Japanese · Lesson 22
Lesson 22
Sounds, kana, and the first conversations
Watching a language class · Dialogue 1 of 3
Inside a language class
A visitor asks, *日本語の きょうしつを 見せてください*, "Please show me a Japanese language classroom." The reply is *はい、 かしこまりました*, "Yes, certainly."
What people are doing
Listen for *しています* in *かれらは 今 かいわの れんしゅうを しています*, "They are now practicing conversation." It describes an action in progress.
The request ends in *見せてください*, "please show me."
Kanji: 今, 生, 徒, 先
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
Kanji: 間
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 1
にほんごのきょうしつをみせてください。
Please show me a Japanese language classroom.
日本Japanese語Japaneseのofきょうしつclassroomをobject見せshowてshowください。please - 2
はい、かしこまりました。
Yes, certainly.
はい、yesかしこまりcertainlyましcertainlyた。certainly - 3
このせいとたちはいまなにをしていますか。
What are these students doing now?
このthese生徒studentsたちstudentsはtopic今now何whatをobjectしare doingてare doingいare doingますare doingか。question - 4
かれらはいまかいわのれんしゅうをしています。
They are now practicing conversation.
かれtheyらtheyはtopic今nowかconversationいわconversationのofれんしゅうpracticeをobjectしare practicingてare practicingいare practicingます。are practicing - 5
せんせいはなにをしていますか。
What is the teacher doing?
先生teacherはtopic何whatをobjectしis doingてis doingいis doingますis doingか。question - 6
せいとたちのそばできいています。そして、まちがいがあると、すぐあとでなおします。
He is listening to the students. And if there are any mistakes, he corrects them immediately afterward.
生徒studentsたちstudentsのofそばnearbyでatきいis listeningてis listeningいis listeningます。is listeningそして、and間ちがいmistakeがsubjectあるexistsと、ifすぐimmediately後afterでafterなおしcorrectます。polite
TE-ending of verbs
There are three (3) classes of verbs--consonant (regular) verbs, vowel verbs (semi-regular), and irregular verbs--, and they are all inflected and their endings change according to certain uses as was briefly described in Lesson 14.
One of the endings is called TE-ending. The formation of TE-endings differs depending on the classes of verbs. Below are some models showing the formation of TE-endings for each class of verbs:
Consonant verbs (Regular verbs)
The roots of consonant verbs end in one of the following nine (9) consonants: --K, --S, --T, --R, --(W), --B, --M, --N, and --G. Therefore, their basic endings end in one of the following nine (9) different syllables:
| | | |
--KU く | --SU す | --TSU つ | --RU る | --U う
--BU ぶ | --MU む | --NU ぬ | --GU ぐ |
Notice that the consonant W does not occur in front of U. It occurs only in front of A as in WA. Thus, there are nine (9) different groups of consonant verbs. The following table shows the TE-ending of each group.
Consonant Root | Basic ending | TE-ending | Examples: Basic ending | Examples: TE-ending
- K - | -KU(-く) | - ITE * | KAKU (書く) 'to write' | KAITE (書いて)
- S - | -SU(す) | - ITE | HANASU(はなす) 'to speak' | HANASHITE (はなして)
- T - | -TSU(つ) | - TTE | TATSU(たつ) 'to stand' | TATTE (たって)
- R - | -RU(る)** | -TTE | TORU(とる) 'to take' | TOTTE (とって)
-(W)- | -U(う) | - TTE | NARAU(ならう) 'to learn' | NARATTE(ならって)
- B - | -BU(ぶ) | -NDE | YOBU(よぶ) 'to call' | YONDE(よんで)
- M - | -MU(む) | -NDE | YOMU(読む) 'to read' | YONDE(読んで)
- N - | -NU(ぬ) | -NDE | SHINU(しぬ) 'to die' | SHINDE(しんで)
- G - | -GU(ぐ) | -IDE | KAGU(かぐ) 'to smell' | KAIDE(かいで)
* One exception to this rule is the TE-ending of the verb IKU ( 行く ) 'to go.' The TE-ending of the verb IKU ( 行く ) 'to go' is ITTE ( 行って ).
** Most verbs whose basic endings end in -ERU or -IRU belong to the class of vowel verbs. The -ERU and -IRU
verbs that inflect as consonant verbs are not too many. So, just learn them as they occur.
Vowel verbs (semi-regular verbs)
The basic ending of all vowel verbs ends in either -ERU or -IRU. The following table shows the TE-ending of vowel verbs:
Basic ending | Conjunctive ending | TE-ending | Examples: Basic ending | Examples: TE-ending
-ERU | - E - | - ETE | TABERU (たべる) 'to eat' | TABETE (たべて)
-IRU | - I - | -ITE | MIRU (見る) 'to see' | MITE (見て)
* Notice that the TE-ending of vowel verbs is formed by placing TE after the conjunctive ending.
TE-ending of the irregular verbs KURU 'to come' and SURU 'to do.'
Irregular Verbs in the Basic Ending | Conjunctive Ending | TE-ending
KURU | KI - | KITE
SURU | SHI - | SHITELearning the forms of TE-endings
In order for you to be able to make up the proper TE-ending of a new consonant or vowel verb you hear, you will want to compare it with a verb you already know and make its TE-ending by analogy, using the old verb for a model.Use of TE-endings
The TE-ending of verbs is used in many different ways. (a) It is used alone at the end of a clause. (b) It is used with certain particles. (c) It is also used in verb phrases with some form of certain verbs. The TE-ending does not indicate the tense of its own, but takes on the mood of the following or final verb. Uses of the TE-ending will be dealt with as they occur in the course.TE-ending of verbs plus KUDASAI
The TE-ending of verbs is used before KUDASAI, 'please,' to make a polite request, e.g.,
ANATA NO NAMAE O KAITE KUDASAI. "Please write your name."
MADO O AKETE KUDASAI. "Please open the window."
YOKU BENKYOOSHITE KUDASAI. "Please study hard."TE-ending of verbs plus IMASU
The TE-ending of verbs is used before some form of the verb IMASU to express, among other things, the notion of the progressive tense 'is (do)ing,' e.g.,
ANO KATA WA NIPPONGO O HANASHITE IMASU. "He is speaking Japanese."
WATAKUSHI WA ASAHAN O TABETE IMASHITA. "I was eating breakfast."
NANNIMO SHITE IMASEN. "I am not doing anything."Quoting particle TO
In Lesson 15 the use of the quoting particle TO before the verb IIMASU to indicate what is said, called, or named was briefly described, e.g.,
KONO PEN WA PAAKAA TO IIMASU. "This pen is called Parker."
