Swedish · The Wonderful Adventures of Nils
Avsked från vildgässen
Farewell to the Wild Geese
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- 1
The boy got up before daybreak the next morning and walked down toward the coast.
Pojkenthe boypojken · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of stegstegrosestiga · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceuppupupp · adverbdepends on stegförebeforeföre · prepositionpreposition marking dagerdagerdaylightdager · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of stegnästanextnästa · adjective, nominativemodifies morgonmorgonmorningmorgon · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of stegochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationvandradewanderedvandra · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with stegneråtdownwardneråt · adverbmodifies kustenkustencoastkust · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of vandrade He stood on the shore a little way east of Smyge fishing village, before it was yet fully light.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of stodstodstoodstå · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencepåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking strandenstrandenshorestrand · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of stodettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of styckestyckepiecestycke · noun, nominative, neuter, singularsubject of stodöstereastöster · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies stodomofom · prepositionpreposition marking fiskelägeSmygeSmygeSmyge · proper noun, genitivepossessor of fiskelägefiskelägefishing villagefiskeläge · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of stodinnanbeforeinnan · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of ljustdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of ljustännuyetännu · adverbmodifies ljustvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to ljustriktigttrulyriktig · adverbmodifies ljustljustlightljust · adjective, nominativeadverbial clause on stodHe was entirely alone.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of ensamvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to ensamalldelesquitealldeles · adverbmodifies ensamensamaloneensam · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phraseHe had been inside the coop with Mårten Goosey-Gander and tried to wake him.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of varithadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of varitvaritbeenvara · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentenceinneinsideinne · adverbmodifies varitiinsidei · prepositionpreposition marking kättenkättenpenkätt · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of varithoswithhos · prepositionpreposition marking MårtenMårtenMortenMårten · proper noun, nominativepossessor of gåskarlthe studio translation renders this name as 'Morten'.
gåskarlgandergåskarl · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of varitochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationförsökttriedförsöka · verb, active, supinecoordinated with varitatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of väckainfinitive marker before a verb.
väckato wakeväcka · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on försökthonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of väckaBut the big white gander had not been willing to leave home.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of vitestorebigstore · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies viteWeak-declension form of 'stor'.
vitewhite onevite · adjective, nominative, pluralsubject of velatDefinite adjective used as a noun, 'the white one', referring to the gander.
hadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of velatintenotinte · particlemodifies velatvelatwantedvela · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentencelemma should be vilja 'to want'; velat is its supine form.
geto givege · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of velatsighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of geavawayav · prepositionpreposition marking hemifrånhemifrånfrom homehemifrån · adverbmodifies geHe had not said a word, only tucked his head under his wing and gone back to sleep.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sagthadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of sagtintenotinte · particlemodifies sagtsagtsaidsäga · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentenceettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of ordordwordord · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of sagtbarajustbara · adverbmodifies stuckitstuckittuckedstuckia · verb, active, supinecoordinated with sagtininin · adverbdepends on stuckithuvudetheadhuvud · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of stuckitunderunderunder · prepositionpreposition marking vingenvingenwingving · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of stuckitochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsomnatfallen asleepsomna · verb, active, supinecoordinated with stuckitombackom · prepositiondepends on somnat- 2
It looked as though it would be a lovely, clear day.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of sågsågsawsåg · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencepast tense of se, 'to see.'
utlookut · adverbdepends on sågatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of bliinfinitive marker before a verb.
blibecomebli · verb, active, infinitivedepends on sågenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of daghärliglovelyhärlig · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies dagochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationklarclearklar · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with härligdagdaydag · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of bli The weather was almost as fine as on that spring day when the wild geese had come over to Skåne.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with vädervarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to vädernästanalmostnästan · adverbmodifies likalikaequallylika · adverbmodifies vackertsåasså · adverbmodifies vackertvackertbeautifulvacker · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies väderväderweatherväder · noun, nominative, neuter, singularhead of the phrasesomassom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of vårdagendenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of vårdagenvårdagenspring dayvårdag · noun, nominative, common gender, singularclause modifying väderdåwhendå · subordinating conjunctionmodifies kommitvildgässenthe wild geesevildgässe · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of kommitattested only in the plural surface vildgässen; the collective noun for the wild-goose flock.
hadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of kommitkommitcomekomma · verb, active, supinerelative clause on vårdagenöveroveröver · prepositiondepends on kommittilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking SkåneSkåneSkåneSkåne · proper noun, nominativeoblique complement of kommitThe sea spread out calm and unmoving.
HavetseaHav · noun, nominative, neuter, singularsubject of breddebreddespread outbreddema · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceutoutut · adverbdepends on breddesigitselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of breddelugntcalmlylugnd · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularcomplement of breddeused adverbially, 'calm/quiet'.
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationorörligtunmovingorörlig · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with lugntThe air was still, and the boy thought about what a fine crossing the wild geese would have.
