Swedish · The Wonderful Adventures of Nils
En dag i Hälsingland
A Day in Hälsingland
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- 1
The next day the boy traveled on over Hälsingland.
Nästanextnästa · adjective, nominativemodifies dagdagdaydag · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phrasefortraveledfor · prepositionpreposition marking pojkenPast tense of fara (to travel/fly, here of tomte-Nils and geese in flight); mistagged as a preposition. Translation renders it "flew"/"passing over" far more often than "traveled".
pojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies dagframforwardfram · adverbmodifies dagöveroveröver · prepositionpreposition marking HälsinglandHälsinglandHälsinglandHälsingland · proper noun, nominativemodifies dag It lay beneath him with new, light-green shoots on the conifers, new birch leaves in the pastures, new greenery on the meadows, and newly sprung grain in the fields.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of låglåglayligga · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceunderbeneathunder · prepositionpreposition marking honomhonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularoblique complement of lågmedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking skottnyanewny · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies skottljusgrönalight-greenljusgröna · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with nyaskottshotsskott · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraloblique complement of lågpåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking barrträdenbarrträdenconifersbarrträd · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraloblique complement of lågnyttnewny · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies björklövbjörklövbirch leavesbjörklöv · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with lågiini · prepositionpreposition marking grönskahagarnapastureshagarna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralpart of the phrase inynewny · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies grönskagrönskagreenerygrönska · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies björklövpåinpå · prepositionpreposition marking ängarnaängarnameadowsäng · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of lågochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationnyuppkommennewly sproutednyuppkomm · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardepends on ochsädgrainsäd · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with ängarnapåinpå · prepositionpreposition marking åkrarnaåkrarnafieldsåkr · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralmodifies sädIt was a high-lying and hilly land, but straight through the middle of it ran a wide, bright valley, and from this other valleys spread out to either side, some narrow and short, some broad and long.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of landvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to landettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of landhöglänthigh-lyinghöglänt · adjective, nominativemodifies landochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationbergigthillybergig · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with högläntlandlandland · noun, nominative, neuter, singularhead of the phrasemenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationmittigenomstraight throughmittigenom · adverbmodifies drogdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with drogdrogdrewdrog · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with landeniten · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of drogvidwidevid · prepositionpreposition marking dalgångochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationljusbrightljus · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with viddalgångvalleydalgång · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of drogochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfrånfromfrån · prepositionpreposition marking dennadennathisdenna · pronoun, common gender, singularoblique complement of utbreddeutbreddespread oututbreda · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with landsigitselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of utbreddeåttoåt · prepositionpreposition marking sidorömseeitherömse · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies sidorUsed in 'på ömse sidor' = 'on either side'.
sidorsidessida · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of utbreddeandraotherannan · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies dalgångardalgångarvalleysdalgång · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of utbreddesomligasomesomlig · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies trångatrånganarrowtrång · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with utbreddeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationkortashortkort · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with trånganågrasomenågon · determiner, pluraldeterminer of bredabredabroadbred · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with trångaochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationlångalonglång · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with breda»This land, I do believe, is shaped like a leaf,» the boy thought, »for it's as green as a leaf, and the valleys branch out over it much the same way the veins branch out over a leaf blade.»
Detaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of landethärherehär · adverbpart of the phrase Detlandetlandland · noun, nominative, neuter, singularsubject of liknafårmayfå · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of liknajagIjag · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of liknavisstcertainlyviss · adverbmodifies liknasurface visst here is the adverb 'certainly/surely', not the adjective viss 'certain'.
liknaresemblelikna · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencevidtovid · prepositionpreposition marking bladettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of bladbladleafblad · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of liknatänktethoughttänka · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with liknapojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of tänkteförforför · prepositionpreposition marking gröntgröntgreengrön · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of tänkteärisvara · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activecopula linking to tänktedetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of tänktesomassom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of bladettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of bladbladleafblad · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardepends on tänkteochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdalgångarnavalleysdalgång · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of förgrenarförgrenarbranches outförgrena · verb, present, indicative, activecoordinated with tänktesigthemselvessig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of förgrenaröveroveröver · prepositionmodifies sättdetaen · determiner, neuter, singularpart of the phrase överungefärapproximatelyungefär · adverbpart of the phrase överpåoverpå · prepositionpreposition marking sättsammathe samesamma · determinerdeterminer of sättsättwaysätt · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of förgrenarsomassom · pronounoblique complement of förgrenarThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
ådrornathe veinsådrorna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of förgrenarförgrenarbranches outförgrena · verb, present, indicative, activerelative clause on förgrenarsigthemselvessig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of förgrenaröveroveröver · prepositionpreposition marking bladskivaenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of bladskivabladskivaleaf bladebladskiva · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of förgrenar- 2
From the great main valley there first ran out two mighty branch valleys, one to the east and one to the west.
Frånfromfrån · prepositionpreposition marking huvuddalendenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of huvuddalenstorabigstor · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies huvuddalenweak/definite form (stora), used with a singular definite noun, e.g. den stora länstolen.
huvuddalenthe main valleyhuvuddal · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies utgingoutgingoran oututgingo · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralhead of the phraseförstfirstförst · adverbmodifies utgingotvåtwotvå · numeral, nominativequantifies grendalarväldigahugeväldig · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies grendalargrendalarbranch valleysgrendal · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralmodifies utgingoenaen · determiner, common gender, singularin apposition to grendalaråttoåt · prepositionpreposition marking österöstereastöster · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies enochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of västeråttoåt · prepositionpreposition marking västervästerwestväster · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with en Then it sent out only small valleys, until it reached quite far north.
Sedanthensedan · adverbmodifies sändesändesentsän · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceLemma is a truncated form of sända; surface sände is the past tense, 'sent'.
denaen · determiner, common gender, singularsubject of passive sändebarajustbara · adverbmodifies sändeutoutut · adverbdepends on sändesmådalarsmall valleyssmådael · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of sändetillsuntiltills · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of komdenitden · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of komkomcamekomma · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on sänderättquiterätt · adverbmodifies långtlångtfarlångt · adverbmodifies kommotnorthmot · prepositionmodifies komnorrnorthnorr · noun, nominative, common gender, singularpart of the phrase motThere it again stretched out two strong arms.
Därtheredär · adverbmodifies sträcktesträcktestretchedsträcka · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedeniten · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of sträckteåteragainåter · adverbmodifies sträckteutoutut · adverbpart of the phrase återtvåtwotvå · numeral, nominativequantifies armarstarkastrongstark · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies armararmararmsarme · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of sträckteAfter that it went on a good stretch further straight ahead, but then it narrowed and disappeared into the wilderness.
Efterafterefter · prepositionpreposition marking dettadettathisdenna · pronoun, neuter, singularoblique complement of fortgickfortgickcontinuedfortgick · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedenitden · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of fortgickännufurtherännu · adverbmodifies bitenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of bitgodgoodgod · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies bitbitstretchbit · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies rätträttrighträtt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies fortgickframåtforwardframåt · adverbmodifies rättmenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsåthenså · adverbmodifies smalnadesmalnadenarrowedsmalna · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with fortgickdeniten · pronoun, common gender, singulardirect object of smalnadeavdownav · prepositionpreposition marking obygdenochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationförsvanndisappearedförsvann · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with smalnadePast tense of försvinna ('disappeared'), mistagged as a noun.
iintoi · prepositionpreposition marking obygdenobygdenthe wildernessobygd · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of försvannOnly surface is definite 'obygden'; every example translates it 'the wilderness'.
- 3
In the middle of the great valley flowed a broad, splendid river, which in many places widened out into lakes.
Mittthe middleMitt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularlinks the coordinationIn the phrase mitt i ("in the middle of").
iini · prepositionpreposition marking dalgångendenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of dalgångenstorabigstor · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies dalgångenweak/definite form (stora), used with a singular definite noun, e.g. den stora länstolen.
dalgångenvalleydalgång · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies Mittflötflowedflöt · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencepast tense of flyta ('to flow/float'); also 'floated'.
enaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of älvbredbroadbred · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies älvpräktigsplendidpräktig · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with bredälvriverälv · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of flötsomwhichsom · pronounsubject of vidgadeThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
mångenstädesin many placesmångenstädes · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of vidgadevidgadewidenedvidga · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on älvutoutut · adverbdepends on vidgadesigitselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of vidgadetillintotill · prepositionpreposition marking sjöarsjöarlakessjö · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of vidgade Nearest the river lay meadows, thickly dotted with small gray hay-barns; above the meadows came the fields, and at the edge of the valley, where the forest began, stood the farms.
NärmastnearestNärmast · adverbmodifies älvenälvenriverälv · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of lågolågolaylågo · adjective, nominative, comparativemodifies ängarArchaic plural past tense of ligga ("to lie"), not an adjective; the parser mistagged it.
ängarmeadowsäng · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of vidtogosomthatsom · pronounsubject of voroThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
vorowerevoro · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on ängartättclosetätt · adverbmodifies besattabesattadottedbesatt · adjective, nominative, pluralcomplement of voromedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking ladorsmåsmallliten · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies ladorgråagraygrå · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies ladorladorbarnslador · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of voroovanföraboveovanför · adverbmodifies ängarnaängarnathe meadowsängarna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of vidtogovidtogocame nextvidtogo · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralhead of the phraseåkrarnafieldsåkr · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of vidtogoochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationvidatvid · prepositionpreposition marking gränsdalensthe valley'sdal · noun, genitive, common gender, singularpossessor of gränsgränsbordergräns · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with vidtogodärtheredär · adverbmodifies börjadeskogenforestskog · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of börjadebörjadebeganbörja · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on gränsstodostoodstodo · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with vidtogogårdarnathe farmsgårdarna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of stodoThey were large and well-built, and followed one after another in an almost unbroken row.
Detheyen · determiner, pluralhead of the phraseSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
vorowerevoro · adjective, nominative, pluralclause modifying Dearchaic plural past tense of vara ('to be'), used alongside var; a historical form, not a true adjective.
storabigstor · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with voroochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationvälbyggdawell-builtvälbyggd · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with storaochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationföljdefollowedföljde · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with Dedenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of enaenaoneena · adjective, nominativedirect object of följdeefterafterefter · prepositionpreposition marking andradenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of andraandraotherannan · adjective, nominative, singularoblique complement of följdeiini · prepositionmodifies följdenästanalmostnästan · adverbmodifies oavbrutenoavbrutenunbrokenoavbruten · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularpart of the phrase iradrowrad · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of följdeThe churches rose down by the riverbank, and around them the farms gathered into large villages.
Kyrkornathe churchesKyrkorna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of höjdehöjderaisedhöja · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencesigthemselvessig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of höjdeneredownnere · adverbmodifies höjdevidbyvid · prepositionpreposition marking älvstrandenälvstrandenriverbankälvstrand · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of höjdeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationomkringaroundomkring · prepositionpreposition marking demdemthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluraloblique complement of samladessamladesgatheredsamla · verb, past, indicative, passivecoordinated with höjdegårdarnathe farmsgårdarna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of passive samladestillintotill · prepositionpreposition marking byarstorabigstor · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies byarbyarvillagesbyar · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of samladesIn the same way the houses crowded together around the railway stations and the sawmills, which lay here and there by lakes and rivers and were easily recognized by the stacks of boards piled up around them.
Likasålikewiselikaså · adverbmodifies trängdeträngdecrowdedträngde · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehusenhouseshus · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralsubject of trängdeihoptogetherihop · adverbdepends on trängdesigthemselvessig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of trängdekringaroundkring · prepositionpreposition marking järnvägsstationernajärnvägsstationernathe railway stationsjärnvägsstationerna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of trängdeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsågverkensawmillssågverke · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralcoordinated with järnvägsstationernasomwhichsom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of lågolågolaylågo · adjective, nominative, comparativecomplement of trängdeArchaic plural past tense of ligga ("to lie"), not an adjective; the parser mistagged it.
härherehär · adverbmodifies lågoochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdärtheredär · adverbmodifies igenkännligavidbyvid · prepositionpreposition marking sjöarsjöarlakessjö · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of igenkännligaochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationälvarriversälv · adverbcoordinated with sjöarMistagged as an adverb; älvar is the plural of älv ("river").
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationvorowerevoro · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with sjöararchaic plural past tense of vara ('to be'), used alongside var; a historical form, not a true adjective.
lätteasilylätt · adverbmodifies igenkännligaigenkännligarecognizableigenkännlig · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with lågopåbypå · prepositionpreposition marking brädstaplarnabrädstaplarnatimber stacksbrädstapl · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of igenkännligasomwhichsom · pronounsubject of upplagdaThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
vorowerevoro · particlemodifies upplagdaArchaic plural preterite of vara 'to be'; mistagged as particle.
upplagdapiled upupplagda · adjective, nominative, pluralrelative clause on brädstaplarnaomkringaroundomkring · prepositionpreposition marking demdemthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluraloblique complement of upplagda- 4
The branch valleys were, in the same way as the main valley, filled with lakes, fields, villages, and farms.
Grendalarnathe branch valleysGrendalarna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of vorovorowerevoro · pronoun, accusative, common gender, pluralhead of the phraseVoro is the historical plural past form of vara.
påinpå · prepositionpreposition marking sättsammathe samesamma · determinerdeterminer of sättsättwaysätt · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of vorosomassom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of fylldamittdalenmain valleymittdal · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of passive fylldafylldafilledfyllda · adjective, nominative, pluralclause modifying sättavwithav · prepositionpreposition marking sjöarsjöarlakessjö · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralagent of fylldaåkrarfieldsåker · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with sjöarbyarvillagesbyar · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with sjöarochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationgårdarfarmsgård · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with sjöar They crept in, bright and smiling, among the dark mountains, until little by little they were squeezed together by these and became so narrow that they could hold no more than a small brook.
Detheyen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of bergenSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
smögocreptsmögo · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies bergenHistorical plural past form of smyga.
ljusapale/lightljus · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with smögoochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationleendesmilingleende · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralcoordinated with ljusaininin · adverbmodifies smögomellanbetweenmellan · prepositionpreposition marking bergendetheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of bergenSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
mörkadarkmörk · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies bergenbergenmountainsberg · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralhead of the phrasetillsuntiltills · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of trängdesdetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of passive trängdessågraduallyså · adverbmodifies trängdessmåningomgraduallysmåningom · adverbpart of the phrase såUsed in the fixed phrase så småningom 'little by little.'
trängdeswere squeezedträng · verb, past, indicative, passiverelative clause on bergensammantogethersamman · adverbdepends on trängdesavbyav · prepositionpreposition marking dessadessathesedenna · determiner, pluralagent of trängdesochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationblevobecameblevo · verb, active, supinecoordinated with trängdeslemma should be bli 'to become'; blevo is the archaic plural past tense (they became).
såsoså · adverbmodifies smalasmalanarrowsmal · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with trängdesattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of rymmadetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of rymmaintenotinte · particlemodifies rymmakundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of rymmarymmato holdrymma · verb, active, infinitiveclausal complement of trängdesmermoremycket · adverbmodifies enänthanän · subordinating conjunctionpart of the phrase merenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of bäcklitensmallliten · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies bäckbäckbrookbäck · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of rymma- 5
On the highlands between the valleys the coniferous forest held sway.
Påonpå · prepositionpreposition marking höglandethöglandetthe highlandhöglande · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of höllmellanbetweenmellan · prepositionpreposition marking dalarnadalarnavalleysdal · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralmodifies höglandethöllwas foundhålla · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencebarrskogenconifer forestbarrskog · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hölltillheld swaytill · prepositiondepends on höll It had no even ground to grow on, for a mass of mountains lay strewn about up there, but the forest covered it all like a shaggy pelt spread over a knotty body.
Denitden · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of hadehadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceintenotinte · particlemodifies hadejämneven/smoothjämn · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies markmarkgroundmark · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of hadeatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of växainfinitive marker before a verb.
växato growväxa · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on hadepåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking växautanbut ratherutan · conjunctionpreposition marking lågofollows a negated clause, contrasting it with what actually happened.
enaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of mängdmängda great manymängd · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies bergbergmountainsberg · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralpart of the phrase utanlågolaylågo · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralmodifies däruppemistagged as a noun; this is the archaic plural past tense of ligga 'to lie' (they lay).
kringvräktastrewn aboutkringvräka · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies däruppedäruppeup theredäruppe · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of växamenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationskogenforestskog · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of täcktetäcktecoveredtäcka · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with hadealltsammansall of italltsammans · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of täcktesomlikesom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of fällenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of ludenludenshaggylud · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies fällfällpeltfäll · noun, nominative, common gender, singularadverbial clause on täckteutbreddspread oututbredd · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularclause modifying fällöveroveröver · prepositionpreposition marking kroppenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of kroppknotigknobbyknotig · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies kroppkroppbodykropp · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of utbredd- 6
This was a splendid land to look down upon.
Dettathisdenna · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of skådavarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to landettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of landgrantsplendidgran · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies landlandlandland · noun, nominative, neuter, singularsubject of skådaatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of skådainfinitive marker before a verb.
skådabeholdskåda · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencenerdownner · adverbdepends on skådapåuponpå · prepositionpreposition marking skåda The boy also got to see a good deal of it, because the eagle was trying to find the old fiddler Klement Larsson and flew from valley to valley, searching for him.
Pojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sefickgot tofå · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of seocksåalsoockså · adverbmodifies seseseese · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencerätta good dealrätt · adverbmodifies mycketmycketa good dealmycket · adverbdirect object of seavofav · prepositionpreposition marking detdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularoblique complement of sedärförbecausedärför · adverbintroduces the clause of försökteattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionpart of the phrase därförörneneagleörn · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralsubject of försökteförsöktetriedförsöka · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on seletato searchleta · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of försökteredafind outreda · adverbdepends on letapart of the fixed expression leta/taga/söka reda på, 'find out'; all four attested examples mean find/know, not organize/sort.
påoutpå · prepositionpreposition marking Klementdenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of spelmannengamlaoldgammal · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies spelmannenspelmannenfiddlerspelmann · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies KlementKlementKlementKlement · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraloblique complement of letamistagged as a common noun; this is the proper name of a character (a keeper at Skansen).
LarssonLarssonLarsson · proper noun, nominativedepends on KlementSurname, Klement Larsson.
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationforwentfor · adverbmodifies dalgångMistagged as adverb; this is the past tense of the verb 'fara', meaning 'went/traveled'.
frånfromfrån · prepositionpreposition marking dalgångdalgångvalleydalgång · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with Klementtilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking dalgångdalgångvalleydalgång · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies dalgångochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationspejadescannedspeja · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with letaefterforefter · prepositionpreposition marking honomhonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularoblique complement of spejade- 7
When it had gotten some way into the morning, there was life and movement about the farms.
Närwhennär · adverbpreposition marking styckeFunctions as a subordinating conjunction, not an adverb.
detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularpart of the phrase Närledgottenled · noun, nominative, neuter, singularpart of the phrase NärSecond example 'när det led mot kvällen' = 'as evening drew near' is the verb lida ('led' = past tense), not the noun led — mistagged here.
ettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of styckestyckepiecestycke · noun, nominative, neuter, singularadverbial clause on blevframåtforwardframåt · adverbmodifies morgonenmorgonenmorningmorgon · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies styckeblevbecamebli · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedetitden · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of livlivlifeliv · noun, nominative, neuter, singularsubject of blevochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationrörelsemovementrörelse · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with livvidaboutvid · prepositionpreposition marking gårdarnagårdarnathe farmsgårdarna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of blev The doors of the cow-houses, which in this district were large, built of heavy timber, and had chimneys and tall, wide windows, were flung wide open, and the cows were let out.
Dörrarnathe doorsDörrarna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralhead of the phrasetilloftill · prepositionpreposition marking fähusenfähusenthe cowhousesfähuse · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies Dörrarnasomwhichsom · pronounsubject of passive slogosThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
iini · prepositionpreposition marking landskapetdetaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of landskapethärherehär · adverbpart of the phrase detlandskapetdistrictlandskap · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of slogosvorowerevoro · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies skorstenarchaic plural past tense of vara ('to be'), used alongside var; a historical form, not a true adjective.
storabigstor · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies skorstenhögtimradeheavily timberedhögtimrad · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with storaochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with storaskorstenchimneyskorsten · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies landskapetochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhögatallhög · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with skorstenbredabroadbred · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies fönsterfönsterwindowsfönster · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with skorstenslogoswere flung openslogos · noun, nominative, neuter, singularrelative clause on Dörrarnauppupupp · adverbdepends on slogospåwidepå · prepositionpreposition marking landskapetvidwidevid · prepositionpreposition marking gavelgavelgablegavel · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of slogosochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationkornathe cowska · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of passive släpptessläppteswere letsläpptes · verb, past, indicative, passivecoordinated with Dörrarnautoutut · adverbdepends on släpptesThese were handsome and bright-colored, small and lithe, sure of foot, and so merry that they made the funniest leaps.
Dessathesedenna · determiner, pluraldeterminer of vackravorowerevoro · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies vackraarchaic plural past tense of vara ('to be'), used alongside var; a historical form, not a true adjective.
vackrabeautifulvacker · adjective, nominative, pluralhead of the phraseochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationljusapale/lightljus · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with vackrasmåväxtasmallsmåväxt · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with vackraochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsmidigaagilesmidig · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with vackrasäkrasuresäker · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with vackrapåofpå · prepositionpreposition marking fotenfotenfootfot · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of säkraochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsåsoså · adverbadverbial clause on muntramuntramerrymuntra · verb, present, indicative, activecoordinated with vackraattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of gjordedetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of gjordegjordedidgöra · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on muntradetheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of språngSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
lustigastefunniestlustig · adjective, nominative, superlativemodifies språngsprångleapsprång · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of gjordeThe calves and the sheep came out too, and it was not hard to see that they were in their very best spirits.
Kalvarnathe calvesKalvarna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of kommoochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfårenthe sheepfår · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with Kalvarnakommocamekommo · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencekommo is the archaic plural past tense of komma 'to come', not an infinitive despite the tag.
ocksåalsoockså · adverbmodifies kommoutoutut · adverbdepends on kommoochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with svårtvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to svårtintenotinte · particlemodifies svårtsvårtdifficultsvår · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with kommoatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of seinfinitive marker before a verb.
seseese · verb, active, infinitivedepends on svårtattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of vorodetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of vorovorowerevoro · adjective, nominative, pluralclausal complement of searchaic plural past tense of vara ('to be'), used alongside var; a historical form, not a true adjective.
iini · prepositionpreposition marking lynnesitthis ownsig · pronoun, neuter, singularpossessor of lynnepossessive reflexive sitt, agreeing with a neuter noun.
bästabestbra · adjective, nominative, superlativemodifies lynnelynnemoodlynne · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of voro- 8
With every moment there was more life on the farmyards.
Förwithför · prepositionpreposition marking ögonblickvarjeeveryvarje · determiner, singulardeterminer of ögonblickögonblickmomentögonblick · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of blevblevbecamebli · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with blevlivligaremore lifelivlig · adjective, nominative, comparativecomplement of blevpåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking gårdsplanernagårdsplanernafarmyardsgårdsplanerna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of blev A couple of young girls with knapsacks on their backs went about among the livestock.
Ettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of parparcouplepar · noun, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies flickorungayoungung · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies flickorflickorgirlsflicka · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of gingomedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking ränslarränslarknapsacksränsl · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralmodifies flickorpåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking ryggenryggenbackrygg · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies ränslargingowentgingo · adjective, nominative, singularhead of the phrasePast plural of 'gå' (to go/walk); mistagged as an adjective. Lemma should be 'gå'.
omkringaroundomkring · adverbmodifies boskapenblandamongbland · prepositionpreposition marking boskapenboskapenlivestockboskap · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of gingoA boy with a long staff in his hand kept the sheep together.
Enaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of pojkepojkeboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of höllmedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking spöettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of spölångtlonglångt · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies spöBoth examples ('for fram ett långt stycke' = 'sped along a long stretch', 'tog ett långt hopp' = 'took a long leap') mean 'long' (length), not 'far' (distance).
spöstickspö · noun, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies pojkeiini · prepositionpreposition marking spöhandenhandhand · noun, nominative, common gender, singularpart of the phrase ihöllheldhöll · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencefårenthe sheepfår · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of höllsamladegatheredsamla · verb, past, indicative, activecomplement of höllA little dog ran about among the cows, barking at those that wanted to butt.
Enaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of hundlitensmallliten · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies hundhunddoghund · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phraseforranfor · prepositionpreposition marking kornaPast tense of fara (to travel/fly, here of tomte-Nils and geese in flight); mistagged as a preposition. Translation renders it "flew"/"passing over" far more often than "traveled".
omkringaroundomkring · adverbmodifies kornablandamongbland · prepositionpreposition marking kornakornathe cowskorna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralmodifies hundochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationskälldebarkedskälldea · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with hundpåatpå · prepositionpreposition marking demdemthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluraloblique complement of skälldesomthatsom · pronounsubject of passive stångasThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
villewanted tovilja · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of stångasstångasbuttstånga · verb, passive, infinitiverelative clause on demThe farmer harnessed a horse to a cart and loaded it with butter-tubs, cheese-molds, and all sorts of provisions.
Husbondenfarmerhusbond · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of spändespändeharnessedspän · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of hästhästhorsehäst · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of spändeförtoför · prepositionpreposition marking kärraenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of kärrakärracartkärra · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of spändeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationlastadeloadedlastad · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with kärradennathisdenna · pronoun, common gender, singulardirect object of lastademedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking smörbyttorsmörbyttorbutter tubssmörbyttor · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of spändeostformarcheese moldsostform · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralin apposition to smörbyttorochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationallehandaall sorts ofallehand · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies matvarormatvarorprovisionsmatvara · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with ostformarThe people laughed and sang.
Människornathe peopleMänniskorna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of skrattadeskrattadelaughedskratta · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationtralladesangtrallad · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with skrattadeBoth they and the animals were merry, as if they expected a real day of gladness.
Bådebothbåde · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdetheyen · determiner, pluralsubject of muntraSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdjurenanimalsdjur · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralcoordinated with devorowerevoro · adjective, nominative, pluraldepends on muntraarchaic plural past tense of vara ('to be'), used alongside var; a historical form, not a true adjective.
muntramerrymunter · adjective, nominative, pluralhead of the phrasesomas ifsom · pronounsubject of väntadeThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
omifom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of väntadedetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of väntadeväntadeexpectedvänta · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on muntrasigthemselvessig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of väntadeenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of glädjedagriktigrealriktig · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies glädjedagglädjedagday of gladnessglädjedag · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of väntade- 9
A while later all of them were on their way up toward the forests.
Enaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of stundstundwhilestund · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phraseefteråtafterwardefteråt · adverbmodifies stundvorowerevoro · verb, past, indicative, activedepends on stundallaallall · determiner, pluraldeterminer of dessadessathesedenna · pronoun, pluralsubject of uppåtpåonpå · prepositionmodifies dessavägwayväg · noun, nominative, common gender, singularpart of the phrase påuppåtupwarduppåt · adverbmodifies stundskogarnaforestsskog · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of uppåt One of the girls walked in the lead and called the livestock with a sweetly ringing cry.
Enoneman · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of gickSurfaces are only "en"/"En" used as a counting pronoun ("en av dem" = "one of them"), not the indefinite generic pronoun man/en ("one does X"). Lemma is mistagged as man; it should be en (numeral pronoun "one"). Gloss "one" happens to still be correct.
avofav · prepositionpreposition marking flickornaflickornagirlsflicka · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralmodifies Engickwentgå · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceiini · prepositionpreposition marking spetsenspetsenfront/headspetse · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of gicki spetsen = 'at the head/front' (of a line).
