Swedish · The Wonderful Adventures of Nils
Islossningen
The Breaking-Up of the Ice
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- 1
The next day the weather was clear and beautiful.
Nästanextnästa · adjective, nominativemodifies dagdagdaydag · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of blanktvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to blanktdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of blanktblanktsmooth and shinyblankt · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularhead of the phraseochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationvackertbeautifulvacker · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies väderväderweatherväder · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with blankt A rather strong wind was blowing from the west, it's true, but one was only glad of it, for it dried the roads, which were completely soaked by the previous day's heavy rain.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with blåsteblåsteblewblåste · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencevisserligenindeedvisserligen · adverbmodifies blåsteConcessive adverb, close to "it's true, but...".
enaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of vindrättrighträtt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies starkstarkstrongstark · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies vindvindwindvind · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies västerifrånvind is a true homograph: 'attic/loft' and 'wind' are unrelated words with identical form.
västerifrånfrom the westvästerifrån · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of blåsteActually the adverb 'västerifrån', mistagged as a noun.
menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with varvarwasvara · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with blåstemanoneman · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of gladbarajustbara · adverbmodifies gladgladgladglad · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of varåtofåt · prepositiondepends on varförforför · prepositionpreposition marking vägarnadenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of vägarnatorkadedriedtorka · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies vägarnavägarnaroadsväg · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of varsomwhichsom · pronounsubject of uppblöttaThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
vorowerevoro · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of uppblöttaArchaic plural past tense of vara ("to be").
alldelesquitealldeles · adverbmodifies uppblöttauppblöttasoakeduppblötta · verb, past, participle, plural, nominativerelative clause on vägarnaavbyav · prepositionpreposition marking gårdagsregnetdetaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of gårdagsregnethäftigaviolenthäftig · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies gårdagsregnetgårdagsregnetyesterday's raingårdagsregn · noun, nominative, neuter, singularagent of uppblötta- 2
In good time in the morning, the two Småland children, Åsa the goose girl and little Mats, came walking along a country road that led from Sörmland into Närke.
Iini · prepositionpreposition marking tidgodgoodgod · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies tidtidtimetid · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of kommopåinpå · prepositionpreposition marking morgonenmorgonenmorningmorgon · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies tidkommocamekommo · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencekommo is the archaic plural past tense of komma 'to come', not an infinitive despite the tag.
detheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of SmålandsbarnenSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
tvåtwotvå · numeral, nominativequantifies SmålandsbarnenSmålandsbarnenthe Småland childrenSmålandsbarnen · proper noun, genitivehead of the phraseÅsaÅsaÅsa · proper noun, nominativepossessor of vandrandegåsapigagoose girlgåsapig · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies MatsMistagged as an adjective; gåsapiga is the noun "goose girl" (a herding role), always paired with a name (Åsa gåsapiga).
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationlillelittlelille · adjective, nominative, masculine, singularcoordinated with gåsapigaMatsMatsMats · proper noun, nominativedepends on Åsavandrandewalkingvandra · adjective, nominativehead of the phrasePresent participle 'vandrande' of 'vandra' (to walk/wander); mistagged as an adjective.
påalongpå · prepositionpreposition marking landsvägenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of landsväglandsväghighwaylandsväg · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of vandrandesomthatsom · pronounsubject of leddeThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
frånfromfrån · prepositionpreposition marking SörmlandSörmlandSörmlandSörmland · proper noun, nominativeoblique complement of leddeA Swedish province.
leddeledleda · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on landsväginåtintoinåt · prepositionpreposition marking NärkeNärkeNärkeNärke · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of ledde The road ran along the southern shore of Lake Hjälmaren, and the children walked along looking at the ice, which still covered the greater part of the lake.
Vägenwayväg · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of löptelöpteranlöpa · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceframforwardfram · adverbmodifies löpteutmedalongutmed · prepositionpreposition marking Hjälmarstrandensödrasouthernsödra · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies HjälmarstrandenHjälmarstrandenthe shore of HjälmarenHjälmarstranden · proper noun, nominativeoblique complement of framochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationbarnenchildrenbarn · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralsubject of gingogingowentgingo · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with ,Past plural of gå (to go); mistagged as an adjective.
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsågosawsågoa · verb, present, indicative, activecoordinated with löpteLemma/tag are corrupted; sågo is the plural past tense of se ("saw"), not a noun or present tense.
påatpå · prepositionpreposition marking iseniseniceis · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of sågosomwhichsom · pronounsubject of täckteThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
ännustillännu · adverbmodifies täcktetäcktecoveredtäcka · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on isenstörstabiggeststor · adjective, nominative, superlativemodifies delendelenpartdel · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of täckteavofav · prepositionpreposition marking sjönsjönlakesjö · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies delenThe morning sun poured its bright light over the ice, and it did not look dark and unpleasant, as spring ice usually does, but shone white and inviting.
Morgonsolenmorning sunmorgonsol · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies götgötpouredGöt · adverbhead of the phrasesitthis ownsig · pronoun, neuter, singularauxiliary of klarapossessive reflexive sitt, agreeing with a neuter noun.
klarabrightklar · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with götskenlightsk · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraldirect object of klaraThe parser conflates the noun 'sken' ('light' or runaway motion) with the past tense 'sken' ('shone').
överoveröver · prepositionpreposition marking iseniseniceis · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of klaraochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdenitden · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of sågsågsawsåg · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with götpast tense of se, 'to see.'
intenotinte · particlemodifies mörkmörkdarkmörk · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies sågochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationotrevligunpleasantotrevlig · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with mörkutlookut · adverbcoordinated with mörksomassom · subordinating conjunctiondirect object of brukarvårisspring icevåris · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of brukarbrukartends tobruka · verb, present, indicative, activecoordinated with sågutanbut ratherutan · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfollows a negated clause, contrasting it with what actually happened.
lysteshonelyste · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with sågTagged as an adjective but is the past tense of lysa, 'to shine'.
vitwhitevit · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies lysteochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationlockandetemptinglockande · adjective, nominativecoordinated with vitAs far as they could see out over it, it lay firm and dry.
Såasså · adverbmodifies långtlångtfarlångt · adverbmodifies sesomassom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of sedetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of sekundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of seseseese · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on lågutoutut · adverbdepends on seöveroveröver · prepositionpreposition marking dendenitden · pronoun, common gender, singularoblique complement of selåglayligga · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedeniten · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of lågfastfirmfast · adverbmodifies lågochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationtorrdrytorr · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with fastThe rainwater had already run down into hollows and cracks, or else it had been soaked up into the ice itself.
Regnvattnetthe rainwaterRegnvattnet · noun, nominative, neuter, singularsubject of runnithadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of runnitredanalreadyredan · adverbmodifies runnitrunnitrunrinna · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentencenerdownner · adverbdepends on runnitiintoi · prepositionpreposition marking hålorhålorhollowshåla · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of runnitochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationspringorcracksspringa · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with hålorelleroreller · conjunctionlinks the coordinationocksåalsoockså · adverbmodifies uppsugetvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to uppsugetdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of uppsugetuppsugetsoaked upuppsug · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with runnitiintoi · prepositionpreposition marking isensjälvaitselfsjälv · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies isenSurface "själva" is the plural/emphatic form of själv and can mean "themselves" or intensify "the very."
iseniceis · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies uppsugetThey saw nothing but the finest ice.
Detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of sågosågosawsågo · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencemistagged as present tense; this is the archaic plural past tense of se 'to see' (they saw).
ingentingnothingingenting · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of sågoannatotherannan · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies sågoänthanän · subordinating conjunctionpreposition marking isdenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of ispräktigastemost splendidpräktig · adjective, nominative, superlativemodifies isisiceis · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of sågo- 3
Åsa the goose girl and little Mats were journeying northward, and they could not help thinking how many steps it would save them if they could walk straight across the great lake instead of tramping all the way around it.
ÅsaÅsaÅsa · proper noun, nominativesubject of vorogåsapigagoose girlgåsapig · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies MatsMistagged as an adjective; gåsapiga is the noun "goose girl" (a herding role), always paired with a name (Åsa gåsapiga).