Luftenairluft · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of tänktevarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activemodifies Lufteniini · prepositionpreposition marking stillhetstillhetstillnessstillhet · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of varochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationpojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of tänktetänktethoughttänka · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencepåaboutpå · prepositionpreposition marking överresavilkenwhichvilken · pronoun, common gender, singulardeterminer of överresagodgoodgod · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies överresaöverresacrossingöverresa · noun, nominative, common gender, singularadverbial clause on tänktevildgässenthe wild geesevildgässe · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of fåattested only in the plural surface vildgässen; the collective noun for the wild-goose flock.
skullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of fåfåhavefå · verb, active, infinitiveparallel clause to tänkte- 3
He himself was still in a kind of daze.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of yrselsjälvhimselfsjälv · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularclause modifying Hanvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to yrselännustillännu · adverbmodifies yrseliini · prepositionpreposition marking yrselettaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of slagsslagskind ofslag · noun, genitive, neuter, singularpossessor of yrselGenitive 'slags' used in the fixed phrase 'ett slags'/'vad för slags' = 'a kind of'/'what kind of'.
yrseldizzinessyrsel · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phrase One moment he thought of himself as a brownie, the next as a human being.
Änone momentän · adverbmodifies tänktetänktethoughttänka · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of tänktesighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of tänktesomassom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of tomtetomtebrownietomte · adjective, nominativecomplement of tänkteochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationänthe nextän · adverbintroduces the clause of människasomassom · conjunctionpart of the phrase änmänniskahuman beingmänniska · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with tomteWhen he saw a stone wall along the road, he was afraid to go on before he had convinced himself that no beast of prey lay lurking behind it.
Närwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of såghanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sågsågsawsåg · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on räddpast tense of se, 'to see.'
enaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of stengärdsgårdstengärdsgårdstone wallstengärdsgård · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of sågutmedalongutmed · prepositionpreposition marking vägenvägenwayväg · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies stengärdsgårdvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to räddhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of räddräddafraidrädd · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phraseatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of gåinfinitive marker before a verb.
gågogå · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on räddvidarefurthervidare · adverbmodifies gåinnanbeforeinnan · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of hadehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hadehadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of övertygatövertygatconvincedövertyga · verb, active, supineadverbial clause on gåsighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of övertygatomthatom · prepositionintroduces the clause of lågattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of lågdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with lågintenotinte · particlemodifies låglåglaylåg · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on övertygatnågotanynågon · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of rovdjurrovdjurpredatorrovdjur · noun, nominative, neuter, singularsubject of lågochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationluradelay in waitlura · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with lågbakombehindbakom · prepositionpreposition marking dendenitden · pronoun, common gender, singularoblique complement of luradeAnd right after, he laughed at himself and rejoiced that he was tall and big and strong and did not need to be afraid of anything.
Ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationstraxrightstrax · adverbmodifies skrattadedärpåthen/after thatdärpå · adverbmodifies skrattadeskrattadelaughedskratta · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of skrattadeåtatåt · prepositionpreposition marking sigsighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativeoblique complement of skrattadesjälvhimselfsjälv · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularclause modifying sigochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationgladderejoicedgla · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with skrattadereflexive 'gladde sig' = rejoiced/delighted.
sighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of gladdeåtaboutåt · prepositionintroduces the clause of långattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of långhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of långvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to långlångtalllång · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularadverbial clause on gladdeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationstorbigstor · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with långochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationstarkstrongstark · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with långochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationintenotinte · particlemodifies räddbehövdeneeded tobehöva · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of räddvarabevara · auxiliary verb, active, infinitivecopula linking to räddräddafraidrädd · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with långförofför · prepositionpreposition marking någontingnågontinganythingnågonting · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of rädd- 4
When he reached the coast, he placed himself, tall as he was, right at the edge of the shore, so that the wild geese would see him.
Närwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of komhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of komkomcamekomma · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on ställdetilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking kustenkustencoastkust · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of komställdeplaced himselfställa · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of ställdesighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of ställdesåasså · adverbmodifies storstorbigstor · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with ställdehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of storvarwasvara · verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to storytterstat the very edgeytterst · adverbmodifies storpåatpå · prepositionpreposition marking strandbräddenstrandbräddenriverbankstrandbrädd · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of ytterstförso thatför · prepositionintroduces the clause of seattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of sevildgässenthe wild geesevildgässe · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of seattested only in the plural surface vildgässen; the collective noun for the wild-goose flock.
skullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of seseseese · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on storhonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of se It was a great day of migration.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of flyttningsdagvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to flyttningsdagenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of flyttningsdagstorbigstor · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies flyttningsdagflyttningsdagday of migrationflyttningsdag · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phraseCalling notes sounded ceaselessly down from the air.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with ljödljödrang outljöd · adjective, nominative, singularhead of the phraseMislabeled as an adjective; ljöd is the past tense of ljuda ("to sound/ring out"), identical to the verb entry of the same spelling.
oupphörligtceaselesslyoupphörlig · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies locktonerlocktonercalling noteslockton · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of ljöduppifrånfrom aboveuppifrån · prepositionpreposition marking luftenluftenairluft · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of ljödHe smiled to himself, thinking that no one but him knew what it was the birds were calling to one another.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phrasesmålogsmiledsmålog · noun, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies Hanförtoför · prepositionpreposition marking sigsighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativeoblique complement of Hansjälvhimselfsjälv · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularclause modifying signärwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of tänktehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of tänktetänktethoughttänka · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on ropadepåofpå · prepositionintroduces the clause of hadeattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of hadeingenno oneingen · pronoun, common gender, singulardeterminer of hadesåsombutsåsom · pronounoblique complement of hadehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hadehadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on tänkteredafind outreda · adverbdepends on hadepart of the fixed expression leta/taga/söka reda på, 'find out'; all four attested examples mean find/know, not organize/sort.
påaboutpå · prepositionintroduces the clause of varvadwhatvad · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of vardetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of varvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on tänktefåglarnathe birdsfåglarna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of ropaderopadecalled outropa · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencetilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking varandravarandraeach othervarandra · pronoun, accusative, pluraloblique complement of ropade- 5
Now wild geese too came flying.