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationlockadecalledlocka · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with spetsenboskapenlivestockboskap · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of lockademedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking ropvackertbeautifulvacker · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies klingandeklinganderingingklinga · adjective, nominativemodifies ropropcryrop · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of lockadeAfter her the animals followed in a long row.
Efterafterefter · prepositionpreposition marking hennehenneherhenne · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularoblique complement of följdeföljdefollowedföljde · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencekreaturencattlekreatur · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of följdeiini · prepositionpreposition marking radenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of radlånglonglång · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies radradrowrad · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of följdeThe herd-boy and the sheepdog ran back and forth to see that no animal strayed from the right course.
Vallgossenthe herd-boyVallgossen · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of löpteochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationvallhundensheepdogvallhund · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with Vallgossenlöpteranlöpa · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehitherehit · adverbmodifies löpteochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdittheredit · adverbmodifies seförtoför · prepositionintroduces the clause of seatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of seinfinitive marker before a verb.
seseese · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with löpteeftercheckefter · prepositiondepends on seattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of vekintetnothingint · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardeterminer of djurarchaic pronoun 'intet' (nothing).
djuranimaldjur · noun, nominative, neuter, singularsubject of vekvekstrayedveka · verb, past, indicative, activedepends on seavawayav · prepositionpreposition marking kosanfrånfromfrån · prepositionpreposition marking kosanrättarighträtt · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies kosankosancoursekosa · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of vek'styra kosan' = 'to head/make one's way'.
Last of all came the farmer and his hired man.
Sistlastsist · adverbhead of the phraseavofav · prepositionpreposition marking bondenallaallall · determiner, pluraldeterminer of bondenkommocamekommo · verb, active, infinitivemodifies bondenkommo is the archaic plural past tense of komma 'to come', not an infinitive despite the tag.
bondenfarmerbond · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies Sistlemma is the modern form bonde 'farmer'.
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhanshishan · pronounpossessor of drängdrängfarmhanddräng · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with SistThey walked alongside the cart to keep it from tipping over, for the road they followed was only a narrow, stony forest path.
Detheyen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of gingoSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
gingowentgingo · adjective, nominative, pluralsubject of skogsstigPast plural of gå (to go); mistagged as an adjective.
vidalongsidevid · prepositionpreposition marking kärransidanalongsidesida · noun, nominative, common gender, singularpart of the phrase vidavofav · prepositionpart of the phrase vidkärrancartkärra · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of gingoförtoför · prepositionintroduces the clause of hindraatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of hindrainfinitive marker before a verb.
hindrato preventhindra · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on gingodenitden · pronoun, common gender, singulardirect object of hindrafrånfromfrån · prepositionintroduces the clause of vältaatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of vältainfinitive marker before a verb.
vältatip overvälta · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on hindraförforför · prepositionpreposition marking vägenvägenwayväg · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of hindrasomthatsom · pronoundirect object of följdeThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of följdeföljdefollowedfölja · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on vägenvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to skogsstigbarajustbara · adverbmodifies skogsstigenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of skogsstigsmalnarrowsmal · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies skogsstigstenigstonystenig · adjective, nominativecoordinated with smalskogsstigforest pathskogsstig · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phrase- 10
Either all the farmers in Hälsingland must have the custom of sending their livestock up to the forests on one and the same day, or else it simply happened that way that year.
AntingeneitherAntingen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationCorrelative with 'eller' (either...or).
måttemustmåtte · adverbmodifies bönderModal verb (cognate of måste), mistagged as adverb. Bare måtte means "must"; the perfect sense ("must have") comes only from an adjacent ha + supine, as in the måtte komma sig example, which translates as plain "must."
allaallall · determiner, pluraldeterminer of bönderbönderfarmersbönd · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of haiini · prepositionpreposition marking HälsinglandHälsinglandHälsinglandHälsingland · proper noun, nominativemodifies bönderhato haveha · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentenceförasför · prepositionintroduces the clause of sändasedcustomsed · adverbpart of the phrase föratttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of sändainfinitive marker before a verb.
sändato sendsända · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on hasinhissig · pronoun, common gender, singularpossessor of boskapboskaplivestockboskap · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of sändauppåtupwarduppåt · adverbmodifies sändaskogarnaforestsskog · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of sändapåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking dagenoneen · numeral, nominative, common gender, singulardeterminer of dagochandoch · conjunctionpart of the phrase ensammathe samesamma · determinerpart of the phrase endagdaydag · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of sändaelleroreller · conjunctionlinks the coordinationocksåalsoockså · adverbmodifies föllbarajustbara · adverbmodifies föllföllfellföll · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with hadetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with föllsigitselfsig · pronoun, accusativeindirect object of föllsåthat wayså · adverbmodifies fölldetaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of åretåretyearår · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcomplement of föll But the boy certainly saw the glad processions of people and livestock wander out from every valley and every farm, push into the wild forest, and fill it with life.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationnogcertainlynog · adverbmodifies sågsågsawsåg · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencepast tense of se, 'to see.'
pojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sågdetheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of tågenSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
gladagladglad · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies tågentågenthe processionståg · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of sågavofav · prepositionpreposition marking människormänniskorpeoplemänniska · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralmodifies tågenochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationboskaplivestockboskap · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with människorvandrawandervandra · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of sågutoutut · adverbmodifies vandrafrånfromfrån · prepositionpreposition marking dalvarendaevery singlevarenda · determiner, singulardeterminer of daldalvalleydal · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of vandraochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationvarendaevery singlevarenda · determiner, singulardeterminer of gårdgårdfarmgård · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with sågryckapull/snatchrycka · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with sågininin · adverbdepends on ryckaiintoi · prepositionpreposition marking skogendenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of ödeödewildöde · noun, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies skogenöde is both a neuter noun 'fate' and an unrelated adjective 'deserted/desolate'; some examples use the adjective.
skogenforestskog · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of ryckaochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfyllato fillfylla · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with sågdenitden · pronoun, common gender, singulardirect object of fyllamedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking livlivlifeliv · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of fyllaFrom the dark forest depths he heard, all day long, the cowherd girls' calls and the tinkling of cowbells.
Frånfromfrån · prepositionpreposition marking skogsdjupendetheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of skogsdjupenSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
mörkadarkmörk · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies skogsdjupenskogsdjupenthe forest depthsskogsdjupe · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of hördehördeheardhörde · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hördehelawholehel · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies dagendagendaydag · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of hördevalljäntornascowherd girls'valljäntornas · noun, genitive, common gender, pluralpossessor of låtarlåtarcallslåt · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of hördeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationkoskällornasthe cowbells'koskällornas · noun, genitive, common gender, pluralcoordinated with låtarpinglandetinklingpingla · adjective, nominativecomplement of hördeMost of them had long and difficult roads to travel, and the boy saw how, with great trouble, they trudged over swampy moors, how they had to make detours to get around windfalls, and how it often happened that the carts struck against stones and tipped over with everything in them.
Detheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of flestaSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
flestamostmången · adjective, nominative, plural, superlativesubject of hadehadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencelångalonglång · adjective, nominative, pluralsubject of hadeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsvåradifficultsvår · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies vägarvägarroadsväg · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with långaatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of färdasinfinitive marker before a verb.
färdastravelfärda · verb, passive, infinitiveadverbial clause on hadeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationpojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sågsågsawsåg · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with hadepast tense of se, 'to see.'
hurhowhur · adverbmodifies tågadedetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of tågademedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking besvärstortbigstor · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies besvärbesvärtroublebesvär · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of tågadetågademarchedtåga · verb, past, indicative, activeclausal complement of sågöveroveröver · prepositiondepends on tågadesankamarshysanka · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of tågadeAdjectival form 'marshy/swampy', despite the noun tag.
mossarbogsmoss · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of tågadehurhowhur · adverbmodifies göradetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of göramåstemustmåste · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of göragöramakegöra · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on mossaromvägardetoursomväg · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of göraförtoför · prepositionintroduces the clause of kringgåatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of kringgåinfinitive marker before a verb.
kringgågo aroundkringgå · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on göravindfällenwindfallsvindfälle · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraldirect object of kringgåochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhurhowhur · adverbmodifies händedetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularpart of the phrase hurmångenmany a (one)mång · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardepends on detsurface mången, an archaic indefinite pronoun/adjective, not a noun.
gångoftengång · noun, nominative, common gender, singularpart of the phrase hurhändehappenedhände · adjective, nominativecoordinated with sågMistagged as adjective; it is the past tense of the verb 'hända' (to happen).
attthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of stöttekärrornathe cartskärrorna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of stöttestöttestruckstötte · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on händemotagainstmot · prepositionpreposition marking stenarstenarstonessten · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of stötteochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationvältetipped overvälte · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with stenarmedwithmed · prepositiondepends on stötteallteverythingall · pronoun, neuter, singularpart of the phrase medsomthatsom · pronounsubject of fannsThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
fannsthere wasfinnas · verb, past, indicativedepends on händeexistential verb; fanns = 'there was/were, existed.'
iini · prepositionpreposition marking demdemthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluraloblique complement of fannsBut the people met every difficulty with ringing laughter and good cheer.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfolketpeoplefolk · noun, nominative, neuter, singularsubject of möttemöttemetmötte · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceallaallall · determiner, pluraldeterminer of svårighetersvårigheterdifficultiessvårighet · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of möttemedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking skrattklinganderingingklingande · adjective, nominativemodifies skrattskrattlaughterskratt · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of mötteochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationlustigtamusinglustig · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies humörhumörgood cheerhumör · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with skratt- 11
Toward afternoon the wanderers reached cleared spots in the forest, where a low cow-house and a couple of small gray cottages had been raised.
Framforwardfram · adverbmodifies nåddepåtowardpå · prepositionpreposition marking eftermiddageneftermiddagenafternooneftermiddag · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies Framnåddereachednådde · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedetheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of platserSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
vandrandewalkingvandra · adjective, nominativemodifies platserPresent participle 'vandrande' of 'vandra' (to walk/wander); mistagged as an adjective.
röjdaclearedröjd · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies platserplatserplacesplats · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of nåddeiini · prepositionpreposition marking skogenskogenforestskog · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of nåddedärtheredär · adverbmodifies nåddeettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of fähuslågtlowlåg · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies fähusfähuscowshedfähus · noun, nominative, neuter, singularpart of the phrase därochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of parparcouplepar · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with fähussmåsmallliten · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies stugorgråagraygrå · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies stugorstugorcottagesstuga · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralin apposition to fähusvorowerevoro · noun, genitive, common gender, pluraldepends on restaMistagged as a noun; voro is the archaic plural past tense of vara ("to be").
restaerectedresta · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with fähus When the cows came onto the yard between the cottages, they lowed merrily, as if they recognized the place, and at once began grazing on the green, juicy grass.
Närwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of kommokornathe cowskorna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of kommokommocamekommo · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on råmadekommo is the archaic plural past tense of komma 'to come', not an infinitive despite the tag.
ininin · adverbdepends on kommopåontopå · prepositionpreposition marking gårdengårdenyardgård · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of kommomellanbetweenmellan · prepositionpreposition marking stugornastugornathe cottagesstugorna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralmodifies gårdenråmadelowedråma · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedetheyen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of muntertSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
muntertmerrilymuntert · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraldirect object of råmadesomas ifsom · pronounsubject of kändeThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
omifom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of kändedetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of kändekändefeltkände · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on muntertigenagainigen · adverbdepends on kändesigthemselvessig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of kändeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationbörjadebeganbörja · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with råmadegenastat oncegenast · adverbmodifies börjadebetagrazebeta · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of börjadeavonav · prepositiondepends on betadetaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of grönagrönagreengrön · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies gräsetsaftigajuicysaftig · adjective, nominative, singularcoordinated with grönagräsetgrassgräs · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of börjadeThe people, amid jest and merriment, carried water and wood and everything that had been hauled on the cart into the largest cottage.
Människornathe peopleMänniskorna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of buroburocarriedburo · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phraseunderamidunder · prepositionpreposition marking skämtskämtjokeskämt · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of buroochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationglammerrimentglam · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies vattenvattenwatervatten · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with skämtochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationvedfirewoodved · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with vattenochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationallteverythingall · pronoun, neuter, singularcoordinated with burosomthatsom · pronounsubject of passive fraktatsThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
hadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of fraktatsfraktatsbeen hauledfrakta · verb, passive, supinerelative clause on alltpåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking kärrankärranthe cartkärran · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of fraktatsininin · adverbmodifies fraktatsiintoi · prepositionpreposition marking stugandenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of stuganstörstabiggeststor · adjective, nominative, superlativemodifies stuganstugancottagestuga · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of inSoon smoke rose out of the chimney.
Snartsoonsnart · adverbmodifies trängdeträngdeissuedträngdema · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceröksmokerök · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of trängdeutoutut · adverbmodifies trängdeurout ofur · prepositionpreposition marking skorstenenskorstenenchimneyskorsten · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of utAnd so the summer-farm girls, the herd-boy, and the grown men settled down around a flat slab of rock out in the open and began to eat.
Ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsåthenså · adverbmodifies slogoslogosettled downslogo · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceArchaic plural preterite of slå; tagged present but functions as past tense.
sigthemselvessig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of slogofäbodjäntornathe summer-farm girlsfäbodjäntor · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraldirect object of slogovallgossenthe herd-boyvallgoss · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with fäbodjäntornaochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdetheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of karlarnaSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
vuxnagrown-upvuxen · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies karlarnakarlarnathe menkarlarna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with fäbodjäntornanerdownner · adverbmodifies karlarnakringaroundkring · prepositionpreposition marking hällenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of hällflatflatflat · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies hällhällrock slabhäll · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of neruteoutsideute · adverbmodifies hälliini · prepositionpreposition marking friadetaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of friafriafreefri · adjective, nominative, singularoblique complement of uteochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationbörjadebeganbörja · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with hällspisaeatspisa · verb, active, infinitivedirect object of börjadeAn older or formal verb for eating a meal.
- 12
Gorgo, the eagle, felt sure he would find Klement Larsson among these people who were pulling up toward the forest.
GorgoGorgoGorgo · adjective, nominative, pluralsubject of troddeProper name (a wild goose/duck character) mistagged as an adjective.
örneneagleörn · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with Gorgotroddebelievedtro · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencesäkerligensurelysäkerligen · adverbmodifies troddeattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of finnahanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of finnaskullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of finnafinnafindfinna · verb, active, infinitiveclausal complement of troddeKlementKlementKlement · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraldirect object of finnamistagged as a common noun; this is the proper name of a character (a keeper at Skansen).
LarssonLarssonLarsson · proper noun, nominativedepends on KlementSurname, Klement Larsson.
blandamongbland · prepositionpreposition marking dessadessathesedenna · determiner, pluralmodifies Klementsomwhosom · pronounsubject of drogoThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
drogodrew/set offdrogo · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on dessaArchaic plural past of dra(ga) ('drew, moved along').
uppåtupwarduppåt · adverbmodifies drogoskogenforestskog · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of uppåt As soon as he sighted a summer-farm procession, he swooped down and
Såasså · adverbmodifies sågsnartsoonsnart · adverbmodifies Såhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sågsågsawsåg · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on sänktepast tense of se, 'to see.'
ettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of fäbodtågfäbodtågsummer-farm processionfäbodtåg · noun, nominative, neuter, singularsubject of sågsänkteloweredsänkte · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sänktesighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of sänktenerdownner · adverbmodifies sänkteochandoch · conjunctiondepends on sänkte- 13
studied it with his sharp eyes.
granskadeexaminedgranska · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of granskademedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking blickarsinahissig · pronoun, pluralpossessor of blickarskarpasharpskarep · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies blickarblickarglancesblicka · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of granskade But hour after hour went by, without his finding him.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationtimmehourtimme · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of gickefterafterefter · prepositionpreposition marking timmetimmehourtimme · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of gickgickwentgå · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceutanwithoututan · prepositionintroduces the clause of fannattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of fannhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of fannfannfoundfinna · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on gickhonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of fann- 14
After a great deal of circling about, the eagle came, toward evening, to a hilly and desolate district lying east of the great main valley.
Efterafterefter · prepositionpreposition marking kringsvävandemycketa great dealmycket · adverbmodifies kringsvävandekringsvävandecirclingkringsväva · adjective, nominativeoblique complement of komkomcamekomma · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceörneneagleörn · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of kommottowardmot · prepositionpreposition marking kvällenkvälleneveningkväll · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of komtilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking bergigenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of bergigbergighillybergig · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of komochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationödsligdesolateödslig · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies trakttraktregiontrakt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with bergigsomthatsom · pronounsubject of österThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
låglayligga · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies östermistagged as adjective; the surface 'låg' here is the past tense of ligga 'to lie', not the unrelated adjective låg 'low'.
östereastöster · noun, nominative, common gender, singularrelative clause on traktomofom · prepositionpreposition marking huvuddalendenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of huvuddalenstorabigstor · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies huvuddalenweak/definite form (stora), used with a singular definite noun, e.g. den stora länstolen.
huvuddalenthe main valleyhuvuddale · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of kom Again he saw a summer farm below him.
ÅteragainÅter · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralmodifies sågMistagged as a noun; this is the adverb åter ("again").
sågsawse · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sågenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of fäbodvallfäbodvallsummer farm clearingfäbodvall · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of sågunderbelowunder · prepositionpreposition marking sigsighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativeoblique complement of sågPeople and livestock had already arrived there.
Folkpeoplefolk · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralsubject of kommitochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationboskaplivestockboskap · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with Folkhadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of kommitredanalreadyredan · adverbmodifies kommitkommitcomekomma · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentencedittheredit · adverbdepends on kommitThe men stood chopping wood, and the summer-farm girls were milking the cows.
Karlarnathe menKarlarna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of stodostodostoodstodo · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhöggowere choppinghöggo · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies vedvedfirewoodved · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of stodoochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfäbodjäntornasummer-farm girlsfäbodjäntorna · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralsubject of mjölkademjölkadewas/were milkingmjölka · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with stodoThe surface mjölkade is a past-tense verb, despite the adjective label.
kornathe cowskorna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of mjölkade- 15
»Look there!» said Gorgo.
Selookse · verb, imperative, activemain verb of the sentencedittheredit · adverbmodifies Sesadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceGorgoGorgoGorgo · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of sadeProper name of an eagle character; mistagged as a common noun plural.
»There, I think, we have him.»
Därtheredär · adverbmodifies trortrorthinkstro · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencejagIjag · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of trorattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of harviwevi · pronoun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of harharhasha · verb, present, indicative, activeclausal complement of trorhonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of har- 16
He swooped down, and to the boy's great astonishment he saw that the eagle was right.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sänktesänkteloweredsänka · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencesighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of sänkteochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationtilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking förvåningsinhissig · pronoun, common gender, singularpossessor of förvåningstorabigstor · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies förvåningweak/definite form (stora), used with a singular definite noun, e.g. den stora länstolen.
förvåningastonishmentförvåning · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of sågsågsawsåg · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with sänktepast tense of se, 'to see.'
dåthendå · adverbmodifies sågpojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sågattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of hadeörneneagleörn · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hadehadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activeclause modifying pojkenrättrighträtt · adverbdirect object of hade There indeed stood little Klement Larsson, chopping wood on the summer farm.
Därtheredär · adverbmodifies stodstodstoodstå · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceverkligenreallyverkligen · adverbmodifies stoddenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of lillelillelittlelille · adjective, nominative, masculine, singularmodifies KlementKlementKlementKlement · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralsubject of stodmistagged as a common noun; this is the proper name of a character (a keeper at Skansen).
LarssonLarssonLarsson · proper noun, nominativedepends on KlementSurname, Klement Larsson.
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhöggwas choppinghögg · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with Klementvedfirewoodved · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with Klementpåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking fäbodvallenfäbodvallensummer farmfäbodvall · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of stod- 17
Gorgo landed in the thick forest a little way from the houses.
GorgoGorgoGorgo · adjective, nominative, pluralsubject of slogProper name (a wild goose/duck character) mistagged as an adjective.
sloglandedslå · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceLight verb whose sense shifts with its particle (slog upp/ihop/omkull/sig ner).
nerdownner · adverbdepends on slogiini · prepositionpreposition marking skogentätadensetät · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies skogenskogenforestskog · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of slogettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of styckestyckepiecestycke · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of slogfrånfromfrån · prepositionpreposition marking husenhusenhouseshus · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraloblique complement of slog »Now I've done what I undertook to do,» he said, and gave his head a proud toss.
Nunownu · adverbmodifies uppfylltharhasha · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of uppfylltjagIjag · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of uppfylltuppfylltfulfilleduppfylla · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentencedetitden · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of uppfylltsomwhatsom · pronoundirect object of åtagitThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
jagIjag · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of åtagitharhasha · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of åtagitåtagitundertakenåta · verb, active, supinedepends on uppfylltmigmejag · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of åtagitsadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to uppfyllthanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sadeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationgjordedidgöra · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with sadeettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of stoltstoltproudstolt · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of gjordeFunctions as adjective 'proud' in all examples, despite the noun tag.
kasttosskast · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of gjordemedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking huvudethuvudetheadhuvud · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of gjorde»You must now try to come to terms with the fellow.
Duyoudu · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of försökafårmustfå · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of försökanunownu · adverbmodifies försökaförsökato tryförsöka · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentenceatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of kommainfinitive marker before a verb.
kommacomekomma · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on försökatillspeak withtill · prepositiondepends on kommatalsspeakingtals · noun, nominative, neuter, singularpart of the phrase tillOccurs in komma till tals med, ‘get to speak with’.
medwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking karlenkarlenmankarl · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of kommaI'll perch up there in the thick pine-top and wait for you.»
JagIjag · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sättaskawillskola · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of sättasättato set/putsätta · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencemigmejag · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of sättadäroppeup theredäroppe · adverbdirect object of sättaiini · prepositionpreposition marking talltoppendenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of talltoppentätadensetät · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies talltoppentalltoppenthe pine toptalltopp · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of sättaochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationväntato waitvänta · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with sättapåforpå · prepositionpreposition marking digdigyoudu · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularoblique complement of vänta- 18
THE ANIMALS' NEW YEAR'S EVE.
DJURENSTHE ANIMALS'DJURENS · nounmodifies NYÅRSNATTNYÅRSNATTNEW YEAR'S EVENYÅRSNATT · nounhead of the phrase - 19
On the summer farm the work was done and the evening meal eaten, but the people sat up and talked.
Påonpå · prepositionpreposition marking fäbodvallenfäbodvallensummer farmfäbodvall · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of slutvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to slutarbetetworkarbete · noun, nominative, neuter, singularsubject of slutslutendslut · noun, nominative, neuter, singularhead of the phraseochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationkvällsvardensupperkvällsvard · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with slutäteneatenät · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of kvällsvardenmenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfolketpeoplefolk · noun, nominative, neuter, singularsubject of sattsattsatsitta · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with slutuppeup highuppe · adverbdepends on sattochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationspråkadetalkedspråkad · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with satt It was a long time since they had been out in the forest on a summer night, and it seemed as if they could not bring themselves to go to bed.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of sommarnattvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to sommarnattlängesedanlong agolängesedan · adverbmodifies sommarnattdetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of sommarnatthadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of sommarnattvaritbeenvara · auxiliary verb, active, supinecopula linking to sommarnattiini · prepositionpreposition marking skogenskogenforestskog · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of varitenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of sommarnattsommarnattsummer nightsommarnatt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phraseochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of föreföllföreföllseemedförefölal · verb, present, indicative, activecoordinated with sommarnattlemma is a mis-OCR of föreföll ('seemed').
somas ifsom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of hadeomifom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of hadedetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of hadeintenotinte · particlemodifies hadehadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activedepends on föreföllrådadviceråd · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of hadeatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of läggainfinitive marker before a verb.
läggato lay/putlägga · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on hadesigthemselvessig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of läggaatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of sovainfinitive marker before a verb.
sovasleepsova · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on läggaIt was full daylight, and the summer-farm girls busied themselves eagerly with their handiwork, but now and then they lifted their heads, looked in toward the forest, and smiled to themselves.
Fullfullfull · determiner, common gender, singularmodifies dagerdagerdaylightdager · noun, nominative, neuter, singularsubject of detvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to detdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularhead of the phraseochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfäbodjäntornasummer-farm girlsfäbodjäntorna · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralsubject of syssladesyssladewas busysyssla · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with detivrigteagerlyivrig · adverbmodifies sysslademedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking handarbetensinatheirsig · pronoun, pluralpossessor of handarbetenhandarbetenhandiworkhandarbet · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of sysslademenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationemellanåtnow and thenemellanåt · adverbmodifies lyftelyfteliftedlyfte · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with detch11-p13-s6 uses lyfte intransitively for a bird taking off ("rose"), not "lifted" something.
detheyen · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of lyftesurfaces are actually the plural pronoun de, not a form of en.
huvudetheadhuvud · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of lyftesågosawsågo · verb, present, indicative, activecoordinated with lyftemistagged as present tense; this is the archaic plural past tense of se 'to see' (they saw).
inåtinto/inwardinåt · adverbmodifies sågoskogenforestskog · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of sågoochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationlogosmiledlogo · adjective, nominativecoordinated with sågoHistorical plural past form of le, ‘to smile.’
förtoför · prepositionpreposition marking sigsigthemselvessig · pronoun, accusativemodifies logosjälvathemselvessjälv · adjective, nominative, pluralclause modifying sig»Yes, now we're here again,» they said, and the home parish sank away out of their minds with all its cares, and the forest closed around them with its silent peace.
Jayesja · interjectiondepends on ärnunownu · adverbmodifies ärärisvara · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceviwevi · pronoun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of ärhärherehär · adverbmodifies ärigenagainigen · adverbmodifies ärsadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to ärdetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of sadeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationbygdensettlementbygd · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sjönksjönksanksjönk · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with sadebortawaybort · adverbdepends on sjönkurout ofur · prepositionpreposition marking sinnenderastheirde · pronounpossessor of sinnenpossessive form deras of the plural pronoun de.
sinnenmindssinne · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraloblique complement of sjönkmedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking oroallallall · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of sinsinitssig · pronoun, common gender, singularpossessor of oroorocommotionoro · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies sinnenochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationskogenforestskog · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of omslötomslötclosed aroundomslöt · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with sadedemthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluraldirect object of omslötmedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking fridsinitssig · pronoun, common gender, singularpossessor of fridtystasilenttyst · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies fridfridpeacefrid · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of omslötWhen, back home at the farm, they thought about having to walk alone in the forest all summer, they could hardly understand how they would endure it, but as soon as they were out at the summer farm, they felt that here, after all, they had their best time.
Närwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of tänktedetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralpart of the phrase Närhemmaat homehemma · adverbpart of the phrase Närvidatvid · prepositionpreposition marking gårdengårdenfarmgård · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of tänktetänktethoughttänka · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on förståpåaboutpå · prepositionintroduces the clause of gåattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of gådetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of gåskullehad toskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of gågågogå · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on tänkteensammaaloneensam · adjective, nominative, pluraldirect object of gåiini · prepositionpreposition marking skogenskogenforestskog · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of ensammahelawholehel · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies sommarensommarensummersommar · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of gåkundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of förstådetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of förståknappthardlyknappt · adverbmodifies förståförståunderstandförstå · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencehurhowhur · adverbmodifies härdadetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of härdaskullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of härdahärdato endurehärda · verb, active, infinitiveclausal complement of förståutendureut · adverbmodifies härdamedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking dettadettathisdenna · pronoun, neuter, singularoblique complement of utmenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsåasså · adverbmodifies frammesnartsoonsnart · adverbpart of the phrase sådetheyen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of frammeSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
vorowerevoro · noun, genitive, common gender, pluralmodifies frammeMistagged as a noun; voro is the archaic plural past tense of vara ("to be").
frammearrived, at the destinationframme · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with härdaFramme consistently conveys 'arrived at / at one's destination' (voro framme vid berget = 'were already at the mountain'; voro framme vid ... Lungersudden = 'arrived at'), not a bare locative 'there'.
vidatvid · prepositionpreposition marking fäbodarnafäbodarnathe summer farmsfäbode · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of frammeA fäbod is a seasonal upland summer farm or shieling.
kändefeltkän · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to förståPast tense 'kände' of känna, here in the sense 'recognized'; same surface as käna but a distinct sense of the polysemous verb.
detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of kändeattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of hadehärherehär · adverbmodifies hadehadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activeclause modifying dedetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of hadeändåafter alländå · adverbmodifies hadesintheirsig · pronoun, common gender, singularpossessor of tidbästabestbra · adjective, nominative, superlativemodifies tidtidtimetid · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of hade- 20
From a couple of summer farms nearby, young girls and men had come to pay a visit, so that there were a good many people who had settled down in the grass in front of the cottages, but no conversation would get going.