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationlillelittlelille · adjective, nominative, masculine, singularcoordinated with gåsapigaMatsMatsMats · proper noun, nominativedepends on Åsavorowerevoro · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencepåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking vandringvandringjourneyvandring · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of voronorrutnorthwardnorrut · adverbmodifies vandringochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of låtakundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of låtaintenotinte · particlemodifies låtalåtato letlåta · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with voroblibecomebli · verb, active, infinitivedirect object of låtaatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of tänkainfinitive marker before a verb.
tänkato thinktänka · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of blipåofpå · prepositionintroduces the clause of besparahurhowhur · adverbmodifies mångamångamanymånga · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies stegstegstepssteg · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraldirect object of besparadetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of besparaskullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of besparabesparasavebespara · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on tänkademthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluraldirect object of besparaomifom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of gådetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of gåkundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of gågågogå · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on låtatvärsöverstraight acrosstvärsöv · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldepends on gåLemma is corrupted; the word is the adverb tvärsöver.
denaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of sjönstorabigstor · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies sjönweak/definite form (stora), used with a singular definite noun, e.g. den stora länstolen.
sjönlakesjö · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies tvärsöveriinstead ofi · prepositionintroduces the clause of vandraställetplaceställe · noun, nominative, neuter, singularpart of the phrase iförinstead offör · prepositionpart of the phrase iatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of vandrainfinitive marker before a verb.
vandrawandervandra · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on gåruntaroundrunt · adverbmodifies vandraomaroundom · prepositionpreposition marking dendenitden · pronoun, common gender, singularoblique complement of vandra They knew well enough that spring ice is dangerous, but this ice certainly looked perfectly safe.
Detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of visstevissteknewvisste · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencenogwell enoughnog · adverbmodifies vissteattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of farligvårisspring icevåris · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralsubject of farligärisvara · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activecopula linking to farligfarligdangerousfarlig · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularclausal complement of visstemenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdennathisdenna · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of sågsågsawsåg · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with farligpast tense of se, 'to see.'
juwell enoughju · adverbmodifies sågalldelesquitealldeles · adverbmodifies säkersäkersafesäker · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of sågutlookut · adverbdepends on sågThey could see that it was several inches thick near the shore.
Detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of sekundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of seseseese · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentenceattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of tjockdenitden · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of tjockvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to tumfleraseveralflera · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies tumtuminchestum · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of tjocktjockthicktjock · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularclausal complement of seinvidclose toinvid · adverbmodifies tjockFunctions as a preposition ("right next to") in these examples.
landlandland · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of tjockThey saw a path they could follow, and the far shore seemed to lie so near that they ought to be able to walk across to it in an hour.
Enaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of vägvägwayväg · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of sågosågosawsågo · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencemistagged as present tense; this is the archaic plural past tense of se 'to see' (they saw).
detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of sågosomthatsom · pronoundirect object of följaThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of följakundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of följaföljato followfölja · verb, active, infinitiverelative clause on deochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationandraotherannan · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies strandenstrandenshorestrand · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of liggatycktesseemedtycktes · verb, past, indicativeauxiliary of liggaliggato lieligga · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with sågosåsoså · adverbmodifies näranäranearnära · adverbmodifies liggaType lumps the positive, comparative, and superlative forms of nära.
attthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of gådetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of gåbordeought toböra · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of gåBare borde is simple past modal ("ought to"/"should"); the perfect sense ("ought to have") only appears when borde is followed by ha + supine in the sentence, as in three of the four examples — the fourth ("borde släppa taget") has no ha and translates as plain "ought to."
kunnato be able tokunna · auxiliary verb, active, infinitiveauxiliary of gågågogå · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on liggaöveracrossöver · prepositionmodifies ditdittheredit · adverbmodifies gåpåinpå · prepositionpreposition marking timmeenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of timmetimmehourtimme · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of gå- 4
"Come on, let's try it!" said little Mats.
KomcomeKom · proper noun, nominativedepends on försökerImperative of 'komma' (to come); mistagged as proper noun.
såthenså · adverbadverbial clause on försökerförsökertriesförsöka · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceviwevi · pronoun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of försökersadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencelillelittlelille · adjective, nominative, masculine, singularmodifies MatsMatsMatsMats · proper noun, nominativesubject of sade "If we're just careful not to fall into any open patch, we should be all right."
Omifom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of serviwevi · pronoun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of serbarajustbara · adverbmodifies serserseesse · verb, present, indicative, activedepends on gårossusvi · pronoun, accusative, common gender, pluraldirect object of serföroutför · prepositiondepends on sersåsoså · adverbintroduces the clause of kommerattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionpart of the phrase såviwevi · pronoun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of kommerintenotinte · particlemodifies kommerkommercomeskomma · verb, present, indicative, activeadverbial clause on seriintoi · prepositionpreposition marking vaknågonanynågon · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of vakvakopen watervak · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of kommerAll four examples in this chunk use "vaken" as the adjective (awake), not the noun "vak" (ice-hole); the primary gloss should be "awake" here, though the ice-hole noun sense also occurs elsewhere in the book under this same conflated surface.
såthenså · adverbadverbial clause on gårgårgoesgå · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with gårnogall rightnog · adverbmodifies gårförforför · prepositionpreposition marking ossossusvi · pronoun, accusative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of går- 5
With that, they set out onto the lake.
Därmedwith thatdärmed · adverbmodifies gåvogåvogavegåvo · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralhead of the phraseHistorical plural past-tense form of ge/giva ("to give"), not a noun.
detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of gåvosigthemselvessig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of gåvoutoutut · adverbmodifies gåvopåontopå · prepositionpreposition marking sjönsjönlakesjö · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of ut The ice was not particularly slippery, but very pleasant to walk on.
Isenthe iceisen · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of särdelesvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to särdelesintenotinte · particlemodifies särdelessärdelesespeciallysärdeles · adverbhead of the phraseglattgladglatt · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularcomplement of särdelesutanbut ratherutan · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfollows a negated clause, contrasting it with what actually happened.
mycketverymycket · adverbmodifies behagligbehagligpleasantbehaglig · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with särdelesatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of gåinfinitive marker before a verb.
gågogå · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on behagligpåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking gåThere was more water on it than they had been able to see, and here and there was spongy ice, where the water bubbled up and down.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with fannsfannsthere wasfinnas · verb, past, indicativemain verb of the sentenceexistential verb; fanns = 'there was/were, existed.'
mermoremycket · adverbmodifies vattenvattenwatervatten · noun, nominative, neuter, singularsubject of fannspåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking dendenitden · pronoun, common gender, singularoblique complement of fannsänthanän · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of sedetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of sehadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of sekunnatbeen able tokunna · auxiliary verb, active, supineauxiliary of seseseese · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on fannsochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhärherehär · adverbcoordinated with ,ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdärtheredär · adverbmodifies fannsfannsthere wasfinnas · verb, past, indicativecoordinated with seexistential verb; fanns = 'there was/were, existed.'
pipigspongypipig · adjective, nominativemodifies isPipig ice is porous, waterlogged ice riddled with channels.
isiceis · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of fannsdärtheredär · adverbmodifies porladevattnetwatervatten · noun, nominative, neuter, singularsubject of porladeporladebubbledporla · adjective, nominative, pluralrelative clause on isuppupupp · adverbdepends on porladeochandoch · conjunctionpart of the phrase uppnerdownner · adverbpart of the phrase uppSuch spots one had to watch out for, but that was surely not difficult in the middle of the day, in the bright sunshine.
Sådanasuchsån · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies ställenställenplacesställe · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraldirect object of aktafickhad tofå · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of aktamanoneman · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of aktaaktawatch out/bewareakta · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencesigoneselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of aktaförforför · prepositionmodifies aktamenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with svårtvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to svårtjusurelyju · adverbmodifies svårtintenotinte · particlemodifies svårtsvårtdifficultsvår · adverbcoordinated with aktaThis type bundles the positive 'svårt' and the comparative 'svårare' under one gloss; ch02-p89-s2 'ännu svårare' means 'still harder', not just 'difficult'.
mittpåin the middle ofmittpå · adjective, nominative, singularadverbial clause on svårtFunctions as the preposition 'mittpå' (in the middle of), mistagged as an adjective.
dagendaydag · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of svårtiini · prepositionpreposition marking solskenetdetaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of solskenetljusabrightljus · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies solskenetsolskenetthe sunshinesolsken · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of svårt- 6
The children got along quickly and easily, and they talked of nothing but how clever they had been to go out on the ice instead of continuing their journey along the rain-battered country road.
Barnenchildrenbarn · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralsubject of kommokommocamekommo · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencekommo is the archaic plural past tense of komma 'to come', not an infinitive despite the tag.
fortfastfort · adverbmodifies kommoochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationlätteasilylätt · adverbcoordinated with kommoframåtforwardframåt · adverbmodifies lättochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of taladetaladespoketala · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with kommointenotinte · particlemodifies taladeomofom · prepositionintroduces the clause of klokaannatanything elseannan · pronoun, neuter, singularpart of the phrase omänthanän · subordinating conjunctionpart of the phrase annathurhowhur · adverbmodifies klokaklokawisekloka · adjective, nominative, pluraladverbial clause on taladedetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluraldepends on klokahadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on klokavaritbeenvara · auxiliary verb, active, supineadverbial clause on klokasomtosom · pronounsubject of gåttThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
hadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of gåttgåttgone outgå · verb, active, supinedepends on taladeutoutut · adverbdepends on gåttpåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking iseniseniceis · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of gåttiinstead ofi · prepositionintroduces the clause of fortsättaställetplaceställe · noun, nominative, neuter, singularpart of the phrase iförinstead offör · prepositionpart of the phrase iatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of fortsättainfinitive marker before a verb.
fortsättato continuefortsätta · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on gåttvandringenjourneyvandring · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of fortsättapåalongpå · prepositionpreposition marking landsvägendenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of landsvägensönderregnaderain-batteredsönderregna · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies landsvägenlandsvägenhighwaylandsväg · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of fortsätta - 7
When they had walked for a while, they came near the island of Vinön.
Närwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of gåttdetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of gåtthadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of gåttgåttwalkedgå · verb, active, supineadverbial clause on kommoenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of stundstundwhilestund · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of gåttkommocamekommo · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencekommo is the archaic plural past tense of komma 'to come', not an infinitive despite the tag.
detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluraldirect object of kommoiini · prepositionpreposition marking Vinönnärhetenvicinitynärhet · noun, nominative, common gender, singularpart of the phrase iavofav · prepositionpart of the phrase iVinönVinönVinön · proper noun, nominativeoblique complement of kommo There an old woman caught sight of them from her window.
Därtheredär · adverbmodifies fickfickcaught sightfå · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of syngummaold womangumma · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies synsynsightsyn · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of fickpåofpå · prepositionpreposition marking demdemthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluraloblique complement of fickfrånfromfrån · prepositionpreposition marking fönstersitthis ownsig · pronoun, neuter, singularpossessor of fönsterpossessive reflexive sitt, agreeing with a neuter noun.
fönsterwindowfönster · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of fickShe ran out of her cottage, waved her arms at them, and shouted something they could not hear.
Honshehon · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sprangsprangransprangma · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceLemma is corrupted; surfaces are only "sprang" (past of springa, to run). Lemma should read springa, not sprangma.
utoutut · adverbdepends on sprangurout ofur · prepositionpreposition marking stuganstugancottagestuga · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of sprangslogwavedslå · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with sprangLight verb whose sense shifts with its particle (slog upp/ihop/omkull/sig ner).
åtatåt · prepositiondepends on slogdemthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluraldirect object of slogmedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking armarnaarmarnathe armsarmarna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of slogochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationropadecalled outropa · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with slognågotsomethingnågon · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of ropadesomthatsom · pronoundirect object of höraThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of höraintenotinte · particlemodifies hörakundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of hörahörato hearhöra · verb, active, infinitiverelative clause on någotThey understood very well that she was warning them not to go on.
Detheyen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of förstodoSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
förstodounderstoodförstodo · adverbhead of the phrasepast plural of förstå ('to understand'); mistagged as adverb.
mycketverymycket · adverbmodifies välvälwellväl · adverbmodifies förstodoattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of varnadehonshehon · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of varnadevarnadewarnedvarna · verb, past, indicative, activedepends on förstododemthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluraldirect object of varnadeföragainstför · prepositionintroduces the clause of fortsättaatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of fortsättainfinitive marker before a verb.
fortsättato continuefortsätta · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on varnadevandringenjourneyvandring · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of fortsättaBut they, being out on the ice, could see for themselves that there was no danger at hand.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of sågosomthatsom · pronounsubject of voroThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
vorowerevoro · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on deuteoutsideute · adverbmodifies voropåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking iseniseniceis · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of utesågosawsågo · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencemistagged as present tense; this is the archaic plural past tense of se 'to see' (they saw).
juafter allju · adverbmodifies sågoattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of föringennoingen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of farafaradangerfara · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of försome listed surfaces (fara, far) are actually forms of the unrelated verb fara 'to travel/go'; gloss the noun sense danger for the noun-tagged type.
varwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to förföratför · prepositionclausal complement of sågohandenhandhand · noun, nominative, common gender, singularpart of the phrase förIt would surely have been quite foolish to leave the ice when everything was going so splendidly.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with dumthadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of dumtvälsurelyväl · adverbmodifies dumtvaritbeenvara · auxiliary verb, active, supinecopula linking to dumtbraquitebra · adverbmodifies dumtdumtfoolishdumd · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularhead of the phraseatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of lämnainfinitive marker before a verb.
lämnaleavelämna · verb, active, infinitivedepends on dumtiseniceis · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of lämnanärwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of gickalltallall · adverbmodifies gickgickwentgå · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on dumtsåsoså · adverbmodifies förträffligtförträffligtsplendidförträfflig · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularcomplement of gick- 8
So they walked on past Vinön and now had a stretch of ice a mile wide before them.
Detheyen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of vandradeSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
vandradewanderedvandra · adjective, nominative, pluralhead of the phraseTagged as an adjective but is the past tense of vandra, 'to wander/walk'.
alltsåsoalltså · adverbmodifies vandradeförbipastförbi · adverbpreposition marking VinönVinönVinönvinön · proper noun, nominativeoblique complement of vandradeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with vandradenunownu · adverbmodifies hadeenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of isytamilsbredmile-widemilsbred · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies isytaisytaice surfaceisyta · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of hadeframförin front offramför · prepositionpreposition marking sigsigthemselvessig · pronoun, accusativeoblique complement of hade Out here there were such large pools of water that the children were forced to make long detours.
Häruteout herehärute · adverbmodifies fannsfannsthere wasfinnas · verb, past, indicativemain verb of the sentenceexistential verb; fanns = 'there was/were, existed.'
detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with fannssåsuchså · adverbmodifies storastorabigstor · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies vattensamlingarvattensamlingarpools of watervattensamling · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of fannsattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of nödgadesbarnenchildrenbarn · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralsubject of passive nödgadesnödgadeswere forcednödga · verb, past, indicative, passiveclause modifying vattensamlingargöramakegöra · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of nödgadeslångalonglång · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies omvägaromvägardetoursomväg · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of göraBut that only amused them.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of roadebarajustbara · adverbmodifies roaderoadeamusedroa · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceUsually reflexive 'roade sig' = amused himself/herself.
demthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluraldirect object of roadeThey competed to find out where the ice was best.
Detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of tävladetävladecompetedtävla · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceomtoom · prepositionintroduces the clause of finnaatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of finnainfinitive marker before a verb.
finnafindfinna · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on tävladeutoutut · adverbdepends on finnavarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to bästiseniceis · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of bästvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to bästbästbestbra · adjective, nominative, superlativeadverbial clause on tävladeThey were neither tired nor hungry.
Detheyen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of voroSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
vorowerevoro · adjective, nominative, pluralhead of the phrasearchaic plural past tense of vara ('to be'), used alongside var; a historical form, not a true adjective.
varkenneithervarken · conjunctionlinks the coordinationtröttatiredtrött · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with voroelleroreller · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhungrigahungryhungrig · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with tröttaThey had the whole day ahead of them, and they only laughed when they met new obstacles.
Detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of hadehadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehelawholehel · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies dagendagendaydag · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of hadeförahead offör · prepositionpreposition marking sigsigthemselvessig · pronoun, accusativeoblique complement of hadeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdetheyen · determiner, pluralsubject of skrattadeSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
barajustbara · adverbmodifies skrattadeskrattadelaughedskratta · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with hadenärwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of möttedetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of möttemöttemetmötte · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on skrattadenyanewny · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies hinderhinderobstacleshinder · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraldirect object of mötte- 9
Now and then they cast glances over toward the far shore.
Iblandnow and thenibland · adverbmodifies kastadekastadethrewkasta · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedetheyen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of blickarnaSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
blickarnaglancesblick · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of kastadeöveroveröver · adverbmodifies kastadeåttowardåt · prepositionpreposition marking strandenandraotherannan · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies strandenstrandenshorestrand · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of över It still seemed far away, although they had been walking a good hour.
Denitden · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of tycktestycktesseemedtycktes · verb, past, indicativemodifies avlägsenännustillännu · adverbmodifies avlägsenvarabevara · auxiliary verb, active, infinitivecopula linking to avlägsenlångtfarlångt · adverbmodifies avlägsenavlägsenfar awayavlägsen · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phrasefastänalthoughfastän · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of gåttdetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of gåtthadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of gåttgåttbeen walkinggå · verb, active, supineadverbial clause on avlägsenväla goodväl · adverbmodifies gåttenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of timmetimmehourtimme · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of gåttThey were a little astonished that the lake was so wide.
Detheyen · determiner, pluralsubject of voroSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
vorowerevoro · adjective, nominative, pluralhead of the phrasearchaic plural past tense of vara ('to be'), used alongside var; a historical form, not a true adjective.
enaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of häpnasmulabitsmula · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies häpnahäpnaastonishedhäpna · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of voroMistagged as noun; it is the plural form of the adjective 'häpen' (astonished).