Nunownu · adverbmodifies kommokommocamekommo · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencekommo is the archaic plural past tense of komma 'to come', not an infinitive despite the tag.
ocksåalsoockså · adverbmodifies kommovildgässwild geesevildgäss · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraldirect object of kommoflygandeflyingflyga · adjective, nominativecomplement of kommo One great flock followed another.
Denaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of flockenenaoneena · adjective, nominativemodifies flockenstorabigstor · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies flockenweak/definite form (stora), used with a singular definite noun, e.g. den stora länstolen.
flockenflockflock · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of följdeföljdefollowedfölja · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedenaen · determiner, common gender, singularsubject of följdeandraotherannan · adjective, nominative, singularcomplement of följde"If only it isn't my own geese, flying off without saying goodbye to me!" he thought.
Barajustbara · adverbmodifies gässdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with gässintenotinte · particlemodifies gässärisvara · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activecopula linking to gässminamyjag · pronoun, pluralpossessor of gässThis entry is really the possessive "mina" (plural agreement), mistagged under the lemma jag.
gässgeesegäss · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralhead of the phrasesomwhichsom · pronounsubject of farThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
fartravels/fliesfara · verb, present, indicative, activerelative clause on gässVildgässen far = the wild geese fly/travel; used generically for travel by any means.
bortawaybort · adverbdepends on farutanwithoututan · prepositionintroduces the clause of sägaatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of sägainfinitive marker before a verb.
sägato saysäga · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on farfarvälfarewellfarväl · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of sägatilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking migmigmejag · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularoblique complement of sägatänktethoughttänka · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of tänkteHe very much wanted to tell them how everything had come about, and show them that he was human again.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of talavillewanted tovilja · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of talabravery muchbra · adverbmodifies talagärnavery muchgärna · adverbpart of the phrase braType lumps together gärna (gladly) and its suppletive superlative helst (rather/most).
talato speaktala · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentenceomtellom · prepositiondepends on talaförtoför · prepositionpreposition marking demdemthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluraloblique complement of talahurhowhur · adverbmodifies gåttallteverythingall · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of gåtthadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of gåttgåttcome aboutgå · verb, active, supineadverbial clause on talatillabouttill · prepositiondepends on gåttochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationvisato showvisa · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with gåttdemthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluraldirect object of visaattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of människahanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of människavarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to människamänniskahuman beingmänniska · noun, nominative, common gender, singularclausal complement of gåttigenagainigen · adverbmodifies människa- 6
A flock came that flew faster and cried louder than the rest, and something told him this must be the one.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with komkomcamekomma · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of flockflockflockflock · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of komsomthatsom · pronounsubject of flögThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
flögflewflög · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on flockraskarefasterraskare · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of flögochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationskrekcriedskrek · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with raskareljudligarelouderljudligare · adjective, nominative, comparativedirect object of flögänthanän · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of andradetheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of andraSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
andraothersannan · pronoun, pluralclause modifying ljudligareochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with någotvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to någotnågotsomethingnågon · pronoun, neuter, singularcoordinated with komsomthatsom · pronounsubject of sadeThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
sadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activedepends on någothonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of sadeattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of varadennathisdenna · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of flockenflockenflockflock · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of varamåstemustmåste · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of varadetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of varavarabevara · verb, active, infinitivedepends on något But he could not recognize it as surely as he would have done the day before.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of kännakundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of kännaintenotinte · particlemodifies kännakännato feelkänna · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentenceigenagainigen · adverbdepends on kännadenitden · pronoun, common gender, singulardirect object of kännasåasså · adverbmodifies säkertsäkertsurelysäker · adverbmodifies kännasomassom · pronoundirect object of gjortThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of gjortskullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of gjorthahaveha · auxiliary verb, active, infinitiveauxiliary of gjortgjortdonegöra · verb, active, supineadverbial clause on kännadagendaydag · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of gjortförutbeforeförut · adverbmodifies gjort- 7
The flock slowed its speed and flew back and forth along the coast.
Flockenthe flockFlock · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phrasesaktadeslowedsakta · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies fartenfartenspeedfart · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with Flockenochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationforflewfor · prepositionpreposition marking framPast tense of fara (to travel/fly, here of tomte-Nils and geese in flight); mistagged as a preposition. Translation renders it "flew"/"passing over" far more often than "traveled".
framforwardfram · adverbcoordinated with fartenochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationtillbakabacktillbaka · adverbcoordinated with framlängsalonglängs · adverbdepends on frammedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking kustenkustencoastkust · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of fram Then the boy understood that it was the right one.