Frånfromfrån · prepositionpreposition marking fäbodarettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of parparcouplepar · noun, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies fäbodarfäbodarsummer farmsfäbod · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of hadetraditional seasonal dairy-farm huts used for summer grazing.
somthatsom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of lågolågolaylågo · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralrelative clause on fäbodarmistagged as a noun; this is the archaic plural past tense of ligga 'to lie' (they lay).
iini · prepositionpreposition marking närhetennärhetenvicinitynärhet · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies lågohadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceungayoungung · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies flickorflickorgirlsflicka · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of hadeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationkarlarmenkarl · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralauxiliary of kommitkommitcomekomma · verb, active, supinecoordinated with hadeförtoför · prepositiondepends on kommitattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionpart of the phrase förhälsapay a visithälsa · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of kommitBoth given examples are the verb hälsa, not the noun: 'hälsa på i varenda gård' = 'to visit every farm', 'låter nu hälsa dig' = 'sends word/greeting to you'. The tagged noun sense ('health') is not attested in these examples; flagging as context-dependent since the surface is shared between noun and verb.
påtopå · prepositionpreposition marking hälsasåsoså · adverbintroduces the clause of folkattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionpart of the phrase sådetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of folkvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to folkrätta good manyrätt · adverbmodifies mycketmycketmuchmycket · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies folkfolkpeoplefolk · noun, nominative, neuter, singularadverbial clause on hadesomwhosom · pronounsubject of slagitThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
hadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of slagitslagitsettled downslå · verb, active, supinerelative clause on folksigthemselvessig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of slagitnerdownner · adverbmodifies slagitiini · prepositionpreposition marking gräsetgräsetgrassgräs · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of nerframförin front offramför · prepositionpreposition marking stugornastugornathe cottagesstugorna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of slagitmenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationnågotanynågon · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of samtalsamtalconversationsamtal · noun, nominative, neuter, singularsubject of kommavillewanted tovilja · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of kommaintenotinte · particlemodifies kommakommacomekomma · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with hadeigoingi · prepositiondepends on kommagånggoinggång · noun, nominative, common gender, singularpart of the phrase i The men were to turn back home the next day, and the summer-farm girls gave them little errands and asked them to carry greetings down to the home parish.
Karlarnathe menKarlarna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of vändaskullewere toskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of vändavändato turnvända · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentenceombackom · prepositiondepends on vändanerdownner · adverbmodifies vändatilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking hemmethemmethomehem · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of nernästanextnästa · adjective, nominativemodifies dagdagdaydag · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of vändaochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfäbodjäntornasummer-farm girlsfäbodjäntorna · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralsubject of gåvogåvogavegåvo · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with vändaMistagged as adjective; it is the archaic plural past tense of 'ge/giva' (to give).
demthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluraldirect object of gåvosmåsmallliten · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies uppdraguppdragerrandsuppdrag · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraldirect object of gåvoochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationbådoaskedbådo · verb, present, indicative, passivecoordinated with gåvoArchaic plural past tense of 'be' (to ask/request).
demthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluraldirect object of gåvoföracarryföra · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of gåvohälsningargreetingshälsning · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of föraneråtdownwardneråt · adverbmodifies förabygdensettlementbygd · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of föraThat was about all that was said.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with alltvarwasvara · verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to alltungefärapproximatelyungefär · adverbmodifies alltalltallall · determiner, neuter, singularhead of the phrasesomthatsom · pronounsubject of passive sadesThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
sadeswas saidsaa · verb, past, indicative, passivedepends on allt- 21
Then the eldest of the girls looked up from her work and said quite merrily: »We oughtn't to need to have it so quiet on the summer farm tonight, for we have with us two who are used to enjoying a good story.
Dåthendå · adverbmodifies sågsågsawse · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of äldstaäldstaoldestgammal · adjective, nominative, superlativesubject of sågavofav · prepositionpreposition marking jäntornajäntornathe girlsjäntorna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralmodifies äldstauppupupp · adverbmodifies sågfrånfromfrån · prepositionpreposition marking arbetetarbetetworkarbete · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of sågochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with sågheltquitehelt · adverbmodifies muntertmuntertmerrilymuntert · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of sadech40-p21-s1 and ch45-p2-s6 use it adverbially ("said... cheerfully"); ch41-p9-s1 and ch44-p3-s6 use it predicatively ("were... cheerful").
Viwevi · pronoun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of habordeought toböra · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of haBare borde is simple past modal ("ought to"/"should"); the perfect sense ("ought to have") only appears when borde is followed by ha + supine in the sentence, as in three of the four examples — the fourth ("borde släppa taget") has no ha and translates as plain "ought to."
intenotinte · particlemodifies habehövato need tobehöva · auxiliary verb, active, infinitiveauxiliary of hahato haveha · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencedetitden · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of hasåsoså · adverbmodifies tysttystquiettyst · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of hapåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking fäbodvallenfäbodvallensummer farmfäbodvall · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of tystitonighti · prepositionpreposition marking kvällkvälleveningkväll · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of haförforför · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeintroduces the clause of harviwevi · pronoun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of harharhasha · verb, present, indicative, activeadverbial clause on hamedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking ossossusvi · pronoun, accusative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of hartvåtwotvå · numeral, nominativequantifies harsomwhosom · pronounsubject of brukarThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
brukartends tobruka · verb, present, indicative, activerelative clause on ,tyckato thinktycka · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of brukaromtoom · prepositiondepends on tyckaatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of berättainfinitive marker before a verb.
berättato tellberätta · verb, active, infinitiveclausal complement of tycka One is Klement Larsson, who sits here beside me, and the other is Bärnhard from Sunnansjö, who's standing over there looking up toward Blacksåsen.
Denaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of eneenethe oneena · adjective, nominative, masculine, singularsubject of KlementUsed with den andre, "the one... the other...".
ärisvara · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activecopula linking to eneKlementKlementKlement · noun, nominative, neuter, singularsubject of stårPersonal name (Klement Larsson); the parser mistagged it as a common noun.
LarssonLarssonLarsson · proper noun, nominativedepends on KlementSurname, Klement Larsson.
somwhosom · pronounsubject of sitterThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
sittersitssitta · verb, present, indicative, activerelative clause on Klementhärherehär · adverbmodifies sitterbredvidnearbybredvid · adverbmodifies sittermigmejag · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of sitterochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of andreandreotherandre · adjective, nominative, masculine, singularsubject of Bärnhardärisvara · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activecopula linking to BärnhardBärnhardBärnhardBärnhard · proper noun, genitivedepends on stårPersonal name.
frånfromfrån · prepositionpreposition marking SunnansjöSunnansjöSunnansjöSunnansjö · proper noun, nominativemodifies Bärnhardsomwhosom · pronounsubject of stårThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
stårstandsstå · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedärbortaover theredärborta · adverbmodifies stårochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationtittaris lookingtitta · verb, present, indicative, activecoordinated with ståroppåtupwardoppåt · adverbmodifies BlacksåsenBlacksåsenBlacksåsenBlacksåsen · proper noun, nominativedirect object of tittarNow I think we ought to ask them each to tell us a story, and I promise that to whichever one amuses us most, I'll give this scarf here, which I'm knitting.»
Nunownu · adverbmodifies tyckertyckerthinktycka · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencejagIjag · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of tyckerattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of beviwevi · pronoun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of bebordeought toböra · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of beBare borde is simple past modal ("ought to"/"should"); the perfect sense ("ought to have") only appears when borde is followed by ha + supine in the sentence, as in three of the four examples — the fourth ("borde släppa taget") has no ha and translates as plain "ought to."
beto askbe · verb, active, infinitiveclausal complement of tyckerdemthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluraldirect object of betalato speaktala · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of beomtellom · prepositionintroduces the clause of lovarvarwasvara · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of historiamistagged as a determiner; the surface 'var' here is the past tense of vara 'to be'.
sintheir ownsig · pronoun, common gender, singularpossessor of historiahistoriastoryhistoria · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of lovarförtoför · prepositionpreposition marking ossossusvi · pronoun, accusative, common gender, pluralmodifies historiaochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationjagIjag · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of lovarlovarpromiseslova · verb, present, indicative, activeadverbial clause on beattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of getilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking dendenitden · pronoun, common gender, singularoblique complement of gesomwhosom · pronounsubject of roarThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
roaramusesroar · verb, present, indicative, activerelative clause on denossusvi · pronoun, accusative, common gender, pluraldirect object of roarmestmostmycket · adverbmodifies roarskawillskola · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of gejagIjag · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of gegeto givege · verb, active, infinitiveclausal complement of tyckerdenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of halsdukenhärherehär · adverbpart of the phrase denhalsdukenscarfhalsduk · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of gesomwhichsom · pronoundirect object of hållerThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
jagIjag · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hållerhållerkeepshålla · verb, present, indicative, activerelative clause on halsdukenpåin progresspå · prepositiondepends on hålleratttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of stickainfinitive marker before a verb.
stickaknittingsticka · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on håller- 22
This proposal met with great approval.
Dettathisdenna · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of förslagförslagproposalförslag · noun, nominative, neuter, singularsubject of vannvannmet withvann · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencestortgreatstor · adverbmodifies bifallAdverbial use of stor ('big'); e.g. 'inte stort' = 'not much'.
bifallapprovalbifall · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of vann The two who were to compete made, of course, a few objections, but soon gave in.
Detheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of tvåSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
tvåtwotvå · numeral, nominativesubject of gjordesomwhosom · pronounsubject of tävlaThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
skullewere toskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of tävlatävlato competetävla · verb, active, infinitiverelative clause on tvågjordedidgöra · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceförståsof courseförstås · adverbmodifies gjordenågrasomenågon · determiner, pluraldeterminer of invändningarinvändningarobjectionsinvändning · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of gjordemenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationgåvogavegåvo · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with gjordeHistorical plural past-tense form of ge/giva ("to give"), not a noun.
snartsoonsnart · adverbmodifies gåvomedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking sigsigthemselvessig · pronoun, accusativeoblique complement of gåvoKlement asked that Bärnhard should begin, and this the other had nothing against.
KlementKlementklement · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralsubject of badProper name (the tomte); tagged as a common noun.
badaskedbe · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of börjaBärnhardBärnhardBärnhard · proper noun, nominativesubject of börjaskulleshouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of börjabörjato beginbörja · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on badochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with hadehadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with baddennehe/this onedenne · pronoun, masculine, singularsubject of hadeingentingnothingingenting · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of hadeemotagainstemot · adverbdepends on hadeHe did not know Klement Larsson very well, but he supposed that this one would come up with some old tale about ghosts and trolls, and since he knew that people gladly listen to such things, he thought it wisest to choose something of the same kind.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of kändekändefeltkände · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceintenotinte · particlemodifies kändemycketverymycket · adverbmodifies kändetillknow oftill · prepositionpreposition marking KlementKlementKlementKlement · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of kändePersonal name (Klement Larsson); the parser mistagged it as a common noun.
LarssonLarssonLarsson · proper noun, nominativedepends on KlementSurname, Klement Larsson.
menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of förmodadeförmodadesupposedförmoda · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with kändeattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of kommadennehedenna · pronoun, masculine, singularsubject of kommaArchaic masculine demonstrative "denne" used anaphorically for a previously named male person.
skullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of kommakommacomekomma · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on förmodademedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking historianågonsomenågon · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of historiagammaloldgammal · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies historiahistoriastoryhistoria · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of kommaomaboutom · prepositionpreposition marking gastargastarghostsgast · verb, present, indicative, activemodifies historiaochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationtrolltrolltroll · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with gastarochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsomsincesom · pronoundirect object of vissteThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of visstevissteknewvisste · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with kommaattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of lyssnarfolkpeoplefolk · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralsubject of lyssnargärnagladlygärna · adverbmodifies lyssnarType lumps together gärna (gladly) and its suppletive superlative helst (rather/most).
lyssnarlistenslyssna · verb, present, indicative, activeadverbial clause on ansågtilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking sådantsådantsuch a thingsån · pronoun, neuter, singularoblique complement of lyssnaransågconsideredanse · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on visstehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of ansågdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singulardeterminer of klokastklokastwisestklokast · adjective, nominative, superlativedirect object of ansågatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of väljainfinitive marker before a verb.
väljato choosevälja · verb, active, infinitiveclausal complement of ansågnågotsomethingnågon · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of väljaavofav · prepositionpreposition marking slagsammathe samesamma · determinerdeterminer of slagslagkindslag · noun, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies något- 23
»Several hundred years ago,» he said, »it happened that a parson here in Delsbo was out riding on a New Year's night in the middle of the thick forest.
Föragoför · prepositionpreposition marking årfleraseveralflera · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies århundrahundredhundra · numeral, nominativedepends on fleraåryearsår · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraloblique complement of sadesedanthensedan · adverbdepends on årsadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sadehändehappenedhäna · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with sadeLemma should be hända; hände is its past tense.
detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with händeattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of varenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of prostprostparsonprost · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of varhärherehär · adverbmodifies prostiini · prepositionpreposition marking DelsboDelsboDelsboDelsbo · proper noun, nominativemodifies prostPlace name in Hälsingland.
varwasvara · verb, past, indicative, activedepends on händeuteoutsideute · adverbmodifies varochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationredrodered · proper noun, nominativecoordinated with utePast tense of 'rida' (to ride), mistagged as a proper noun.
enaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of nyårsnattnyårsnattNew Year's nightnyårsnatt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of varmittin the middlemitt · adverboblique complement of variini · prepositionpreposition marking skogentätadensetät · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies skogenskogenforestskog · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of var He sat on horseback, dressed in a fur coat and a fur cap, and on the pommel of the saddle he had a bag, in which he kept the communion vessels, the handbook, and the priest's cloak.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sattsattsatsitta · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencetillontill · prepositiondepends on satthästhorsehäst · noun, nominative, common gender, singularpart of the phrase tillklädddressedklädd · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with sattiini · prepositionpreposition marking pälspälsfur/coatpäls · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of kläddochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationskinnluvafur capskinnluva · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with pälsochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationpåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking sadelknappensadelknappenthe saddle pommelsadelknapp · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of hadehadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with satthanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hadeenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of väskaväskaa bagväska · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of hadedärtheredär · adverbmodifies förvaradehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of förvaradeförvaradekeptförvara · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on väskanattvardskärlencommunion vesselsnattvardskärl · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraldirect object of förvaradehandbokenhandbookhandbok · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with förvaradehere the clergyman's ritual/service book, not a modern reference manual.
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationprästkappanthe priest's cloakprästkappan · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with handbokenHe had been called to a sickbed far off in the forest country, and he had sat and talked with the sick man until it had grown late in the evening.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of kalladhadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of kalladvaritbeenvara · auxiliary verb, active, supinecopula linking to kalladkalladcalledkalla · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phrasepast participle of kalla ('to call/name'); mistagged as adjective.
itoi · prepositionpreposition marking sockenbudsockenbudsick callsockenbud · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of kalladlångtfarlångt · adverbmodifies bortbortawaybort · adverbmodifies kalladiini · prepositionpreposition marking skogsbygdenskogsbygdenthe forest countryskogsbygde · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of bortochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of suttithadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of suttitsuttitsatsutta · verb, active, supinecoordinated with kalladArchaic spelling of suttit, the supine of sitta ("to sit").
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationtalattalkedtala · verb, active, supinecoordinated with suttitvidwithvid · prepositionpreposition marking sjukedenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of sjukesjukesicksjuk · adjective, nominative, masculine, singularoblique complement of talattillsuntiltills · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of blivitdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of blivithadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of blivitblivitbecomebli · verb, active, supineadverbial clause on suttitsenalatesen · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies kvällenkvälleneveningkväll · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of blivitNow at last he was on his way home, but he did not think he would reach the parsonage before well past midnight.
Nunownu · adverbmodifies äntligenäntligenfinallyäntligen · adverbhead of the phrasevarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activemodifies äntligenhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of varpåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking hemvägenhemvägenway homehemväg · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of varmenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of troddetroddebelievedtro · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with äntligenintenotinte · particlemodifies troddeattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of hinnahanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hinnaskullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of hinnahinnato have time tohinna · verb, active, infinitiveclausal complement of troddeframforwardfram · adverbdepends on hinnatilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking prostgårdenprostgårdenparsonageprostgård · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of framförränbeforeförrän · adverbmodifies långtused with a preceding negative to mean 'no sooner than'.
långtfarlångt · adverbmodifies midnattefterpastefter · prepositionpreposition marking midnattmidnattmidnightmidnatt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of hinna- 24
Since he now had to travel about on horseback and could not lie still in his bed, he was glad that it was not too hard a night to be out in.
Närwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of färdashanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of passive färdasnunownu · adverbmodifies färdasmåstemustmåste · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of färdasfärdastravelfärda · verb, passive, infinitiveadverbial clause on gladomkringaroundomkring · adverbmodifies färdaspåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking hästryggenhästryggenhorse's backhästrygg · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of färdasochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationintenotinte · particlemodifies liggafickcouldfå · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of liggaliggato lieligga · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with färdasstillastillstilla · adverbdepends on liggaiini · prepositionpreposition marking sängsinhissig · pronoun, common gender, singularpossessor of sängsängbedsäng · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of liggavarwasvara · verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to gladhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of gladgladgladglad · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phraseattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of svårdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of svårintenotinte · particlemodifies svårvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to svårnågonanynågon · determiner, common gender, singularpart of the phrase varsvårhardsvår · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularadverbial clause on gladnattnightnatt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of svåratttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of varainfinitive marker before a verb.
varabevara · verb, active, infinitiveclause modifying nattuteoutsideute · adverbmodifies varaiini · prepositionpreposition marking vara It was mild weather, with still air and an overcast sky.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of blidvädervarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to blidväderblidvädermild weatherblidväd · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phrasemedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking luftstillastillstilla · adjective, nominativemodifies luftluftairluft · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of blidväderochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationmulenovercastmule · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies himmelhimmelskyhimmel · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with luftThe full moon wandered, large and round, behind the clouds and gave light, though it could not itself be seen.
Fullmånenthe full moonFullmånen · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of vandradevandradewanderedvandra · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencestorbigstor · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of vandradeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationrundroundrund · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with storbakombehindbakom · prepositionpreposition marking molnenmolnencloudsmolne · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraloblique complement of vandradeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationgavgavege · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with vandradeLight-verb idioms in the examples: "gav ... till ett klagoskrik" = let out a cry; "gav sig tid" = took the time — not literal "gave" in either case.
ljuslightljus · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of gavfastthoughfast · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with vandradeHere used as the concessive conjunction 'though', not the adjective 'firm'.
denitden · pronoun, common gender, singulardirect object of fastintenotinte · particlemodifies fastsjälvitselfsjälv · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies fastsyntescould be seensyntes · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with vandradeHad it not been for that bit of moonlight, he would have had a hard time telling the path from the ground, for it was a bare winter and everything had the same brownish-gray color.
Omifom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of varitintenotinte · particlemodifies smulandenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of smulansmulanbitsmula · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of varitmånskenmoonlightmånsken · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies smulanhadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of varitvaritbeenvara · auxiliary verb, active, supineadverbial clause on haftskullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of hafthanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hafthahaveha · auxiliary verb, active, infinitiveauxiliary of hafthafthadha · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentencesvårtdifficultsvår · adjective, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of haftatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of skiljainfinitive marker before a verb.
skiljatellingskilja · verb, active, infinitivedepends on haftstigpathstig · adjective, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of skiljaMostly the noun 'stig' (path), mistagged as an adjective; one example is instead the imperative 'stig opp!' (get up!) of the verb stiga.
frånfromfrån · prepositionpreposition marking markmarkgroundmark · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of stigförforför · prepositionpreposition marking detdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with barvintervarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to barvinterbarvintera snowless winterbarvint · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of haftochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationalltingeverythingallting · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of hadehadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with haftsammathe samesamma · determinerdeterminer of färgbrungråabrownish-graybrungrå · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies färgfärgcolorfärg · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of hade- 25
That night the parson was riding a horse he set great store by.
Denaen · determiner, common gender, singularhead of the phrasedärtheredär · adverbmodifies Dennattennightnatt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of redredrodered · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with Denprostenparsonprost · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with Denenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of hästhästhorsehäst · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies Densomthatsom · pronounoblique complement of satteThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sattesattesat downsatte · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on hästpast tense of sätta; here reflexive satte sig 'sat down'.
stortbigstor · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies värdevärdevaluevärde · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of sattepåbypå · prepositionpreposition marking som It was strong, hardy, and nearly as clever as a human being.
Denitden · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of starkvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to starkstarkstrongstark · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phraseuthållighardyuthållig · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with starkochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationnäranearlynära · adverbmodifies klokType lumps the positive, comparative, and superlative forms of nära.
nognearlynog · adverbmodifies kloksåasså · adverbmodifies klokklokwiseklok · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with starksomassom · prepositionpreposition marking människaFunctions as relative pronoun/conjunction, not a true preposition.
enaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of människamänniskahuman beingmänniska · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of klokAmong other things, it knew how to find its way home from any place in the parish whatsoever.
Blandamongbland · prepositionmodifies förstodannatother thingsannan · pronoun, neuter, singularpart of the phrase Blandförstodunderstoodförstå · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedeniten · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of förstodsigitselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of förstodpåhow topå · prepositionintroduces the clause of hittaatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of hittainfinitive marker before a verb.
hittafind the wayhitta · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on förstodhemhomehem · adverbmodifies hittafrånfromfrån · prepositionpreposition marking ställevilketwhichvilken · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of ställeställeplaceställe · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of hittaiini · prepositionpreposition marking socknensocknenparishsockn · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies ställesomwhatsoeversom · conjunctionmodifies hittahelstwhatsoevergärna · adverbmodifies hittaType lumps together gärna (gladly) and its suppletive superlative helst (rather/most).
The parson had noticed this many times, and he trusted it so surely that he never bothered to think about the road when he rode that horse.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularoblique complement of märkthadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of märktprostenparsonprost · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of märktmärktnoticedmärka · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentencefleraseveralflera · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies gångergångertimesgång · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of märktochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of litadelitadetrustedlita · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with märktsåsoså · adverbmodifies säkertsäkertsurelysäker · adverbmodifies litadepåinpå · prepositionpreposition marking dettadettathisdenna · pronoun, neuter, singularoblique complement of litadeattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of bryddehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of bryddealdrigneveraldrig · adverbmodifies bryddebryddecaredbrydde · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on litadeOccurs mainly in the reflexive idiom 'brydde sig om' meaning 'cared about/bothered'.
sighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of bryddeomtoom · prepositionintroduces the clause of tänkaatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of tänkainfinitive marker before a verb.
tänkato thinktänka · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on bryddepåaboutpå · prepositionpreposition marking vägenvägenwayväg · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of tänkanärwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of redhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of redredrodered · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on litadedenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of hästenhästenhorsehäst · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of redSo now, too, he came riding through the gray night and the confusing forest with the reins hanging loose and his thoughts far away.
Sålundathussålunda · adverbmodifies komkomcamekomma · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of komnunownu · adverbmodifies komocksåalsoockså · adverbmodifies komridanderidingridande · adjective, nominativemodifies mittmittin the middlemitt · adverbdirect object of komiini · prepositionpreposition marking nattengråagraygrå · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies nattennattennightnatt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of komochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationvillandeconfusingvillande · adjective, nominativemodifies skogenskogenforestskog · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with nattenmedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking tyglarnatyglarnareinstygl · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralmodifies skogenhängandehanginghängande · adjective, nominativemodifies lösalösalooselösa · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of komIn all four examples 'lösa' is the plural/definite form of the adjective 'lös' ('loose': lösa styltor, hundarna lösa, lösa pappersbladen/bladen), not the verb 'lösa' ('to solve'). The gloss 'to solve' does not match a single example.
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationtankarnathe thoughtstankarna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with lösalångtfarlångt · adverbmodifies lösabortafar awayborta · adverbmodifies lösa- 26
The parson sat thinking about the sermon he was to give the next day, and about a good deal else besides, and it was quite a while before it occurred to him to find out how far he had gotten on his way home.
Prostenparsonprost · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sattsattsatsitta · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationtänktethoughttänka · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with sattpåaboutpå · prepositionpreposition marking predikandenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of predikanpredikansermonpredika · adjective, nominative, masculine, singularoblique complement of tänktehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hållaskullewas toskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of hållahållato givehålla · verb, active, infinitiverelative clause on predikannästanextnästa · adjective, nominativemodifies dagdagdaydag · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of hållaochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationpåaboutpå · prepositionpreposition marking annatmycketa good dealmycket · adverbmodifies annatannatotherannan · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with hålladessutombesidesdessutom · adverbmodifies annatochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with dröjdedröjdedelayeddröjde · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with sattenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of stundbraquitebra · adjective, nominativemodifies stundstundwhilestund · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of dröjdeinnanbeforeinnan · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of fölldetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with föllföllfellföll · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on dröjdehonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of föllininin · adverbdepends on föllatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of tainfinitive marker before a verb.
tato taketa · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of föllredafind outreda · adverbdepends on tapart of the fixed expression leta/taga/söka reda på, 'find out'; all four attested examples mean find/know, not organize/sort.
påoutpå · prepositionintroduces the clause of hunnithurhowhur · adverbmodifies långtlångtfarlångt · adverbmodifies hunnithanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hunnithadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of hunnithunnitgottenhinna · verb, active, supineadverbial clause on tapåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking hemvägenhemvägenway homehemväg · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of hunnit When at last he looked up and noticed that the forest stood just as thick around him as at the start of the journey, he was rather astonished.
Närwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of såghanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sågtillat lasttill · prepositionmodifies sågsistlastsist · adverbpart of the phrase tillsågsawsåg · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on blevpast tense of se, 'to see.'
oppupopp · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of sågDialectal form of upp ("up"), mistagged as a noun by the parser.
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationmärktenoticedmärka · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with oppattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of stodskogenforestskog · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of stodstodstoodstå · verb, past, indicative, activeclausal complement of såglikaequallylika · adverbmodifies tättätthicktät · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of stodomkringaroundomkring · prepositionpreposition marking honomhonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularoblique complement of stodsomassom · pronounintroduces the clause of börjanThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
vidatvid · prepositionpreposition marking börjanresansthe journey'sresans · noun, genitive, common gender, singularpossessor of börjanbörjanbeginningbörjan · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of stodblevbecamebli · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of blevganskaquiteganska · adverbmodifies förvånadförvånadastonishedförvånad · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of blevHe had now been riding so long that he ought to have reached the cultivated part of the parish.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of ridithadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of riditnunownu · adverbmodifies riditriditriddenridit · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentencesåsoså · adverbmodifies längelängelonglänge · adverbmodifies riditattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of kommithanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of kommitbordeought toböra · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of kommitBare borde is simple past modal ("ought to"/"should"); the perfect sense ("ought to have") only appears when borde is followed by ha + supine in the sentence, as in three of the four examples — the fourth ("borde släppa taget") has no ha and translates as plain "ought to."
hahaveha · auxiliary verb, active, infinitiveauxiliary of kommitkommitcomekomma · verb, active, supineadverbial clause on ridittilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking delendenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of delenodladecultivatedodla · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies delendelenpartdel · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of kommitavofav · prepositionpreposition marking socknensocknenparishsockn · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies delen- 27
It was the same in Delsbo then as now.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularhead of the phrasevarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to Detpåinpå · prepositionpreposition marking sättsammathe samesamma · determinerdeterminer of sättsättwaysätt · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of variini · prepositionpreposition marking DelsboDelsboDelsboDelsbo · proper noun, nominativeoblique complement of dåPlace name in Hälsingland.
dåthendå · adverbmodifies varsomassom · subordinating conjunctionpart of the phrase dånunownu · adverbmodifies då The church and the parsonage and all the large farms and villages lay to the north of the parish, around Dellen, and to the south there was nothing but forests and mountains.