In English what somebody says, asks, thinks, believes, writes, etc., can be quoted directly by quoting his exact words or indirectly by giving the gist of what he says, e.g.,
Kelley said, "I am going to town."
Kelley said that he would go to town.
In Japanese both these sentences are treated the
same way:
KERII-SAN WA MACHI E IKU TO IIMASHITA.
Thus, the particle TO indicates that what precedes TO is a quotation, either direct or indirect. Before the quoting particle TO, a plain form is commonly used, but sometimes the polite form is used, especially if the speaker is trying to quote the exact words, e.g.,
KERII-SAN WA MACHI E IKIMASU TO IIMASHITA.
In order not to confuse with the particle TO meaning 'and', or with the particle TO meaning 'if or when', the Japanese often pronounce the quoting particle TO with a special high pitch, pausing slightly before and sometimes after the particle, e.g.,
TSUKUE NO UE NI HON TO ENPITSU GA ARIMASU. "There are books and pencils on the desk."
NI NI SAN O TASU TO, GO NI NARIMASU. "If you add 3 to 2, it becomes 5."
ASAHI TO IU SHINBUN O YONDE IMASU. "I am reading a paper called 'ASAHI'."
TANAKA-SAN WA HAYAKU KAERU TO IIMASHITA. "Mr. Tanaka said that he would go home early."Conjunctive ending of verbs plus KATA.
There are a large number of compound nouns in Japanese. A compound noun consists of two or more parts. The conjunctive ending may be used as the first member of compound nouns. In this lesson, the noun KATA, 'method, way,' is used as the second member of compound nouns, e.g.,
Class | Basic ending | Conjunctive ending | Compound noun with KATA as the second member | Meaning
Consonant Verbs | IKU | IKI- | IKIKATA | how to go
Consonant Verbs | HANASU | HANASHI- | HANASHIKATA | how to speak
Consonant Verbs | TATSU | TACHI- | TACHIKATA | how to stand
Consonant Verbs | TORU | TORI- | TORIKATA | how to take
Consonant Verbs | NARAU | NARAI- | NARAIKATA | how to learn
Consonant Verbs | YOBU | YOBI- | YOBIKATA | how to call
Consonant Verbs | YOMU | YOMI- | YOMIKATA | how to read
Consonant Verbs | SHINU | SHINI- | SHINIKATA | how to die
Vowel Verbs | OSHIERU | OSHIE- | OSHIEKATA | how to teach
Vowel Verbs | MIRU | MI- | MIKATA | how to see
Irregular Verbs | KURU | KI- | KIKATA | how to come
Irregular Verbs | SURU | SHI- | SHIKATA | how to doNANJI means 'what time' and NANJIKAN means 'how many hours.'
Point of time | | Duration of time |
NANJI | 'What time' | NANJIKAN | 'how many hours'
ICHIJI | '1 o'clock' | ICHIJIKAN | '1 hour'
YOJI | '4 o'clock' | YOJIKAN | '4 hours'
JUUJI | '10 o'clock | JUUJIKAN | '10 hours'GORO and GURAI
As was described in Lesson 21, GORO indicates an approximate point of time. But to indicate an approximate duration of time, the word GURAI is used. Compare the following examples:
GORO | GURAI
NANJI GORO 'about what time' | NANJIKAN GURAI 'about how many hours'
ICHIJI GORO 'about 1 o'clock' | ICHIJIKAN GURAI 'about 1 hour'
SANJI HAN GORO 'about 3:30' | SANJIKAN HAN GURAI 'about 3½ hours'
GOJI JUUGOFUN GORO 'about 5:15' | GOJIKAN TO JUU GOFUN GURAI 'about 5 hours and 15 minutes'- の
- See Grammar Notes
- を
- particle denoting direct object (See Pattern Drill)
- ください。
- please give me (See Gram. Notes)
- し
- city
- か。
- either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)
- そば
- vicinity
- で
- --is and -- (See Grammar Notes)
- 間ちがい
- mistake, error
- が
- but (See Gram. Notes)
- ある
- certain, some
- と、
- and (See Gram. Notes)
- すぐ
- right away, immediately
Reading, writing and translating · Dialogue 2 of 3
What every student practices
One student reads while others write kanji. *生徒は みんな 読み方と 書き方の けいこを しますか* asks whether everyone practices reading and writing.
Ways and duration
In *まい日 一時間ぐらい 読み方と 書き方の けいこを します*, *読み方* and *書き方* name ways of reading and writing.
*一時間ぐらい* means "about one hour."
Kanji: 方, 書, 々
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 7
そっちのきょうしつのせいとたちはなにをしていますか。
What are the students in that classroom doing?
そっちthat wayのofきょうしつclassroomのof生徒studentsたちstudentsはtopic何whatをobjectしare doingてare doingいare doingますare doingか。question - 8
ひとりのせいとはほんをゆっくりよんでいますが、ほかのせいとはこくばんにかんじをかいています。
One of the students is reading the book slowly, and the other students are writing KANJI on the blackboard.
一人one personのof生徒studentsはtopic本bookをobjectゆっくりslowly読んis readingでis readingいis readingますis readingが、andほかothersのof生徒studentsはtopicこくばんblackboardにonかん字kanjiをobject書いare writingてare writingいare writingます。are writing - 9
せいとはみんなよみかたとかきかたのけいこをしますか。
Do all the students practice how to read and how to write?
生徒studentsはtopicみんなall読みhow to read方how to readとand書きhow to write方how to writeのofけいこpracticeをobjectしdoますpoliteか。question - 10
はい、まいにちいちじかんぐらいよみかたとかきかたのけいこをします。
Yes, they practice how to read and how to write about one hour everyday.
はい、yesまい日every day一one時間hourぐらいabout読みhow to read方how to readとand書きhow to write方how to writeのofけいこpracticeをobjectしdoます。polite - 11
えいやくもわやくもしますか。
Do they also do the Japanese into English translation and the English into Japanese translation?
えいやEnglish translationくもEnglish translation tooわJapanese translationやくJapanese translationもalsoしdoますpoliteか。question - 12
はい、れんしゅうもんだいがありますから、ときどきやくします。
Yes, there are drill problems, so they translate sometimes.
はい、yesれんしゅうdrillもんだいproblemsがsubjectありexistますpoliteから、because時々sometimesやくしtranslateます。polite
- そっち
- than one
- 一人
- one person
- 本
- numerical counter for counting long slender objects (See Notes)
- ゆっくり
- slowly; deliberately; leisurely
- が、
- but (See Gram. Notes)
- に
- on (See Gram. Notes)
- みんな
- all
- と
- and (See Gram. Notes)
- けいこ
- practice
- まい日
- everyday
- 一
- one
- ぐらい
- about
- やく
- approximately (See Grammar Notes)
- から、
- from (See Gram. Notes)
Teacher instructions and difficulties · Dialogue 3 of 3
The teacher's instruction
The teacher addresses the students. *先生は 生徒たちに 「せきへ かえってください」と 言いました* reports the instruction "Please return to your seats."