Dåthendå · adverbmodifies begrepbegrepunderstoodbegrep · adjective, nominativemodifies pojkenpojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phraseattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of rättadetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of rättavarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to rättadenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of rättarättarighträtt · adjective, nominative, singularclause modifying pojkenHe simply could not understand why the wild geese did not land beside him.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of förståkundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of förståbarajustbara · adverbmodifies förståintenotinte · particlemodifies förståförståunderstandförstå · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencevarförwhyvarför · adverbmodifies slogovildgässenthe wild geesevildgässe · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of slogoattested only in the plural surface vildgässen; the collective noun for the wild-goose flock.
intenotinte · particlemodifies slogoslogolandslogoa · verb, present, indicative, activeclausal complement of förståPast plural of slå ('to strike/land'); lemma mislabeled 'slogoa'.
nerdownner · adverbdepends on slogobredvidbesidebredvid · prepositionpreposition marking honomhonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularoblique complement of slogoSurely it was impossible that they would not see him, standing there as he was.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with omöjligtvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to omöjligtdåsurelydå · adverbmodifies omöjligtomöjligtimpossibleomöjlig · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularhead of the phraseattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of sedetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of seintenotinte · particlemodifies seskullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of seseseese · verb, active, infinitivedepends on omöjligthonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of sedärtheredär · adverbmodifies stodhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of stodstodstoodstå · verb, past, indicative, activerelative clause on honom- 8
He tried to give a calling note that would bring them down to him.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of söktesöktetriedsöka · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceuppgeto giveuppge · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of sökteenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of locktonlocktoncalling notelockton · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of uppgesomthatsom · pronounsubject of kallaThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
skullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of kallakallacoldkalla · verb, active, infinitiverelative clause on locktonMislemmatized: both examples ('det kalla nattkvarteret', 'i den kalla marsnatten') show the definite/inflected adjective 'kall' ('cold'), not the verb kalla ('to call'). Gloss corrected to match the attested adjective use.
nerdownner · adverbdepends on kallademthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluraldirect object of kallatilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking honomhonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularoblique complement of kalla But imagine — his tongue would not obey!
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationtänkthink!tänka · verb, imperative, activemain verb of the sentenceattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of villetungantonguetunga · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of villevillewanted tovilja · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeclausal complement of tänkintenotinte · particlemodifies villeHe could not produce the right sound.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of fåkundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of fåintenotinte · particlemodifies fåfåproducefå · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentenceframforwardfram · adverbdepends on fådetaen · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of ljudeträttarighträtt · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies ljudetljudetsoundljud · noun, nominative, neuter, singulardirect object of få- 9
He heard Akka calling up in the air, but he did not understand what she said.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hördehördeheardhörde · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceAkkaAkkaAkka · noundirect object of hördeProper name of the lead wild goose.
ropato call outropa · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of hördeuppeup highuppe · adverbmodifies ropaiini · prepositionpreposition marking luftenluftenairluft · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of uppemenbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of förstodförstodunderstoodförstod · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with hördeintenotinte · particlemodifies förstodvadwhatvad · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of sadehonshehon · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sadesadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activeclausal complement of förstod "What is this?
Vadwhatvad · pronoun, neuter, singularhead of the phraseärisvara · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activecopula linking to Vaddettathisdenna · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of VadHave the wild geese changed their language?" he wondered.
Harhasha · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of byttvildgässenthe wild geesevildgässe · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of byttattested only in the plural surface vildgässen; the collective noun for the wild-goose flock.
byttchangedbyta · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentenceomchangeom · prepositionpreposition marking språkspråklanguagespråk · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of byttundradewonderedundra · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of undrade- 10
He waved to them with his cap, and he ran along the shore and called, "Here I am, where are you?"
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of vinkadevinkadewavedvinka · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceåttoåt · prepositionpreposition marking demdemthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluraloblique complement of vinkademedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking luvasinhissig · pronoun, common gender, singularpossessor of luvaluvacapluva · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of vinkadeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sprangsprangransprangma · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with vinkadeLemma is corrupted; surfaces are only "sprang" (past of springa, to run). Lemma should read springa, not sprangma.
utmedalongutmed · prepositionpreposition marking strandenstrandenshorestrand · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of sprangochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationropadecalled outropa · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with vinkadeHärherehär · adverbmodifies ärärisvara · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencejagIjag · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of ärvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activedepends on ärärisvara · verb, present, indicative, activeparallel clause to ärduyoudu · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of är - 11
It looked as though this only frightened them.
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of sågsågsawsåg · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencepast tense of se, 'to see.'
utlookut · adverbdepends on sågsomassom · pronounsubject of skrämmaThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
omas thoughom · prepositionpreposition marking dettadettathisdenna · pronoun, neuter, singularoblique complement of skrämmabarajustbara · adverbmodifies skrämmaskullewouldskola · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of skrämmaskrämmato frightenskrämma · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on sågdemthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluraldirect object of skrämma They rose higher and flew out over the sea.
Detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of höjdehöjderaisedhöja · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencesigthemselvessig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of höjdeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationforowentforo · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with sigMistagged as a noun; foro is the plural past tense of fara ("went/traveled").
utåtout overutåt · adverbmodifies havethavetseahav · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of höjdeThen at last he understood!
Dåthendå · adverbmodifies förstodförstodunderstoodförstod · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of förstodäntligenfinallyäntligen · adverbmodifies förstodThey did not know that he was a human being.
Detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of visstevissteknewvisste · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceintenotinte · particlemodifies vissteattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of människahanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of människavarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to människaenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of människamänniskahuman beingmänniska · noun, nominative, common gender, singularclausal complement of vissteThey did not recognize him.
Detheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of kändekänderecognizedkän · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencePast tense 'kände' of känna, here in the sense 'recognized'; same surface as käna but a distinct sense of the polysemous verb.
intenotinte · particlemodifies kändeigenagainigen · adverbdepends on kändehonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of kände- 12
And he could not call them to him, because a human being cannot speak the birds' language.
Ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of kallakundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of kallaintenotinte · particlemodifies kallakallacoldkalla · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentenceMislemmatized: both examples ('det kalla nattkvarteret', 'i den kalla marsnatten') show the definite/inflected adjective 'kall' ('cold'), not the verb kalla ('to call'). Gloss corrected to match the attested adjective use.
demthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluraldirect object of kallatilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking sigsighimsig · pronoun, accusativeoblique complement of kalladärförbecausedärför · adverbintroduces the clause of talaattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionpart of the phrase därförenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of människamänniskahuman beingmänniska · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of talaintenotinte · particlemodifies talakancankunna · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activeauxiliary of talatalato speaktala · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on kallafåglarnasthe birds'fåglarnas · noun, genitive, common gender, pluralpossessor of språkspråklanguagesspråk · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraldirect object of tala He could not speak it, and neither could he understand it.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of talakundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of talaintenotinte · particlemodifies talatalato speaktala · verb, active, infinitivemain verb of the sentencedetitden · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of talaochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationintenotinte · particlemodifies hellerhellereitherheller · adverbmodifies förståkundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of förståhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of förståförståunderstandförstå · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with taladetitden · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of förstå- 13
Although the boy was so glad to be released from the spell, he found it bitter that he had in this way been parted from his good comrades.
Fastänalthoughfastän · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of gladpojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of gladvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to gladsåsoså · adverbmodifies gladgladgladglad · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phraseåttoåt · prepositionintroduces the clause of löstatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of löstinfinitive marker before a verb.
varabevara · auxiliary verb, active, infinitivecopula linking to löstlöstreleasedlösa · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularadverbial clause on gladMistagged as an adjective; 'löst' is the past participle of 'lösa' (to release, free).
urout ofur · prepositionpreposition marking förtrollningenförtrollningenenchantmentförtrollning · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of lösttycktethoughttycka · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with gladhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of tyckteattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of bittertdetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularexpletive with bittertvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to bittertbittertbitterbittert · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularclausal complement of tyckteattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of blifvithanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of blifvitpåinpå · prepositionpreposition marking sättetdettathisdenna · determiner, neuter, singulardeterminer of sättetsättetwaysätt · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of blifvithadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of blifvitblifvitbeenblif · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralclause modifying bittertskildseparatedskild · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularcomplement of blifvitfrånfromfrån · prepositionpreposition marking kamratersinahissig · pronoun, pluralpossessor of kamratergodagoodgod · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies kamraterkamratercompanionskamrat · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of skild He sat down in the sand and put his hands over his face.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sattesattesat downsatte · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencepast tense of sätta; here reflexive satte sig 'sat down'.
sighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of sattenerdownner · adverbmodifies satteiini · prepositionpreposition marking sandensandensandsand · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of nerochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationslogputslå · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with satteLight verb whose sense shifts with its particle (slog upp/ihop/omkull/sig ner).
händernathe handshänderna · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of slogföroverför · prepositionpreposition marking ansiktetansiktetthe faceansikt · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of slogWhat use was there in watching after them any longer?
Vadwhatvad · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of tjänadetjänadewas usefultjäna · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencedetitden · pronoun, neuter, singularsubject of tjänademerany longermycket · adverbmodifies tjänadetillfortill · prepositionintroduces the clause of seatttoatt · particleintroduces the clause of seinfinitive marker before a verb.
seseese · verb, active, infinitiveadverbial clause on tjänadeefterafterefter · prepositionpreposition marking demdemthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluraloblique complement of se- 14
But right after, he heard the rush of wings.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationstraxrightstrax · adverbmodifies hördedärpåthen/after thatdärpå · adverbmodifies hördehördeheardhöra · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of hördebrusrushbrus · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of hördeavofav · prepositionpreposition marking vingarvingarwingsving · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralmodifies brus Old Mother Akka had found it hard to leave Thumbietot, and she had turned back once more.
Denaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of morgamlaoldgammal · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies mormormothermor · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies AkkaAkkaAkkaAkka · proper noun, nominativesubject of käntproper name of the lead wild goose; keep untranslated.
hadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of käntkäntfoundkänd · verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentencedetitden · pronoun, neuter, singulardeterminer of tungttungtheavytung · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularcomplement of käntattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of väntfaragofara · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of väntsome listed surfaces (fara, far) are actually forms of the unrelated verb fara 'to travel/go'; gloss the noun sense danger for the noun-tagged type.
frånfromfrån · prepositionpreposition marking TummetottTummetottThumbietotTummetott · proper noun, nominativemodifies farathe boy's nickname after being shrunk; kept as the studio translation's rendering.
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhonshehon · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of vänthadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of väntväntturnedvända · verb, active, supineadverbial clause on känttillbakabacktillbaka · adverbdepends on väntänthanän · subordinating conjunctionpreposition marking gångenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of gånggångoncegång · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of väntAnd now, since the boy sat still, she dared to fly closer to him.
Ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationnunownu · adverbintroduces the clause of sattdåsincedå · subordinating conjunctionmodifies sattpojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of sattsattsatsitta · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on vågadestillastillstilla · adverbdepends on sattvågadedaredvåga · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehonshehon · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of vågadeattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of farafarafly closerfara · verb, active, infinitiveclausal complement of vågadehonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of faranärmareclosernära · adverbmodifies faraType lumps the positive, comparative, and superlative forms of nära.
Suddenly something must have opened her eyes to who he was.
PlötsligtsuddenlyPlötsligt · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularsubject of hadehadehadha · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencevälmustväl · adverbmodifies hadenågotsomethingnågon · determiner, neuter, singularmodifies öppnatöppnatopenedöppna · adjective, nominative, neuter, singularmodifies hadehennesherhon · pronounpossessor of ögonpossessive form hennes of the pronoun hon.
ögoneyesögon · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of hadeförtoför · prepositionpreposition marking vemvemwhovem · pronoun, common gender, singulardirect object of varhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of varvarwasvara · verb, past, indicative, activemodifies hadeShe landed on the point close beside him.
Honshehon · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of slogsloglandedslå · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceLight verb whose sense shifts with its particle (slog upp/ihop/omkull/sig ner).
nerdownner · adverbdepends on slogpåonpå · prepositionpreposition marking uddenuddenpoint (of land)udd · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of slogtättclosetätt · adverbmodifies slogbredvidbesidebredvid · prepositionpreposition marking honomhonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularoblique complement of slog- 15
The boy cried out with joy and took old Akka in his arms.
Pojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of ropaderopadecalled outropa · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencetillouttill · prepositiondepends on ropadeavwithav · prepositionpreposition marking glädjeglädjejoyglädje · noun, nominative, common gender, singularagent of ropadeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationtogtookta · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with ropadedenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of Akkagamlaoldgammal · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies AkkaAkkaAkkaAkka · proper noun, nominativedirect object of togproper name of the lead wild goose; keep untranslated.
iini · prepositionpreposition marking famnsinhissig · pronoun, common gender, singularpossessor of famnfamnarmsfamn · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of tog The other wild geese rubbed their bills against him and crowded around him.
Detheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of vildgässenSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
andraotherannan · adjective, nominativemodifies vildgässenvildgässenthe wild geesevildgässe · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of strökoattested only in the plural surface vildgässen; the collective noun for the wild-goose flock.
strökorubbedströko · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencePast-plural of the verb 'stryka' (to sweep/run/rub); mistagged as present tense.
näbbarnabeaksnäbbare · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of strökomotagainstmot · prepositionpreposition marking honomhonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularoblique complement of strökoochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationträngdescrowdedträng · verb, past, indicative, passivecoordinated with strökoomkringaroundomkring · prepositionpreposition marking honomhonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularoblique complement of trängdesThey cackled and chattered and wished him all their heartfelt congratulations, and he too spoke to them and thanked them for the wonderful journey he had been allowed to make in their company.
Detheyen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of kackladeSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
kackladecackledkackla · adjective, nominative, pluralhead of the phraseochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationpratadetalkedprata · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with kackladeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationsadesaidsäga · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with kackladehonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of sadeallallall · determiner, common gender, singulardepends on sadesintheirsig · pronoun, common gender, singularpossessor of lyckönskanhjärtligaheartfelthjärtlig · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies lyckönskanlyckönskancongratulationslyckönska · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of sadeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of taladetaladespoketala · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with kackladeocksåalsoockså · adverbmodifies taladetilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking demdemthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluraloblique complement of taladeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationtackadethankedtacka · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with taladedemthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluraldirect object of tackadeförforför · prepositionpreposition marking resandenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of resanunderbarawonderfulunderbar · adjective, nominative, singularmodifies resanresanjourneyresa · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of tackadesomthatsom · pronoundirect object of göraThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of görahadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of görafåttbeen allowedfå · auxiliary verb, active, supineauxiliary of göra"hade alltid fått lära sig" is the causative-passive få + infinitive construction ("had always been taught"), a distinct sense from the permissive "gotten to" readings in the other examples.
göramakegöra · verb, active, infinitivecomplement of tackadeiini · prepositionpreposition marking sällskapderastheirde · pronounpossessor of sällskappossessive form deras of the plural pronoun de.
sällskapcompanysällskap · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of göra- 16
But all at once the wild geese grew strangely quiet and drew away from him.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationpåat oncepå · prepositionpreposition marking gångenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of gånggångoncegång · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of blevoblevobecameblevo · auxiliary verb, active, supinemain verb of the sentenceArchaic plural past tense of 'bli' (to become).
vildgässenthe wild geesevildgässe · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of blevoattested only in the plural surface vildgässen; the collective noun for the wild-goose flock.
underligtstrangelyunderlig · adverbcomplement of blevostillastillstilla · adverbmodifies sigochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdrogodrew/set offdrogo · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with stillaArchaic plural past of dra(ga) ('drew, moved along').
sigthemselvessig · pronoun, accusativeoblique complement of blevobortawaybort · adverbmodifies blevofrånfromfrån · prepositionpreposition marking honomhonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singularoblique complement of blevo It was as if they wanted to say, "Ah, he is a human being!