Kyrkanthe churchKyrka · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phraseochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationprostgårdenparsonageprostgård · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with Kyrkanochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationallaallall · determiner, pluraldeterminer of gårdarstorabigstor · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies gårdargårdarfarmsgård · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with Kyrkanochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationbyarvillagesbyar · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with gårdarlåglowlåg · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularclause modifying gårdarnorrutnorthwardnorrut · adverbmodifies lågiini · prepositionpreposition marking socknensocknenparishsockn · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of lågomkringaroundomkring · prepositionpreposition marking DellenDellenLake DellenDellen · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of gårdarochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsöderutsouthwardsöderut · adverboblique complement of fannsfannsthere wasfinnas · verb, past, indicativecoordinated with Kyrkanexistential verb; fanns = 'there was/were, existed.'
detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with fannsbarajustbara · adverbmodifies skogarskogarforestsskog · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of fannsochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationbergmountainberg · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with skogarWhen the parson saw that he was still in the wilderness, he knew, then, that he was still in the southern part of the parish, and that he must travel north to get home.
Närwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of sågprostenparsonprost · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sågsågsawsåg · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on visstepast tense of se, 'to see.'
attthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of befannhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of befannännustillännu · adverbmodifies befannbefannwasbefanna · verb, past, indicative, activeclausal complement of sågReflexive 'befann sig' means 'was located/found himself'; lemma should be 'befinna'.
sighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of befanniini · prepositionpreposition marking obygdenobygdenthe wildernessobygd · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of befannOnly surface is definite 'obygden'; every example translates it 'the wilderness'.
vissteknewvisste · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of visstealltsåsoalltså · adverbmodifies vissteattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of varhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of varvarwasvara · verb, past, indicative, activeclausal complement of visstekvarstill therekvar · adverbdepends on variini · prepositionpreposition marking delensödrasouthernsödra · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies delendelenpartdel · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of varavofav · prepositionpreposition marking socknensocknenparishsockn · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies delenochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of färdashanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of passive färdasmåstemustmåste · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of färdasfärdastravelfärda · verb, passive, infinitivecoordinated with visstemotnorthmot · prepositionmodifies färdasnorrnorthnorr · noun, nominative, common gender, singularpart of the phrase motförtoför · prepositionintroduces the clause of kommaatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of kommainfinitive marker before a verb.
kommacomekomma · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on färdashemhomehem · adverbdepends on kommaBut this was just what he felt he was not doing.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdettathisdenna · pronoun, neuter, singularhead of the phrasevarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to vadjustjustjust · adverbmodifies vadvadwhatvad · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of tycktehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of tycktetycktethoughttycka · verb, past, indicative, activeclause modifying dettaattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of gjordehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of gjordeintenotinte · particlemodifies gjordegjordedidgöra · verb, past, indicative, activeclausal complement of tyckteHe had neither moon nor stars to guide himself by, but he was one of those who carry the points of the compass in their heads, and he had a firm feeling that he was riding south, or perhaps east.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hadehadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencevarkenneithervarken · conjunctionlinks the coordinationmånemoonmåne · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of hadeelleroreller · conjunctionlinks the coordinationstjärnorstarsstjärna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with måneatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of rättainfinitive marker before a verb.
rättato go byrätta · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on hadeOccurs in the idiom rätta sig efter, "to conform to/follow".
sighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of rättaefterbyefter · prepositionmodifies rättamenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of envarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to enenoneman · pronoun, common gender, singularcoordinated with hadeSurfaces are only "en"/"En" used as a counting pronoun ("en av dem" = "one of them"), not the indefinite generic pronoun man/en ("one does X"). Lemma is mistagged as man; it should be en (numeral pronoun "one"). Gloss "one" happens to still be correct.
avofav · prepositionpreposition marking demdemthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluralmodifies ensomwhosom · pronounsubject of harThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
harhasha · verb, present, indicative, activerelative clause on demväderstreckenthe compass pointsväderstrecke · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraldirect object of hariini · prepositionpreposition marking huvudethuvudetheadhuvud · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of harochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hadehadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with hadeenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of känslabestämdfirmbestämd · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies känslakänslafeelingkänsla · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of hadeavofav · prepositionpreposition marking söderattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of söderhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of söderredrodered · verb, past, indicative, activemodifies hanmotsouthmot · prepositionpreposition marking södersödersouthsöder · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies hadeelleroreller · conjunctionlinks the coordinationkanskeperhapskanske · adverbmodifies hademoteastmot · prepositionpreposition marking österöstereastöster · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of hade- 28
It was his intention to turn the horse at once, but then he checked himself.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of meningvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to meninghanshishan · pronounpossessor of meningmeningintentionmening · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phraseatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of vändainfinitive marker before a verb.
vändato turnvända · verb, active, infinitivedepends on meninghästenhorsehäst · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of vändagenastat oncegenast · adverbmodifies vändamenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsåthenså · adverbmodifies hejdadehejdadestoppedhejda · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with meninghanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hejdadesighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of hejdade The horse had never gone astray before, and it surely would not do so now either.
Hästenhorsehäst · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of gåtthadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of gåttaldrigneveraldrig · adverbmodifies gåttgåttgone astraygå · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentencevilseastrayvilse · adverbdepends on gåttUsed with 'gå' as 'go astray/lose one's way'.
förutbeforeförut · adverbmodifies gåttochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdenitden · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of gjordegjordedidgöra · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with gåttdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of gjordenogsurelynog · adverbmodifies gjordeintenotinte · particlemodifies gjordenunownu · adverbmodifies gjordehellereitherheller · adverbmodifies gjordeIt was more likely that he himself was mistaken.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of troligarevarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to troligaretroligaremore likelytrolig · adjective, nominative, comparativehead of the phraseattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of vardetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of varvarwasvara · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on troligarehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of varsjälvhimselfsjälv · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularclause modifying hansomwhosom · pronounsubject of misstogThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
misstogwas mistakenmissta · verb, past, indicative, activedepends on varsighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of misstogHe had been far away with his thoughts and had not been minding the road.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of bortahadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of bortavaritbeenvara · auxiliary verb, active, supinecopula linking to bortalångtfarlångt · adverbmodifies bortabortafar awayborta · adverbhead of the phrasemedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking tankarsinahissig · pronoun, pluralpossessor of tankartankarthoughtstank · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of bortaochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationintenotinte · particlemodifies följtföljtfollowedfölja · verb, active, supinecoordinated with bortamedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking vägenvägenwayväg · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of följtAnd so he let the horse go on in the old direction and sank once more into his musings.
Ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsåthenså · adverbmodifies lätlätletlät · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of läthästenhorsehäst · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of fortsättafortsättato continuefortsätta · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of lätiini · prepositionpreposition marking riktningendenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of riktningengamlaoldgammal · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies riktningenriktningendirectionriktning · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of fortsättaochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationförsjönksankförsjönk · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with fortsättapåagainpå · prepositionpreposition marking nyttnyttnewny · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of försjönkiini · prepositionpreposition marking funderingarsinahissig · pronoun, pluralpossessor of funderingarfunderingarmusingsfundering · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of försjönk- 29
But just then a large branch struck him so hard that it very nearly swept him off the horse's back.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationstraxjuststrax · adverbmodifies slogdärpåthen/after thatdärpå · adverbmodifies slogslogstruckslå · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceLight verb whose sense shifts with its particle (slog upp/ihop/omkull/sig ner).
enaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of grenstorbigstor · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies grengrenbranchgren · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of slogtillstrucktill · prepositionpreposition marking honomhonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularoblique complement of slogsåsoså · adverbmodifies häftigthäftigtviolenthäftig · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularadverbial clause on slogattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of hölldenitden · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of höllhöllvery nearlyhålla · verb, past, indicative, activeclausal complement of slogpånearlypå · prepositiondepends on höllatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of sopainfinitive marker before a verb.
sopasweepsopa · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on höllhonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of sopafrånfromfrån · prepositionpreposition marking hästryggenhästryggenhorse's backhästrygg · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of sopa Then he realized that he must find out where he had gotten to.
Dåthendå · adverbmodifies förstodförstodunderstoodförstod · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of förstodattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of tahanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of tamåstemustmåste · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of tatato taketa · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on förstodredafind outreda · adverbdepends on tapart of the fixed expression leta/taga/söka reda på, 'find out'; all four attested examples mean find/know, not organize/sort.
påoutpå · prepositionintroduces the clause of kommitvartwherevart · adverbmodifies kommithanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of kommithadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of kommitkommitcomekomma · verb, active, supineadverbial clause on ta- 30
He looked toward the ground and noticed that he was traveling over soft moss, where there was no trodden path.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sågsågsawse · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencemottowardmot · prepositionpreposition marking markenmarkengroundmark · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of sågochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationmärktenoticedmärka · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with sågattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of färdadeshanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of passive färdadesfärdadestraveledfärda · verb, past, indicative, passiveadverbial clause on märktepåoverpå · prepositionpreposition marking mossamjuksoftmjuk · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies mossamossamossmossa · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of färdadesdärtheredär · adverbmodifies fannsdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with fannsintenotinte · particlemodifies fannsfannsthere wasfinnas · verb, past, indicativerelative clause on mossaexistential verb; fanns = 'there was/were, existed.'
någonnonågon · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of stigupptrampadtroddenupptrampa · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies stigstigpathstig · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of fanns The horse went on quite briskly all the same and showed no hesitation.
Hästenhorsehäst · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of gickgickwentgå · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencepåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking rasktganskaquiteganska · adverbmodifies rasktrasktquicklyrask · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies gickneuter form used adverbially, 'raskt' = briskly/quickly.
iall the samei · prepositionpreposition marking fallallaallall · determiner, pluraldeterminer of fallfallcasesfall · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraloblique complement of gickochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationvisadeshowedvisa · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with gickingennoingen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of tvekantvekanhesitationtvekan · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of visadeBut just as before, the parson felt certain that it was going the wrong way.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationalldelesquitealldeles · adverbmodifies förutsomassom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of förutnyssjust nownyss · adverbmodifies förutförutbeforeförut · adverbmodifies kändekändefeltkände · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencesighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of kändeprostenparsonprost · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of kändeövertygadcertainövertygad · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of kändeattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of gickdenitden · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of gickgickwentgå · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with kändeåtwayåt · adverbpreposition marking hållMostly the adverb åt with the senses listed, but example ch02-p31-s1 ('Hela tiden, som pojken åt...') is not this adverb at all — it is åt as the past tense of äta ('ate'). The gloss's senses list must cover this example or a downstream consumer will render 'ate' as a directional adverb.
orättwrongorätt · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies hållhålldirectionhåll · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of gick- 31
That time he did not delay in taking charge.
Denaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of gångengångentimegång · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies dröjdedröjdewas long in comingdröj · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceIdiomatic: "det dröjde inte länge" = "it was not long before."
hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of dröjdeintenotinte · particlemodifies dröjdeatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of gripainfinitive marker before a verb.
gripaseizegripa · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of dröjdeininin · adverbdepends on gripa He seized the reins, forced the horse to turn, and succeeded, too, in bringing it back to the path.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of fattadefattadeseizedfatta · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencetyglarnathe reinstyglarna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of fattadetvangforcedtvang · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with fattadeMistagged as a noun; this is tvang, the past tense of tvinga ("to force").
hästenhorsehäst · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of fattadeatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of vändainfinitive marker before a verb.
vändato turnvända · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on fattadeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationlyckadessucceededlycka · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with vändaImpersonal 'det lyckades honom' = 'he succeeded'; lemma should be 'lyckas'.
ocksåalsoockså · adverbmodifies lyckadesatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of förainfinitive marker before a verb.
förabringföra · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on lyckadesdenitden · pronoun, common gender, singulardirect object of föratillbakabacktillbaka · adverbmodifies föratilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking stigenstigenpathstig · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of föraBut hardly was it there before it made a detour and again set off straight into the forest.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationknappasthardlyknappast · adverbmodifies denvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to dendenitden · pronoun, common gender, singularhead of the phrasedärtheredär · adverbmodifies gjordeförränbeforeförrän · adverbmodifies gjordeused with a preceding negative to mean 'no sooner than'.
denitden · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of gjordegjordedidgöra · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on denenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of omvägomvägdetouromväg · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of gjordeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationpåagainpå · prepositionpreposition marking nyttnyttnewny · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies begavbegavset offbegav · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with gjordeReflexive 'begav sig' = 'made his/her way, set off'; lemma should be 'begiva'.
sigitselfsig · pronoun, accusativeindirect object of begavraktstraightrak · adverbmodifies skogeninåtintoinåt · prepositionpreposition marking skogenskogenforestskog · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of begav- 32
The parson was as certain as could well be that it was going wrong, but since the horse was so stubborn, he thought that it might perhaps be trying to find its way to a better road, and so he let it go on.
Prostenparsonproste · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of vissvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to visssåasså · adverbmodifies vissvisscertain/sureviss · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phraseomifom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of gickattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of gickdenitden · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of gickgickwentgå · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on vissorättwrongorätt · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies gicksomassom · pronounintroduces the clause of möjligtThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with möjligtgärnawellgärna · adverbmodifies möjligtType lumps together gärna (gladly) and its suppletive superlative helst (rather/most).
varwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to möjligtmöjligtpossiblemöjlig · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularin apposition to gickhalf the examples (ch01-p27, ch04-p30) use the fixed idiom 'allt möjligt' = 'all sorts of/everything', not the literal 'possible' sense used in the other two.
menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationnärwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of varhästenhorsehäst · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of varvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on tänktesåsoså · adverbmodifies envisenvisstubbornenvis · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies vartänktethoughttänka · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with möjligthanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of tänkteattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of sökadenitden · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of sökamöjligenpossiblymöjligen · adverbmodifies sökavillewanted tovilja · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of sökasökasearchsöka · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with möjligtsigitselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of sökaframforwardfram · adverbmodifies sökatilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking vägenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of vägbättrebetterbra · adjective, nominative, comparativemodifies vägvägwayväg · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of framochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsåthenså · adverbmodifies lätlätletlät · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with möjligthanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of lätdenitden · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of fortsättafortsättato continuefortsätta · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of lät - 33
The horse managed well, even though it had no path to follow.
Hästenhorsehäst · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of reddereddemanagedredde · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencesigitselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of reddevälwellväl · adverbmodifies reddefastänalthoughfastän · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of hadedenitden · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of hadeintenotinte · particlemodifies hadehadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on reddenågonnonågon · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of stigstigpathstig · adjective, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of hadeMostly the noun 'stig' (path), mistagged as an adjective; one example is instead the imperative 'stig opp!' (get up!) of the verb stiga.
atttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of följainfinitive marker before a verb.
följato followfölja · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on hade If a rocky crag stood in the way, it climbed up it as nimbly as a goat, and when the ground fell away afterward, it set its feet together and slid down the steep rock faces.
Stodstoodstoda · proper noun, nominativesubject of bergklintenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of bergklintbergklintrocky cragbergklint · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularhead of the phraseiini · prepositionpreposition marking vägenvägenwayväg · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of bergklintklättradeclimbedklättra · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with bergklintdenaen · determiner, common gender, singularsubject of klättradeoppförupoppför · adverbmodifies klättradedialectal spelling of 'uppför' (up, upward/uphill).
denaen · determiner, common gender, singularpart of the phrase oppförlikaequallylika · adverbmodifies vigvignimblevig · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies klättradesomassom · prepositionpreposition marking getFunctions as relative pronoun/conjunction, not a true preposition.
enaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of getgeta goatget · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of klättradeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationnärwhennär · adverbintroduces the clause of barFunctions as a subordinating conjunction, not an adverb.
detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of barsedanthensedan · adverbmodifies barbarslopedb · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on utförutfördownutföra · verb, present, indicative, activecoordinated with bergklintFunctions here as the adverb/preposition "down" (utför trappan/kullen), not the unrelated verb utföra ("to perform").
sattesat downsatte · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with bergklintpast tense of sätta; here reflexive satte sig 'sat down'.
deniten · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of sattefötternafeetföttere · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of sattesammantogethersamman · adverbdepends on satteochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationkanadeslidkanad · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with satteutfördownutföra · verb, present, indicative, activeadverbial clause on satteFunctions here as the adverb/preposition "down" (utför trappan/kullen), not the unrelated verb utföra ("to perform").
detheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of hällarnaSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
brantasteepbrant · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies hällarnahällarnathe rock slabshällarna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of utför- 34
'If only he finds his way back home before it's time for church!' the parson thought.
MåttemayMåtte · proper noun, nominativeoblique complement of hittaNot a name; the optative modal 'måtte' expressing a wish (may/might).
hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hittabarajustbara · adverbmodifies hittahittafind the wayhitta · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencetillbakabacktillbaka · adverbdepends on hittahemhomehem · adverbmodifies hittaförebeforeföre · prepositionpreposition marking kyrkdagskyrkdagstime for churchkyrkdag · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraloblique complement of hittatänktethoughttänka · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to hittaprostenparsonprost · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of tänkte 'I wonder what my Delsbo folk would think of me, if I didn't get to church in time.'
JagIjag · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of undrarundrarwondersundra · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencevadwhatvad · pronoun, neuter, singulardepends on hållaförofför · prepositionpart of the phrase vadminmyjag · pronoun, common gender, singularpossessor of Delsbofolketpossessive form min of the pronoun jag.
Delsbofolketthe Delsbo peopleDelsbofolket · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hållaskullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of hållahållato thinkhålla · verb, active, infinitiveclausal complement of undraromifom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of kommejagIjag · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of kommeintenotinte · particlemodifies kommekommecamekomme · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on hållaArchaic subjunctive form of 'komma' (to come), used in conditional/reported clauses.
iin timei · prepositiondepends on kommetidtimetid · noun, nominative, common gender, singularpart of the phrase itilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking kyrkankyrkanchurchkyrka · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of komme- 35
He did not have long to brood over this, for he came quite suddenly to a place he recognized.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of grubblafickhadfå · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of grubblaintenotinte · particlemodifies grubblalängelonglänge · adverbmodifies grubblagrubblato broodgrubbla · verb, passive, infinitivemain verb of the sentenceöveroveröver · prepositionpreposition marking dettadettathisdenna · pronoun, neuter, singularoblique complement of grubblaförforför · prepositionintroduces the clause of komhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of komkomcamekomma · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on grubblaheltquitehelt · adverbmodifies hastigthastigtquicklyhastig · adverbmodifies komframforwardfram · adverbdepends on komtilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking platsenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of platsplatsplaceplats · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of framsomthatsom · pronoundirect object of kändeThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of kändekändefeltkände · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on platsigenagainigen · adverbdepends on kände It was a small dark tarn, where he had lain fishing the previous summer.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of tjärnvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to tjärnenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of tjärnlitensmallliten · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies mörkmörkdarkmörk · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies tjärntjärntarntjärn · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phrasedärtheredär · adverbmodifies legathanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of legathadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of legatlegatlainlega · verb, active, supinerelative clause on tjärnSupine of 'ligga' (to lie); lemma should be 'ligga'.
påatpå · prepositionpreposition marking fiskefiskefishingfiske · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of legatförrapreviousförra · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies sommarensommarensummersommar · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of legatNow he saw that things stood just as he had feared.
Nunownu · adverbmodifies sågsågsawsåg · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencepast tense of se, 'to see.'
hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sågattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of stoddetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of stodstodstoodstå · verb, past, indicative, activeclausal complement of sågjustjustjust · adverbmodifies stodsåasså · adverbmodifies stodtillstoodtill · prepositionpart of the phrase såsomassom · pronoundirect object of fruktatThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of fruktathadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of fruktatfruktatfearedfrukta · verb, active, supinein apposition to stodHe was deep in the forest country, and the horse was striving on toward the southeast.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of varvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedjuptdeeplydjup · adverbmodifies varinneinsideinne · adverbmodifies variini · prepositionpreposition marking skogstraktenskogstraktenwoodland regionskogstrakt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of inneochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhästenhorsehäst · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of strävadesträvadestrovesträva · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with varframforwardfram · adverbdepends on strävademottowardmot · prepositionpreposition marking sydostsydostthe southeastsydost · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of strävadeIt really seemed to have set itself to carry him as far away from church and parsonage as possible.
Denitden · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of föresatttycktesseemedtycktes · verb, past, indicativemodifies föresattriktigttrulyriktig · adverbmodifies föresatthahaveha · auxiliary verb, active, infinitiveauxiliary of föresattföresattset itselfföresatt · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentencesigitselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of föresattatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of bärainfinitive marker before a verb.
bärato carrybära · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on föresatthonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of bärasåasså · adverbmodifies långtlångtfarlångt · adverbmodifies bortbortawaybort · adverbmodifies bärafrånfromfrån · prepositionpreposition marking kyrkakyrkachurchkyrka · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of bäraochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationprästgårdparsonageprästgård · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with kyrkasomassom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of möjligtmöjligtpossiblemöjlig · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularadverbial clause on kyrkahalf the examples (ch01-p27, ch04-p30) use the fixed idiom 'allt möjligt' = 'all sorts of/everything', not the literal 'possible' sense used in the other two.
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The parson sprang with all haste out of the saddle.
Prostenparsonprost · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sprangsprangransprangma · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceLemma is corrupted; surfaces are only "sprang" (past of springa, to run). Lemma should read springa, not sprangma.
medwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking hastallallall · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of hasthasthastehast · nounoblique complement of sprangurout ofur · prepositionpreposition marking sadelnsadelnsaddlesadel · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of sprang He could not let the horse carry him off into the wilderness in this way.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of låtakundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of låtaintenotinte · particlemodifies låtapåinpå · prepositionpreposition marking sättdettathisdenna · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of sättsättwaysätt · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of låtalåtato letlåta · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencehästenhorsehäst · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of låtaföracarryföra · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of låtahonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of förabortawaybort · adverbmodifies föraiintoi · prepositionpreposition marking obygdenobygdenthe wildernessobygd · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of föraOnly surface is definite 'obygden'; every example translates it 'the wilderness'.
He must get home, and since the horse insisted on going the wrong way, he decided to walk on foot and lead it, until they came onto known roads.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of måstemåstemustmåste · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehemhomehem · adverbmodifies måsteochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationeftersomsinceeftersom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of envisadeshästenhorsehäst · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of envisadesenvisadesinsistedenvisa · verb, past, indicative, passivecoordinated with måsteatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of gåinfinitive marker before a verb.
gågogå · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with envisadesåtinåt · prepositionpreposition marking hållorättwrongorätt · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies hållhålldirectionhåll · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of gåbeslötdecidedbeslöt · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to måstehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of beslötsighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of beslötförtoför · prepositionintroduces the clause of vandraatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of vandrainfinitive marker before a verb.
vandrawandervandra · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on beslöttillon foottill · prepositionpreposition marking fotsfotson footfots · noun, neuteroblique complement of vandraochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationledato leadleda · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with vandradenitden · pronoun, common gender, singulardirect object of ledatillsuntiltills · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of kommedetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of passive kommekommewould comekomme · verb, present, indicative, activeadverbial clause on beslötarchaic subjunctive/conditional form of komma.
ininin · adverbdepends on kommepåontopå · prepositionpreposition marking vägarkändaknownkänd · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies vägarvägarroadsväg · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralmodifies kommeHe wound the reins around his arm and began the walk.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of lindadelindadewoundlinda · verb, past, indicative, activemodifies tyglarnatyglarnareinstygl · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralhead of the phraseomaroundom · prepositionpreposition marking armenarmenarmarm · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies tyglarnaochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationbörjadebeganbörja · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencevandringenjourneyvandring · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of börjadeIt was no easy matter to go through the forest dressed in a heavy fur coat, but the parson was a strong and hardy man, and not afraid of any exertion.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of sakvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to sakintenotinte · particlemodifies saknågonnonågon · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of saklätteasylätt · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies saksakthingsak · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phraseatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of gåinfinitive marker before a verb.
gågogå · verb, active, infinitiveclause modifying sakgenomthroughgenom · prepositionpreposition marking skogenskogenforestskog · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of gåklädddressedklädd · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of gåiini · prepositionpreposition marking pälstungheavytung · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies pälspälsfur/coatpäls · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of kläddmenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationprostenparsonprost · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of manvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to manenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of manstarkstrongstark · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies manochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhärdadhardenedhärdad · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with starkmanmanman · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with sakochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationintenotinte · particlemodifies räddräddafraidrädd · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with sakförofför · prepositionpreposition marking ansträngningnågonnonågon · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of ansträngningansträngningexertionansträngning · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of rädd- 37
The horse, however, caused him fresh trouble.
Hästenhorsehäst · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of vålladevålladecausedvålla · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of vålladeemellertidhoweveremellertid · adverbmodifies vålladenyanewny · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies bekymmerbekymmerworriesbekymmer · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraldirect object of vållade It would not follow him, but planted its hooves in the ground and braced against him.
Denitden · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of följavillewanted tovilja · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of följaintenotinte · particlemodifies följaföljato followfölja · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencehonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of följautanbut ratherutan · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfollows a negated clause, contrasting it with what actually happened.
sattesat downsatte · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with följapast tense of sätta; here reflexive satte sig 'sat down'.
hovarnathe hooveshovarna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of satteiini · prepositionpreposition marking markenmarkengroundmark · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of satteochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationspjärnadebracedspjärna · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with satteemotagainstemot · adverbdepends on satte- 38
Then the parson finally lost his temper.
Dåthendå · adverbmodifies blevblevbecamebli · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceprostenparsonprost · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of blevondangryonda · adjective, nominativecomplement of blevtillfinallytill · prepositionmodifies ondsistlastsist · adverbpart of the phrase till He was never in the habit of striking that horse, and he did not feel like doing so now either.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of brukadebrukadeused tobruka · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencealdrigneveraldrig · adverbmodifies brukadeslåstrikeslå · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of brukadedeniten · pronoun, common gender, singulardirect object of slådärtheredär · adverbmodifies slåhästenhorsehäst · noun, nominative, common gender, singularpart of the phrase därochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of tycktetycktethoughttycka · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with slåhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of tycktesighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of tyckteintenotinte · particlemodifies göraviljato wantvilja · auxiliary verb, active, infinitiveauxiliary of göragöradogöra · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of tycktenunownu · adverbmodifies görahellereitherheller · adverbmodifies göraInstead he threw down the reins and walked away from it.
Iinsteadi · prepositionmodifies kastadeställetplaceställe · noun, nominative, neuter, singularpart of the phrase Ikastadethrewkasta · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of kastadetyglarnareinstygl · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of kastadeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationgickwentgå · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with kastadeifrånfromifrån · prepositiondepends on gickdenitden · pronoun, common gender, singulardirect object of gick'We had better part here, then, since you want to go your own way,' he said.