The marker after reported words
In that line, *と* marks *せきへ かえってください* as the teacher's words before *言いました*, "said."
Kanji: 使
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 13
いま、せんせいがせいとになにかいいましたね。
The teacher said something to the students just now, didn't he?
今、just now先生teacherがsubject生徒studentsにto何somethingかsomething言いsayましpoliteたpastね。right? - 14
せんせいはせいとたちに「せきへかえってください」といいました。
He told the students, "Please return to your seats.
先生teacherはtopic生徒studentsたちstudentsにto「せきseatsへtowardかえってreturnください」pleaseとquote言いsayましpoliteた。past - 15
あるせいとはせんせいのしつもんにこたえることができませんね。
Some students cannot answer the teacher's questions, can they?
あるsome生徒studentsはtopic先生teacherの'sしつもんquestionsにtoこたえるanswerことthingがsubjectできcannotませcannotんcannotね。right? - 16
はい、そのときには、せんせいはほかのせいとにおなじしつもんをします。
No, in that case the teacher asks the same question to another student.
はい、noそのthat時timeにatは、topic先生teacherはtopicほかotherのof生徒studentにtoおなじsameしつもんquestionをobjectしaskます。polite - 17
にほんごのかいわでせいとにはなにがいちばんむずかしいですか。
What is most difficult for the students in the Japanese language conversation?
日本Japanese語Japaneseのofかconversationいわconversationでin生徒studentsにforはtopic何whatがsubject一番mostむずかしいdifficultですisか。question - 18
じょしとどうしのつかいかたがいちばんむずかしいです。
Usage of particles and verbs is the most difficult.
じょしparticlesとandどうverbsしverbsのof使いusage方usageがsubject一番mostむずかしいdifficultです。is
- か
- either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)
- ね。
- isn't it (See Grammar Notes)
- 「せき
- seat
- へ
- to (See Gram. Notes)
- ください」
- please give me (See Gram. Notes)
- こたえる
- to answer (v.i.)
- 時
- time
- おなじ
- the same (See Gram. Notes)
- 一番
- number one (See Grammar Notes)
- むずかしい
- difficult
- じょし
- particle
Making polite classroom requests · Perception drill, Block 1
Forming the TE-ending
*あなたの おなまえを こくばんに 書いてください* means "Please write your name on the blackboard." *書く* becomes the TE-ending *書いて*.
Consonant verbs change by their last syllable. *とる* becomes *とって*. Vowel verbs add *て* to their conjunctive ending.
The irregular verbs *KURU* and *SURU* have *KITE* and *SHITE*.
A polite request
A TE-ending followed by *ください* makes a polite request. *その えんぴつを とってください* means "Please take that pencil."
*まどを あけてください* means "Please open the window." The TE-ending *あけて* comes before *ください*.
- 19
あなたのおなまえをこくばんにかいてください。
Please write your name on the blackboard.
あなたyouの'sおhonorableなまえnameをobjectこくばんblackboardにon書いwriteてwriteください。please - 20
はい、かきます。
Yes, I will.
はい、yes書きwriteます。polite - 21
そのえんぴつをとってください。それから、それをわたくしのつくえのうえにおいてください。
Please take that pencil. Then put it on my desk.
そのthatえんぴつpencilをobjectとっtakeてtakeください。pleaseそれthenから、thenそれitをobject私meの'sつくえdeskのof上topにonおいputてputください。please - 22
はい、このえんぴつをとります。それから、これをあなたのつくえのうえにおきます。
Yes, I will take this pencil. Then I will put it on your desk.
はい、yesこのthisえんぴつpencilをobjectとりtakeます。politeそれthenから、thenこれthisをobjectあなたyouの'sつくえdeskのof上topにonおきputます。polite - 23
まどをあけてください。
Please open the window.
まどwindowをobjectあけopenてopenください。please - 24
はい、かしこまりました、まどをあけます。
Yes, certainly. I will open the window.
はい、yesかしこまりcertainlyましcertainlyた、certainlyまどwindowをobjectあけopenます。polite - 25
ごごさんじにわたくしのところへきてください。
Please come to see me at three in the afternoon.
午後afternoon三three時o'clockにat私meの'sところplaceへtoward来comeてcomeください。please - 26
はい、かしこまりました。いきます。
Yes, certainly. I will come.
はい、yesかしこまりcertainlyましcertainlyた。certainly行きcomeます。polite
- なまえ
- name
- 午後
- p.m., afternoon
- 三
- three
- ところ
- place (See Gram. Notes)
Asking about current activities · Perception drill, Block 2
The TE-ending in a verb phrase
*私は 今 かん字を 書いています* means "I am writing kanji now." The TE-ending *書いて* joins a form of another verb.
A TE-ending has no tense of its own. The verb that follows carries the tense.
An action in progress
A TE-ending followed by a form of *います* describes an action in progress. *しんぶんを 読んでいます* means "He is reading a newspaper."
The question uses the same pattern: *あなたは 何を していますか*, "What are you doing?"
- 27
あなたはなにをしていますか。
What are you doing?
あなたyouはtopic何whatをobjectしare doingてare doingいare doingますare doingか。question - 28
わたくしはいまかんじをかいています。
I am writing kanji now.
私Iはtopic今nowかん字kanjiをobject書いam writingてam writingいam writingます。am writing - 29
あなたはだれににほんごをおしえていますか。
Who are you teaching Japanese to?
あなたyouはtopicだれwhoにto日本Japanese語Japaneseをobjectおしえare teachingてare teachingいare teachingますare teachingか。question - 30
べいこくのぐんじんににほんごをおしえています。
I am teaching Japanese to American military personnel.
べいAmericanこくAmericanのofぐmilitary personnelんmilitary personnelじんmilitary personnelにto日本Japanese語Japaneseをobjectおしえam teachingてam teachingいam teachingます。am teaching - 31
たなかさんはいまべんきょうしていますか。
Is Mr. Tanaka studying now?
たなかTanakaさんMr.はtopic今nowべんきょうstudyしis studyingてis studyingいis studyingますis studyingか。question - 32
いいえ、いまやすんでいます。
No, he is resting now.
いいえ、no今nowやすんis restingでis restingいis restingます。is resting - 33
あのかたはあそこでなにをしていますか。
What is that person doing over there?
あのthat方personはtopicあそこover thereでat何whatをobjectしis doingてis doingいis doingますis doingか。question - 34
しんぶんをよんでいます。
He is reading a newspaper.