Detitden · pronoun, neuter, singularhead of the phrasevarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to Detsomas ifsom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of sägaomifom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of sägadetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of sägavillewanted tovilja · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of sägasägato saysäga · verb, active, infinitivecoordinated with varAckoh/ahAck · proper noun, nominativeadverbial clause on människaInterjection 'ack', mistagged as a proper noun.
hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of människaärisvara · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, activecopula linking to människaenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of människamänniskahuman beingmänniska · noun, nominative, common gender, singularin apposition to DetHe does not understand us, we do not understand him."
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of förstårförstårunderstand(s)förstå · verb, present, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceintenotinte · particlemodifies förstårossusvi · pronoun, accusative, common gender, pluraldirect object of förstårviwevi · pronoun, nominative, common gender, pluralsubject of förstårförstårunderstand(s)förstå · verb, present, indicative, activeparallel clause to förstårintenotinte · particlemodifies förstårhonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of förstår- 17
Then the boy stood up and went over to Akka.
Dåthendå · adverbmodifies resterestestood upresa · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencesighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of restepojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singulardirect object of resteochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationgickwentgå · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with resteframforwardfram · adverbmodifies gicktilltotill · prepositionpreposition marking AkkaAkkaAkkaAkka · proper noun, nominativeoblique complement of gickproper name of the lead wild goose; keep untranslated.
He stroked and patted her.
Hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of smektesmektestrokedsmeka · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentenceochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationklappadepattedklappa · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with smektehenneherhenne · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of klappadeHe did the same with Yksi and Kaksi, Kolme and Neljä, Viisi and Kuusi, the old ones who had been along from the very beginning.
Detsammathe sameDetsamma · pronoun, neuter, singulardirect object of gjordegjordedidgöra · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of gjordemedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking YksiYksiYksiYksi · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of gjordeOne of Akka's flock, named for the Finnish word for 'one'.
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationKaksiKaksiKaksi · proper noun, nominativecoordinated with YksiName of one of the wild geese.
KolmeKolmeKolme · proper noun, nominativecoordinated with Yksiochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationNeljäNeljäNeljä · proper noun, nominativecoordinated with YksiViisiViisiViisi · proper noun, nominativecoordinated with YksiName of one of the wild geese (Finnish for "five").
ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationKuusiKuusiKuusi · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with YksiProper name of one of the goslings.
detheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of gamlaSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
gamlaoldgammal · adjective, nominative, pluralparallel clause to gjordesomwhosom · pronounsubject of varitThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
hadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of varitvaritbeenvara · verb, active, supinerelative clause on gamlamedwithmed · prepositiondepends on varitfrånfromfrån · prepositionpreposition marking börjanförstafirsten · adjective, nominativemodifies börjansurfaces are forms of första 'first', not the numeral en.
börjanbeginningbörjan · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of varit- 18
Then he walked across the shore toward land, for he knew well that the birds' sorrow never lasts long, and he wanted to part from them while they were still grieved at having lost him.
DärpåthenDärpå · adverbdirect object of gickgickwentgå · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of gicköveracrossöver · prepositionpreposition marking strandenstrandenshorestrand · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of gickmottowardmot · prepositionpreposition marking landlandlandland · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of gickförforför · prepositionintroduces the clause of visstehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of visstevissteknewvisste · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on gickjuwellju · adverbmodifies vissteattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of vararfåglarnasthe birds'fåglarnas · noun, genitive, common gender, pluralpossessor of sorgsorgsorrowsorg · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of vararaldrigneveraldrig · adverbmodifies vararvararisvara · verb, present, indicative, activeclausal complement of visstelängelonglänge · adverbmodifies vararochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of passive skiljasvillewanted tovilja · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of skiljasskiljasbe partedskilja · verb, passive, infinitivecoordinated with vararfrånfromfrån · prepositionpreposition marking demdemthemde · pronoun, accusative, pluraloblique complement of skiljasmedanwhilemedan · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of bedrövadedetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of bedrövadeännustillännu · adverbmodifies bedrövadevorowerevoro · particlepart of the phrase ännuArchaic plural preterite of vara 'to be'; mistagged as particle.
bedrövadegrievedbedröva · adjective, nominative, pluraladverbial clause on skiljasöveratöver · prepositionintroduces the clause of mistatattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of mistatdetheyde · pronoun, nominative, pluralsubject of mistathadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of mistatmistatlostmista · verb, active, supineadverbial clause on bedrövadehonomhimhan · pronoun, accusative, common gender, singulardirect object of mistat - 19
When he had climbed up over the shore bank, he turned around and watched the many flocks of birds flying out over the sea.
Närwhennär · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of kommithanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of kommithadehadha · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of kommitkommitcomekomma · verb, active, supineadverbial clause on vändeuppupupp · adverbdepends on kommitföroverför · prepositionpreposition marking strandvallenstrandvallenshore bankstrandvall · noun, nominative, common gender, singularoblique complement of kommitvändeturnedväna · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencePast tense of vända (to turn); lemma should read vända.
hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of vändesighimselfsig · pronoun, accusativedirect object of vändeomaroundom · prepositiondepends on vändeochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationbetraktadewatchedbetrakta · verb, past, indicative, activecoordinated with vändedetheen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of fågelflockarnaSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
mångamanymånga · adjective, nominative, pluralmodifies fågelflockarnafågelflockarnaflocks of birdsfågelflock · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraldirect object of vändesomthatsom · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of foroforowentforo · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcomplement of vändeMistagged as a noun; foro is the plural past tense of fara ("went/traveled").
utoutut · adverbmodifies foroöveroveröver · prepositionpreposition marking havethavetseahav · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of ut All of them cried out their calling notes; only one flock of wild geese flew on silently, for as long as he could follow it with his eyes.