överthatöver · prepositionintroduces the clause of bredattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of bredsjönlakesjö · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of bredvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to bredsåsoså · adverbmodifies bredbredbroadbred · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularadverbial clause on voro"It's as if that shore were moving away from us," said little Mats.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularhead of the phraseärisvara · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activecopula linking to Detsomas ifsom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of denomifom · subordinating conjunctionpreposition marking dendeniten · pronoun, common gender, singularclause modifying Detdärtheredär · adverbmodifies flyttadestrandenshorestrand · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of flyttadeflyttademovedflytta · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on densigitselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of flyttadeundanawayundan · adverbpreposition marking ossossusvi · pronoun, accusative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of flyttadesadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to denlillelittlelille · adjective, nominative, masculine, singularsubject of sadeMatsMatsMats · proper noun, nominativedirect object of sade- 10
Out here they had no shelter from the west wind.
Häruteout herehärute · adverbmodifies vorovorowerevoro · adjective, nominative, singularhead of the phrasePast plural of vara (to be); mistagged as an adjective.
detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of voroutanwithoututan · prepositionpreposition marking skyddskyddshelterskydd · noun, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies demotfrommot · prepositionpreposition marking västanvindenvästanvindenwest windvästanvind · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies skydd It grew fiercer with every minute and pressed their clothes so hard against their bodies that they had trouble moving.
Denitden · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of blevblevbecamebli · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceförwithför · prepositionmodifies blevvarwasvara · determiner, common gender, singularmodifies blevmistagged as a determiner; the surface 'var' here is the past tense of vara 'to be'.
minutminuteminut · noun, nominative, common gender, singularpart of the phrase varallteverallt · adverbmodifies häftigarehäftigarefiercerhäftig · adjective, nominative, comparativecomplement of blevochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationtrycktepressedtrycka · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with blevklädernaclotheskläder · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of trycktesåsoså · adverbmodifies kroppenhårthardhård · adverbpart of the phrase såmotagainstmot · prepositionpreposition marking kroppenkroppenbodykropp · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of trycktepåagainstpå · prepositionpreposition marking demdemthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluralmodifies kroppenattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of hadedetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of hadehadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on blevsvårtdifficultsvår · adjective, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of hadeatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of rörainfinitive marker before a verb.
röramovingröra · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on hadesigthemselvessig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of röraThe cold gale was the first real discomfort they had met with on their journey.
Denitden · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of kallakallacoldkalla · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentenceMislemmatized: both examples ('det kalla nattkvarteret', 'i den kalla marsnatten') show the definite/inflected adjective 'kall' ('cold'), not the verb kalla ('to call'). Gloss corrected to match the attested adjective use.
blåstenwindblåst · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of kallavarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to obehagdetaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of obehagförstafirsten · adjective, nominativemodifies obehagsurfaces are forms of första 'first', not the numeral en.
riktigarealriktig · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies obehagobehagdiscomfortobehag · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralcomplement of kallasomthatsom · pronoundirect object of möttThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of mötthadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of möttmöttmetmött · verb, active, supinerelative clause on obehagunderonunder · prepositionpreposition marking vandringenvandringenjourneyvandring · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of mött- 11
One thing that puzzled them was that the wind came with such a loud roar, as if it had carried with it the noise of a great mill or a mechanical workshop.
Någotone thingNågot · adverbhead of the phrasesomthatsom · pronounsubject of förvånadeThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
förvånadesurprisedförvåna · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on Någotdemthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluraldirect object of förvånadevarwasvara · pronoun, common gender, singularmodifies Någotthe surface var here is the past tense of vara 'to be', not the pronoun.
attthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of komvindenwindvind · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of komvind is a true homograph: 'attic/loft' and 'wind' are unrelated words with identical form.
komcamekomma · verb, past, indicative, activedepends on Någotmedwithmed · prepositiondepends on komsåsuchså · adverbmodifies starktstarktloudstark · adverbmodifies dånAdverbial form 'starkt' modifying nouns like a predicate adjective in these examples, sense shifts between 'loud' and 'strong/solid'.
dånroardån · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of komsomassom · pronounsubject of förtThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
omifom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of förtdenitden · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of förthadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of förtförtcarriedföra · verb, active, supinerelative clause on dånmedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking sigsigitselfsig · pronoun, accusativeoblique complement of förtbullretthe noisebullr · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of förtfrånfromfrån · prepositionpreposition marking kvarnenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of kvarnstorbigstor · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies kvarnkvarnmillkvarn · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of förtelleroreller · conjunctionlinks the coordinationmekaniskmechanicalmekanisk · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies verkstadverkstadworkshopverkstad · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with kvarn But surely nothing of the kind could exist out there on the ice fields.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationnågotanythingnågon · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of sådantsådantsuchsån · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularsubject of finnaskundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of finnasjusurelyju · adverbmodifies finnasintenotinte · particlemodifies finnasfinnasto existfinnas · verb, infinitivemain verb of the sentencedäruteout theredärute · adverbmodifies finnaspåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking isviddernaisviddernathe ice fieldsisvidderna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of finnas- 12
They had walked west of the great island of Valen, and now it truly seemed to them that they were nearing the northern shore.
Detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of gåtthadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of gåttgåttwalkedgå · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentencevästerwestväster · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of gåttomofom · prepositionpreposition marking Valendenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of önstorabigstor · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies önweak/definite form (stora), used with a singular definite noun, e.g. den stora länstolen.
önthe islandön · proper nounmodifies ValenValenValenVal · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of gåttochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of tycktetycktethoughttycka · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with gåttnunownu · adverbmodifies tyckteattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of märktesdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with märktesverkligenreallyverkligen · adverbmodifies märktesmärkteswas evidentmärktes · verb, past, indicative, passiveclausal complement of tyckteattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of närmadedetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of närmadenärmadeapproachednärma · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on märktessigthemselvessig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of närmadenorranorthernnorra · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies strandenstrandenshorestrand · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of närmade But at the same time the wind grew more and more troublesome, and the loud roar that came with it increased so much that they began to feel uneasy.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationpåat oncepå · prepositionpreposition marking gångsammathe samesamma · determinerdeterminer of gånggångtimegång · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of blevblevbecamebli · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencevindenwindvind · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of blevvind is a true homograph: 'attic/loft' and 'wind' are unrelated words with identical form.
alltmore and moreallt · adverbmodifies besvärligarebesvärligaremore troublesomebesvärlig · adjective, nominative, comparativecomplement of blevochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdetaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of dånetstarkastrongstark · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies dånetdånetroardån · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with besvärligaresomthatsom · pronounsubject of följdeThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
följdefollowedfölja · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on dånetdenitden · pronoun, common gender, singulardirect object of följdetilltogincreasedtilltog · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to blevsåso muchså · adverbmodifies tilltogattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of börjadedetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of börjadebörjadebeganbörja · verb, past, indicative, activeclausal complement of tilltogkännato feelkänna · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of börjadesigthemselvessig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of kännaoroligauneasyorolig · adjective, nominative, pluralcomplement of känna- 13
All at once they thought they understood that the roar they heard came from waves that, foaming and thundering, were dashing against a shore, but that too was surely impossible, since the lake still lay covered with ice.
Medwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking ensensat onceens · adverboblique complement of tyckteUsed in the fixed idiom med ens 'all at once/suddenly.'
tycktethoughttycka · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of tycktesigthemselvessig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of tyckteförståunderstandförstå · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of tyckteattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of komdånetroardån · noun, nominative, neuter, singularsubject of komsomthatsom · pronoundirect object of hördeThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of hördehördeheardhöra · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on dånetkomcamekomma · verb, past, indicative, activeclausal complement of tycktefrånfromfrån · prepositionpreposition marking vågorvågorwavesvåga · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of komsomthatsom · pronounsubject of vräktesThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
medwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking skumskumfoamskum · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of vräktesochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationbrusroarbrus · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with skumvräkteswas dashingvräktes · verb, past, indicative, passiverelative clause on vågormotagainstmot · prepositionpreposition marking strandenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of strandstrandshorestrand · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of vräktesmenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdettathisdenna · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of omöjligtvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to omöjligtjusurelyju · adverbmodifies omöjligtocksåalsoockså · adverbmodifies omöjligtomöjligtimpossibleomöjlig · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with komeftersomsinceeftersom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of täcktsjönlakesjö · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of lågännustillännu · adverbmodifies låglåglowlåg · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies täckttäcktcoveredtäcka · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularadverbial clause on tycktemedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking isisiceis · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of täckt - 14
In any case they stopped and looked around.
Iin any casei · prepositionpreposition marking fallallaallall · determiner, pluraldeterminer of fallfallcasesfall · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraloblique complement of stannadestannadestoppedstanna · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of stannadeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsågosawsågoa · verb, present, indicative, activecoordinated with stannadeLemma/tag are corrupted; sågo is the plural past tense of se ("saw"), not a noun or present tense.
sigthemselvessig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of sågoomaroundom · prepositionpreposition marking sågo Then, far away to the west, over toward Björnön and the Göksholm shore, they noticed a white ridge running straight across the lake.
