordinated with VäntaMatsMatsMats · proper noun, nominativedepends on lillesadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceÅsaÅsaÅsa · proper noun, nominativesubject of sadegåsapigagoose girlgåsapig · adjective, nominative, pluraldirect object of sadeMistagged as an adjective; gåsapiga is the noun "goose girl" (a herding role), always paired with a name (Åsa gåsapiga).
"There's something written on one side to read."
Härherehär · adverbmodifies stårstårstandsstå · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencenågotsomethingnågon · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with ståratttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of läsainfinitive marker before a verb.
läsato readläsa · verb, active, infinitivedepends on stårpåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking sidanenaoneena · adjective, nominativemodifies sidansidansidesida · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of läsa- 25
"Yes, there is.
Jayesja · interjectiondepends on gördetitden · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of görgördoesgöra · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of gör But the letters are so small."
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of bokstäverärisvara · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activecopula linking to bokstäversåsoså · adverbmodifies småsmåsmallliten · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies bokstäverbokstäverlettersbokstäv · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralhead of the phrase- 26
"Let me see!
Låtletlåta · verb, imperative, activemain verb of the sentencemigmejag · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of Låtseseese · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of Låt Why, it says—it says: Nils Holgersson from V. Vemmenhög."
Jowell/yesjo · interjectiondepends on stårused to affirm or answer a question, often contradicting an implied doubt.
detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of stårstårstandsstå · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceDetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with stårstårstandsstå · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceNilsNilsNils · proper noun, nominativehead of the phraseHolgerssonHolgerssonHolgersson · proper noun, nominativedepends on Nilsfrfromfr · adverbmodifies NilsAbbreviation of från, meaning “from.”
V.W.V. · nounhead of the phraseVemmenhögVemmenhögVemmenhög · proper noun, nominativedepends on V.- 27
"That's the most remarkable thing I've ever heard!" said little Mats.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of märkvärdigastevarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to märkvärdigastedetitden · pronoun, neuter, singulardeterminer of märkvärdigastemärkvärdigastemost remarkablemärkvärdig · adjective, nominative, masculine, singular, superlativehead of the phrasejagIjag · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hörtnånsinevernånsin · adverbmodifies hörtharhasha · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of hörthörtheardhöra · verb, active, supinedepends on märkvärdigastesadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to märkvärdigastelillelittlelille · adjective, nominative, masculine, singularmodifies MatsMatsMatsMats · proper noun, nominativesubject of sade
The particulars
- The text
- Nils Holgerssons underbara resa genom Sverige, Selma Lagerlöf. The Wonderful Adventures of Nils.
- Translation
- Public-domain Swedish (Lagerlöf, d. 1940; published 1906–07). English translation © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC.
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- Every word of the text, by letter.
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