Allaallall · determiner, pluraldeterminer of skrekoskrekocried outskreko · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralhead of the phraseTagged as a noun but is the past plural of skrika, 'to cry/shout' (kommo, gingo-style historical plural).
framforwardfram · adverbmodifies skrekosinatheirsig · pronoun, pluralpossessor of locktonerlocktonercalling noteslockton · noun, nominative, common gender, pluralcoordinated with skrekoendastonlyendast · adverbmodifies vildgåsflockenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of vildgåsflockvildgåsflockwild-goose flockvildgåsflock · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralcoordinated with skrekoforwentfor · adverbmodifies tystMistagged as adverb; this is the past tense of the verb 'fara', meaning 'went/traveled'.
tystquiettyst · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies framåtframåtforwardframåt · adverbmodifies vildgåsflocksåasså · adverbmodifies längelängefor as long aslänge · adverbmodifies skrekosomassom · pronoundirect object of följaThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
hanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of följakundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of följaföljato followfölja · verb, active, infinitiverelative clause on skrekodenitden · pronoun, common gender, singulardirect object of följamedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking blickarnablickarnaglancesblick · noun, nominative, common gender, pluraloblique complement of följa- 20
But their formation was even and well-ordered and their speed good, and the wingbeats were strong and powerful.
Menbutmen · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfylkingenthe formationfylking · noun, nominative, neuter, pluralsubject of jämnvarwasvara · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activecopula linking to jämnjämneven/smoothjämn · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularhead of the phraseochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationvälordnadwell-orderedvälordnad · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with jämnochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationfartenspeedfart · noun, nominative, common gender, singularcoordinated with jämngodgoodgod · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies jämnochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationvingslagenwingbeatsvingslag · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of starkavorowerevoro · adjective, nominative, singularcopula linking to starkaPast plural of vara (to be); mistagged as an adjective.
starkastrongstark · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with jämnochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationkraftigapowerfulkraftig · adjective, nominative, pluralcoordinated with starka And the boy felt such a longing after those flying away that he very nearly wished to be Thumbietot again, who could ride over land and sea with a flock of wild geese.
Ochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationpojkenboypojke · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of kändekändefeltkän · verb, past, indicative, activemain verb of the sentencePast tense 'kände' of känna, here in the sense 'recognized'; same surface as käna but a distinct sense of the polysemous verb.
enaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of längtansådansuchsån · adjective, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies längtansån is a colloquial/older form of sådan, glossed to the modern sense.
längtanlonginglängtan · noun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of kändeefterforefter · prepositionpreposition marking bortflygandedethoseen · determiner, pluraldeterminer of bortflygandeSurfaces 'de/De' are ambiguous with the plural pronoun 'de' = 'they'. Example ch01-p9-s2 ('De voro ett fattigt husmansfolk' = 'They were poor cottar folk') is genuinely the pronoun 'they', not the definite article 'the' — the single fixed gloss 'the' is wrong for that occurrence. Definite plural article ('de') used before an adjective plus noun, e.g. de stora träskorna, 'the big clogs.'
bortflygandethose flying awaybortflygande · adjective, nominativeoblique complement of kändeattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of önskadehanhehan · pronoun, nominative, common gender, singularsubject of önskadenäravery nearlynära · adverbmodifies önskadeType lumps the positive, comparative, and superlative forms of nära.
nognearlynog · adverbmodifies önskadeönskadewishedönska · verb, past, indicative, activeadverbial clause on kändeattthatatt · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of Tummetottåterigenagainåterig · noun, nominative, common gender, singularmodifies TummetottThis is the adverb återigen 'again', mistagged as a noun.
varabevara · auxiliary verb, active, infinitivecopula linking to TummetottTummetottThumbietotTummetott · proper noun, nominativeadverbial clause on kändethe boy's nickname after being shrunk; kept as the studio translation's rendering.
somwhosom · pronounsubject of ridaThree of this key's four examples ('som om far skulle...', 'för just som han stod...', 'som de är borta') are actually the conjunctive 'as'/'while' use, not the relative pronoun 'that/which' shown by 'länstolen, som blev köpt...'. The glosser's original senses list (that/who/which) omitted the dominant 'as' reading entirely.
kundecouldkunna · auxiliary verb, past, indicative, activeauxiliary of ridaridato riderida · verb, active, infinitiverelative clause on Tummetottöveroveröver · prepositionpreposition marking landlandlandland · noun, nominative, neuter, singularoblique complement of ridaochandoch · conjunctionlinks the coordinationhavseahav · noun, nominative, neuter, singularcoordinated with ridamedwithmed · prepositionpreposition marking vildgåsflockenaen · determiner, common gender, singulardeterminer of vildgåsflockvildgåsflockwild-goose flockvildgåsflock · noun, nominative, neuter, pluraloblique complement of rida
The particulars
- The text
- Nils Holgerssons underbara resa genom Sverige, Selma Lagerlöf. The Wonderful Adventures of Nils.
- Translation
- Public-domain Swedish (Lagerlöf, d. 1940; published 1906–07). English translation © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC.
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