Dåthendå · adverbmodifies märktemärktenoticedmärka · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedetheyen · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of märktesurfaces are actually the plural pronoun de, not a form of en.
långtfarlångt · adverbmodifies märktebortafar awayborta · adverbmodifies märkteiini · prepositionpreposition marking västervästerwestväster · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of bortaneremottowardneremot · adverbpreposition marking BjörnönBjörnönBjörnönBjörnön · proper noun, nominativecoordinated with västerochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationGöksholmslandetthe Göksholm shoreGöksholmslandet · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with västerenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of vallvitwhitevit · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies vallvallridgevall · noun, nominative, neuter, singularsubject of märktesomthatsom · pronounsubject of gickThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
gickwentgå · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on valltvärsöverstraight acrosstvärsöv · adverbmodifies sjönsjönlakesjö · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of gickAt first they thought it was a snowbank along a road, but then they understood that it was foam from waves being flung against the ice.
Förstfirstförst · adverbmodifies troddetroddebelievedtro · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of troddeattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of vägdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of vägvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to vägenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of snökantsnökantsnowbanksnökant · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies vägutmedalongutmed · prepositionpreposition marking vägenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of vägvägwayväg · noun, nominative, common gender, singularclausal complement of troddemenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsåthenså · adverbmodifies förstodoförstodounderstoodförstodo · nouncoordinated with vägHistorical plural preterite of förstå; modern Swedish uses förstod.
detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralmodifies vägattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of skumdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of skumvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to skumskumfoamskum · noun, nominative, neuter, singularclause modifying defrånfromfrån · prepositionpreposition marking vågorvågorwavesvåga · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralmodifies skumsomthatsom · pronounsubject of passive kastadesThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
kastadeswas/were thrownkastaa · verb, past, indicative, passiverelative clause on vågormotagainstmot · prepositionpreposition marking iseniseniceis · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of kastades- 15
When they saw this, they took each other by the hand and began to run without saying a word.
Närwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of sågodetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of sågosågosawsågoa · verb, present, indicative, activeadverbial clause on togoLemma/tag are corrupted; sågo is the plural past tense of se ("saw"), not a noun or present tense.
dettathisdenna · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of sågotogotooktogo · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceOld plural past tense of taga/ta ('to take').
detheyen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of varandraSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
varandraeach othervarandra · pronoun, accusative, pluraldirect object of togoibyi · prepositionmodifies togohandhandhand · noun, nominative, common gender, singularpart of the phrase iochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationbörjadebeganbörja · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with togospringato runspringa · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of börjadeOne cited example uses the homograph springa "slit/crack" (a different noun); this type is the infinitive verb "to run".
utanwithoututan · prepositionintroduces the clause of sägaatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of sägainfinitive marker before a verb.
sägato saysäga · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on springaettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of ordordwordord · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of säga The lake lay open over there in the west, and they thought they had seen the line of foam moving swiftly eastward.
Sjönlakesjö · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of låglåglayligga · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies öppenmistagged as adjective; the surface 'låg' here is the past tense of ligga 'to lie', not the unrelated adjective låg 'low'.
öppenopenöppen · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phrasedärbortaover theredärborta · adverbmodifies västeriini · prepositionpreposition marking västervästerwestväster · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of öppenochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of tyckthadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of tyckttycktthoughttyck · verb, active, supinecoordinated with öppenSupine of 'tycka'; sense splits between 'liked' (tyckt om) and 'thought/seemed' (tyckt sig se).
sigthemselvessig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of tycktseseese · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of tycktattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of flyttadeskumrandenthe line of foamskumrand · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralsubject of flyttadehastigtquicklyhastig · adverbmodifies flyttadeflyttademovedflytta · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on tycktsigitselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of flyttadeösteruteastwardösterut · adverbmodifies flyttadeThey did not know whether the ice would break up everywhere or what was going to happen.
Detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of visstevissteknewvisste · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceintenotinte · particlemodifies vissteomifom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of brytaiseniceis · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of brytaskullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of brytabrytabreak upbryta · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on vissteuppupupp · adverbdepends on brytaöverallteverywhereöverallt · adverbmodifies brytaelleroreller · conjunctionlinks the coordinationvadwhatvad · pronoun, neuter, singulardepends on skesomwhatsom · pronounsubject of skeThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
skullewas going toskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of skeskehappenske · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on brytaBut they sensed that they were in danger.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of kändekändefeltkäna · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencepåsensedpå · prepositionpreposition marking sigsigthemselvessig · pronoun, accusativeoblique complement of kändeattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of vorodetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of vorovorowerevoro · adjective, nominative, pluraladverbial clause on kändearchaic plural past tense of vara ('to be'), used alongside var; a historical form, not a true adjective.
iini · prepositionpreposition marking farafaradangerfara · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of vorosome listed surfaces (fara, far) are actually forms of the unrelated verb fara 'to travel/go'; gloss the noun sense danger for the noun-tagged type.
- 16
All of a sudden it seemed to them as if the ice lifted right at the spot where they were running: rose and sank down again, as if someone had shoved it from below.
Påat oncepå · prepositionpreposition marking gångenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of gånggångsuddenlygång · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of tycktestycktesseemedtycktes · verb, past, indicativemain verb of the sentencedetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with tycktesdemthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluralsubject of tycktessomassom · pronoundirect object of lyftesThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
omifom · subordinating conjunctionpreposition marking iseniseniceis · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of lyfteslyfteswas liftedlyftea · verb, present, indicative, passiverelative clause on demjustjustjust · adverbmodifies lyftespåatpå · prepositionpreposition marking ställetdetaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of ställetställetplaceställe · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of lyftesdärtheredär · adverbmodifies lyftesdetheyen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of sprungoSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
sprungoransprungo · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of passive lyftesTagged as a noun but is the historical past-plural of springa, 'to run' (cf. voro, gingo).
lyftesliftedlyftes · verb, present, indicative, passiveparallel clause to tycktesochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsjönksanksjönk · verb, active, supinecoordinated with lyftesnerdownner · adverbdepends on sjönkigenagainigen · adverbmodifies sjönksomassom · pronounsubject of stöttThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
omifom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of stöttnågonsomeonenågon · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of stötthadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of stöttstöttshovedstöta · verb, active, supineadverbial clause on lyftestillshovedtill · prepositionpreposition marking dendenaen · determiner, common gender, singularoblique complement of stöttunderifrånfrom belowunderifrån · adverbmodifies den Then a dull crack was heard in the ice, and after that cracks ran out over it in every direction.
DärpåthenDärpå · pronoun, masculine, singularsubject of passive hördeshördeswas heardhördes · verb, past, indicative, passivemain verb of the sentenceenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of knalldovdulldov · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies knallknallcrackknall · noun, nominative, neuter, singularsubject of passive hördesiini · prepositionpreposition marking iseniseniceis · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of knallochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsedanthensedan · adverbmodifies gingogingowentgingo · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies sprickorPast plural of gå (to go); mistagged as an adjective.
sprickorcracksspricka · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with hördesutoutut · adverbmodifies sprickoröveroveröver · prepositionpreposition marking dendenaen · determiner, common gender, singularoblique complement of utåtinåt · prepositionpreposition marking hållallaallall · determiner, pluraldeterminer of hållhålldirectionshåll · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraloblique complement of utThe children could see how they raced across the ice sheet.
Barnenchildrenbarn · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralsubject of sekundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of seseseese · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencehurhowhur · adverbmodifies iladedetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of iladeiladehurriedila · verb, past, indicative, activeclausal complement of seframforwardfram · adverbmodifies iladegenomthroughgenom · prepositionpreposition marking istäcketistäcketice sheetistäck · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of ilade- 17
Now it was still for a little while, but then that same rising and sinking was felt again.
Nunownu · adverbmodifies blevblevbecamebli · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of blevstillastillstilla · adverbpreposition marking stundenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of stundlitensmallliten · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies stundstundwhilestund · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of blevmenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsåthenså · adverbmodifies kändeskändeswas feltkändes · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with blevåterigenagainåterig · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies kändesThis is the adverb återigen 'again', mistagged as a noun.
denaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of höjningendärtheredär · adverbpart of the phrase denhöjningenthe risinghöjning · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardepends on kändesochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsänkningenthe sinkingsänkning · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with höjningen After this the cracks began to widen into fissures, through which one could see water bubbling up.
Efterafterefter · prepositionpreposition marking dettadettathisdenna · pronoun, neuter, singularoblique complement of börjadebörjadebeganbörja · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencesprickornacracksspricka · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of börjadevidgawidenvidg · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of börjadesigthemselvessig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of vidgatillintotill · prepositionpreposition marking springorspringorcracksspringa · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of vidgagenomthroughgenom · prepositionpreposition marking vilkavilkawhichvilken · pronoun, pluraloblique complement of sågmanoneman · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sågsågsawsåg · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on vidgapast tense of se, 'to see.'
vattenwatervatten · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of sågporlabubbleporla · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of såguppupupp · adverbdepends on porlaSoon after, the fissures became wide rifts, and the ice began to split into great floes.