Viwevi · pronoun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of passive skiljasfårhad betterfå · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of skiljasvälhad betterväl · adverbmodifies skiljasskiljasbe partedskilja · verb, passive, infinitivemain verb of the sentenceåtapartåt · prepositionmodifies skiljashärherehär · adverbpart of the phrase åteftersomsinceeftersom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of gåduyoudu · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of gåvillwant tovilja · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of gågågogå · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on skiljasdinyourdu · pronoun, common gender, singularpossessor of vägegenownegen · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies vägvägwayväg · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of gåsadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to gåhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sade- 39
He had scarcely gone a couple of steps before the horse came after him, took a careful grip on his coat sleeve, and tried to hold him back.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of gåtthadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of gåttknappasthardlyknappast · adverbmodifies gåttgåttgonegå · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentenceettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of parparcouplepar · noun, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies stegstegstepssteg · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraldirect object of gåttförränbeforeförrän · adverbmodifies komused with a preceding negative to mean 'no sooner than'.
hästenhorsehäst · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of komkomcamekomma · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on gåttefterafterefter · prepositionpreposition marking honomhonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularoblique complement of komfattadetook a gripfatta · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with komettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of greppförsiktigtcarefulförsiktig · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies greppgreppgripgrepp · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of fattadeioni · prepositionpreposition marking rockärmhanshishan · pronounpossessor of rockärmrockärmcoat sleeverockärm · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of fattadeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsöktetriedsöka · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with fattadehejdato stophejda · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of söktehonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of hejda The parson then turned around and looked the horse in the eye, as if to find out why it was behaving so strangely.
Prostenparsonprost · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of vändevändeturnedväna · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencePast tense of vända (to turn); lemma should read vända.
sighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of vändedåthendå · adverbintroduces the clause of sågomaroundom · prepositionpart of the phrase dåochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsågsawsåg · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on vändepast tense of se, 'to see.'
hästenhorsehäst · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sågininin · adverbdepends on sågiini · prepositionpreposition marking ögonenögonenthe eyesögonen · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraloblique complement of sågliksomas ifliksom · prepositionintroduces the clause of utforskaförtoför · prepositionintroduces the clause of utforskaatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of utforskainfinitive marker before a verb.
utforskato find oututforska · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on sågvarförwhyvarför · adverbmodifies beteddedenitden · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of beteddebeteddebehavedbeteddea · verb, past, indicative, activeclausal complement of utforskasigitselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of beteddesåsoså · adverbmodifies underligtunderligtstrangeunderlig · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularcomplement of betedde- 40
Afterward the parson could never quite understand how this had been possible, but it is certain that, dark as it was, he saw the horse's face quite clearly and could read it as if it had been a human's.
Efteråtafterwardefteråt · adverbmodifies förståkundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of förståprostenparsonprost · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of förståintenotinte · particlemodifies förståriktigttrulyriktig · adverbmodifies förståförståunderstandförstå · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencehurhowhur · adverbmodifies möjligtdettathisdenna · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of möjligthadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of möjligtvaritbeenvara · auxiliary verb, active, supinecopula linking to möjligtmöjligtpossiblemöjlig · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularclausal complement of förståhalf the examples (ch01-p27, ch04-p30) use the fixed idiom 'allt möjligt' = 'all sorts of/everything', not the literal 'possible' sense used in the other two.
menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsäkertsurelysäker · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies detused adverbially, 'certainly/surely'.
ärisvara · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activecopula linking to säkertdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularcoordinated with möjligtattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of sågsåasså · adverbmodifies mörktmörktdarkmörk · adverbmodifies detdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularpart of the phrase attvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activemodifies sågsågsawsåägg · verb, past, indicative, activedepends on detPast tense of 'se' (to see), despite the odd lemma spelling.
hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of såghästenshorse'shäst · noun, genitive, common gender, singularpossessor of ansikteansiktefaceansikte · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of sågalldelesquitealldeles · adverbmodifies tydligttydligtcleartydlig · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies sågochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationkundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of läsaläsato readläsa · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with sågiini · prepositionpreposition marking detdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularoblique complement of läsasomas ifsom · pronounintroduces the clause of människasThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
omifom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of människasdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with människashadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of människasvaritbeenvara · auxiliary verb, active, supinecopula linking to människasenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of människasmänniskashuman'smänniska · noun, genitive, common gender, singularadverbial clause on läsa He understood that the horse was in the most fearful anxiety and distress.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of förstodförstodunderstoodförstod · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of befannhästenhorsehäst · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of befannbefannwasbefann · verb, past, indicative, activeclausal complement of förstodreflexive befinna sig = 'to be located'.
sigitselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of befanniini · prepositionpreposition marking orodenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of orofruktansvärdastemost fearfulfruktansvärd · adjective, nominative, superlativemodifies oroorocommotionoro · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of befannochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationängslananxietyängsla · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with oroIt fixed a look on him that was both pleading and reproachful.
Denaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of riktaderiktadefixedrikta · adjective, nominative, singularhead of the phraseenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of blickblickglanceblick · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of riktadepåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking honomhonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularmodifies blicksomthatsom · pronounsubject of bedjandeThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
varwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to bedjandebådebothbåde · conjunctionlinks the coordinationbedjandepleadingbedja · adjective, nominativerelative clause on blickochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationförebråendereproachfulförebrående · adjective, nominativecoordinated with bedjande'I have served you and done your will day after day,' it seemed to say.
JagIjag · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of tjänatharhasha · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of tjänattjänatservedtjäna · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentencedigyoudu · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of tjänatochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationgjortdonegöra · verb, active, supinecoordinated with tjänatdinyourdu · pronoun, common gender, singularpossessor of viljaviljawillvilja · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of gjortdagdaydag · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of gjortefterafterefter · prepositionmodifies dagdagdaydag · noun, nominative, common gender, singularpart of the phrase eftertycktesseemedtycktes · verb, past, indicativeparallel clause to tjänatdenitden · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of tycktessägato saysäga · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of tycktes'Can't you follow me this one night?'
Skawillskola · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of följaduyoudu · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of följaintenotinte · particlemodifies följakunnacankunna · auxiliary verb, active, infinitiveauxiliary of följaföljato followfölja · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencemigmejag · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularindirect object of följadennathisdenna · determiner, common gender, singulardirect object of följaendaonlyenda · adjective, nominativemodifies nattnattnightnatt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies denna- 41
The parson was moved by the plea he read in the animal's eyes.
Prostenparsonproste · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of blevblevbecamebli · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencerördmovedrör · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of blevEmotionally moved/touched, not physically stirred.
överbyöver · prepositionpreposition marking böndenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of bönbönpleabön · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of blevsomthatsom · pronoundirect object of lästeThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of lästelästereadläsa · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on böniini · prepositionpreposition marking ögondjuretsthe animal'sdjur · noun, genitive, neuter, singularpossessor of ögonögoneyesögon · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of lästeActually plural of 'öga' (eye); morphology tag mislabels number.
It was clear that the horse needed his help in one way or another that night, and since he was a manly man, he resolved at once to follow it.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with klartvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to klartklartclearklar · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularhead of the phraseattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of behövdehästenhorsehäst · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of behövdebehövdeneededbehöva · verb, past, indicative, activedepends on klarthanshishan · pronounpossessor of hjälphjälphelphjälp · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of behövdepåinpå · prepositionpreposition marking sättettaen · numeral, nominative, neuter, singulardeterminer of sättelleroreller · conjunctionlinks the coordinationannatotherannan · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with ettsättwaysätt · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of behövdedenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of nattenhärherehär · adverbpart of the phrase dennattennightnatt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of behövdeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsomsincesom · pronounintroduces the clause of karlakarlThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of karlakarlvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to karlakarlenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of karlakarlkarlakarlmanly mankarlakarl · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with nattenbeslötdecidedbeslöt · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with klarthanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of beslötgenastat oncegenast · adverbmodifies beslötattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of följahanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of följaskullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of följaföljato followfölja · verb, active, infinitiveclausal complement of beslötdenitden · pronoun, common gender, singulardirect object of följaWithout further delay he led it up to a rock so that he could climb into the saddle.
Utanwithoututan · prepositionpreposition marking dröjsmålvidarefurthervid · adverbmodifies dröjsmåldröjsmåldelaydröjsmål · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of leddeleddeledleda · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of leddedeniten · pronoun, common gender, singulardirect object of leddeframforwardfram · adverbmodifies leddetilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking stenenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of stenstenstonesten · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of framförtoför · prepositionintroduces the clause of stigaatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of stigainfinitive marker before a verb.
kunnacankunna · auxiliary verb, active, infinitiveauxiliary of stigastigato risestiga · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on leddeoppupopp · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardepends on stigaDialectal form of upp ("up"), mistagged as a noun by the parser.
iintoi · prepositionpreposition marking sadelnsadelnsaddlesadel · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of opp'Go on, then!' he said.
Gågo onGå · verb, imperative, activemain verb of the sentencepåonpå · prepositiondepends on Gåduyoudu · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of Gåsadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sade'I won't abandon you, since you want me with you.
Intenotinte · particlemodifies övergeskawillskola · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of övergejagIjag · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of övergeövergeto abandonöverge · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencedigyoudu · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of övergeeftersomsinceeftersom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of haduyoudu · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of havillwant tovilja · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of hahato haveha · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on övergemigmejag · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of hamedwithmed · prepositiondepends on haNo one shall say of the parson of Delsbo that he refuses to follow anyone who is in need.'
Ingenno oneingen · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of sägaskawillskola · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of sägasägato saysäga · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentenceomifom · subordinating conjunctionpreposition marking prostenprostenparsonprost · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of sägaiofi · prepositionpreposition marking DelsboDelsboDelsboDelsbo · proper noun, nominativemodifies prostenPlace name in Hälsingland.
attthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of nekarhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of nekarnekarrefusesneka · verb, present, indicative, activeclause modifying prostenatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of följainfinitive marker before a verb.
följato followfölja · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of nekarnågonanyonenågon · pronoun, common gender, singulardirect object of följasomwhosom · pronounsubject of ärThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
ärisvara · verb, present, indicative, activerelative clause on någoniini · prepositionpreposition marking nödnöddistressnöd · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of är- 42
After that he let the horse go as it pleased, and thought only of keeping his seat in the saddle.
Efterafterefter · prepositionpreposition marking dettadettathisdenna · pronoun, neuter, singularoblique complement of lätlätletlät · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of läthästenhorsehäst · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of gågågogå · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of lätsomassom · subordinating conjunctiondirect object of villedenitden · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of villevillewantedvilja · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on gåochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationtänktethoughttänka · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with villebarajustbara · adverbmodifies tänktepåofpå · prepositionintroduces the clause of hållaatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of hållainfinitive marker before a verb.
hållato keep his seathålla · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on tänktesighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of hållakvarstill therekvar · adverbdepends on hållaiini · prepositionpreposition marking sadelnsadelnsaddlesadel · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of hålla It became a dangerous and difficult ride, and it went uphill almost the whole time.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with blevblevbecamebli · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of färdfarligdangerousfarlig · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies färdochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationbesvärligdifficultbesvärlig · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with farligfärdjourneyfärd · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of blevochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationoppåtupwardoppåt · adverbmodifies barbarwentbara · verb, present, indicative, activecoordinated with blevLemma tag is odd; surface 'bar' is the past tense of bära, 'to carry', also used idiomatically in 'det bar av' = 'off they went'.
detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with barnästanalmostnästan · adverbmodifies helahelawholehel · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies tidentidentimetid · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of barThe forest stood so thick around him that he could not see two steps ahead, but it seemed to him as if they were traveling up a high mountain.
Skogenthe forestskogen · proper noun, nominativesubject of stodstodstoodstå · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencesåsoså · adverbmodifies tättätthicktät · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies stodomkringaroundomkring · prepositionpreposition marking honomhonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularoblique complement of stodattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of sehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of seintenotinte · particlemodifies sekundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of seseseese · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on stodtvåtwotvå · numeral, nominativequantifies stegstegstepssteg · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraldirect object of seframförin front offramför · prepositionpreposition marking sigsighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativeoblique complement of semenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with förekomförekomseemedförekomma · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with stodhonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of förekomsomas ifsom · pronounintroduces the clause of färdadesThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
omifom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of färdadesdetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of passive färdadesfärdadestraveledfärda · verb, past, indicative, passiverelative clause on förekomoppåtupwardoppåt · adverbmodifies bergettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of berghögthighhög · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies bergbergmountainberg · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of färdadesThe horse struggled its way up perilous slopes.
Hästenhorsehäst · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of krångladekrångladestruggledkrångla · verb, past, indicative, activemodifies sigsigitselfsig · pronoun, accusativehead of the phraseoppförupoppför · adverbmodifies branterdialectal spelling of 'uppför' (up, upward/uphill).
vådligaperilousvådlig · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies branterbranterslopesbrant · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralhead of the phraseIf it had been the parson himself who had done the steering, he would never have thought of leading a horse over such ground.
Omifom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of varitdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with varithadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of varitvaritbeenvara · auxiliary verb, active, supineadverbial clause on tänktprostenparsonprost · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of varitsjälvhimselfsjälv · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularclause modifying prostensomwhosom · pronounsubject of passive styrtThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
hadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of styrtstyrtdone the steeringstyra · verb, active, supinerelative clause on prostenskullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of tänkthanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of tänktaldrigneveraldrig · adverbmodifies tänkthahaveha · auxiliary verb, active, infinitiveauxiliary of tänkttänktthoughttänka · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentencepåofpå · prepositionintroduces the clause of föraatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of förainfinitive marker before a verb.
föraleadföra · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on tänktframforwardfram · adverbdepends on föraenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of hästhästhorsehäst · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of föragenomthroughgenom · prepositionpreposition marking marksådansuchsån · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies marksån is a colloquial/older form of sådan, glossed to the modern sense.
markgroundmark · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of föra'Surely you don't mean to climb up onto Blacksåsen too?' said the parson, laughing a little at the same time, for he knew that Blacksåsen was one of the highest mountains in Hälsingland.
Duyoudu · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of ämnarämnarintend toämna · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencevälsurelyväl · adverbmodifies ämnaraldrigneveraldrig · adverbmodifies gegeto givege · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on ämnardigyoudu · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularindirect object of geoppupopp · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardepends on geMistagged as a noun; opp is the colloquial spelling of upp, "up".
påontopå · prepositionpreposition marking BlacksåsenBlacksåsenBlacksåsenBlacksåsen · proper noun, nominativeoblique complement of gehellereitherheller · adverbmodifies ämnarsadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceprostenparsonprost · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sadeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationskrattadelaughedskratta · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with sadeliteta littlelitet · adverbmodifies skrattadepåatpå · prepositionpreposition marking gångsammathe samesamma · determinerdeterminer of gånggångtimegång · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of skrattadeförforför · prepositionintroduces the clause of visstehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of visstevissteknewvisste · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on sadeattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of ettBlacksåsenBlacksåsenBlacksåsen · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of ettvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to ettettoneen · pronoun, neuter, singularclausal complement of visstethis type bundles three distinct functions of the neuter forms det/ett under one entry.
avofav · prepositionpreposition marking bergendetheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of bergenSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
högstahighesthög · adjective, nominative, superlativemodifies bergenbergenmountainberg · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies ettiini · prepositionpreposition marking HälsinglandHälsinglandHälsinglandHälsingland · proper noun, nominativemodifies bergen- 43
Partway through the ride the parson began to notice that he and the horse were not the only ones abroad that night.
Mittunderin the midst ofMittunder · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralmodifies rittenFunctions as the preposition/adverb 'mittunder' (in the very midst of), not as a noun.
rittenthe rideritten · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralsubject of börjadebörjadebeganbörja · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceprostenparsonprost · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of börjademärkato noticemärka · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of börjadeattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of endahanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of endaochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhästenhorsehäst · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with hanintenotinte · particlemodifies varvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to endadetheyen · pronoun, nominative, pluralpart of the phrase varsurfaces are actually the plural pronoun de, not a form of en.
endaonlyenda · adjective, nominativeadverbial clause on märkasomthatsom · pronounsubject of passive färdadesThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
färdadestraveledfärda · verb, past, indicative, passiverelative clause on märkauteoutsideute · adverbdepends on färdadesdenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of nattennattennightnatt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of färdades He heard how stones rolled away and how branches broke.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hördehördeheardhöra · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehurhowhur · adverbmodifies rulladestenarstonessten · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of rulladerulladerolled awayrulla · adjective, nominative, pluralcomplement of hördeundanawayundan · adverbdepends on rulladeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhurhowhur · adverbmodifies grenargrenarbranchesgren · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldeterminer of brötosbrötosbrokebrötos · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of rulladeIt sounded like large animals forcing their way through the forest.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of lätlätsoundedlät · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencesomlikesom · subordinating conjunctionsubject of banarnärwhennär · adverbmodifies banarFunctions as a subordinating conjunction, not an adverb.
storabigstor · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies djurdjuranimalsdjur · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralsubject of banarbanarforce their waybana · verb, present, indicative, activeadverbial clause on lätsigthemselvessig · pronoun, accusativeindirect object of banarvägwayväg · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of banargenomthroughgenom · prepositionpreposition marking skogenskogenforestskog · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of banarHe knew there were plenty of wolves in that region, and he wondered whether the horse meant to lead him into a fight with wild beasts.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of visstevissteknewvisste · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of fannsdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with fannsfannsthere wasfinnas · verb, past, indicativeclausal complement of vissteexistential verb; fanns = 'there was/were, existed.'
gottplentygod · adverbmodifies fannsomofom · prepositionpreposition marking vargarvargarwolvesvarg · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of fannsdärtheredär · adverbmodifies vargariini · prepositionpreposition marking traktentraktenregiontrakt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of därochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of undradeundradewonderedundra · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with vissteomifom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of förahästenhorsehäst · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of föravillewanted tovilja · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of föraföraleadföra · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on undradehonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of föratillintotill · prepositionpreposition marking kampenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of kampkampstrugglekamp · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of föramotwithmot · prepositionpreposition marking vilddjurenvilddjurenwild beastsvilddjur · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies kamp- 44
Up and up it went, and the higher they climbed, the sparser the forest grew.
OppåtupwardOppåt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of barochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationoppåtupwardoppåt · adverbcoordinated with Oppåtbarwentbara · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceLemma tag is odd; surface 'bar' is the past tense of bära, 'to carry', also used idiomatically in 'det bar av' = 'off they went'.
detitden · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of barochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationjutheju · conjunctionmodifies högrehögrehigherhög · adjective, nominative, comparativemodifies dedetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of komkomcamekomma · verb, past, indicative, activesubject of blevdestothedesto · adverbmodifies glesareglesaresparsergles · adjective, nominative, comparativedepends on blevblevbecamebli · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with barskogenforestskog · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of blev - 45
At last they rode out onto an almost bare mountain ridge, where the parson could look about him in every direction.
Äntligenfinallyäntligen · adverbmodifies deredrodered · adverbpart of the phrase Äntligendetheyen · pronoun, nominative, pluraldeterminer of bergsryggsurfaces are actually the plural pronoun de, not a form of en.
framåtforwardframåt · adverbmodifies deenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of bergsryggnästanalmostnästan · adverbmodifies kalkalbarekal · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies bergsryggbergsryggmountain ridgebergsrygg · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sedärtheredär · adverbmodifies seprostenparsonprost · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sekundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of seseseese · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencesighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of seomkringaroundomkring · adverbmodifies seåtinåt · prepositionpreposition marking hållallaallall · determiner, pluraldeterminer of hållhålldirectionshåll · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraloblique complement of se He looked out over immense stretches of land, rising and falling in knolls and crags and everywhere covered in gloomy forests.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sågsågsawsåg · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencepast tense of se, 'to see.'
utoutut · adverbdepends on sågöveroveröver · prepositionpreposition marking sträckoromätligaimmenseomätlig · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies sträckorsträckorstretchessträcka · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of sågavofav · prepositionpreposition marking landlandlandland · noun, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies sträckorsomthatsom · pronounsubject of gickThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
gickwentgå · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on landoppupopp · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardepends on gickMistagged as a noun; opp is the colloquial spelling of upp, "up".
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationnerdownner · adverbcoordinated with oppiini · prepositionpreposition marking klackarklackarknollsklack · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of gickochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationklintarcragsklint · verb, present, indicative, activecoordinated with klackarochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationöverallteverywhereöverallt · adverbmodifies låglåglaylåg · adverbmodifies täckttäcktcoveredtäcka · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with gickavinav · prepositionpreposition marking skogardystragloomydystr · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies skogarskogarforestsskog · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralagent of täcktDark as it was, he had trouble making sense of it all, but soon it became clear to him where he was.
Såasså · adverbmodifies mörktmörktdarkmörk · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularhead of the phrasesomassom · pronounintroduces the clause of varThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of varvarwasvara · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on mörkthadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on mörkthanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hadesvårtdifficultsvår · adjective, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of hadeatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of finnainfinitive marker before a verb.
finnafindfinna · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on hadenågonanynågon · pronoun, common gender, singulardirect object of finnaredafind outreda · adverbdepends on finnapart of the fixed expression leta/taga/söka reda på, 'find out'; all four attested examples mean find/know, not organize/sort.
iofi · prepositionpreposition marking dettadettathisdenna · pronoun, neuter, singularoblique complement of finnamenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsnartsoonsnart · adverbmodifies fickfickbecame clearfå · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with mörkthanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of fickklartclearklar · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularcomplement of fickförtoför · prepositionpreposition marking sigsighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativeoblique complement of fickvarwasvara · adverbmodifies befannThis is the past tense "var" of vara ("to be"), not an adverb; the parser mistagged it.
hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of befannbefannwasbefann · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to mörktreflexive befinna sig = 'to be located'.
sighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of befann- 46
'Well, well, so it is Blacksåsen that I've ridden up onto,' he thought.
Jowell/yesjo · interjectiondepends on mänused to affirm or answer a question, often contradicting an implied doubt.
jowelljo · verb, present, indicative, activepart of the phrase Jomänmenman · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralhead of the phraseärisvara · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activecopula linking to Blacksåsendetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of BlacksåsenBlacksåsenBlacksåsenBlacksåsen · proper noun, nominativecoordinated with mänsomthatsom · pronoundirect object of riditThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
jagIjag · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of riditharhasha · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of riditriditriddenridi · verb, active, supinerelative clause on Blacksåsenoppupopp · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardepends on riditMistagged as a noun; opp is the colloquial spelling of upp, "up".
påontopå · prepositionpreposition marking opptänktethoughttänka · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to Blacksåsenhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of tänkte 'It can't be any other mountain.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of bergkancankunna · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of bergintenotinte · particlemodifies bergvarabevara · auxiliary verb, active, infinitivecopula linking to bergnågotanynågon · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of bergannatotherannan · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies bergbergmountainberg · noun, nominative, neuter, singularhead of the phraseThere in the west I see Järvsö crag, and in the east the sea glitters around Agön.
Därtheredär · adverbmodifies västeriini · prepositionpreposition marking västervästerwestväster · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of serserseesse · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencejagIjag · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of serJärvsöJärvsöJärvsö · proper noun, nominativesubject of serklackcragklack · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of serochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationiini · prepositionmodifies blänkeröstereastöster · noun, nominative, common gender, singularpart of the phrase iblänkergleamsblänka · verb, present, indicative, activecoordinated with serhavetseahav · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of blänkeromkringaroundomkring · prepositionpreposition marking AgönAgönAgönAgön · proper noun, nominativeoblique complement of blänkerUp north I also see something shining.
Oppeupoppe · adverbmodifies serOppe is a historical spelling of modern uppe.
iini · prepositionmodifies Oppenorrnorthnorr · noun, nominative, common gender, singularpart of the phrase iserseesse · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencejagIjag · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of serocksåalsoockså · adverbmodifies sernågotsomethingnågon · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of sersomthatsom · subordinating conjunctionsubject of skinerskinershinesskin · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcomplement of serThat must be Dellen.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of Dellenärisvara · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activecopula linking to Dellennogmustnog · adverbmodifies DellenDellenLake DellenDell · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralhead of the phraseAnd here in the depths beneath me I see the white smoke from Nianforsen.
Ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhärherehär · adverbmodifies migiini · prepositionpreposition marking djupetdjupetdepthdjup · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of härunderbeneathunder · prepositionpreposition marking migmigmejag · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularoblique complement of serserseesse · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencejagIjag · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of serdenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of rökenvitawhitevit · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies rökenrökensmokerök · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of serfrånfromfrån · prepositionpreposition marking NianforsenNianforsenNianforsenNianforsen · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of serYes, it's Blacksåsen that I've come up onto.
Jayesja · interjectiondepends on Blacksåsendetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with Blacksåsenärisvara · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activecopula linking to BlacksåsenBlacksåsenBlacksåsenBlacksåsen · proper noun, nominativehead of the phrasesomthatsom · pronoundirect object of kommitThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
jagIjag · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of kommitharhasha · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of kommitkommitcomekomma · verb, active, supinerelative clause on Blacksåsenoppupopp · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardepends on kommitDialectal form of upp ("up"), mistagged as a noun by the parser.
påontopå · prepositionpreposition marking kommitThat was quite an adventure!'
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of äventyrvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to äventyrocksåalsoockså · adverbmodifies äventyrettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of äventyräventyradventureäventyr · noun, nominative, neuter, singularhead of the phrase- 47
When they were up on the very summit of the mountain, the horse stopped behind a bushy spruce, as though it wanted to keep itself hidden there.
Närwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of oppedetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of oppevarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to oppeoppeup thereoppe · noun, nominative, neuter, singularadverbial clause on stannadeColloquial adverb 'oppe' (dialectal for 'uppe'), mistagged here as a noun.
påonpå · prepositionpreposition marking toppenhögstahighesthög · adjective, nominative, superlativemodifies toppentoppentoptopp · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies oppeavofav · prepositionpreposition marking bergetbergetmountainberg · noun, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies toppenstannadestoppedstanna · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehästenhorsehäst · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of stannadebakombehindbakom · prepositionpreposition marking granenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of granyvigbushyyvig · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies grangransprucegran · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of stannadesomas thoughsom · pronounsubject of hållaThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
omifom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of hålladenitden · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of hållavillewanted tovilja · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of hållahållato stay hiddenhålla · verb, active, infinitiverelative clause on gransigitselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of hålladoldhiddendold · verb, past, participle, common gender, singular, nominativecomplement of hålladärtheredär · adverbmodifies dold The parson leaned forward and pushed the branches aside, so that he got a clear view.
Prostenparsonprost · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of böjdeböjdebentböja · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencesighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of böjdeframforwardfram · adverbmodifies böjdeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfördepushedföra · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with böjdeSecond example 'en smal stig, som förde inåt skogen' = 'a narrow path that led into the forest' — a path leading, not carrying — a distinct sense from the first example ('förde ju lycka med sig' = 'brought good luck').
undanasideundan · adverbdepends on fördegrenarnathe branchesgrenarna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of fördesåsoså · adverbintroduces the clause of fickattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionpart of the phrase såhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of fickfickgotfå · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on fördefrifreefri · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies utsiktutsiktviewutsikt · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of fick- 48
The mountain's bare crown lay before him, but it was not empty and deserted there, as he had expected.
Bergetsthe mountain'sBerg · noun, genitive, neuter, singularpossessor of hjässakalabarekal · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies hjässahjässacrown of the headhjässa · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of låglåglayligga · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceframförin front offramför · prepositionpreposition marking honomhonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularoblique complement of lågmenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of tomtvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to tomtintenotinte · particlemodifies tomttomtemptytomt · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with lågochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationödedesertedöde · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with tomtöde is both a neuter noun 'fate' and an unrelated adjective 'deserted/desolate'; some examples use the adjective.
därtheredär · adverbmodifies tomtsomassom · pronoundirect object of väntatThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of väntathadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of väntatväntatexpectedväntaa · verb, active, supineadverbial clause on tomtSupine of 'vänta': 'väntat' = 'expected' in most tokens but 'väntat på svar' = 'had been waiting for an answer' — genuinely polysemous (expect vs. wait).