しんぶんnewspaperをobject読んis readingでis readingいis readingます。is reading
- だれ
- who?
- あそこ
- over there
Reporting what people said · Perception drill, Block 3
What と marks
*ここへ 来なさいと 言いました* means "The teacher said to come here." The particle *と* marks the words before it as reported speech.
The plain form is the form commonly used before *と*. *町へ 行くと 言いました* means "He said he was going into town."
Exact polite words
The polite form is the form used for polite speech. *IKIMASU* sometimes appears before *TO* when the speaker gives the exact words.
- 35
せんせいはなんといいましたか。
What did the teacher say?
先生teacherはtopic何whatとquote言いsaidましsaidたsaidか。question - 36
ここへきなさいといいました。
The teacher said to come here.
ここhereへtoward来comeなさいpleaseとquote言いsaidましsaidた。said - 37
ブラウンさんはいませんね。
Mr. Brown is not here, is he?
ブラウンBrownさんMr.はtopic居is not hereませis not hereんis not hereね。right? - 38
ええ、まちへいくといいました。
No, he said he was going into town.
ええ、no町townへtoward行くwas goingとquote言いsaidましsaidた。said - 39
スミスさんはがっこうへくるといいましたか。
Did Mr. Smith say he would come to school?
スミスSmithさんMr.はtopicがっこうschoolへtoward来るwould comeとquote言いsaidましsaidたsaidか。question - 40
はい、くるといいました。
Yes, he said he would come.
はい、yes来るwould comeとquote言いsaidましsaidた。said - 41
あなたはにほんへいくといいましたね。
You said you were going to Japan, didn’t you?
あなたyouはtopic日本Japanへtoward行くwere goingとquote言いsaidましsaidたsaidね。right? - 42
はい、わたくしはにほんへいくといいました。
Yes, I said I was going to Japan.
はい、yes私Iはtopic日本Japanへtoward行くwas goingとquote言いsaidましsaidた。said
- ここ
- here
- ええ、
- Yes
- 町
- town
Ways of doing things · Perception drill, Block 4
Naming how an action is done
*この かん字の 書き方を おしえてください* means "Please show me how to write this kanji." *方* means "method" or "way."
The conjunctive ending of a verb joins *方* to form a compound noun. *読む* gives *読み方*, "how to read," and *書く* gives *書き方*, "how to write."
Several ways of doing
*はなし方も 読み方も 書き方も ならいます* says that students learn how to speak, read, and write.
The same pattern gives *おしえ方*, "way of teaching," and *たべ方*, "way of eating."
- 43
このかんじのかきかたをおしえてください。
Please show me how to write this kanji.
このthisかん字kanjiのof書きhow to write方how to writeをobjectおしえshowてshowください。please - 44
はい、それはこうかきます。
Yes, you write it like this.
はい、yesそれitはtopicこうlike this書きwriteます。polite - 45
あのせんせいのおしえかたはいいですね。
That teacher’s way of teaching is good, isn’t it?
あのthat先生teacherの'sおしえway of teaching方way of teachingはtopicいいgoodですisね。right? - 46
はい、そうです。おしえかたがいいと、よくならうことができます。
Yes, it is. When the teaching is good, you can learn well.
はい、yesそうsoです。isおしえteaching方methodがsubjectいいgoodと、whenよくwellならうlearnことactがsubjectできcanます。can - 47
ここでがいこくごをべんきょうすると、はなしかたもよみかたもかきかたもならいますね。
When you study a foreign language here, you learn how to speak, read, and write it, don’t you?
ここhereでatがいこくforeign language語foreign languageをobjectべんきょうstudyするdoと、whenはなしhow to speak方how to speakもalso読みhow to read方how to readもalso書きhow to write方how to writeもalsoならいlearnますpoliteね。right? - 48
そうです。みんなならいます。
That’s right. We learn all of them.
そうthat is rightです。that is rightみんなall of themならlearnいlearnます。learn - 49
あのかたのたべかたはわるいですね。
That person’s table manners are bad, aren’t they?
あのthat方personの'sたべtable manners方table mannersはtopicわるいbadですareね。right? - 50
そうですね。
Yes, they are.
そうsoですareね。right?
- いい
- good (See Gram. Notes)
- よく
- well, skillfully
- わるい
- bad
Polite requests and commands · Pattern 1 1 of 3
Match the last syllable
*これを 使ってください* means "Please use this." To form a new TE-ending, compare its last syllable with a verb from the same pattern.
A verb ending in *ぶ* follows *よぶ*, which becomes *よんで*.
The ending before ください
The TE-ending comes before *ください* in every request. *先生を よんで ください* means "Please call the teacher."
*このかみに なまえを 書いてください* means "Please write your name on this paper."
- 51
もうすこしべんきょうしてください。
Please study a little more.
もうmore少しa littleべんきょうstudyしdoてdoください。please - 52
これをつかってください。
Please use this.
これthisをobject使っuseてuseください。please - 53
にほんごではなしてください。
Please speak in Japanese.
日本Japanese語Japaneseでinはtopicなしspeakてspeakください。please - 54
まちがいをなおしてください。
Please correct the mistake.
間ちがいmistakeをobjectなおしcorrectてcorrectください。please - 55
せんせいをよんでください。
Please call the teacher.
先生teacherをobjectよんcallでcallください。please - 56
これをよんでください。
Please read this.
これthisをobject読んreadでreadください。please - 57
そのまどをしめてください。
Please close that window.
そのthatまどwindowをobjectしめcloseてcloseください。please - 58
ブラウンさん、たってください。
Mr. Brown, please stand up.
ブラウンBrownさん、Mr.たっstand upてstand upください。please - 59
このかみになまえをかいてください。
Please write your name on this paper.
このthisかみpaperにonなまえnameをobject書いwriteてwriteください。please
- 少し
- little (quantity)
Accepting and carrying out requests · Pattern 1 2 of 3
Request and response
*はやく かえって ください* means "Please go home early." The response *はい、 はやく かえります* means "Yes, I will go home early."
*かしこまりました* also accepts a request with "certainly." The response states the action in its polite form.
- 60
はい、かしこまりました。
Yes, certainly.
はい、yesかしこまりcertainlyましcertainlyた。certainly - 61
はやくかえってください。
Please go home early.
はやくearlyかえってgo homeください。please - 62
はい、はやくかえります。
Yes, I will go home early.
はい、yesはやくearlyかえりgo homeます。polite - 63
まどをすこしあけてください。
Please open the window a little.
まどwindowをobject少しa littleあけopenてopenください。please - 64
はい、まどをすこしあけます。
Yes, I will open the window a little.