Straxsoonstrax · adverbmodifies därpådärpåthen/after thatdärpå · adverbmodifies blevoblevobecameblevo · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentencelemma should be bli 'to become'; blevo is the archaic plural past tense (they became).
springornathe fissuresspringorna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcomplement of blevotillbecametill · prepositionpreposition marking rämnorrämnorcrevicesrämna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of springornaochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationiseniceis · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of börjadebörjadebeganbörja · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with blevodelato sharedela · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of börjadesigitselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of delaiintoi · prepositionpreposition marking flakstorabigstor · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies flakflakfloesflak · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraloblique complement of dela- 18
"Åsa," said little Mats, "this must be the ice breaking up."
ÅsaÅsaÅsa · proper noun, nominativehead of the phrasesadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to Åsalillelittlelille · adjective, nominative, masculine, singularsubject of sadeMatsMatsMats · proper noun, nominativesubject of sadedetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of islossningärisvara · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activecopula linking to islossningvisstmust beviss · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies islossningislossningice breakupislossning · noun, nominative, common gender, singularparallel clause to Åsa - 19
"Yes, that's so, little Mats," said Åsa, "but we can still make it to shore.
Jayesja · interjectiondepends on ,detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of såärisvara · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activecopula linking to såsåsoså · adverbdepends on ,lillelittlelille · adjective, nominative, masculine, singularcoordinated with såMatsMatsMats · proper noun, nominativedepends on lillesadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to såÅsaÅsaÅsa · proper noun, nominativesubject of sademenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationviwevi · pronoun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of hinnakancankunna · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of hinnaännustillännu · adverbmodifies hinnahinnato have time tohinna · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with sadeiashorei · prepositionpreposition marking landlandlandland · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of hinna Just keep running!"
SpringRun!spring · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phraseImperative of the verb 'springa' (to run); mistagged as a noun.
påkeep runningpå · prepositionpreposition marking barabarajustbara · adverbmodifies Spring- 20
In fact the wind and the waves still had a great deal of work to do before they could clear the ice from the lake.
Iini · prepositionpreposition marking verketsjälvain factsjälv · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies verketSurface "själva" is the plural/emphatic form of själv and can mean "themselves" or intensify "the very."
verketin factverk · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of hadethe idiom i (själva) verket means 'in fact/actually', not literal 'work'.
hadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencevindenwindvind · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of hadevind is a true homograph: 'attic/loft' and 'wind' are unrelated words with identical form.
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationvågornathe wavesvågorna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with hadeännustillännu · adverbmodifies mycketmycketmuchmycket · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies arbetearbeteworkarbete · noun, nominative, neuter, singularin apposition to vågornaatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of utförainfinitive marker before a verb.
utförato carry oututföra · verb, active, infinitiveclause modifying arbeteförtoför · prepositionintroduces the clause of fåatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of fåinfinitive marker before a verb.
fåclearfå · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on utförabortawaybort · adverbdepends on fåiseniceis · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of fåfrånfromfrån · prepositionpreposition marking sjönsjönlakesjö · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of få The hardest part was no doubt done once the ice sheet had broken into pieces, but all those pieces had to be split up again and thrown against one another to be crushed, worn down, and dissolved.
Detaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of svårastesvårastehardestsvår · adjective, nominative, superlativesubject of gjortvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activemodifies gjortvälno doubtväl · adverbmodifies gjortgjortdonegöra · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentencenärwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of brustitistäcketice sheetistäck · noun, nominative, neuter, singularsubject of brustithadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of brustitbrustithad brokenbrusta · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraladverbial clause on gjortiintoi · prepositionpreposition marking styckenstyckenpiecesstyck · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralmodifies brustitmenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationallaallall · determiner, pluraldeterminer of styckendessathesedenna · determiner, pluraldeterminer of styckenstyckenpiecesstyck · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of passive delasmåstemustmåste · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of delasdelasbe splitdela · verb, passive, infinitivecoordinated with brustitpåagainpå · prepositionpreposition marking kastasnyttnewny · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies kastasochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationkastasbe thrownkasta · verb, present, indicative, passiveadverbial clause on delasmotagainstmot · prepositionpreposition marking varandravarandraeach othervarandra · pronoun, accusative, pluraloblique complement of kastasförtoför · prepositionintroduces the clause of bliatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of bliinfinitive marker before a verb.
blibecomebli · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on delaskrossadecrushedkrossa · adjective, nominative, pluralcomplement of blisöndernöttaworn downsöndernötta · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with krossadeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationupplöstadissolvedupplösta · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with krossadeThere still remained a great quantity of hard, solid ice, forming large, unbroken fields.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with fannsfannsthere wasfinnas · verb, past, indicativemain verb of the sentenceexistential verb; fanns = 'there was/were, existed.'
ännustillännu · adverbmodifies fannskvarstill therekvar · adverbdepends on fannsenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of myckenhetmyckenheta great dealmyckenhet · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies isarchaic quantifier noun, 'en myckenhet X' = 'a great quantity of X'.
hårdhardhård · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularclause modifying myckenhetochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfastsolidfast · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with hårdHere used as the concessive conjunction 'though', not the adjective 'firm'.
isiceis · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of fannssomthatsom · pronounsubject of bildadeThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
bildadeformedbilda · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on isstorabigstor · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies fältoskadadeunbrokenoskadade · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with storafältfieldsfält · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraldirect object of bildade- 21
But the worst danger for the children was that they had no overview of the ice.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of faranvärstaworstond · adjective, nominative, superlativemodifies faranfaranthe dangerfara · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phrasesome listed surfaces (fara, far) are actually forms of the unrelated verb fara 'to travel/go'; gloss the noun sense danger for the noun-tagged type.
förforför · prepositionpreposition marking barnenbarnenchildrenbarn · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralmodifies faranvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of hadedetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of hadeintenotinte · particlemodifies hadehadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activeclausal complement of varnågonnonågon · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of överblicköverblickoverviewöverblick · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of hadeavofav · prepositionpreposition marking iseniseniceis · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies överblick They could not see where the rifts were so wide that it was impossible to cross them.
Detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of sekundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of seintenotinte · particlemodifies seseseese · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencevarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to vororämnornathe riftsrämnorna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of vorovorowerevoro · pronoun, pluralclausal complement of semistagged as a pronoun; this is the archaic plural past tense of vara 'to be'.
såsoså · adverbmodifies vidavidawidevid · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies seattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of kommadetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of kommaomöjligtimpossibleomöjlig · adverbmodifies kommakundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of kommakommacomekomma · verb, active, infinitiveclausal complement of seöveracrossöver · prepositionpreposition marking demdemthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluraloblique complement of kommaThey did not know where the great ice floes were to be found that could bear their weight.
Detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of visstevissteknewvisste · verb, past, indicative, activemodifies funnosintenotinte · particlemodifies visstevarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to funnosdetheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of isflakenSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
storabigstor · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies isflakenweak/definite form (stora), used with a singular definite noun, e.g. den stora länstolen.
isflakenice floeisflak · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of funnosfunnosexistedfunnos · proper noun, nominativehead of the phraseOld plural past tense of 'finnas' (to exist/be found), mistagged as a proper noun.
somthatsom · pronounsubject of bäraThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
kundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of bärabärato carrybära · verb, active, infinitivedepends on funnosdemthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluraldirect object of bäraSo they wandered about here and there, back and forth.
Därförsodärför · adverbmodifies irradeirradewanderedirra · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedetheyen · determiner, pluralsubject of irradeSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
omkringaroundomkring · adverbmodifies hithitherehit · adverboblique complement of irradeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdittheredit · adverbcoordinated with hitframforwardfram · adverbmodifies irradeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationtillbakabacktillbaka · adverbcoordinated with framThey came out farther onto the lake instead of nearing the shore.
Detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of kommokommocamekommo · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencekommo is the archaic plural past tense of komma 'to come', not an infinitive despite the tag.
utåtout fartherutåt · adverbmodifies sjönsjönlakesjö · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of kommoiinstead ofi · prepositionintroduces the clause of nalkasställetplaceställe · noun, nominative, neuter, singularpart of the phrase iförinstead offör · prepositionpart of the phrase iatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of nalkasinfinitive marker before a verb.
nalkasdraws nearnalka · verb, present, indicative, passiveadverbial clause on kommolandlandland · noun, nominative, neuter, singularsubject of passive nalkasThey became so bewildered and frightened out on the crumbling ice that at last they simply stood still and wept.
Detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of blevoblevobecameblevo · adverbhead of the phraseArchaic plural past tense of bli ("to become"), not an adverb; the parser mistagged it.
såsoså · adverbmodifies blevorådvillabewilderedrådvill · adjective, nominative, pluraldirect object of blevoochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationförskräcktafrightenedförskräckt · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with blevouteoutsideute · adverbmodifies förskräcktapåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking isendenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of isenbristandecrackingbristande · adjective, nominativemodifies iseniseniceis · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of förskräcktaattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of stododetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of stodotillat lasttill · prepositionmodifies stodosistlastsist · adverbpart of the phrase tillbarajustbara · adverbmodifies stodostodostoodstodo · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularclause modifying isenHistorical plural past form of stå.
stillastillstilla · adverbmodifies stodoochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationgrätoweptgräto · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with stodoGräto is the historical plural past form of gråta.
- 22
Then a flock of wild geese came whizzing over them in swift flight.
Dåthendå · adverbmodifies komkomcamekomma · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of fylkingfylkingformationfylking · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies vildgässvildgässwild geesevildgäss · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralsubject of komiini · prepositionpreposition marking flyktskarpswiftskarp · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies flyktflyktflightflykt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies vildgässsusandewhizzingsusande · adjective, nominativemodifies framframforwardfram · adverbdepends on komöveroveröver · prepositionpreposition marking demdemthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluraloblique complement of fram They cried out loudly and strongly, and the remarkable thing was that, in the midst of the goose-cackle, the children heard the words: "Go to the right, to the right, to the right!"
Detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of ropaderopadecalled outropa · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehögtloudlyhög · adverbmodifies ropadethis type bundles the positive, comparative, and superlative degree forms (högt, högre, högst) under one entry.
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationstarktstronglystark · adverbcoordinated with högtAdverbial form 'starkt' modifying nouns like a predicate adjective in these examples, sense shifts between 'loud' and 'strong/solid'.
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdetaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of märkvärdigamärkvärdigathe strange thingmärkvärdig · adjective, nominative, singularcoordinated with ropadeused substantively as 'det märkvärdiga' (the remarkable/strange thing).
varwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activedepends on märkvärdigaattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of hördemittmymitt · pronoun, neuter, singularoblique complement of hördeiini · prepositionpreposition marking gåskackletgåskackletgoose-cacklegåskackl · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of hördehördeheardhöra · verb, past, indicative, activedepends on märkvärdigabarnenchildrenbarn · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralindirect object of hördeordenthe wordsord · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of hördeSurface orden is the definite plural of ord, despite the singular tag.
Niyouni · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of gåsecond-person plural/formal pronoun, tagged singular by the parser.
skawillskola · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of gågågogå · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencetilltotill · prepositionmodifies gåhögerright (side)höger · noun, nominative, common gender, singularpart of the phrase tilltilltotill · prepositionmodifies gåhögerright (side)höger · noun, nominative, common gender, singularpart of the phrase tilltilltotill · prepositionpart of the phrase tillhögerright (side)höger · noun, nominative, common gender, singularpart of the phrase till- 23
They set off at once and followed the advice, but it was not long before they again stood at a loss in front of a wide rift.
Detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of sattesattesat downsatte · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencepast tense of sätta; here reflexive satte sig 'sat down'.
sigthemselvessig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of sattegenastat oncegenast · adverbmodifies satteiintoi · prepositionpreposition marking rörelserörelsemovementrörelse · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of satteochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationföljdefollowedföljde · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with satterådetadviceråd · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of följdemenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of dröjdedröjdewas long in comingdröj · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with satteIdiomatic: "det dröjde inte länge" = "it was not long before."
intenotinte · particlemodifies dröjdelängelonglänge · adverbmodifies dröjdeförränbeforeförrän · adverbmodifies stodoused with a preceding negative to mean 'no sooner than'.
detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of stodopåagainpå · prepositionpreposition marking nyttnyttnewny · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies destodostoodstodo · verb, present, indicativeadverbial clause on dröjdeHistorical past-plural form of stå (cf. voro, gingo); despite the 'present' tag this is past tense.
rådvillaat a lossrådvilla · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of stodoframförin front offramför · prepositionpreposition marking rämnaenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of rämnabredbroadbred · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies rämnarämnaa crackrämna · verb, active, infinitiveoblique complement of stodoMost occurrences are the noun 'a crack/rift'; one is the verb 'to crack'.
- 24
Again they heard the geese screaming over their heads, and in the cackle they made out a couple of words: "Stand still where you are! Stand still where you are!"
ÅteragainÅter · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralmodifies hördeMistagged as a noun; this is the adverb åter ("again").
hördeheardhöra · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of hördegässengeesegässe · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of hördegässen is the plural definite of gås 'goose'; lemma is a normalized plural stem.
skrikascreamskrika · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of hördeöveroveröver · prepositionpreposition marking huvudenderastheirde · pronounpossessor of huvudenpossessive form deras of the plural pronoun de.
huvudenheadshuvude · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraloblique complement of skrikaochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationiini · prepositionpreposition marking gåskackletgåskackletgoose-cacklegåskackl · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of urskildeurskildemade outurskila · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with hördedetheyen · determiner, pluralsubject of urskildeSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
ettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of parparcouplepar · noun, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies ordordwordsord · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraldirect object of urskildeStåstandStå · verb, present, indicative, activedepends on »stillastillstilla · adverbdepends on Stådärtheredär · adverbmodifies Ståniyouni · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of äsecond-person plural/formal pronoun, tagged singular by the parser.
äareä · adverbpart of the phrase därDialectal contraction of 'är' (is/are), used in direct speech.
StåstandStå · verb, imperative, activemain verb of the sentencestillastillstilla · adverbmodifies Stådärtheredär · adverbmodifies Ståniyouni · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of äsecond-person plural/formal pronoun, tagged singular by the parser.
äareä · adverbpart of the phrase därDialectal contraction of 'är' (is/are), used in direct speech.
- 25
The children said not a word to each other about what they heard, but they obeyed and stood still.
Barnenchildrenbarn · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralsubject of sadesadesaidsa · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceintenotinte · particlemodifies sadeettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of ordordwordord · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of sadetilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking varandravarandraeach othervarandra · pronoun, accusative, pluraloblique complement of sadeomifom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of detdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularadverbial clause on sadesomwhatsom · pronoundirect object of hördeThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of hördehördeheardhöra · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on detmenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of passive lyddelyddeobeyedlydde · verb, past, indicative, passivecoordinated with detochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationstodostoodstodo · adverbcoordinated with lyddeArchaic plural preterite of stå 'to stand', mistagged as adverb.
stillastillstilla · adverbmodifies stodo Soon after, the pieces of ice slid together so that they could cross the rift.
Snartsoonsnart · adverbmodifies därpådärpåthen/after thatdärpå · adverbmodifies gledogledoglidedgledo · noun, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies isstyckenaGledo is the historical plural past form of glida.
isstyckenathe pieces of iceisstycke · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralhead of the phrasesammantogethersamman · adverbdepends on isstyckenasåsoså · adverbintroduces the clause of kommaattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionpart of the phrase sådetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of kommakundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of kommakommacomekomma · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on isstyckenaöveracrossöver · prepositionpreposition marking rämnanrämnancrevicerämna · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of kommaThen they took each other by the hand again and ran.
Dåthendå · adverbmodifies togotogotooktogo · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceOld plural past tense of taga/ta ('to take').
detheyen · determiner, pluralsubject of togoSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
varandraeach othervarandra · pronoun, accusative, pluraldirect object of togoåteragainåter · adverbmodifies togoibyi · prepositionmodifies återhandhandhand · noun, nominative, common gender, singularpart of the phrase iochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsprungoransprungo · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with togoTagged as a noun but is the historical past-plural of springa, 'to run' (cf. voro, gingo).
They were anxious not only about the danger, but also about the help they had received.
Detheyen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of faranSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
vorowerevoro · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies faranarchaic plural past tense of vara ('to be'), used alongside var; a historical form, not a true adjective.
ängsligaanxiousängslig · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies faranintenotinte · particlemodifies ängsligabarajustbara · adverbmodifies faranföraboutför · prepositionpreposition marking faranfaranthe dangerfara · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phrasesome listed surfaces (fara, far) are actually forms of the unrelated verb fara 'to travel/go'; gloss the noun sense danger for the noun-tagged type.
utanbut ratherutan · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfollows a negated clause, contrasting it with what actually happened.
ocksåalsoockså · adverbmodifies hjälpenföraboutför · prepositionpreposition marking hjälpenhjälpenhelphjälp · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with faransomthatsom · pronoundirect object of fåttThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of fåtthadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of fåttfåttreceivedfå · verb, active, supinerelative clause on hjälpen- 26
They soon had to stop again in fresh hesitation, but at once they heard a voice reach down to them.
Detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of stannamåstemustmåste · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of stannasnartsoonsnart · adverbmodifies stannastannastaystanna · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentenceiini · prepositionpreposition marking tvekannynewny · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies tvekantvekanhesitationtvekan · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of stannamenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationgenastat oncegenast · adverbmodifies hördehördeheardhöra · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with stannadetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of hördeenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of röströstvoiceröst · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of hördeträngato force one's waytränga · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of hördenerdownner · adverbmodifies trängatilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking demdemthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluraloblique complement of ner "Straight ahead! Straight ahead! Straight ahead!" said the voice.