In the middle of the open ground lay a great boulder, and gathered around it were many wild animals.
Mittpåin the middle ofMittpå · adjective, nominative, singularsubject of lågdenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of platsenöppnaopenöppen · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies platsenplatsenplaceplats · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of låglåglayligga · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of klippblockstortbigstor · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies klippblockklippblockboulderklippblock · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of lågochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationruntaroundrunt · adverbpart of the phrase ochomaroundom · prepositionpart of the phrase runtdettathisdenna · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of församladevarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to djurmångamanymången · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies djurvildawildvild · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies djurdjuranimalsdjur · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraloblique complement of församladeförsamladegatheredförsamlad · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with lågIt looked, the parson thought, as if they had come there to hold some kind of assembly.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of sågsågsawsåg · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencepast tense of se, 'to see.'
utlookut · adverbdepends on sågtycktethoughttycka · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with sågprostenparsonprost · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of tycktesomas ifsom · pronounsubject of ditkomnaThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
omifom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of ditkomnadetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of ditkomnavorewould bevara · auxiliary verb, past, subjunctive, activecopula linking to ditkomnaditkomnacome thereditkomn · adjective, nominative, pluralrelative clause on prostenförtoför · prepositionintroduces the clause of hållaatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of hållainfinitive marker before a verb.
hållato holdhålla · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on ditkomnanågotsomenågon · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of slagsslagskind ofslag · noun, genitive, neuter, singularpossessor of tingGenitive 'slags' used in the fixed phrase 'ett slags'/'vad för slags' = 'a kind of'/'what kind of'.
tingthingsting · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraldirect object of hålla- 49
Nearest to the great stone the parson saw the bears, which were so heavily and solidly built that they looked like fur-clad boulders.
NärmastnearestNärmast · adverbmodifies stenenintillnext tointill · prepositionpreposition marking stenendenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of stenenstorabigstor · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies stenenweak/definite form (stora), used with a singular definite noun, e.g. den stora länstolen.
stenenstonesten · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of sågsågsawse · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceprostenparsonprost · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sågbjörnarnabearsbjörn · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of sågsomwhichsom · pronounsubject of tungtThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
varwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to tungtsåsoså · adverbmodifies tungttungtheavilytung · adverbrelative clause on björnarnaochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfastsolidlyfast · adverbcoordinated with tungtbyggdabuiltbyggda · adjective, nominative, pluraladverbial clause on tungtattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of klippblockdetheyen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of liknadeSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
liknaderesembledliknad · adjective, nominative, pluralsubject of klippblockMislabeled as an adjective; liknade is the past tense of the verb likna ("to resemble").
pälskläddafur-cladpälsklädda · adjective, nominativemodifies klippblockklippblockbouldersklippblock · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralclausal complement of såg They had lain down and blinked impatiently with their small eyes.
Detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of lagthadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of lagtlagtlaidlägga · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentencesigthemselvessig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of lagtnerdownner · adverbdepends on lagtochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationblinkadeblinkedblinka · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with lagtotåligtimpatientlyotålig · adverbcomplement of lagtmedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking ögonendetheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of ögonenSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
småsmallliten · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies ögonenögonenthe eyesögonen · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraloblique complement of lagtIt was plain that they had risen out of their winter sleep to attend the assembly, and that they were finding it hard to stay awake.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with märktesmärkteswas evidentmärktes · verb, past, indicative, passivemain verb of the sentenceattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of stigitdetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of stigithadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of stigitstigitrisenstiga · verb, active, supineclause modifying märktesoppupopp · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardepends on stigitMistagged as a noun; opp is the colloquial spelling of upp, "up".
urout ofur · prepositionpreposition marking vintersömnenvintersömnenwinter sleepvintersömn · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of oppförtoför · prepositionintroduces the clause of gåatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of gåinfinitive marker before a verb.
gågogå · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on stigittillto attendtill · prepositionpreposition marking tingstingsthe assemblyting · noun, genitive, common gender, singularoblique complement of gåochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of hadedetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of hadehadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with gåsvårtdifficultsvår · adjective, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of hadeförtoför · prepositionintroduces the clause of hållaatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of hållainfinitive marker before a verb.
hållato stay awakehålla · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on hadesigthemselvessig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of hållavaknato wakevakna · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of hållaBehind them sat several hundred wolves in dense ranks.
Bakombehindbakom · prepositionpreposition marking demdemthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluraloblique complement of sattsattsatsitta · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencenågrasomenågon · determiner, pluraldeterminer of vargarhundrahundredhundra · numeral, nominativequantifies vargarvargarwolvesvarg · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of sattiini · prepositionpreposition marking tätatätadensetät · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies vargarlederleadsleda · verb, present, indicative, activecomplement of sattThey were not sleepy, but livelier in the winter darkness than ever they were in summer.
Detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of sömnigavarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to sömnigaintenotinte · particlemodifies sömnigasömnigasleepysömnig · adjective, nominative, pluralhead of the phraseutanbut ratherutan · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfollows a negated clause, contrasting it with what actually happened.
mermoremycket · adverbmodifies livligalivligalivelylivlig · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with sömnigamittin the middlemitt · adverbmodifies livligaiini · prepositionpreposition marking vintermörkretvintermörkretthe winter darknessvintermörkr · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of livligaänthanän · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of någonsinnågonsinevernågonsin · adverbclause modifying vintermörkretominom · prepositionpreposition marking sommarensommarensummersommar · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of någonsinThey sat on their hind legs like dogs, lashed the ground with their tails, and panted hard, with their tongues hanging far out of their jaws.
Detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of sattsattsatsitta · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencepåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking bakbenenbakbenenhind legsbakben · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of sattsomlikesom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of hundarhundardogshund · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralin apposition to bakbenenpiskadelashedpiska · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with bakbenenPast tense of the verb 'piska' (to lash/whip), mistagged as an adjective.
markengroundmark · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of piskademedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking svansarnasvansarnatheir tailssvans · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralmodifies markenochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationflämtadepantedflämta · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with piskadehäftigtviolentlyhäftig · adverbmodifies flämtademedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking tungantungantonguetunga · noun, nominative, common gender, singularadverbial clause on piskadehängandehanginghängande · adjective, nominativemodifies långtlångtfarlångt · adverbmodifies tunganutoutut · adverbmodifies tunganurout ofur · prepositionpreposition marking gapetgapetjawsgap · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of utBehind the wolves the lynxes prowled about, stiff-legged and clumsy, like great misshapen cats.
Bakombehindbakom · prepositionpreposition marking vargarnavargarnawolvesvargare · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of smögLemma is normalized to 'vargare'; the modern headword is 'varg'.
smögprowledsmög · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencelodjurenlynxeslodjure · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralsubject of smögomkringaroundomkring · adverbmodifies smögstyvbentastiff-leggedstyvbent · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with omkringochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationklumpigaclumsyklumpig · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with omkringlikaequallylika · adverbmodifies storastorabigstor · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with omkringvanskapademisshapenvanskapad · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with storakattorcatskatta · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of storaThey seemed to shy away from showing themselves to the other animals and hissed whenever anyone came near them.
Detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of tycktestycktesseemedtycktes · verb, past, indicativemain verb of the sentenceskyshy awaysky · proper noun, nominativedirect object of tycktesatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of visainfinitive marker before a verb.
visato showvisa · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on tycktessigthemselvessig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of visaförtoför · prepositionpreposition marking djurendetheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of djurenSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
andraotherannan · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies djurendjurenanimalsdjur · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraloblique complement of visaochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfrästehissedfräste · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with visaActually the past tense of fräsa "to hiss", mislabeled as an adjective.
dåwheneverdå · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of komnågonanyonenågon · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of komkomcamekomma · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on visademthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluraldirect object of komnäranearnära · adverbmodifies komType lumps the positive, comparative, and superlative forms of nära.
The rank behind the lynxes was taken up by the wolverines, which had the face of a dog and the coat of a bear.
Ledetthe rankLedet · noun, nominative, neuter, singularsubject of passive intogsbakombehindbakom · prepositionpreposition marking lodjurenlodjurenlynxeslodjure · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralmodifies Ledetintogswas taken upintogs · verb, past, indicative, passivemain verb of the sentenceavbyav · prepositionpreposition marking järvarnajärvarnathe wolverinesjärv · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralagent of intogssomwhichsom · pronounsubject of hadeThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
hadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on järvarnahundansiktea dog's facehundansikte · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraldirect object of hadeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationbjörnpälsbear's coatbjörnpäls · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with hundansikteThey did not care for the ground, but stamped impatiently with their broad feet and longed to get up into the trees.
Detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of passive trivdestrivdesfelt at hometriv · verb, past, indicative, passivemain verb of the sentencelemma abbreviated from trivas; 'trivdes' = felt at home/thrived.
intenotinte · particlemodifies trivdespåforpå · prepositionpreposition marking markenmarkengroundmark · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of trivdesutanbut ratherutan · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfollows a negated clause, contrasting it with what actually happened.
trampadestampedtrampa · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with trivdesotåligtimpatientlyotålig · adverbcomplement of trampademedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking föttersinatheirsig · pronoun, pluralpossessor of fötterbredabroadbred · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies fötterfötterfeetfött · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of trampadeSurface 'fötter/fötterna' (feet) of 'fot'; lemma is a spelling artifact.
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationlängtadelongedlängtad · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with trampadePast tense of the verb 'längta' (to long/yearn); mistagged as an adjective.
atttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of kommainfinitive marker before a verb.
fåget tofå · auxiliary verb, active, infinitiveauxiliary of kommakommacomekomma · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on längtadeoppupopp · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardepends on kommaMistagged as a noun; opp is the colloquial spelling of upp, "up".
iintoi · prepositionpreposition marking trädenträdentreeträd · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of kommaträd is an invariant noun (same form singular and plural); the definite plural träden means "the trees."
And behind these, over the whole space clear to the edge of the forest, tumbled the foxes, the weasels, and the martens, which were all small and exceedingly handsomely formed, but had an even wilder and more bloodthirsty look than the larger animals.
Ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationbakombehindbakom · prepositionpreposition marking platsendessathesedenna · determiner, pluraldeterminer of platsenöveroveröver · prepositionpreposition marking platsenhelawholehel · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies platsenplatsenplaceplats · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of tumladeändaclear toända · adverbmodifies bortbortawaybort · adverbmodifies platsentilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking skogsbrynetskogsbrynetedge of the forestskogsbryn · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of borttumladetumbledtumla · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencerävarnathe foxesrävarna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of tumladevesslornathe weaselsvesslorna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with tumlademårdarnamartensmård · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with tumladesomwhichsom · pronounintroduces the clause of småThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
allaallall · pronoun, pluralsubject of småvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to småsmåsmallliten · adjective, nominative, pluralrelative clause on mårdarnaochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsynnerligenparticularlysynnerligen · adverbmodifies skapadeskönthandsomelyskön · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies skapadeskapadecreatedskapa · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with småmenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with tumladeenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of uppsynänevenän · adverbmodifies merameramoremycket · adverbmodifies vildvildwildvild · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies uppsynochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationblodtörstigbloodthirstyblodtörstig · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with vilduppsynlookuppsyn · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of hadeänthanän · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of djurendetheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of djurenSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
störrebiggerstor · adjective, nominative, comparativemodifies djurendjurenanimalsdjur · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraloblique complement of tumlade- 50
The parson saw all of this quite clearly, because the whole place was lit up.
Alltallall · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of dettadettathisdenna · pronoun, neuter, singularoblique complement of sågsågsawsåg · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencepast tense of se, 'to see.'
prostenparsonprost · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sågmycketquitemycket · adverbmodifies välvälclearlyväl · adverbmodifies sågdärförbecausedärför · adverbintroduces the clause of upplystattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionpart of the phrase därförhelawholehel · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies platsenplatsenplaceplats · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of upplystvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to upplystupplystlit upupplysd · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularadverbial clause on såg For on the tall stone in the middle stood the forest spirit, holding in her hand a pine-wood torch that burned with a high, red flame.
Påonpå · prepositionpreposition marking stenendenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of stenenhögahighhög · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies stenenstenenstonesten · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of stodiini · prepositionpreposition marking mittenmittenthe middlemitt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies stenenstodstoodstå · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencenämligenfornämligen · adverbmodifies stodExplanatory connective, not the literal 'namely' in most narrative uses.
skogsråetthe forest spiritskogsrået · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of stodskogsrå is a folklore forest-guardian spirit; used here as a noun (definite form).
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhöllwas holdinghålla · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with stodiini · prepositiondepends on höllhandenhandhand · noun, nominative, common gender, singularpart of the phrase iettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of tallvedsblosstallvedsblosspinewood torchtallvedsbloss · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of höllsomthatsom · pronounsubject of brannThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
brannburnedbrann · verb, active, supinerelative clause on tallvedsblossmedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking höghögtallhög · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of brannrödredröd · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies lågalågalowlåg · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with högThe spirit was as tall as the tallest tree in the forest, and had a cloak of spruce twigs and hair of spruce cones.
Råetthe forest spiritRået · proper noun, nominativesubject of högtvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to högthögthighhög · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularhead of the phrasesomassom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of hadedetaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of trädhögstahighesthög · adjective, nominative, superlativemodifies trädträdtreeträd · noun, nominative, neuter, singularsubject of hadeiini · prepositionpreposition marking skogenskogenforestskog · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies trädhadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on högtgranriskappaspruce-twig cloakgranriskappa · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of hadeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationgrankotthårspruce-cone hairgrankotthår · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with granriskappaShe stood perfectly still, her face turned toward the forest.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with stodstodstoodstå · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencealldelesquitealldeles · adverbmodifies stillastillastillstilla · adverbmodifies stodmedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking ansiktetansiktetthe faceansikt · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of väntväntturnedvända · verb, active, supinecomplement of stodmottowardmot · prepositionpreposition marking skogenskogenforestskog · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of väntShe watched and listened.
Detaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of spejadespejadescannedspeja · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationlyssnadelistenedlyssnad · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with spejadePast tense of lyssna ("to listen"), not an adjective.
- 51
Although the parson saw it all quite clearly, he was so astonished that he wanted, as it were, to resist it and not believe the testimony of his own eyes.
Fastänalthoughfastän · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of sågprostenparsonprost · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sågsågsawsåg · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on förvånadpast tense of se, 'to see.'
alltihopit allalltihop · adverbsubject of sågfullkomligtcompletelyfullkomlig · adverbmodifies tydligttydligtcleartydlig · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies sågvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to förvånadhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of förvånadsåsoså · adverbmodifies förvånadförvånadastonishedförvånad · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phraseattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of stridahanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of stridaliksomas it wereliksom · adverbintroduces the clause of stridavillewanted tovilja · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of stridastridato fightstrida · verb, active, infinitivedepends on förvånademotagainstemot · adverbdepends on stridaochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationintenotinte · particlemodifies trotrobelievetro · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with stridasinahis ownsig · pronoun, pluralpossessor of vittnesbördegnaownegen · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies ögonsögonseyes'ögo · noun, genitive, common gender, pluralpossessor of vittnesbördvittnesbördtestimonyvittnesbörd · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of tro 'This is simply impossible,' he thought.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with omöjligtärisvara · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activecopula linking to omöjligtjuafter allju · adverbmodifies omöjligtalldelesquitealldeles · adverbmodifies omöjligtomöjligtimpossibleomöjlig · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularhead of the phrasedetaen · determiner, neuter, singulardirect object of tänktehärherehär · adverbpart of the phrase dettänktethoughttänka · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to omöjligthanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of tänkte'I have ridden about too long in the dark of the forest.
JagIjag · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of riditharhasha · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of riditriditriddenridit · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentenceomkringaroundomkring · adverbmodifies längeförtooför · prepositionpreposition marking längelängetoo longlänge · adverbmodifies riditiini · prepositionpreposition marking skogsmörkretskogsmörkretthe forest gloomskogsmörkr · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of riditIt is a fancy that has taken hold of me.'
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of inbillningärisvara · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activecopula linking to inbillningenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of inbillninginbillningfancyinbillning · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phrasesomthatsom · pronounsubject of fåttThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
harhasha · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of fåttfåtttakenfå · verb, active, supinedepends on inbillningmaktpowermakt · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of fåttmedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking migmigmejag · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularoblique complement of fått- 52
But all the same he paid the closest attention to everything, and wondered what he would get to see, and what was going to happen.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationiall the samei · prepositionpreposition marking fallallaallall · determiner, pluraldeterminer of fallfallcasesfall · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraloblique complement of gavgavpaid attentionge · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceLight-verb idioms in the examples: "gav ... till ett klagoskrik" = let out a cry; "gav sig tid" = took the time — not literal "gave" in either case.
hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of gavmedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking iverstörstabiggeststor · adjective, nominative, superlativemodifies iverivereagernessiv · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralmodifies aktaktheedakt · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of gavUsed in the fixed phrase ge/ta akt på, 'to pay heed to / be careful of'.
påtopå · prepositionpreposition marking alltingalltingeverythingallting · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of gavochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of undradeundradewonderedundra · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with gavvadwhatvad · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of sehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of seskullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of sefåget tofå · auxiliary verb, active, infinitiveauxiliary of seseseese · verb, active, infinitiveclausal complement of undradeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationvadwhatvad · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of händasomwhatsom · pronounsubject of kommaThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
skullewas going toskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of kommakommato comekomma · auxiliary verb, active, infinitiverelative clause on vadatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of händainfinitive marker before a verb.
händato happenhända · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with undrade - 53
He did not have to wait long before, down from the forest, there sounded a small tinkling bell.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of väntabehövdeneeded tobehöva · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of väntaintenotinte · particlemodifies väntaväntato waitvänta · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencelängelonglänge · adverbmodifies väntaförränbeforeförrän · adverbmodifies skogenused with a preceding negative to mean 'no sooner than'.
nerifrånfrom belownerifrån · adverbmodifies skogenskogenforestskog · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of ljödljödsoundedljöd · verb, active, supineparallel clause to väntaenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of skällalitensmallliten · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies skällapinglandetinklingpingla · adjective, nominativemodifies skällaskällabellskälla · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of ljöd And right after that he heard the noise of footsteps and of breaking branches, as when a great many animals force their way through the wilderness.
Ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationstraxrightstrax · adverbmodifies hördedärpåthen/after thatdärpå · adverbmodifies hördehördeheardhöra · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hördebullernoisebuller · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of hördeavofav · prepositionpreposition marking stegstegstepssteg · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralmodifies bullerochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationavofav · prepositionpreposition marking grenarbristandebreakingbrista · adjective, nominativemodifies grenargrenarbranchesgren · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with stegsåsomassåsom · conjunctionintroduces the clause of bryternärwhennär · subordinating conjunctionmodifies bryterenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of mängdmängda great manymängd · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies djurdjuranimalsdjur · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralsubject of bryterbryterforce throughbryta · verb, present, indicative, activeadverbial clause on hördeframforwardfram · adverbdepends on brytergenomthroughgenom · prepositionpreposition marking vildmarkenvildmarkenwildernessvildmark · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of fram- 54
It was a great herd of livestock that came up onto the mountain.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of husdjurvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to husdjurenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of skarastorbigstor · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies skaraskaraflockskara · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies husdjurhusdjurlivestockhusdjur · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralhead of the phrasesomthatsom · pronounsubject of komThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
komcamekomma · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on husdjuroppupopp · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardepends on komMistagged as a noun; opp is the colloquial spelling of upp, "up".
påontopå · prepositionpreposition marking bergetbergetmountainberg · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of kom They came marching out of the forest in such order as if they had been on their way to the summer farm.
Detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of tågadetågademarchedtåga · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceframforwardfram · adverbmodifies tågadeurout ofur · prepositionpreposition marking skogenskogenforestskog · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of tågadeiini · prepositionpreposition marking ordningsådansuchsån · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies ordningsån is a colloquial/older form of sådan, glossed to the modern sense.
ordningorderordning · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of tågadesomas ifsom · pronounsubject of varitThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
omifom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of varitdetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of varitskullehad beenskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of varithahaveha · auxiliary verb, active, infinitiveauxiliary of varitvaritbeenvara · verb, active, supinerelative clause on ordningpåonpå · prepositiondepends on varitvägwayväg · noun, nominative, common gender, singularpart of the phrase påtilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking fäbodenfäbodensummer farmfäbod · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of påFirst went the bell-cow, then the bull, then the other cows, and after them the young cattle and calves.
Förstfirstförst · adverbmodifies gickgickwentgå · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceskällkonbell-cowskällkon · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of gicksedansincesedan · subordinating conjunctionpreposition marking tjurentjurenbulltjur · noun, nominative, common gender, singularadverbial clause on gicksåthenså · adverbmodifies gickdetheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of kornaSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
andraotherannan · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies kornakornathe cowskorna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of gickochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdärefterafterwarddärefter · adverbmodifies ungkreaturungkreaturyoung cattleungkreatur · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with kornaochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationkalvarcalveskalvar · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with ungkreaturThe sheep followed them in a tight flock, then came the goats, and last a couple of horses and foals.
Fårenthe sheepfår · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of följdeföljdefollowedfölja · verb, past, indicative, activedepends on komdemthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluraldirect object of följdeiini · prepositionpreposition marking skockenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of skocktätthicktät · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies skockskockflockskock · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of följdesåthenså · adverbadverbial clause on komkomcamekomma · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencegetternathe goatsgetterna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of komochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsistlastsist · adverbpart of the phrase ochettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of parparcouplepar · noun, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies hästarhästarhorseshäst · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with getternaochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfölfoalsföl · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with hästarThe sheepdog walked alongside the herd, but neither herd-boy nor herd-girl accompanied it.
Vallhundensheepdogvallhund · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of gickgickwentgå · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencevidalongsidevid · prepositionpreposition marking hjordensidanalongsidesida · noun, nominative, common gender, singularpart of the phrase vidavwithav · prepositionpart of the phrase vidhjordenherdhjord · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of gickmenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationvarkenneithervarken · conjunctionlinks the coordinationvallgosseherd-boyvallgosse · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of ledsagadeelleroreller · conjunctionlinks the coordinationvallpigaherd-girlvallpig · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with vallgosseledsagadeaccompaniedledsaga · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with gickdenitden · pronoun, common gender, singulardirect object of ledsagade- 55
The parson thought it heartbreaking to see the tame animals coming, marching straight toward the beasts of prey.
Prostenparsonprost · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of tycktetycktethoughttycka · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of hjärtskärandedetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with hjärtskärandevarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to hjärtskärandehjärtskärandeheartbreakinghjärtskärande · adjective, nominativeclausal complement of tyckteatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of seinfinitive marker before a verb.
seseese · verb, active, infinitivedepends on hjärtskärandetamdjurentame animalstamdjur · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of sekommacomekomma · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of setågandemarching alongtågande · adjective, nominativemodifies rätträttrighträtt · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of kommamottowardmot · prepositionpreposition marking rovdjurenrovdjurenthe beasts of preyrovdjur · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of komma He would have liked to place himself in their way and shout at them to stop, but he understood well enough that it was not in any human's power to halt the livestock's march that night, and he kept still.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of velatskullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of velathahaveha · auxiliary verb, active, infinitiveauxiliary of velatvelatwantedvela · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentencelemma should be vilja 'to want'; velat is its supine form.
ställato placeställa · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of velatsighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of ställaiini · prepositionpreposition marking vägenvägenwayväg · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of ställaförforför · prepositionpreposition marking demdemthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluraloblique complement of ställaochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationskrikascreamskrika · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with ställaåttoåt · prepositionpreposition marking demdemthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluraloblique complement of skrikaatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of stannainfinitive marker before a verb.
stannastaystanna · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on skrikamenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of förstodförstodunderstoodförstå · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with velatnogwell enoughnog · adverbmodifies förstodattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of maktdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with maktintenotinte · particlemodifies maktvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to maktiini · prepositionpreposition marking maktnågonanynågon · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of människasmänniskashuman'smänniska · noun, genitive, common gender, singularpossessor of maktmaktpowermakt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularclausal complement of förstodatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of hejdainfinitive marker before a verb.
hejdato stophejda · verb, active, infinitiveclause modifying maktboskapensthe livestock'sboskap · noun, genitive, common gender, singularpossessor of vandringvandringjourneyvandring · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of hejdadennathisdenna · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of nattnattnightnatt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies vandringochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of höllhöllkept stillhålla · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with velatsighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of höllstillastillstilla · adverbmodifies höll- 56
It was easy to see that the tame animals suffered, dreading what they had before them.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with lättvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to lättlätteasylätt · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularhead of the phrasech01-p14 'ett lätt buller' renders as 'a faint noise' in the translation, a distinct sense from weight/air-lightness or ease.
atttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of seinfinitive marker before a verb.
seseese · verb, active, infinitivedepends on lättattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of plågadestamdjurentame animalstamdjur · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of passive plågadesplågadeswas tormentedplåga · verb, past, indicative, passiveclausal complement of seinförbeforeinför · prepositionpreposition marking detdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularoblique complement of plågadessomwhatsom · pronounsubject of gåThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of hadehadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of gåatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of gåinfinitive marker before a verb.
gågogå · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with plågadestillbefore themtill · prepositionpreposition marking mötesmötesto meetmötes · nounoblique complement of gåFossilized genitive used only in the phrase 'gå/komma till mötes', meaning 'to go/come to meet'.
They looked wretched and anxious.
Detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of sågsågsawse · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceeländigawretchedeländig · adjective, nominative, pluraldirect object of sågochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationängsligaanxiousängslig · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with eländigautlookut · adverbcoordinated with eländigaEven the bell-cow moved forward with a hanging head and dispirited steps.
Omifom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of skällkondetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with skällkonsåevenså · adverbmodifies skällkonvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to skällkonskällkonbell-cowskällkon · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardepends on skredskredmoved forwardskred · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehonshehon · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of passive skredframåtforwardframåt · adverbmodifies skredmedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking huvudhängandehanginghängande · adjective, nominativemodifies huvudhuvudheadhuvud · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of skredochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationmodlösadispiritedmodlös · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with huvudstegstepssteg · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraldirect object of skredThe goats had no wish either to play or to butt.
Getternathe goatsGetterna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of hadehadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceintenotinte · particlemodifies hadelustdesirelust · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of hadevarkenneithervarken · conjunctionintroduces the clause of lekaatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of lekainfinitive marker before a verb.
lekato playleka · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on hadeelleroreller · conjunctionlinks the coordinationstångasbuttstånga · verb, passive, infinitivecoordinated with lekaThe horses tried to keep up a brave front, but their whole bodies quivered with fear.
Hästarnathe horsesHästarna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of försökteförsöktetriedförsöka · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of hållainfinitive marker before a verb.
hållato keep bravehålla · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on försöktesigthemselvessig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of hållakäckabravekäcka · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of hållamenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhelawholehel · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies kroppderastheirde · pronounpossessor of kropppossessive form deras of the plural pronoun de.
kroppbodykropp · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of risteristequiveredriste · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with hållaavwithav · prepositionpreposition marking skräckskräckterrorskräck · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies risteSaddest of all to see was the sheepdog.
Allraof allallra · adverbmodifies ömkligast"Most of all" only fits "allra ondast" (angriest of all); in "allra vackraste," "allra tunnaste," and "allra förskräckligaste" allra intensifies the following superlative and renders as "very" (the very loveliest/thinnest/worst).
ömkligastmost pitifullyömkligast · adverbmodifies sågsågsawsåg · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencepast tense of se, 'to see.'
vallhundensheepdogvallhund · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sågutlookut · adverbdepends on sågIt kept its tail between its legs and all but crept along the ground.