はい、yesまどwindowをobject少しa littleあけopenます。polite - 65
ならう
to learn
ならうto learn - 66
じしゅうする
to study on one’s own
じself-studyしゅうself-studyするdo - 67
とる
to take
とるto take - 68
いく
to go
行くto go
- じ
- character, word
- しゅう
- state
- とる
- to take (v.t.)
Action verbs for requests · Pattern 1 3 of 3
Verbs for classroom requests
These verbs supply actions for requests. *見せる* means "to show," *なおす* means "to correct," and *おぼえる* means "to memorize."
Their different endings provide material for the TE-ending patterns, including *来る*, "to come," and *やすむ*, "to rest."
- 69
くる
to come
来るto come - 70
あそぶ
to play
あそぶto play - 71
なおす
to correct
なおすto correct - 72
みせる
to show
見せるto show - 73
きく
to listen
きくto listen - 74
おく
to put
おくto put - 75
おぼえる
to memorize
おぼえるto memorize - 76
やすむ
to rest
やすむto rest
- あそぶ
- to play (v.i.)
- なおす
- to correct, mend, repair (v.t.)
- 見せる
- to show (v.t.)
- きく
- chrysanthemum
- おぼえる
- to memorize, remember (v.t.)
- やすむ
- to rest, to retire (v.i.)
Describing ongoing activities · Pattern 2 1 of 3
Activities in progress
*生徒は べんきょうして います* means "Students are studying." The TE-ending and *います* describe an action in progress.
The pattern works with different TE-endings. *子どもたちは へやの 中で あそんでいます* means "The children are playing in the room."
- 77
せいとはべんきょうしています。
Students are studying.
生徒studentsはtopicべんきょうstudyしare studyingてare studyingいare studyingます。are studying - 78
わたくしたちはにほんごをならっています。
We are learning Japanese.
私weたちweはtopic日本Japanese語Japaneseをobjectならっare learningてare learningいare learningます。are learning - 79
たくさんのひとがあるいています。
Many people are walking.
たくさんmanyのof人peopleがsubjectあるいare walkingてare walkingいare walkingます。are walking - 80
こどもたちはへやのなかであそんでいます。
The children are playing in the room.
子どもchildrenたちchildrenはtopicへやroomのof中insideでinあそんare playingでare playingいare playingます。are playing - 81
せいとはほんをよんでいます。
The student is reading a book.
生徒studentはtopic本bookをobject読んis readingでis readingいis readingます。is reading - 82
スミスさんはひるめしをたべています。
Mr. Smith is eating lunch.
スミスSmithさんMr.はtopicひるめしlunchをobjectたべis eatingてis eatingいis eatingます。is eating - 83
せいとたちはいまじしゅうしています。
The students are studying on their own now.
生徒studentたちpluralはtopic今nowじstudying on their ownしゅうstudying on their ownしstudying on their ownてstudying on their ownいstudying on their ownます。studying on their own - 84
せんせいはいませいとににほんごをおしえています。
The teacher is teaching Japanese to the students now.
先生teacherはtopic今now生徒studentにto日本Japanese語Japaneseをobjectおしえis teachingてis teachingいis teachingます。is teaching
- たくさん
- many
- 人
- people
- 子ども
- child, children
- へや
- room
- ひるめし
- lunch, noon meal
Asking what is happening · Pattern 2 2 of 3
Ask what is happening
*あなたは 今 何を していますか* asks "What are you doing now?" The answer names the action with its TE-ending and *います*.
*私は 今 日本の ざっしを 読んでいます* answers "I am reading a Japanese magazine now."
- 85
あなたはいまなにをたべていますか。
What are you eating now?
あなたyouはtopic今now何whatをobjectたべare eatingてare eatingいare eatingますare eatingか。question - 86
ひるめしをたべています。
I am eating lunch.
ひるめしlunchをobjectたべam eatingてam eatingいam eatingます。am eating - 87
なにをかっていますか。
What are you buying?
何whatをobject買っare buyingてare buyingいare buyingますare buyingか。question - 88
にほんごのきょうかしょをかっています。
I am buying a Japanese textbook.
日本Japanese語Japaneseのofきょうかtextbookしょtextbookをobject買っam buyingてam buyingいam buyingます。am buying - 89
あなたはいまなにをしていますか。
What are you doing now?
あなたyouはtopic今now何whatをobjectしare doingてare doingいare doingますare doingか。question - 90
わたくしはいまにほんのざっしをよんでいます。
I am reading a Japanese magazine now.
私Iはtopic今now日本Japanのofざっしmagazineをobject読んam readingでam readingいam readingます。am reading - 91
かんじをかきます――→かんじをかいています。
Write kanji → be writing kanji.
かん字kanjiをobject書きwriteます――→politeかん字kanjiをobject書いbe writingてbe writingいbe writingます。be writing - 92
かたかなをふくしゅうします。
I review katakana.
かたかなkatakanaをobjectふくしゅうreviewしdoます。polite
- かたかな
- KATAKANA syllabary
Changing actions to ongoing forms · Pattern 2 3 of 3
From an action to an ongoing action
*先生は 日本語の しんぶんを 読みます* says that the teacher reads a Japanese newspaper.
*読みます* changes to its TE-ending plus a form of *IMASU* to describe the action in progress.
The same change applies to *あそびます* and *見ます*.
- 93
こどもたちはよくあそびます。
The children play a lot.
子どもchildたちpluralはtopicよくa lotあそびplayます。polite - 94
せんせいはにほんごのしんぶんをよみます。
The teacher reads a Japanese newspaper.
先生teacherはtopic日本Japanese語Japaneseのofしんぶんnewspaperをobject読みreadます。polite - 95
あのかたははやくあるきます。
That person walks quickly.
あのthat方personはtopicはやくquicklyあるきwalkます。polite - 96
ダイアログをれんしゅうします。
I practice the dialogue.
ダイアログdialogueをobjectれんしゅうpracticeしdoます。polite - 97
あのかたはえをみます。
That person looks at a picture.
あのthat方personはtopicえpictureをobject見look atます。polite - 98
わたくしはまどをしめます。
I close the window.
私Iはtopicまどwindowをobjectしめcloseます。polite
- ダイアログ
- dialogue
Quoting statements and instructions · Pattern 3 1 of 2
Quoted content before a speech verb
*本を 読んでくださいと 言いました* means "He said, Please read a book." The particle *と* marks the request as quoted content.
Quoted content can precede another speech verb. *日本語の はつおんは やさしいと ききました* means "I heard that Japanese pronunciation is easy."
- 99
ほんをよんでくださいといいました。
He said, 'Please read a book'.
本bookをobject読んreadでreadくださいpleaseとquote言いsayましpoliteた。past - 100
せんせいはそれをやくしてくださいといいました。
The teacher said, “Please translate it.”