Rättstraighträtt · adverbmodifies framåtframåtforwardframåt · adverbhead of the phraseRättstraighträtt · adverbhead of the phraseframåtforwardframåt · adverbmodifies RättRättstraighträtt · adverbmodifies »framåtforwardframåt · adverbmodifies Rättsadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceröstenvoiceröst · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sade- 27
This went on for a good half hour, but then they arrived at the long Lungersudden point and were able to leave the ice and wade ashore.
Dettathisdenna · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of fortgickfortgickcontinuedfortgå · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceväla goodväl · adverbmodifies fortgickenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of halvtimmehalvtimmehalf hourhalvtimme · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of fortgickmenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdåthendå · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of frammevorowerevoro · determiner, pluralpart of the phrase dåArchaic plural past tense of 'vara' (to be), modern 'var'.
detheyen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of frammeSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
frammearrived, at the destinationframme · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with halvtimmeFramme consistently conveys 'arrived at / at one's destination' (voro framme vid berget = 'were already at the mountain'; voro framme vid ... Lungersudden = 'arrived at'), not a bare locative 'there'.
vidatvid · prepositionpreposition marking Lungersuddendenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of Lungersuddenlångalonglång · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies LungersuddenLungersuddenLungersudden pointLungersudd · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of frammeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationkundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of lämnalämnaleavelämna · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with fortgickiseniceis · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of lämnaochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationvadawadevada · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with iseniashorei · prepositionpreposition marking landlandlandland · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of vada It showed how frightened they had been, for once they had reached solid ground, they did not so much as stop to look back at the lake, where the waves now began to churn the ice blocks ever more fiercely, but simply walked on.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with märktesmärkteswas evidentmärktes · verb, past, indicative, passivemain verb of the sentencehurhowhur · adverbmodifies räddaräddaafraidrädda · adjective, nominative, pluralcomplement of märktesMerges plural of the adjective 'rädd' (afraid) with forms of the unrelated verb 'rädda' (to save); sense depends entirely on context.
detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of varithadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of varitvaritbeenvara · verb, active, supinemodifies märktesförforför · prepositionintroduces the clause of kommitnärwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of kommitdetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of kommithadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of kommitkommitcomekomma · verb, active, supineadverbial clause on stannadepåontopå · prepositionpreposition marking markfastsolidfast · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies markHere used as the concessive conjunction 'though', not the adjective 'firm'.
markgroundmark · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of kommitstannadestoppedstanna · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on märktesdetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of stannadeintenotinte · particlemodifies stannadeenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of gånggångso much asgång · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of stannadeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsågosawsågo · verb, present, indicative, activecoordinated with stannademistagged as present tense; this is the archaic plural past tense of se 'to see' (they saw).
åtatåt · prepositionpreposition marking sjönsjönlakesjö · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of sågodärtheredär · adverbmodifies börjadevågornathe wavesvågorna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of börjadenunownu · adverbmodifies börjadebörjadebeganbörja · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on sjönvälvachurnvälv · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies isblockenisblockenthe ice blocksisblocke · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralsubject of börjadeallteverallt · adverbmodifies häftigarehäftigaremore fiercelyhäftig · adjective, nominative, comparativemodifies börjadeutanbut ratherutan · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfollows a negated clause, contrasting it with what actually happened.
barajustbara · adverbmodifies gingogingowentgingo · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with stannadePast plural of gå (to go); mistagged as an adjective.
påonpå · prepositionpreposition marking gingoBut when they had come some way up onto the point, Åsa suddenly stopped.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationnärwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of kommitdetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of kommithadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of kommitkommitcomekomma · verb, active, supineadverbial clause on stannadeettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of styckestyckepiecestycke · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of kommituppupupp · adverbdepends on kommitpåontopå · prepositionpreposition marking uddenuddenpoint (of land)udd · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of uppstannadestoppedstanna · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceÅsaÅsaÅsa · proper noun, nominativesubject of stannadeplötsligtsuddenlyplötslig · adverbdirect object of stannade"Wait here, little Mats!" she said.
Väntawait!vänta · verb, imperative, activemain verb of the sentencehärherehär · adverbmodifies Väntalillelittlelille · adjective, nominative, masculine, singularmodifies MatsMatsMatsMats · proper noun, nominativeparallel clause to Väntasadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehonshehon · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sade"There's something I've forgotten."
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with någotärisvara · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activecopula linking to någotnågotsomethingnågon · determiner, neuter, singularhead of the phrasesomthatsom · pronoundirect object of glömtThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
jagIjag · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of glömtharhasha · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of glömtglömtforgottenglömma · verb, active, supinedepends on något- 28
Åsa the goose girl went back down to the shore.
ÅsaÅsaÅsa · proper noun, nominativemodifies gåsapigagåsapigagoose girlgåsapiga · adjective, nominative, pluralsubject of gickmistagged as an adjective; it is the compound noun for the goose-tending girl, used here as an epithet with the name Åsa.
gickwentgå · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencenerdownner · adverbmodifies gicktilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking strandenstrandenshorestrand · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of gickigenagainigen · adverbmodifies gick There she set about digging in her bag and at last brought out a little wooden shoe, which she set on a stone where it could be seen very clearly.
Därtheredär · adverbmodifies ställdeställdeset aboutställa · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehonshehon · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of ställdesigherselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of ställdeatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of grävainfinitive marker before a verb.
grävadiggräva · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of ställdeiini · prepositionpreposition marking påsesinhersig · pronoun, common gender, singularpossessor of påsepåsebagpåse · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of grävaochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfickbrought outfå · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with ställdetillat lasttill · prepositionmodifies ficksistlastsist · adverbpart of the phrase tillframforwardfram · adverbpart of the phrase tillenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of träskolitensmallliten · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies träskoträskowooden shoeträsko · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of ficksomwhichsom · pronoundirect object of satteThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
honshehon · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sattesattesat downsatte · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on träskopast tense of sätta; here reflexive satte sig 'sat down'.
påonpå · prepositionpreposition marking stenenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of stenstenstonesten · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of sattedärtheredär · adverbmodifies syntesdenitden · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of syntessyntescould be seensyntes · verb, past, indicativerelative clause on stenmycketverymycket · adverbmodifies tydligttydligtcleartydlig · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies syntesThen she went back to little Mats without looking back a single time.
Sedanthensedan · adverbmodifies gickgickwentgå · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehonshehon · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of gicktillbakabacktillbaka · adverbmodifies gicktilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking Matslillelittlelille · adjective, nominative, masculine, singularmodifies MatsMatsMatsMats · proper noun, nominativeoblique complement of gickutanwithoututan · prepositionintroduces the clause of seatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of seinfinitive marker before a verb.
seseese · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on gicksigherselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of seombackom · prepositionpreposition marking gångenoneen · numeral, nominative, common gender, singulardeterminer of gångendaonlyenda · adjective, nominativemodifies gånggångtimegång · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of se- 29
But no sooner had she turned her back than a big white goose shot down out of the sky like lightning, snatched up the wooden shoe, and rose upward again with the same speed.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationintenotinte · particlemodifies förrförrbeforeförr · adverbmodifies vänthadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of vänthonshehon · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of väntväntturnedvända · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentenceryggenbackrygg · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of vänttillbacktill · prepositionpreposition marking luftenänthanän · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of storenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of storstorbigstor · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with väntvitwhitevit · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with storgåsgoosegås · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with storskötshotsköt · verb, present, indicative, activecoordinated with väntPast tense of 'skjuta' (to shoot/push); mistagged as present tense.
nerdownner · adverbdepends on sköturout ofur · prepositionpreposition marking luftenluftenairluft · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of skötsomlikesom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of blixtenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of blixtblixtlightningblixt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of skötnappadesnatchednappa · verb, past, indicative, activeclause modifying blixttillsnatched uptill · prepositionpreposition marking sigsighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativeoblique complement of nappadeträskonthe clogträskon · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralcoordinated with blixtThis is the definite singular of träsko (wooden clog), not a plural.
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhöjderosehöjde · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with skötalmost always reflexive höjde sig, 'rose (into the air)'.
sighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of höjdemedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking fartsammathe samesamma · determinerdeterminer of fartfartspeedfart · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of höjdeuppåtupwarduppåt · adverbmodifies höjdeigenagainigen · adverbmodifies uppåt
The particulars
- The text
- Nils Holgerssons underbara resa genom Sverige, Selma Lagerlöf. The Wonderful Adventures of Nils.
- Translation
- Public-domain Swedish (Lagerlöf, d. 1940; published 1906–07). English translation © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC.
- Words
- Every word of the text, by letter.
- Data
- JSON · Markdown · A guide for agents