Denitden · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of höllhöllkepthålla · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencesvansentailsvans · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of höllmellanbetweenmellan · prepositionpreposition marking benenbenenlegsben · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of höllochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationnästanalmostnästan · adverbmodifies kröpkröpcreptkröpma · verb, present, indicative, activecoordinated with hölllemma mistagged as present tense; all examples are the past tense of 'krypa' (to creep).
utefteralongutefter · prepositionpreposition marking markenmarkengroundmark · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of kröp- 57
The bell-cow led the procession all the way up to the forest spirit, who stood on the stone at the mountain's top.
Skällkonthe bell-cowSkällkon · proper noun, nominativesubject of leddeleddeledleda · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencetågetprocessiontåg · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of leddeSecond example ('en sjöman äntrar uppför ett tåg' = 'a sailor climbs up a rope') uses the nautical sense 'rope', not 'train'; the type was pinned to 'train' with contextDependent false, missing this attested sense.
ändaall the wayända · adverbmodifies framframforwardfram · adverbmodifies leddetilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking skogsråetskogsråetthe forest spiritskogsrået · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of leddeA guardian spirit of the forest in Swedish folklore.
somwhosom · pronounsubject of stodThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
stodstoodstå · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with leddepåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking stenenstenenstonesten · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of stodpåatpå · prepositionpreposition marking toppbergetsmountain'sberg · noun, genitive, neuter, singularpossessor of topptopptoptopp · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of stod It walked around the stone and then turned back toward the forest, without any of the wild animals touching it.
Denitden · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of gickgickwentgå · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceruntaroundrunt · adverbmodifies gickomkringaroundomkring · prepositionpreposition marking stenenstenenstonesten · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of gickochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationvändeturnedväna · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with gickPast tense of vända (to turn); lemma should read vända.
såthenså · adverbmodifies tillbakatillbakabacktillbaka · adverbmodifies vändemottowardmot · prepositionpreposition marking skogenskogenforestskog · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of tillbakautanwithoututan · prepositionintroduces the clause of rördeattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of rördenågotanynågon · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of rördeavofav · prepositionpreposition marking vilddjurenvilddjurenwild beastsvilddjur · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies någotrördetouchedröra · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with gickdenitden · pronoun, common gender, singulardirect object of rördeAnd in the same way all the livestock passed by the wild animals unmolested.
Ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationpåinpå · prepositionpreposition marking sättsammathe samesamma · determinerdeterminer of sättsättwaysätt · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of vandradevandradewanderedvandra · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceallallall · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of boskapenboskapenlivestockboskap · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of vandradeoantastadunmolestedoantastad · noun, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies vilddjurenförbipastförbi · adverbpreposition marking vilddjurenvilddjurenwild beastsvilddjur · noun, nominative, common gender, singularin apposition to boskapen- 58
While the cattle were passing by, the parson saw the forest spirit lower her pine-wood torch over one or another of them and turn it downward.
Medanwhilemedan · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of drogkreaturencattlekreatur · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of drogdrogpulleddra · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on sågförbipastförbi · adverbdepends on drogsågsawse · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceprostenparsonprost · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sågattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of sänkteskogsråetthe forest spiritskogsrået · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sänkteskogsrå is a folklore forest-guardian spirit; used here as a noun (definite form).
sänkteloweredsänka · verb, past, indicative, activeclause modifying prostensinhersig · pronoun, common gender, singularpossessor of tallvedsfacklatallvedsfacklapinewood torchtallvedsfackla · noun, common genderdirect object of sänkteöveroveröver · prepositionpreposition marking annanenoneen · numeral, nominative, common gender, singularquantifies annanochandoch · conjunctionpart of the phrase enannanotherannan · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of sänkteavofav · prepositionpreposition marking demdemthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluraloblique complement of sänkteochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationvändeturnedvände · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with sänktedenitden · pronoun, common gender, singulardirect object of vändeneråtdownwardneråt · adverbmodifies vände - 59
Every time this happened, the beasts of prey burst into a loud, gleeful roaring, above all if it was over a cow or some other large animal that the torch was lowered, but the animal that saw the torch turned over it cried out loud and shrill, as if it had felt a knife in its flesh, and the whole flock it belonged to broke out in wailing too.
Föreach timeför · prepositionsubject of gångvarwasvara · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of gångmistagged as a determiner; the surface 'var' here is the past tense of vara 'to be'.
gångtimegång · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of brötdettathisdenna · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of skeddeskeddehappenedske · verb, past, indicative, activedepends on gångbrötbrokebröt · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencerovdjurenbeasts of preyrovdjur · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralsubject of brötutoutut · adverbmodifies brötiini · prepositionpreposition marking rytandeettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of rytandehögthighhög · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies rytandeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationglattgladglatt · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with högtrytanderoaringryta · adjective, nominativeoblique complement of brötframförin front offramför · prepositionintroduces the clause of koallteverythingall · pronoun, neuter, singularpart of the phrase framföromifom · subordinating conjunctionpart of the phrase framfördetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of kovarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to koöveroveröver · prepositionpreposition marking koenaen · determiner, common gender, singularquantifies kokocowko · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of brötelleroreller · conjunctionlinks the coordinationnågotsomenågon · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of storkreaturannatotherannan · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies storkreaturstorkreaturlarge animalstorkreatur · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with kosomthatsom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of sänktesfacklanthe torchfackla · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of passive sänktessänkteswas loweredsänktea · verb, past, indicative, passivein apposition to brötmenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdetitden · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of kreaturkreaturcattlekreatur · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with brötsomthatsom · pronounsubject of sågThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
sågsawsåg · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on kreaturpast tense of se, 'to see.'
facklanthe torchfackla · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of sågvändasbe turnedvända · verb, present, indicative, passivecomplement of brötöveroveröver · prepositionpreposition marking sigsigitselfsig · pronoun, accusativeoblique complement of vändasskrekshriekedskrek · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with bröttillouttill · prepositionpreposition marking högthögthighhög · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies skrekochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationgälltshrillgälla · verb, active, supinecoordinated with skrekUsed adjectivally/adverbially of a shrill sound (ett gällt skrik = a shrill scream; skrek gällt = screamed shrilly), distinct from gälla "to apply." "Shrilled" is the wrong part of speech for these examples.
somas ifsom · subordinating conjunctionsubject of fåttomifom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of fåttdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of fåttskullehadskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of fåtthahaveha · auxiliary verb, active, infinitiveauxiliary of fåttfåttfeltfå · verb, active, supineadverbial clause on skrekenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of knivknivknifekniv · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of fåttiini · prepositionpreposition marking köttetköttetthe fleshkötte · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of fåttochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhelawholehel · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies flockdenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of flockflockflockflock · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with fåttsomthatsom · pronoundirect object of tillhördeThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of tillhördetillhördebelongedtillhöra · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on flockbrötbrokebröt · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with brötocksåalsoockså · adverbmodifies brötutoutut · adverbmodifies brötiini · prepositionpreposition marking klaganklaganwailingklaga · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of bröt - 60
Now the parson began to understand what it was he was seeing.
Nunownu · adverbmodifies börjadebörjadebeganbörja · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceprostenparsonprost · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of börjadeförståunderstandförstå · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of börjadevadwhatvad · pronoun, neuter, singulardepends on vardetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of varvarwasvara · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on börjadehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sågsågsawsåg · verb, past, indicative, activedepends on varpast tense of se, 'to see.'
He had heard tell before of this, that the animals of Delsbo gathered on Blacksåsen every New Year's night, so that the forest spirit could mark out which tame animals would, in the coming year, fall into the power of the beasts of prey.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hadehadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of talasalltindeedallt · adverbmodifies talashörtheardhöra · verb, active, supinepart of the phrase allttalasto be talked abouttala · verb, passive, infinitivemain verb of the sentenceIdiom hört talas om = 'heard tell of.'
förutbeforeförut · adverbmodifies talasomofom · prepositionpreposition marking dettadettathisdenna · pronoun, neuter, singularoblique complement of talasattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of samladesdjurenanimalsdjur · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralsubject of passive samladesiini · prepositionpreposition marking DelsboDelsboDelsboDelsbo · proper noun, nominativemodifies djurenPlace name in Hälsingland.
samladesgatheredsamla · verb, past, indicative, passiveclausal complement of talaspåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking BlacksåsenBlacksåsenBlacksåsenBlacksåsen · proper noun, nominativeoblique complement of samladesvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to nyårsnattnyårsnattNew Year's nightnyårsnatt · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardepends on samladesförso thatför · prepositionintroduces the clause of utmärkaattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of utmärkaskogsråetthe forest spiritskogsrået · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of utmärkaskogsrå is a folklore forest-guardian spirit; used here as a noun (definite form).
skullecouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of utmärkautmärkamark oututmärka · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on fallavilkawhichvilken · determiner, pluraldeterminer of tamdjurtamdjurdomestic animalstamdjur · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraldepends on fallasomthatsom · pronounsubject of fallaThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
underinunder · prepositionpreposition marking årnästanextnästa · adjective, nominativemodifies åråryearår · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of fallaskullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of fallafallato fallfalla · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with samladesiintoi · prepositionpreposition marking våldrovdjurensthe predators'rovdjur · noun, genitive, common gender, singularpossessor of våldvåldpowervåld · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of fallaHe felt a great pity for the poor creatures who were under the rule of wild beasts, though they surely ought to have no master but man.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of kändekändefeltkän · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencePast tense 'kände' of känna, here in the sense 'recognized'; same surface as käna but a distinct sense of the polysemous verb.
enaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of ömkanstorbigstor · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies ömkanömkanpityömkan · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of kändemedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking kreaturendetheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of kreaturenSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
armapoorarma · adjective, nominativemodifies kreaturenkreaturencattlekreatur · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of kändesomwhosom · pronounsubject of vilddjursväldeThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
varwasvara · pronoun, common gender, singularcopula linking to vilddjursväldethe surface var here is the past tense of vara 'to be', not the pronoun.
underunderunder · prepositionpreposition marking vilddjursväldevilddjursväldewild-beast rulevilddjursvälde · noun, nominative, neuter, singularrelative clause on kreaturenfastthoughfast · adverbmodifies hadetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of havälsurelyväl · adverbmodifies haintenotinte · particlemodifies habordeought toböra · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of haBare borde is simple past modal ("ought to"/"should"); the perfect sense ("ought to have") only appears when borde is followed by ha + supine in the sentence, as in three of the four examples — the fourth ("borde släppa taget") has no ha and translates as plain "ought to."
hato haveha · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with kändenågonnonågon · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of herreannanotherannan · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies herreherremasterherre · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of haCapitalized Herre in 'Vår Herre' means 'Our Lord'; lower-case herre elsewhere means 'gentleman/master'.
änthanän · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of människanmänniskanhuman beingmänniska · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of ha- 61
Scarcely had the first flock drawn away before, once again, the clanging of bells was heard from down in the forest, and the livestock from another farm came marching up onto the mountaintop.
Knappasthardlyknappast · adverbmodifies dragithadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of dragitdenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of flockenförstafirsten · adjective, nominativemodifies flockensurfaces are forms of första 'first', not the numeral en.
flockenflockflock · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of dragitdragitdrawn awaydraga · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentenceArchaic supine of dra; sense shifts widely with the particle it governs (dragit i led, dragit ihop, dragit bort, dragit upp).
bortawaybort · adverbdepends on dragitförränbeforeförrän · adverbmodifies hördesused with a preceding negative to mean 'no sooner than'.
detthereen · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with hördesthis type bundles three distinct functions of the neuter forms det/ett under one entry.
återigenagainåterig · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies hördesThis is the adverb återigen 'again', mistagged as a noun.
hördescould be heardhöra · verb, past, indicative, passiveadverbial clause on dragitskällklangbell-clangingskällklang · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of passive hördesnerifrånfrom belownerifrån · adverbpreposition marking skogenskogenforestskog · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of hördesochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationboskapenlivestockboskap · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with skogenfrånfromfrån · prepositionpreposition marking gårdenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of gårdannanotherannan · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies gårdgårdfarmgård · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies boskapenkomcamekomma · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to dragittågandemarching alongtågande · adjective, nominativesubject of komoppupopp · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardepends on komMistagged as a noun; opp is the colloquial spelling of upp, "up".
påontopå · prepositionpreposition marking bergstoppenbergstoppenthe mountain peakbergstopp · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of kom It went in the same order as the previous one and made its way to the forest spirit, who stood there stern and solemn, marking out beast after beast for death.
Denitden · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of gickgickwentgå · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceiini · prepositionpreposition marking ordningsammathe samesamma · determinerdeterminer of ordningordningorderordning · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of gicksomassom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of skogsråetdenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of skogsråetföregåendepreviousföregående · adjective, nominativemodifies skogsråetochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationvandradewanderedvandra · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with föregåendeframforwardfram · adverbmodifies föregåendetilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking skogsråetskogsråetthe forest spiritskogsrået · proper noun, nominativeclause modifying ordningSkogsrå is a female forest spirit in Swedish folklore.
somwhosom · pronounsubject of stodThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
stodstoodstå · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with skogsråetdärtheredär · adverbmodifies stodsträngtsternlysträng · adverbmodifies stodochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationallvarligtgravelyallvarlig · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with strängtUsed adverbially: 'seriously/gravely'.
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationmärktenoticedmärka · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with stodutoutut · adverbdepends on märktedjuranimalsdjur · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraldirect object of märkteefterafterefter · prepositionpreposition marking djurdjuranimalsdjur · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralmodifies djurförforför · prepositionpreposition marking dödendödendeathdöd · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies djurExamples mix the noun (döden) with adjectival uses (död gås); flag if the occurrence is adjectival.
And after this flock came herd upon herd without a break.
Ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationefterafterefter · prepositionpreposition marking flockdennathisdenna · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of flockflockflockflock · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of komkomcamekomma · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceskaraflockskara · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of kompåuponpå · prepositionpreposition marking skaraskaraflockskara · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of komutanwithoututan · prepositionpreposition marking avbrottavbrottinterruptionavbrott · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of komSome flocks were so small that they consisted of no more than a single cow and a few sheep.
Somligasomesomlig · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies flockarflockarflocksflock · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of småvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to småsåsoså · adverbmodifies småsmåsmallliten · adjective, nominative, pluralhead of the phraseattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of bestoddetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of bestodbestodconsistedbestå · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on småbarajustbara · adverbmodifies bestodavofav · prepositionpreposition marking koenoneen · numeral, nominative, common gender, singulardeterminer of koendaonlyenda · adjective, nominativemodifies kokocowko · noun, nominative, common gender, singularagent of bestodochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationnågrasomenågon · pronoun, pluralsubject of fårfårsheepfå · verb, present, indicative, activecoordinated with bestodOthers were made up of nothing but a couple of goats.
Andraothersannan · pronoun, pluralsubject of passive utgjordesutgjordeswere made uputgjora · verb, past, indicative, passivemain verb of the sentenceblottonlyblott · adverbmodifies utgjordesavofav · prepositionpreposition marking getterettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of parparcouplepar · noun, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies gettergettergoatsgett · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralagent of utgjordesIt was plain that these came from small, poor homes, but they had to go before the forest spirit all the same, and neither the one nor the other was spared.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with tydligtvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to tydligttydligtcleartydlig · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularhead of the phraseattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of komdessathesedenna · pronoun, pluralsubject of komkomcamekomma · verb, past, indicative, activedepends on tydligtfrånfromfrån · prepositionpreposition marking hemsmåsmallliten · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies hemtorftigapoortorftig · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies hemhemhomeshem · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraloblique complement of kommenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationframforwardfram · adverbmodifies skogsråettillbeforetill · prepositionpreposition marking skogsråetskogsråetthe forest spiritskogsrået · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with komskogsrå is a folklore forest-guardian spirit; used here as a noun (definite form).
måstemustmåste · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of blevdetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of blevochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationvarkenneithervarken · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdetheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of enaSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
enaoneena · adjective, nominativesubject of blevelleroreller · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdetheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of andraSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
andraothersannan · pronoun, pluralcoordinated with enablevbecamebli · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with skogsråetskonadesparedskona · adjective, nominative, pluralcomplement of blev- 62
The parson thought of the Delsbo farmers, who held so much love for their livestock.
Prostenparsonprost · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of tänktetänktethoughttänka · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencepåofpå · prepositionpreposition marking DelsboböndernaDelsboböndernathe Delsbo farmersDelsbobönderna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of tänktesomwhosom · pronounsubject of hadeThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
hadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on Delsboböndernasåsoså · adverbmodifies myckenmyckenmuchmycken · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies kärlekkärleklovekärlek · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of hadeförforför · prepositionpreposition marking husdjursinatheirsig · pronoun, pluralpossessor of husdjurhusdjurlivestockhusdjur · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraloblique complement of hade 'If they only knew of this, they surely would not let it go on so,' he thought.
VissteknewVisste · verb, imperative, activeadverbial clause on låtadetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of Visstebarajustbara · adverbmodifies Vissteomofom · prepositionpreposition marking dettadettathisdenna · pronoun, neuter, singularoblique complement of Vissteskullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of låtadetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of låtavälsurelyväl · adverbmodifies låtaintenotinte · particlemodifies låtalåtato letlåta · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencedetitden · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of låtafortgågo onfortgå · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of låtasålike thisså · adverbmodifies låtahärherehär · adverbpart of the phrase såtänktethoughttänka · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to låtahanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of tänkte'They would surely rather risk their own lives than let their livestock walk out among bears and wolves and be judged by the forest spirit.'
Detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of vågaskullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of vågavälsurelyväl · adverbmodifies vågavågato darevåga · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencesitthis ownsig · pronoun, neuter, singularpossessor of livpossessive reflexive sitt, agreeing with a neuter noun.
egetownegen · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies livlivlifeliv · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of vågahellreratherhellre · adverbmodifies vågaänthanän · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of låtaatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of låtainfinitive marker before a verb.
låtato letlåta · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on vågasintheirsig · pronoun, common gender, singularpossessor of boskapboskaplivestockboskap · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of låtavandrawandervandra · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of låtaframforwardfram · adverbdepends on vandramellanbetweenmellan · prepositionpreposition marking björnarbjörnarbearsbjörnar · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of vandraochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationvargarwolvesvarg · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with björnarochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfåbe judgedfå · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with vandrasintheirsig · pronoun, common gender, singularpossessor of domdomjudgmentdom · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of fåavbyav · prepositionpreposition marking skogsråetskogsråetthe forest spiritskogsrået · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies domskogsrå is a folklore forest-guardian spirit; used here as a noun (definite form).
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The last flock to come forward was the parsonage livestock.
Denaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of flockensistalastsista · adjective, nominative, superlativemodifies flockenflockenflockflock · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of prästgårdsboskapensomthatsom · pronounsubject of träddeThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
träddesteppedträda · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on flockenframforwardfram · adverbdepends on träddevarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to prästgårdsboskapenprästgårdsboskapenparsonage livestockprästgårdsboskap · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralhead of the phrase The parson recognized the bell-cow's bell from far off, and the horse must have done so too.
Prostenparsonproste · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of kändekändefeltkände · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceigenagainigen · adverbdepends on kändeskällkonsthe bell-cow'sskällkon · noun, genitive, common gender, singularpossessor of klockaklockabellklocka · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of känderedanalreadyredan · adverbmodifies hållpåfrompå · prepositionpreposition marking hålllångtlonglångt · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies hållBoth examples ('for fram ett långt stycke' = 'sped along a long stretch', 'tog ett långt hopp' = 'took a long leap') mean 'long' (length), not 'far' (distance).
hålldirectionhåll · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of kändeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdetaen · determiner, neuter, singularsubject of gjortmåttemustmåtte · adverbpart of the phrase detModal verb (cognate of måste), mistagged as adverb. Bare måtte means "must"; the perfect sense ("must have") comes only from an adjacent ha + supine, as in the måtte komma sig example, which translates as plain "must."
ocksåalsoockså · adverbmodifies gjorthästenhorsehäst · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of gjorthahaveha · auxiliary verb, active, infinitiveauxiliary of gjortgjortdonegöra · verb, active, supinecoordinated with kändeIt began to tremble in every limb and broke out in a sweat.
Denitden · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of börjadebörjadebeganbörja · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceskälvatrembleskälva · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of börjadeInfinitive 'to tremble', despite the noun tag.
iini · prepositionpreposition marking allaallaallall · pronoun, pluraloblique complement of börjadelederleadsleda · verb, present, indicative, activecomplement of börjadeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationbetäcktesbecame coveredbetäcktes · verb, past, indicative, passivecoordinated with lederavwithav · prepositionpreposition marking svettsvettsweatsvett · noun, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies betäcktes'So, now it's your turn to pass the forest spirit and receive your judgment,' said the parson to the horse.
JasåsoJaså · proper noun, nominativedepends on dinnunownu · adverbmodifies dinärisvara · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activecopula linking to dindetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with dindinyourdu · pronoun, common gender, singularpossessor of turturturntur · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phraseatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of gåinfinitive marker before a verb.
gågogå · verb, active, infinitiveclause modifying turförbipastförbi · adverbdepends on gåskogsråetthe forest spiritskogsrået · adjective, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of gåskogsrå is a folklore forest-guardian spirit; used here as a noun (definite form).
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfåreceivefå · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with gådinyourdu · pronoun, common gender, singularpossessor of domdomjudgmentdom · pronoun, pluraldirect object of fåsadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to turprostenparsonprost · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sadetilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking hästenhästenhorsehäst · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies prosten'But don't be afraid!
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to räddintenotinte · particlemodifies räddräddafraidrädd · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phraseduyoudu · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of räddI understand well enough why you have brought me here, and I will not abandon you.'
JagIjag · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of förstårförstårunderstand(s)förstå · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencenogwell enoughnog · adverbmodifies förstårvarförwhyvarför · adverbmodifies förtduyoudu · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of förtharhasha · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of förtförtcarriedföra · verb, active, supineclausal complement of förstårmigmejag · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularindirect object of förthitherehit · adverbmodifies förtochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationjagIjag · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of övergeskawillskola · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of övergeintenotinte · particlemodifies övergeövergeto abandonöverge · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with förtdigyoudu · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of överge- 64
The splendid parsonage livestock came in a long procession out of the forest and moved toward the forest spirit and the wild animals.
Denaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of prästgårdsboskapenpräktigasplendidpräktig · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies prästgårdsboskapenprästgårdsboskapenparsonage livestockprästgårdsboskap · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralsubject of komkomcamekomma · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceiini · prepositionpreposition marking tågettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of tåglångtlonglång · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies tågtågprocessiontåg · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of komSecond example ('en sjöman äntrar uppför ett tåg' = 'a sailor climbs up a rope') uses the nautical sense 'rope', not 'train'; the type was pinned to 'train' with contextDependent false, missing this attested sense.
framforwardfram · adverbmodifies tågurout ofur · prepositionpreposition marking skogenskogenforestskog · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of framochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationgickwentgå · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with kommottowardmot · prepositionpreposition marking skogsråetskogsråetthe forest spiritskogsrået · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of gickskogsrå is a folklore forest-guardian spirit; used here as a noun (definite form).
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationvilddjurenwild beastsvilddjur · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with skogsrået Last in the line was the horse that had carried its master up onto Blacksåsen.
Denaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of sistasistalastsista · adjective, nominative, superlativesubject of oppiini · prepositionpreposition marking radenradenrowrad · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of sistavarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to opphästenhorsehäst · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of oppsomthatsom · pronounsubject of förtThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
hadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of förtförtcarriedföra · verb, active, supinerelative clause on hästensinhissig · pronoun, common gender, singularpossessor of husbondehusbondemasterhusbonde · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of förtoppupoppa · noun, nominative, neuter, singularhead of the phraseColloquial adverb 'opp' (up), mistagged as a noun.
påontopå · prepositionpreposition marking BlacksåsenBlacksåsenBlacksåsenBlacksåsen · proper noun, nominativeoblique complement of oppThe parson had not dismounted, but stayed seated and let the animal carry him forward toward the forest spirit.
Prostenparsonprost · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of stigithadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of stigitintenotinte · particlemodifies stigitstigitrisenstiga · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentenceurout ofur · prepositionpreposition marking sadelnsadelnsaddlesadel · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of stigitutanbut ratherutan · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfollows a negated clause, contrasting it with what actually happened.
sattputsätta · verb, active, supinecoordinated with stigitkvarstill therekvar · adverbdepends on sattdärtheredär · adverbmodifies sattochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationlätletlät · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with sattdjuretanimaldjur · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of lätbärato carrybära · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of läthonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of bäraframforwardfram · adverbmodifies bäramottowardmot · prepositionpreposition marking skogsråetskogsråetthe forest spiritskogsrået · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of framA guardian spirit of the forest in Swedish folklore.
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He had neither gun nor knife for his defense, but he had taken out the handbook and sat holding it pressed to his chest as he now went into battle with the abomination.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hadehadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencevarkenneithervarken · conjunctionlinks the coordinationbössagunbössa · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of hadeelleroreller · conjunctionlinks the coordinationknivknifekniv · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with bössatillfortill · prepositionpreposition marking försvarsitthis ownsig · pronoun, neuter, singularpossessor of försvarpossessive reflexive sitt, agreeing with a neuter noun.
försvardefenseförsvar · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of hademenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of tagithadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of tagittagittakenta · verb, active, supinecoordinated with hadeframforwardfram · adverbdepends on tagithandbokenhandbookhandbok · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of tagithere the clergyman's ritual/service book, not a modern reference manual.
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsattsatsitta · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with tagitmedwithmed · prepositionintroduces the clause of trycktdenitden · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of tryckttrycktpressedtrycka · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularadverbial clause on sattmotagainstmot · prepositionpreposition marking bröstsitthis ownsig · pronoun, neuter, singularpossessor of bröstpossessive reflexive sitt, agreeing with a neuter noun.
bröstchestbröst · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of trycktnärwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of gavhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of gavnunownu · adverbmodifies gavgavwent into battlege · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on tagitLight-verb idioms in the examples: "gav ... till ett klagoskrik" = let out a cry; "gav sig tid" = took the time — not literal "gave" in either case.
sighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of gaviintoi · prepositionpreposition marking kampkampstrugglekamp · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of gavmedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking styggelsenstyggelsenthe abominationstyggels · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies kamp - 66
At first it seemed as if no one would notice him.
Tillat firsttill · prepositionpreposition marking börjanenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of börjanbörjanbeginningbörjan · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phrasevarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to detdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularmodifies börjansomas ifsom · pronounsubject of märktThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
skullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of märktingenno oneingen · pronoun, common gender, singulardeterminer of hahahaveha · auxiliary verb, active, infinitiveauxiliary of märktmärktnoticedmärka · verb, active, supinedepends on dethonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of märkt The parsonage livestock passed the forest spirit in the same way as the other herds had.
Prästgårdsboskapenparsonage livestockprästgårdsboskap · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralsubject of gickgickwentgå · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceförbipastförbi · adverbdepends on gickskogsråetthe forest spiritskogsrået · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of gickA guardian spirit of the forest in Swedish folklore.
påinpå · prepositionpreposition marking sättsammathe samesamma · determinerdeterminer of sättsättwaysätt · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of gicksomassom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of hoparnadetheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of hoparnaSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
andraotherannan · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies hoparnahoparnathe other herdshopare · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralclause modifying sättThe forest spirit did not lower the pine-wood torch over any of the animals.
Skogsråetthe forest spiritSkogsrået · proper noun, nominativesubject of sänktesänkteloweredsänkte · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceintenotinte · particlemodifies sänktetallvedsfacklanthe pinewood torchtallvedsfacklan · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of sänkteöveroveröver · prepositionpreposition marking någotnågotanynågon · pronoun, neuter, singularoblique complement of sänkteavofav · prepositionpreposition marking djurendjurenanimalsdjur · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralmodifies någotOnly when the wise horse came did she make a movement to mark it out for death.