先生teacherはtopicそれitをobjectやくしtranslateてtranslateくださいpleaseとquote言いsayましpoliteた。past - 101
たなかさんはまちへいくといいました。
Mr. Tanaka said that he would go into town.
たなかTanakaさんMr.はtopic町townへtoward行くgoとquote言いsayましpoliteた。past - 102
せんせいがもっとべんきょうしてくださいといいました。
The teacher said, “Please study more.”
先生teacherがsubjectもっとmoreべんきょうstudyしstudyてstudyくださいpleaseとquote言いsayましpoliteた。past - 103
にほんごのはつおんはやさしいとききました。
I heard that Japanese pronunciation is easy.
日本Japanese語Japaneseのofはpronunciationつpronunciationおんpronunciationはtopicやさしいeasyとquoteききhearましpoliteた。past - 104
かんじはむずかしいとききました。
I heard that kanji is difficult.
かん字kanjiはtopicむずかしいdifficultとquoteききhearましpoliteた。past - 105
せんせいはなんといいましたか。
What did the teacher say?
先生teacherはtopic何whatとquote言いsayましpoliteたpastか。question - 106
あさはやくがっこうへきなさいといいました。
The teacher said, “Come to school early in the morning.”
朝morningはearlyやくearlyがっこうschoolへtoward来comeなさいcomeとquote言いsayましpoliteた。past
- ください
- please give me (See Gram. Notes)
- もっと
- more (See Gram. Notes)
- やさしい
- easy
- 朝
- morning
Reporting plans and invitations · Pattern 3 2 of 2
A reported plan
*七時に 来ると 言いました* means "He said he would come at seven o'clock." The plain form *来る* gives the reported plan before *と 言いました*.
A reported invitation
A quoted invitation keeps its polite request. *ともだちに P.X.へ 来てくださいと 言いました* means "He told his friend, Please come to the P.X."
- 107
パーカーさんもはやくきますか。
Will Mr. Parker come early too?
パーカーParkerさんMr.もalsoはやくearly来comeますpoliteか。question - 108
はい、しちじにくるといいました。
Yes, he said he would come at seven o’clock.
はい、yes七seven時o’clockにat来るcomeとquote言いsayましpoliteた。past - 109
スミスさんはどこでひるめしをたべるといいましたか。
Where did Mr. Smith say he would eat lunch?
スミスSmithさんMr.はtopicどこwhereでatひるめしlunchをobjectたべるeatとquote言いsayましpoliteたpastか。question - 110
ピーエックスでたべるといいました。
He said he would eat at the P.X.
P.P.X.X.P.X.でatたべるeatとquote言いsayましpoliteた。past - 111
やまださんはなんといいましたか。
What did Mr. Yamada say?
やまだYamadaさんMr.はtopic何whatとquote言いsayましpoliteたpastか。question - 112
ピーエックスでじゅうにじにひるはんをたべるといいました。
He said he would eat lunch at the P.X. at twelve o’clock.
P.P.X.X.P.X.でat十twelve二twelve時o’clockにatひるlunchはんlunchをobjectたべるeatとquote言いsayましpoliteた。past - 113
それからなんといいましたか。
What did he say after that?
それafter thatからafter that何whatとquote言いsayましpoliteたpastか。question - 114
それから、ともだちにピーエックスへきてくださいといいました。
After that, he told his friend, “Please come to the P.X.”
それafter thatから、after thatともだちfriendにtoP.P.X.X.P.X.へtoward来comeてcomeくださいpleaseとquote言いsayましpoliteた。past
- 七
- seven
- 十
- ten
- 二
- two
- から
- from (See Gram. Notes)
- ともだち
- friend
Asking how things are done · Pattern 4 1 of 2
A way of doing something
*かん字の 書き方 を おしえてください* means "Please teach me how to write this KANJI." The verb's conjunctive ending combines with *方*.
The same pattern forms *使い方*, "how to use," and *し方*, "way of doing."
- 115
かんじのかきかたをおしえてください。
Please teach me how to write this KANJI.
かん字kanjiのof書きhow to write方how to writeをobjectおしえteachてteachください。please - 116
もうすこしよみかたをべんきょうしてください。
Please study reading a little more.
もうmore少しa little読みhow to read方how to readをobjectべんきょうstudyしstudyてstudyください。please - 117
かんじのじしょのつかいかたはむずかしいです。
It is difficult to use a kanji dictionary.
かん字kanjiのof字dictionaryしょdictionaryのof使いhow to use方how to useはtopicむずかしいdifficultです。is - 118
あのかたはべんきょうのしかたがよくありません。
That person’s way of studying is not good.
あのthat方personはtopicべんきょうstudyingのofし方methodがsubjectよくgoodありbeませpoliteん。not - 119
おしえかたがわるいと、せいとはならいません。
If the teaching method is poor, the students will not learn.
おしえteaching method方teaching methodがsubjectわるいpoorと、if生徒studentはtopicならいlearnませpoliteん。not - 120
わたくしはこのかんじのかきかたがわかりません。
I do not know how to write this kanji.
私Iはtopicこのthisかん字kanjiのof書きhow to write方how to writeがsubjectわかりknowませpoliteん。not - 121
このがっこうでは、あさからばんまではなしかたのれんしゅうをしますか。
At this school, do you practice speaking from morning until evening?
このthisがっこうschoolでatは、topic朝morningからfromばんeveningまでuntilはなしspeaking方speakingのofれんしゅうpracticeをobjectしdoますpoliteか。question
- ばん
- evening, night
- まで
- as far as, to (See Gram. Notes)
Study methods and duration · Pattern 4 2 of 2
Clock time and duration
*あなたは 読み方や 書き方を まい日 何時間ぐらい べんきょうしますか* asks how many hours each day the person studies reading and writing.
*NANJI* asks "what time." *NANJIKAN* asks "how many hours." *ICHIJI* is "1 o'clock," while *一時間* is "1 hour."
About how long
*ぐらい* marks an approximate duration. *一時間ぐらい* means "about one hour."
*GORO* marks an approximate point of time. *ICHIJI GORO* means "about 1 o'clock."
- 122
いいえ、よみかたもかきかたもならいます。
No, we learn both reading and writing.
いいえ、no読みhow to read方how to readもalso書きhow to write方how to writeもalsoならいlearnます。polite - 123
あなたのがっこうではべんきょうのしかたもおしえますか。
At your school, do they also teach you how to study?
あなたyouの'sがっこうschoolでatはtopicべんきょうstudyingのofし方methodもalsoおしえteachますpoliteか。question - 124
はい、おしえます。べんきょうのしかたがわるいと、せいとはなにもならいませんから。
Yes, they do, because if the students’ way of studying is poor, they will not learn anything.
はい、yesおしえteachます。politeべんきょうstudyingのofし方methodがsubjectわるいpoorと、if生徒studentはtopic何anythingもnot evenならいlearnませpoliteんnotから。because - 125
あなたはよみかたやかきかたをまいにちなんじかんぐらいべんきょうしますか。
About how many hours a day do you study reading and writing?
あなたyouはtopic読みhow to read方how to readやand書きhow to write方how to writeをobjectまい日every day何how many時間hoursぐらいaboutべんきょうstudyしdoますpoliteか。question - 126
うちでいちじかん、がっこうでいちじかんべんきょうします。
I study for one hour at home and one hour at school.
うちhomeでat一one時間、hourがっこうschoolでat一one時間hourべんきょうstudyしdoます。polite - 127
このかんじのかきかたをおしえてください。
Please show me how to write this kanji.
このthisかん字kanjiのof書きhow to write方how to writeをobjectおしえshowてshowください。please
- から。
- from (See Gram. Notes)
- や
- and---among others (See Gram. Notes)
- うち
- home, house
A busy language classroom · Reading Selection 1 of 2
A language class at work
The passage describes students in a school. *コノ生徒タチハ 今 カイワノ レンシュウヲ シテイマス* means "These students are practicing conversation now."
The TE-ending with *イマス* marks that ongoing practice.
The most difficult skill
*読ミ方モ 書キ方モ ナライマスガ、 カイワガ 一番 ムズカシイデス* says they learn reading and writing, but conversation is the most difficult.
*読ミ方* and *書キ方* use the pattern for naming ways of doing an action.
- 128
ココハガッコウデス。
This is a school.
ココhereハtopicガッコウschoolデス。is - 129
コノガッコウデハ、イロイロノガイコクごヲオシエテイマス。
Various foreign languages are taught at this school.
コノthisガッコウデハ、at school; topicイロイロvariousノofガイforeign languageコクforeign language語foreign languageヲobjectオシエテイマス。are taught - 130
コノせいとタチハいまカイワノレンシュウヲシテイマス。
These students are practicing conversation now.
コノthese生徒studentタチハplural; topic今nowカイワノconversation; ofレンシュウヲpractice; objectシテイマス。are doing - 131
よミかたモかキかたモナライマスガ、カイワガいちばんムズカシイデス。
They learn both reading and writing, but conversation is the most difficult.
読readingミreading方readingモboth書writingキwriting方writingモbothナライマスガ、learn, butカイワガconversation一番mostムズカシイデス。is difficult - 132
カイワノときニハ、ミンナハヤクハナシマスカラ、まチガイガタクサンアリマス。
During conversation practice, everyone speaks quickly, so there are many mistakes.
カイconversationワconversationノof時timeニduringハ、topicミンナeveryoneハquicklyヤクquicklyハナシマスカラ、speak, so間mistakeチガイガmistakeタクサンmanyアリthere areマス。there are - 133
せんせいハせいとノまチガイヲキクト、ソレヲナオシマス。
When the teacher hears a student’s mistake, he corrects it.
先生teacherハtopic生徒studentノ's間mistakeチガイヲmistakeキクト、when hearsソレitヲobjectナcorrectsオシcorrectsマス。corrects - 134
ときどきせんせいハせいとニシツモンヲシマス。
Sometimes the teacher asks the students questions.
時々sometimes先生teacherハtopic生徒studentsニtoシツモンヲquestionsシマasksス。asks
Translation and self-study · Reading Selection 2 of 2
Translation and difficult usage
The students do translation in both directions. *日本語デハ ジョシト ドウシノ 使イ方ガ ムズカシイデス* says that using particles and verbs is difficult in Japanese.
*使イ方* names the way of using something.
Practice during self-study
*レンシュウモンダイハ 大テイ ジシュウノ 時ニ シマス* means "They usually do the practice exercises during self-study." They also do them at home.
- 135
ソノホカ、せいとハワヤクヤ
In addition, the students do Japanese translations.
ソノin additionホカ、in addition生徒studentsハtopicワヤクヤJapanese translations - 136
エイヤクモシマス。
They also do English translations.
エイEnglish translationsヤクモEnglish translationsシマdoス。do - 137
ワヤクハムズカシイデス。
Japanese translation is difficult.
ワヤクハJapanese translationムズカシイデス。is difficult - 138
にほんごデハジョシトドウシノつかイかたガムズカシイデス。
In Japanese, the use of particles and verbs is difficult.
日本Japanese語Japaneseデハinジョシトparticles andドウシノverbs使useイuse方useガsubjectムズカシイデス。is difficult - 139
マタイロイロノレンシュウモンダイガアリマス。
There are also various practice exercises.
マタalsoイロイロvariousノofレンシュウモンダイガpractice exercisesアリthere areマス。there are - 140
レンシュウモンダイハたいていジシュウノときニシマス。
They usually do the practice exercises during self-study.
レンシュウモンダイハpractice exercises大usuallyテイusuallyジシュウノself-study時timeニduringシマdoス。do - 141
ウチデモシマス。
They also do them at home.
ウチhomeデモat, tooシマス。do them
Questions about language study · Questions
What an answer names
The questions ask what the school teaches, what the students practice, and what they find difficult.
*コノ 生徒タチハ 今 何ノ ケイコヲ シテイマスカ* asks "What are these students practicing now?" An answer names the activity with *シテイマス*.
- 142
コノガッコウデハなにヲオシエテイマスカ。
What do they teach at this school?
コノthisガッコウデハat this school何whatヲobjectオシエテイマスカ。are teaching? - 143
コノキョウシツノせいとタチハなにごヲナラッテイマスカ。
What language are the students in this classroom learning?
コノthisキョウシツノclassroom's生徒studentsタチハstudents何語what languageヲobjectナラッテイマスカ。are learning? - 144
コノせいとタチハいまなんノケイコヲシテイマスカ。
What are these students practicing now?
コノthese生徒studentsタチハstudents今now何whatノofケイコpracticeヲobjectシテイマスカ。are practicing? - 145
ソノホカなにヲナライマスカ。
What else do they learn?
ソノelseホカelse何whatヲobjectナライマスカ。learn? - 146
カイワノじかんニハ、せんせいハなにヲシマスカ。
What does the teacher do during conversation class?
カイワノconversation時間class timeニduringハ、topic先生teacherハtopic何whatヲobjectシマdoes?スカ。does? - 147
ソノホカせんせいハときどきなにヲシマスカ。
What else does the teacher sometimes do?