Förstfirstförst · adverbmodifies komnärwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of komdenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of hästenklokawisekloka · adjective, nominativemodifies hästenhästenhorsehäst · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of komkomcamekomma · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on gjordegjordedidgöra · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with gjordeenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of rörelserörelsemovementrörelse · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of gjordeförtoför · prepositionintroduces the clause of utmärkaatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of utmärkainfinitive marker before a verb.
utmärkamark oututmärka · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on gjordedenitden · pronoun, common gender, singulardirect object of utmärkaförforför · prepositionpreposition marking dödendödendeathdöd · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of utmärkaExamples mix the noun (döden) with adjectival uses (död gås); flag if the occurrence is adjectival.
- 67
But at that very moment the parson stretched up the handbook, and the torchlight fell on the cross on the book's cover.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationiati · prepositionpreposition marking detsammadetsammathe samedensamma · pronoun, neuter, singularoblique complement of sträcktesträcktestretchedsträckte · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceprostenparsonprost · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of sträckteoppupoppa · verb, present, indicative, activeclause modifying prostenDialectal form of upp ("up"), a particle, not a finite verb; the parser mistagged it.
handbokenhandbookhandbok · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of opphere the clergyman's ritual/service book, not a modern reference manual.
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfackelskenetthe torchlightfackelsken · noun, nominative, neuter, singularsubject of föllföllfellföll · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with sträcktepåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking korsetkorsetcrosskors · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of föllpåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking bokpärmenbokpärmenthe book coverbokpärm · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies korset The forest spirit gave out a loud, shrill scream, and the torch fell from her hand down onto the ground.
Skogsråetthe forest spiritSkogsrået · proper noun, nominativesubject of gavgavgave outge · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceLight-verb idioms in the examples: "gav ... till ett klagoskrik" = let out a cry; "gav sig tid" = took the time — not literal "gave" in either case.
tillouttill · prepositionpreposition marking skrikettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of skrikhögthighhög · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularpart of the phrase ettochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationgälltshrillgälla · verb, active, supinecoordinated with högtUsed adjectivally/adverbially of a shrill sound (ett gällt skrik = a shrill scream; skrek gällt = screamed shrilly), distinct from gälla "to apply." "Shrilled" is the wrong part of speech for these examples.
skrikcryskrik · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of gavochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationblossetthe torchbloss · noun, nominative, neuter, singularsubject of föllföllfellföll · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with gavurout ofur · adverbdepends on föllFunctions as a preposition ('out of / from'), mistagged as an adverb.
dessherden · pronounpossessor of handch03-p50 example 'sedan dess' means 'since then', not possessive 'its' — pinning the gloss to 'its' teaches a lie for that collocation.
handhandhand · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of föllnerdownner · adverbmodifies föllpåontopå · prepositionpreposition marking markenmarkengroundmark · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of föll- 68
The flame went out at once, and in the sudden change from light to darkness the parson could see nothing at all.
Låganflamelåga · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of slocknadeslocknadewent outslockna · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencegenastat oncegenast · adverbmodifies slocknadeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationiini · prepositionpreposition marking övergångendenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of övergångenplötsligasuddenplötslig · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies övergångenövergångenthe transitionövergång · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with slocknadefrånfromfrån · prepositionpreposition marking ljusljuslightljus · noun, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies övergångentilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking mörkermörkerdarknessmörker · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of övergångenkundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of seprostenparsonprost · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of seingentingnothingingenting · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of seseseese · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on slocknade Nor did he hear anything either.
Ingentingnothingingenting · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of hördehördeheardhöra · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hördehellereitherheller · adverbmodifies hördeAround him reigned the same deep silence that is usual in winter in the wilderness.
Omkringaroundomkring · adverbmodifies honomhonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularoblique complement of rådderåddereignedrå · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencesammathe samesamma · determinerdeterminer of tystnaddjupadeepdjup · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies tystnadtystnadsilencetystnad · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of råddesomassom · pronounsubject of brukarThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with brukarbrukartends tobruka · verb, present, indicative, activecoordinated with råddevarabevara · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of brukaromifom · subordinating conjunctionpreposition marking vinternvinternwintervinter · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of råddeiini · prepositionpreposition marking vildmarkenvildmarkenwildernessvildmark · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies vintern- 69
Then the heavy clouds that covered the sky suddenly parted, and through the rift stepped the full moon and cast its light down upon the ground.
Dåthendå · adverbmodifies deladedeladedivideddela · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencesigthemselvessig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of deladehastigtquicklyhastig · adverbmodifies deladedetheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of molnenSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
tungaheavytung · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies molnenmolnencloudsmolne · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralsubject of deladesomthatsom · pronounsubject of täckteThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
täcktecoveredtäcka · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on molnenhimlenskyhiml · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of täckteochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationgenomthroughgenom · prepositionpreposition marking rämnanrämnancrevicerämna · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of träddeträddesteppedträda · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with deladefullmånenthe full moonfullmån · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of träddeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationkastadethrewkasta · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with träddeljuslightljus · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraldirect object of kastadenerdownner · adverbmodifies kastadetillupontill · prepositionpreposition marking markenmarkengroundmark · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of ner And now the parson saw that he and the horse stood alone on the summit of Blacksåsen.
Ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationnunownu · adverbmodifies sågsågsawsåg · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencepast tense of se, 'to see.'
prostenparsonprost · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sågattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of stodhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of stodochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhästenhorsehäst · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of stodstodstoodstå · verb, past, indicative, activeclause modifying prostenensammaaloneensam · adjective, nominative, pluralcomplement of stodpåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking toppBlacksåsensBlacksåsen'sBlacksåsens · proper noun, genitivepossessor of topptopptoptopp · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of stodNot a single one of the many wild animals remained there.
Intenotinte · particlemodifies ettettaen · determiner, neuter, singularquantifies endaendaonlyenda · adjective, nominativesubject of fannsavofav · prepositionpreposition marking vilddjurendetheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of vilddjurenSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
mångamanymånga · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies vilddjurenvilddjurenwild beastsvilddjur · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies endafannsthere wasfinnas · verb, past, indicativemain verb of the sentenceexistential verb; fanns = 'there was/were, existed.'
kvarstill therekvar · adverbdepends on fannsdärtheredär · adverbmodifies fannsThe ground was not trampled by all the herds of livestock that had passed over it.
Markengroundmark · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of opptrampadvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to opptrampadintenotinte · particlemodifies opptrampadopptrampadtrampledopptrampad · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phraseOpp is a historical spelling of modern upp.
avbyav · prepositionpreposition marking boskapshjordarnaallaallall · determiner, pluraldeterminer of boskapshjordarnaboskapshjordarnathe livestock herdsboskapshjordarna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralmodifies opptrampadsomthatsom · pronounsubject of gåttThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
hadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of gåttgåttpassedgå · verb, active, supinerelative clause on boskapshjordarnaöveroveröver · prepositionpreposition marking dendenitden · pronoun, common gender, singularoblique complement of gåttBut he himself sat with the handbook stretched out before him, and the horse beneath him stood trembling and bathed in sweat.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsjälvhimselfsjälv · adjective, nominative, common gender, singulardepends on sattsattsatsitta · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sattmedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking handbokenhandbokenhandbookhandbok · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of satthere the clergyman's ritual/service book, not a modern reference manual.
sträcktstretched outsträcka · verb, active, supinecomplement of sattch19-p39-s1 'hade sträckt fram och åter över sjön' = 'had flown back and forth over the lake' (bird-flight idiom), distinct from the physical-stretching sense in the other examples.
framförin front offramför · prepositionpreposition marking sigsighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativeoblique complement of sträcktochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhästenhorsehäst · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of stodunderbeneathunder · prepositionpreposition marking honomhonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularoblique complement of stodstodstoodstå · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with sattskälvandetremblingskälvande · noun, nominative, neuter, singularsubject of stodochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationbadadebathedbada · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with skälvandeiini · prepositionpreposition marking svettsvettsweatsvett · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of stod- 70
When the parson had ridden down the mountain and come home to his farm, he did not know any longer whether it had been dream or vision or reality, that which he had seen.
Närwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of riditprostenparsonprost · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of ridithadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of riditriditriddenridi · verb, active, supineadverbial clause on visstenerdownner · adverbdepends on riditfördownför · prepositionpreposition marking bergetbergetmountainberg · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of nerochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationkomcamekomma · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with ridithemhomehem · adverbmodifies komtilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking gårdsinhersig · pronoun, common gender, singularpossessor of gårdgårdfarmgård · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of komvissteknewvisste · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of vissteintenotinte · particlemodifies visstemerany longermycket · adverbmodifies vissteomifom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of drömdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of drömvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to drömdrömdreamdröm · noun, nominative, common gender, singularclausal complement of vissteelleroreller · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsynsightsyn · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with drömelleroreller · conjunctionlinks the coordinationverklighetrealityverklighet · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with syndetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with ,somwhichsom · pronoundirect object of settThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of setthadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of settsettseense · verb, active, supinedepends on , But that it had been a warning to him to think of the poor animals under the rule of wild beasts, that he understood.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of maningdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of maningvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to maningenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of maningmaningwarningmaning · noun, nominative, common gender, singularadverbial clause on förstodtilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking honomhonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularmodifies maningatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of tänkainfinitive marker before a verb.
tänkato thinktänka · verb, active, infinitiveclause modifying maningpåofpå · prepositionpreposition marking djurendetheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of djurenSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
armawretchedarm · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies djurendjurenanimalsdjur · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraloblique complement of tänkasomthatsom · pronounsubject of vilddjursväldeThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
varwasvara · pronoun, common gender, singularmodifies vilddjursväldethe surface var here is the past tense of vara 'to be', not the pronoun.
underunderunder · prepositionpreposition marking vilddjursväldevilddjursväldewild-beast rulevilddjursvälde · noun, nominative, neuter, singularrelative clause on djurendetitden · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of förstodförstodunderstoodförstå · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of förstodAnd he preached so mightily to the Delsbo farmers that in his time all the wolves and bears were wiped out here in the parish, though they are said to have come back again since he passed on.»
Ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of predikadepredikadepreachedpredika · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencesåsoså · adverbmodifies predikadeväldeligenmightilyväldeligen · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularpart of the phrase såförtoför · prepositionpreposition marking DelsboböndernaDelsboböndernathe Delsbo farmersDelsbobönderna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of predikadeattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of bleviini · prepositionpreposition marking tidhanshishan · pronounpossessor of tidtidtimetid · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of blevblevbecamebli · verb, past, indicative, activedepends on predikadeallaallall · determiner, pluraldeterminer of vargarvargarwolvesvarg · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of utrotadeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationbjörnarbearsbjören · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with vargarutrotadewiped oututrota · adjective, nominative, pluralcomplement of blevhärherehär · adverbmodifies utrotadeiini · prepositionpreposition marking socknensocknenparishsockn · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of utrotadefastthoughfast · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularadverbial clause on utrotadeHere used as the concessive conjunction 'though', not the adjective 'firm'.
detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of kommitlärare said tolära · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of kommitnogprobablynog · adverbmodifies kommithahaveha · auxiliary verb, active, infinitiveauxiliary of kommitkommitcomekomma · verb, active, supinecomplement of blevtillbakabacktillbaka · adverbdepends on kommitsedansincesedan · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of varhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of varvarwasvara · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on blevbortapassed onborta · adverbmodifies var- 71
Here Bärnhard ended his tale.
Härherehär · adverbmodifies slutadeslutadestoppedsluta · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceBärnhardBärnhardBärnhard · proper noun, genitivepossessor of berättelsePersonal name.
sinhissig · pronoun, common gender, singularpossessor of berättelseberättelsestoryberättelse · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of slutade He received a great deal of praise from every side, and it seemed to be a settled matter that he would win the prize.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of fickfickreceivedfå · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencemycketa great dealmycket · adverbmodifies berömberömpraiseberöm · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of fickfrånfromfrån · prepositionpreposition marking hållallaallall · determiner, pluraldeterminer of hållhålldirectionshåll · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraloblique complement of fickochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with tycktestycktesseemedtycktes · verb, past, indicativecoordinated with fickvarabevara · auxiliary verb, active, infinitivecopula linking to sakenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of sakavgjordsettledavgjord · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies saksakthingsak · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of tycktesattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of fåhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of fåskullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of fåfåwinfå · verb, active, infinitiveclause modifying sakprisetthe prizepris · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of fåMost of them thought it was almost a pity for Klement, having to compete against him.
Detheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of flestaSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
flestamostmången · adjective, nominative, plural, superlativesubject of ansågoansågoconsideredansågo · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceHistorical plural past form of anse.
nästanalmostnästan · adverbmodifies ansågoattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of synddetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of syndvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to syndsynda pitysynd · noun, nominative, common gender, singularclausal complement of ansågoomforom · prepositionpreposition marking KlementKlementKlementKlement · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraloblique complement of syndmistagged as a common noun; this is the proper name of a character (a keeper at Skansen).
atttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of nödgasinfinitive marker before a verb.
nödgasto be forcednödga · verb, passive, infinitivemodifies Klementtävlato competetävla · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of nödgasmedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking honomhonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularoblique complement of tävla- 72
But Klement began undaunted.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationKlementKlementklement · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralsubject of börjadeProper name (the tomte); tagged as a common noun.
börjadebeganbörja · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceoförskräcktundauntedoförskräck · adjective, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of började »It was one day when I was walking at Skansen outside Stockholm, longing for home,» he said, and then told of the little gnome he had bought free, so that it would not be caged and gaped at by people.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of dagvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to dagenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of dagdagdaydag · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phrasedåwhendå · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of gickjagIjag · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of gickgickwentgå · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on dagpåatpå · prepositionpreposition marking SkansenSkansenSkansenSkansen · proper noun, nominativeoblique complement of gickutanföroutsideutanför · prepositionpreposition marking StockholmStockholmStockholmStockholm · proper noun, nominativeoblique complement of gickochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationlängtadelongedlängtad · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies hemPast tense of the verb 'längta' (to long/yearn); mistagged as an adjective.
hemhomehem · adverbmodifies gicksadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to daghanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sadeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsåthenså · adverbmodifies berättadeberättadetoldberätta · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with sadehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of berättadeomofom · prepositionpreposition marking pysslingenpysslingengnomepyssling · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of berättadeA synonym for tomte, the household gnome; sometimes left untranslated as 'pyssling.'
somthatsom · pronounoblique complement of hadeThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hadehadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on berättadefriköptbought freefriköpt · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of hadeförso thatför · prepositionintroduces the clause of sattattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionpart of the phrase förhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sattintenotinte · particlemodifies sattskullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of sattblito becomebli · auxiliary verb, active, infinitivepassive auxiliary of sattsattsatsitta · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on hadeiini · prepositionpreposition marking burburcagebur · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of sattochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationbegapadgaped atbegapa · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with buravbyav · prepositionpreposition marking människornamänniskornapeoplemänniska · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralmodifies begapadAnd he went on to say that no sooner had he done this good deed than he had been rewarded for it.
Ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of taladetaladespoketala · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on utförtvidarefurthervidare · adverbmodifies taladeomthatom · prepositionintroduces the clause of hadeattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of hadeknappthardlyknappt · adverbmodifies hadehadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of utförthanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of utförtutförtcarried oututföra · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentencedennathisdenna · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of gärningengodagoodgod · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies gärningengärningendeedgärning · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of utförtförränbeforeförrän · adverbmodifies blivitused with a preceding negative to mean 'no sooner than'.
hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of blivithadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of blivitblivitbecomebli · verb, active, supineadverbial clause on utförtlönadrewardedlönad · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of blivitförforför · prepositionpreposition marking dendenitden · pronoun, common gender, singularoblique complement of blivitHe talked and talked, while his listeners' astonishment grew ever greater, and when at last he came to the royal footman and the splendid book, all the summer-farm girls had let their handiwork sink into their laps and sat motionless, staring at Klement, who had gotten to live through such remarkable events.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of taladetaladespoketala · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationtaladetalkedtala · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with taladeTagged as an adjective but is talade, the past tense of tala, 'to talk'.
underwhileunder · prepositionmodifies blevdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularpart of the phrase underattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionpart of the phrase underåhörarnasthe listeners'åhörare · noun, genitive, common gender, pluralpossessor of häpnadhäpnadamazementhäpnad · noun, nominative, common gender, singularpart of the phrase underblevbecamebli · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on taladeallteverallt · adverbmodifies störrestörrebiggerstor · adjective, nominative, comparativecomplement of blevochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationnärwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of komhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of komäntligenfinallyäntligen · adverbmodifies komkomcamekomma · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with blevtilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking lakejendenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of lakejenkungligaroyalkunglig · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies lakejenlakejenthe footmanlakej · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of komochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of grannagrannafinegrann · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies bokenbokenbookbok · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with lakejenhadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of lagtallaallall · determiner, pluraldeterminer of fäbodjäntornafäbodjäntornasummer-farm girlsfäbodjäntorna · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralsubject of lagtlagtlaidlägga · verb, active, supineadverbial clause on taladenerdownner · adverbdepends on lagtsinatheirsig · pronoun, pluralpossessor of handarbetenhandarbetenhandiworkhandarbet · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of lagtiintoi · prepositionmodifies lagtknäettheir lapsknäet · noun, nominative, common gender, singularpart of the phrase iochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsuttosatsutto · nouncoordinated with knäetArchaic plural past tense of 'sitta' (they sat), despite the noun tag.
orörligamotionlessorörlig · adjective, nominative, pluralcomplement of lagtochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationstirradestaredstirra · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with orörligaReally the past tense of the verb stirra ('to stare'), mistagged here as an adjective.
påatpå · prepositionpreposition marking KlementKlementKlementKlement · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraloblique complement of lagtmistagged as a common noun; this is the proper name of a character (a keeper at Skansen).
somwhosom · pronounsubject of upplevaThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
hadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of upplevafåttlived throughfå · auxiliary verb, active, supineauxiliary of uppleva"hade alltid fått lära sig" is the causative-passive få + infinitive construction ("had always been taught"), a distinct sense from the permissive "gotten to" readings in the other examples.
upplevato experienceuppleva · verb, active, infinitiverelative clause on Klementsåsoså · adverbmodifies märkvärdigamärkvärdigaremarkablemärkvärdig · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies händelserhändelsereventshändelse · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of uppleva- 73
As soon as Klement had finished, the eldest summer-farm girl said that he should have the scarf.
Såasså · adverbmodifies slutatsnartsoonsnart · adverbpart of the phrase SåKlementKlementKlement · proper noun, nominativesubject of slutatProper name, Klement Larsson.
hadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of slutatslutatfinishedsluta · verb, active, supineadverbial clause on sadesadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of fäbodjäntanäldstaoldestgammal · adjective, nominative, superlativemodifies fäbodjäntanfäbodjäntanthe summer-farm girlfäbodjäntan · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of sadeattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of hahanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of haskulleshouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of hahato haveha · verb, active, infinitiveclause modifying fäbodjäntanhalsdukenscarfhalsduk · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of ha »Bärnhard has only told us of something that happened to someone else, but Klement has himself been through a real story, and I think that counts for more,» she said.
BärnhardBärnhardbärnhard · proper noun, nominativesubject of berättatharhasha · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of berättatbarajustbara · adverbmodifies berättatberättattoldberätta · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentencesådantsuch a thingsån · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of berättatsomthatsom · pronounsubject of häntThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
harhasha · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of hänthänthappenedhända · verb, active, supinerelative clause on sådantenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of annanannanotherannan · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of häntmenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationKlementKlementKlement · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralsubject of varitmistagged as a common noun; this is the proper name of a character (a keeper at Skansen).
harhasha · verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of varitsjälvhimselfsjälv · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies harvaritbeenvara · verb, active, supinecoordinated with häntmedwithmed · prepositiondepends on varitomifom · subordinating conjunctionpreposition marking sagaenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of sagariktigrealriktig · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies sagasagatalesaga · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of varitochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of tyckertyckerthinktycka · verb, present, indicative, activecoordinated with berättatjagIjag · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of tyckerärisvara · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activecopula linking to förmerförmercounts for moreförma · verb, present, indicative, activeclausal complement of tyckersadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with tyckerhonshehon · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sade- 74
Everyone agreed to this.
Dettathisdenna · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of höllohölloagreedhöllo · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceallaallall · pronoun, pluraldirect object of höllomedwithmed · prepositiondepends on hölloomtoom · prepositionpreposition marking höllo They looked at Klement with quite different eyes than before, now that they had heard that he had spoken with the king, and the little fiddler was afraid to show how proud he felt.
Detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of sågosågosawsågo · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencemistagged as present tense; this is the archaic plural past tense of se 'to see' (they saw).
påatpå · prepositionpreposition marking KlementKlementKlementKlement · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraloblique complement of sågomistagged as a common noun; this is the proper name of a character (a keeper at Skansen).
medwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking ögonheltquitehelt · adverbmodifies andraandraotherannan · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies ögonögoneyesögon · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraladverbial clause on sågoänthanän · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of förutförutbeforeförut · adverbclause modifying ögonsedansincesedan · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of höradetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of hörahadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of hörafåttheardfå · auxiliary verb, active, supineauxiliary of höra"hade alltid fått lära sig" is the causative-passive få + infinitive construction ("had always been taught"), a distinct sense from the permissive "gotten to" readings in the other examples.
hörato hearhöra · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on sågoattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of talathanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of talathadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of talattalattalkedtala · verb, active, supineclausal complement of sågomedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking kungenkungenkingkung · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of talatochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of lillelillelittlelille · adjective, nominative, masculine, singularmodifies spelmannenspelmannenfiddlerspelmann · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of räddvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to räddräddafraidrädd · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with talatatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of visainfinitive marker before a verb.
visato showvisa · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on räddhurhowhur · adverbmodifies stoltstoltproudstolt · adjective, nominative, common gender, singulardepends on kändehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of kändekändefeltkände · verb, past, indicative, activeclausal complement of visasighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of kändeBut right in the middle of this great happiness it happened that someone asked him what he had done with the gnome.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationmittmymitt · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of händeuppeup highuppe · adverbmodifies händeiini · prepositionpreposition marking lyckandennathisdenna · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of lyckanstorabigstor · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies lyckanweak/definite form (stora), used with a singular definite noun, e.g. den stora länstolen.
lyckanhappinesslycka · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of händehändehappenedhäna · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularhead of the phrasedetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with händeattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of frågadenågonsomeonenågon · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of frågadefrågadeaskedfråga · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on händehonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of frågadevarwasvara · determiner, common gender, singulardirect object of gjortmistagged as a determiner; the surface 'var' here is the past tense of vara 'to be'.
hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of gjorthadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of gjortgjortdonegöra · verb, active, supineadverbial clause on frågadeavwithav · prepositionpreposition marking pysslingenpysslingengnomepyssling · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of gjortA synonym for tomte, the household gnome; sometimes left untranslated as 'pyssling.'
- 75
»I didn't get around to setting out a blue bowl for him myself,» said Klement.
JagIjag · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hannhannhad time tohann · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceFrom hinna, 'to have time' for something before it's too late.
intenotinte · particlemodifies hannsjälvmyselfsjälv · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies hannsättato set/putsätta · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of hannutoutut · adverbdepends on sättaenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of skålblåblueblå · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies skålskålbowlskål · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of sättatillfortill · prepositionpreposition marking honomhonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularoblique complement of sättasadesaidsade · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with hannKlementKlementKlement · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralsubject of sademistagged as a common noun; this is the proper name of a character (a keeper at Skansen).
»But I asked the old Lapp fellow to do it.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationjagIjag · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of badbadaskedbe · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencelappgubbenold Lapp manlappgubb · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of badDated period ethnonym for a Sámi man, kept as historical vocabulary.
göradogöra · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of baddetitden · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of göraWhat's become of him since, I don't know.»
Varwhatvar · adverbintroduces the clause of blivithanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of blivitsedanthensedan · adverbmodifies blivitharhasha · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of blivitblivitbecomebli · verb, active, supineadverbial clause on vetavofav · prepositiondepends on blivitdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of vetvetknowsveta · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencejagIjag · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of vetintenotinte · particlemodifies vet- 76
Scarcely had Klement said this before a little pinecone came flying and struck him on the nose.
Knappasthardlyknappast · adverbmodifies sagthadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of sagtKlementKlementKlement · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralsubject of sagtmistagged as a common noun; this is the proper name of a character (a keeper at Skansen).
sagtsaidsäga · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentencedettathisdenna · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of sagtförränbeforeförrän · adverbmodifies tallkotteused with a preceding negative to mean 'no sooner than'.
enaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of tallkottelitensmallliten · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies tallkottetallkottepineconetallkotte · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of komkomcamekomma · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to sagtfaranderushing alongfarande · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of kompresent participle of fara (to travel), used adjectivally: 'came rushing/flying along.'
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationslogstruckslå · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with komLight verb whose sense shifts with its particle (slog upp/ihop/omkull/sig ner).
honomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of slogpåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking näsannäsannosenäsa · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of slog It did not come from the trees, and none of the people had thrown it.
Denitden · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of komkomcamekomma · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceintenotinte · particlemodifies komfrånfromfrån · prepositionpreposition marking trädenträdentreeträd · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of komträd is an invariant noun (same form singular and plural); the definite plural träden means "the trees."
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationingenno oneingen · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of kastatavofav · prepositionpreposition marking människornamänniskornapeoplemänniska · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralmodifies ingenhadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of kastatkastatthrownkasta · verb, active, supinecoordinated with komdenitden · pronoun, common gender, singulardirect object of kastatIt was quite impossible to make out where it had come from.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with omöjligtvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to omöjligtalldelesquitealldeles · adverbmodifies omöjligtomöjligtimpossibleomöjlig · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularhead of the phraseatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of begripainfinitive marker before a verb.
begripaunderstandbegripa · verb, active, infinitivedepends on omöjligtvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to komdenitden · pronoun, common gender, singularsubject of komkomcamekomma · verb, past, indicative, activeclausal complement of begripaifrånfromifrån · prepositiondepends on kom- 77
»Ow, ow, Klement!» said the summer-farm girl.
AjowAj · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralhead of the phraseajowaj · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with AjKlementKlementKlement · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralcoordinated with Ajmistagged as a common noun; this is the proper name of a character (a keeper at Skansen).
sadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activeparallel clause to Ajfäbodjäntanthe summer-farm girlfäbodjäntan · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraldirect object of sade »It looks as if the little folk are listening to what we're saying.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of serserseesse · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceutlookut · adverbdepends on sersomas ifsom · pronounsubject of höraThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
omifom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of hörasmåfolketthe little folksmåfolk · noun, nominative, neuter, singularsubject of höraskullewereskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of hörahörato hearhöra · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on serpåtopå · prepositionintroduces the clause of talarvadwhatvad · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of talarviwevi · pronoun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of talartalartalkstala · verb, present, indicative, activeadverbial clause on höraomaboutom · prepositiondepends on talarYou really shouldn't have left it to someone else to set out the blue bowl.»
Niyouni · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of lämnatsecond-person plural/formal pronoun, tagged singular by the parser.
bordeought toböra · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of lämnatBare borde is simple past modal ("ought to"/"should"); the perfect sense ("ought to have") only appears when borde is followed by ha + supine in the sentence, as in three of the four examples — the fourth ("borde släppa taget") has no ha and translates as plain "ought to."
nogreallynog · adverbmodifies lämnatintenotinte · particlemodifies lämnathahaveha · auxiliary verb, active, infinitiveauxiliary of lämnatlämnatleftlämna · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentenceåttoåt · prepositionpreposition marking annannågonsomeonenågon · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of annanannanotherannan · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of lämnatatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of sättainfinitive marker before a verb.
sättato set/putsätta · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on lämnatutoutut · adverbdepends on sättadenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of skålenblåablueblå · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies skålenskålenthe bowlskål · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraldirect object of sätta
The particulars
- The text
- Nils Holgerssons underbara resa genom Sverige, Selma Lagerlöf. The Wonderful Adventures of Nils.
- Translation
- Public-domain Swedish (Lagerlöf, d. 1940; published 1906–07). English translation © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC.
- Words
- Every word of the text, by letter.
- Data
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