ソノelseホカelse先生teacherハtopic時々sometimes何whatヲobjectシマdoes?スカ。does? - 148
せいとハワヤクモエイヤクモナライマスカ。
Do the students learn both translation into Japanese and translation into English?
生徒studentsハtopicワJapanese translationヤクモJapanese translationエイヤクモEnglish translationナライマスカ。learn both? - 149
にほんごデハなにガムズカシイデスカ。
What is difficult about Japanese?
日本Japanese語Japaneseデinハtopic何whatガsubjectムズカシイデスカ。is difficult? - 150
ドンナレンシュウモンダイガアリマスカ。
What kinds of practice exercises are there?
ドンナwhat kindsレンシュウモンダイガpractice exercisesアリマスカ。are there? - 151
ワヤクトエイヤクデハ、ドッチノホウガムズカシイデスカ。
Which is more difficult, translating into Japanese or translating into English?
ワJapanese translationヤクトJapanese translationエイヤクデハ、English translationドッチノwhichホウガoneムズカシイデスカ。is more difficult?
- 何語
- what language
Conversation and language skills · Word list 1 of 3
Language work and skills
The words cover language study. *かいわ* means "conversation," *間ちがい* means "mistake" or "error," and *けいこ* means "practice."
The pair *えいやく* and *わやく* distinguishes translation into English from translation into Japanese.
- 152
かいわ
conversation
かいわconversation - 153
まちがい
mistake, error
間ちがいmistake - 154
はつおん
pronunciation
はつおんpronunciation - 155
じょし
particle
じょしparticle - 156
どうし
verbs
どうしverbs - 157
よみかた
reading, how to read, method of reading (See Grammar Notes)
読み方reading - 158
かきかた
writing, how to write; method of writing (See Grammar Notes)
書き方writing - 159
つかいかた
usage, how to use, method of using
使い方usage - 160
けいこ
practice
けいこpractice - 161
えいやく
translation into English
えいやくtranslation into English - 162
わやく
translation into Japanese
わやくtranslation into Japanese - 163
れんしゅうもんだい
drill problems (See Grammar Notes)
れんしゅうもんだいpractice exercises
- かいわ
- conversation
- はつおん
- pronunciation
- どうし
- verbs
- 読み方
- reading, how to read, method of reading (See Grammar Notes)
- 書き方
- writing, how to write; method of writing (See Grammar Notes)
- 使い方
- usage, how to use, method of using
- えいやく
- translation into English
- わやく
- translation into Japanese
- れんしゅうもんだい
- drill problems (See Grammar Notes)
Study and correction words · Word list 2 of 3
Kinds of study and classroom action
The study words distinguish preparation, self-study, and review.
Other entries name classroom actions. *見せる* means "to show," *なおす* means "to correct," and *こたえる* means "to answer."
- 164
れんしゅう(する)
practice (to practice)
れんしゅう(する)practice - 165
よしゅう(する)
preparation, study in advance (to prepare)
よしゅう(する)study in advance - 166
じしゅう(する)
self-study (to study by oneself)
じしゅう(する)self-study - 167
ふくしゅう(する)
review study (to review)
ふくしゅう(する)review - 168
もんどう
question and answer, dialogue
もんどうquestion and answer - 169
しつもん(する)
question (to ask a question)
しつもん(する)ask a question - 170
みせる
to show (v.t.)
見せるto show - 171
なおす
to correct, mend, repair (v.t.)
なおすto correct - 172
たる
to suffice (v.i.) to be sufficient
たるto suffice - 173
たります
polite form of TARU
たりますis sufficient - 174
やくす
to translate (v.t.)
やくすto translate - 175
こたえる
to answer (v.i.)
こたえるto answer
- れんしゅう(する)
- practice (to practice)
- よしゅう(する)
- preparation, study in advance (to prepare)
- じしゅう(する)
- self-study (to study by oneself)
- ふくしゅう(する)
- review study (to review)
- もんどう
- question and answer, dialogue
- しつもん(する)
- question (to ask a question)
- たる
- to suffice (v.i.) to be sufficient
- たります
- polite form of TARU
- やくす
- to translate (v.t.)
Classroom phrases and study habits · Word list 3 of 3
Classroom phrases in use
The phrases combine the lesson's requests, current actions, and study words. *見せてください* means "please show me," while *しています* means "is doing."
*生徒は 前の ばんに よしゅうを します* describes preparation the previous night. *生徒は うちで ふくしゅうします* describes review at home.
- 176
みせてください
please show me (See Grammar Notes)
見せてくださいplease show me - 177
しています。
is doing (See Grammar Notes)
しています。is doing - 178
そっち
than one
そっちthat one - 179
ある
certain, some
あるcertain - 180
ほかの
other
ほかのother - 181
にほんごのはつおんはやさしいです。
The pronunciation of the Japanese language is easy.
日本語のはつおんはやさしいです。pronunciation is easy - 182
せいとはまえのばんによしゅうをします。
Students preview the lesson the previous night.
生徒は前のばんによしゅうをします。students preview lessons - 183
せんせいはにほんごでせいとにしつもんします。
The teacher questions students in Japanese.
先生は日本語で生徒にしつもんします。teacher questions students - 184
せんせいとせいとはにほんごでもんどうします。
The teacher and students carry out conversation in Japanese.
先生と生徒は日本語でもんどうします。converse in Japanese - 185
いまからせいとはじしゅうします。
Students prepare the lessons from now on.
今から生徒はじしゅうします。students prepare lessons - 186
せいとはうちでふくしゅうします。
Students review the lesson at home.
生徒はうちでふくしゅうします。students review at home - 187
あるせいとはれんしゅうがたりません。
A certain student lacks preparation.
ある生徒はれんしゅうがたりません。student lacks preparation
- 見せてください
- please show me (See Grammar Notes)
- しています。
- is doing (See Grammar Notes)
- ほかの
- other
- 日本語のはつおんはやさしいです。
- "The pronunciation of the Japanese language is easy."
- 生徒は前のばんによしゅうをします。
- "Students preview the lesson the previous night."
- 先生は日本語で生徒にしつもんします。
- "The teacher questions students in Japanese."
- 先生と生徒は日本語でもんどうします。
- "The teacher and students carry out conversation in Japanese."
- 今から生徒はじしゅうします。
- "Students prepare the lessons from now on."
- 生徒はうちでふくしゅうします。
- "Students review the lesson at home."
- ある生徒はれんしゅうがたりません。
- "A certain student lacks preparation."
The particulars
- The course
- Defense Language Institute, Japanese Basic Course, 1967 to 1971. Public domain. The teaching pages and the narration are ours.
- Reading aloud
- Digital narration, directed by 1732 Studios.
- The book
- Botchan, the work this course leads to, free to read here.
- Data
- JSON · Markdown · A guide for agents